机插密度对不同类型水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

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许俊伟, 孟天瑶, 荆培培, 张洪程, 李超, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 机插密度对不同类型水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(11): 1767-1776
XU Jun-Wei, MENG Tian-Yao, JING Pei-Pei, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Chao, DAI Qi-Gen, WEI Hai-Yan, GUO Bao-Wei. Effect of Mechanical-Transplanting Density on Lodging Resistance and Yield in Different Types of Rice. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(11): 1767-1776 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

机插密度对不同类型水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

许俊伟, 孟天瑶, 荆培培, 张洪程^*, 李超, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫

扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:541585349@qq.com

收稿日期:2015-02-09 接受日期:2015-07-20 网络出版日期:2015-08-12

基金:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B03), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102), 江苏省科技支撑计划项目(SBE2015310569)和江苏省农业科技自主创新基金项目(CX[12]1003.9)资助

摘要

以籼粳杂交稻品种甬优2640、甬优1640, 杂交籼稻品种丰两优香1号、新两优6380为材料, 设置6个密度(A: 31.7 cm × 30.0 cm、B: 22.2 cm × 30.0 cm、C: 17.1 cm × 30.0 cm、D: 13.9 cm × 30.0 cm、E: 11.7 cm × 30.0 cm、F: 10.6 cm × 30.0 cm), 比较研究不同机插密度对不同类型水稻抗倒伏能力的影响。两年试验结果表明, 产量随密度的增加呈先升后降的趋势, 籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻均以13.9 cm × 30.0 cm处理产量最高。密度对两种类型水稻影响也不完全一致, 籼粳杂交稻在C~E密度下产量均高于10.5 t hm^-2, 且未发生倒伏或倒伏较少, 能获得高产稳产; 杂交籼稻只有在D密度下产量高于10.0 t hm^-2, 表观倒伏率较高, 较难稳产。随着密度的增加, 2个类型品种茎秆的倒伏指数逐渐增大, 茎粗、单位节间干重、茎壁厚度都呈下降趋势。随着灌浆时间的增加, 籼粳杂交稻倒伏指数先升高后降低, 高峰值出现在抽穗后30 d, 茎壁厚度、节间充实度、单茎茎鞘重先降低后升高, 抽穗后30 d达最低值。杂交籼稻倒伏指数一直升高, 茎壁厚度一直下降, 节间充实度先下降, 抽穗后30 d后略有下降或回升但不明显, 单茎茎鞘重先降低后升高, 抽穗后30 d最低, 抽穗后30 d前后是发生倒伏的敏感时期。

关键词: 籼粳杂交稻; 杂交籼稻; 产量; 机插密度; 倒伏敏感时期; 抗倒伏能力

Effect of Mechanical-Transplanting Density on Lodging Resistance and Yield in Different Types of Rice

XU Jun-Wei, MENG Tian-Yao, JING Pei-Pei, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^*, LI Chao, DAI Qi-Gen, WEI Hai-Yan, GUO Bao-Wei

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Abstract

In order to study impacts of planting density of mechanical-transplanting rice on lodging resistance and yield, a field experiment was conducted using indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 2640, Yongyou 1640 and indica hybrid rice Fengliangyouxiang 1, Xinliangyou 6380 with six planting densities (A: 31.7 cm × 30 cm, B: 22.2 cm × 30.0 cm, C: 17.1 cm × 30.0 cm, D: 13.9 cm × 30.0 cm, E: 11.7 cm × 30.0 cm, F: 10.6 cm × 30.0 cm). The experimental results were as follows. With the increasing of transplanting density, the yield increased firstly and decreased then, with the highest yield at 13.9 cm × 30.0 cm, both for indica-japonica hybrid rice and Indica hybrid rice. The effects of densities on the two types of varieties were not entirely consistent. Under the densities of C-E, the yield of indica-japonica hybrid rice was higher than 10.5 t ha^-1, and little or no lodging occurred. Therefore, we could obtain high and stable yield. Under the density of D, the yield of indica hybrid rice was higher than 10.0 t ha^-1, and the apparent lodging rate was also higher, so it was difficult to obtain stable yield. With the increasing of transplanting densities, lodging index of two types of rice increased, and stem diameter, wall thickness of culm and dry weight of a unit internode in two types of rice decreased. With increasing filling time, lodging index of indica-japonica hybrid rice increased firstly and decreased then, with the peak value at 30 days after heading, wall thickness of stem, plumpness of internode and single stem weight decreased firstly and increased then, with a minimum value at 30 days after heading. Lodging index of indica hybrid rice was increasing, stem wall thickness was decreasing, plumpness of internode decreased firstly then decreased or increased slightly at 30 days after heading, but not obvious, single stem weight decreased firstly and increased then, with a minimum value at 30 days after heading. The sensitive period of lodging was around 30 days after heading.

Keyword: Indica-Japonica hybrid rice; Indica hybrid rice; Yield; Mechanical-transplanting density; Lodging sensitive period; Lodging resistance

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倒伏是水稻生产上普遍发生的问题, 不仅降低水稻的产量, 而且影响稻米品质, 增加收获成本。第一次绿色革命以来, 水稻矮化育种使倒伏问题得到一定程度的缓解, 但矮秆品种生物量的“ 先天不足” , 制约着水稻产量的进一步提高^{[1, 2, 3]}, 而生物产量的提高必然会引起株高的增加, 使得高产与抗倒这一矛盾更加突出。如何防止水稻倒伏具有重要意义, 前人对此作了大量研究, 水稻的抗倒伏性与株高、节间粗度、单位节间茎干重等茎秆物理性状以及大小维管束数目、面积等茎秆组织解剖结构关系十分密切^{[1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}; 还与茎鞘中可溶性糖、木质素含量以及硅、钾含量等化学成分含量密切相关^{[11, 12, 13]}, 现已初步阐明了水稻抗倒的形态、生理机制。

籼粳杂交稻蕴藏着巨大的杂种优势, 充分利用籼粳亚种间杂交稻的杂种优势一直被认为是进一步提高水稻产量的有效途径^{[14, 15]}。近年来, 浙江省宁波市农业科学院和宁波市种子公司从高光效株型及育种方法研究入手, 开展籼粳杂交稻强优组合的选配, 育成甬优12、甬优15、甬优2640等品种, 其在大面积应用中产量优势明显。另外, 机插秧推广面积不断扩大, 对保障中国粮食生产安全和提升水稻全程机械化水平发挥了重要作用^{[16, 17]}。然而毯苗机插水稻秧苗素质不高, 移栽植伤重, 抗倒伏能力较差^[18], 后期容易发生倒伏, 增加收获难度。关于栽培措施对机插水稻植株抗倒伏性的影响, 前人研究主要集中于肥料的用量和种植密度等方面^{[19, 20]}, 而且都是针对某一特定的时期, 较少研究籼粳杂交稻在不同机插密度条件下的抗倒伏性与其他类型品种是否存在差异以及倒伏发生的敏感时期。本研究模拟机插小苗移栽方式, 比较分析了灌浆成熟过程中不同栽插密度的水稻茎鞘抗倒伏性的动态变化, 旨在为水稻机插选择适宜的品种和密度, 制定配套栽培技术提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料与地点

选用具有代表性的高产水稻品种, 包括籼粳杂交稻甬优2640、甬优1640, 杂交籼稻丰两优香1号、新两优6380。于2013— 2014年在扬州大学农学院试验农场进行试验, 试验地前茬为小麦, 土质为沙壤土, 含全氮0.13%、碱解氮87.3 mg kg^-1、速效磷32.5 mg kg^-1、速效钾88.5 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计

采取裂区设计, 以品种类型为主区, 栽插密度为裂区, 裂区面积15 m², 重复2次。主区间作埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 保证各小区单独排灌。根据不同类型水稻高产特征和要求, 应用精确定量栽培技术设计原理分别设置不同类型品种的高产栽培技术管理措施。采用机插软盘育秧, 每盘播80 g干种子, 于5月19日播种, 6月5日人工模拟机插, 秧龄17 d, 设置6个密度水平, A~F处理行距为30 cm, 株距分别为31.7、22.2、17.1、13.9、11.7和10.6 cm, 每穴2苗, 折算每公顷基本苗分别为21万、30万、39万、48万、57万、66万。籼粳杂交稻总施氮量262.5 kg hm^-2, 杂交籼稻总施氮量225.0 kg hm^-2, 基蘖肥:穗肥=6:4, 基肥:蘖肥=5:5, 其中基肥在移栽前1 d施用, 分蘖肥在移栽后7 d施用, 穗肥于倒四、倒二叶等量施用。N:P₂O₅:K₂O=2:1:2, 磷肥作基肥一次性施用, 钾肥50%作基肥施用, 50%作穗肥于倒四、倒二叶等量施用。

1.3 测定内容与方法

抽穗期, 从各小区选取生长整齐一致且同日抽穗的稻穗挂牌标记, 于抽穗期、抽穗后10、20、30、40、50 d各取5茎新鲜的单茎, 进行形态指标、力学特性的测定。

1.3.1 形态指标测定株高、重心高度、基部第2节间长度及干重、茎壁厚度、茎秆粗度。

1.3.2 力学特性用YYD-1型茎秆强度测量仪(浙江托普仪器有限公司生产)测定基部第2节间中部茎秆的抗折力, 该节间基部至穗顶长度及鲜重, 按濑古秀生等^[21]的方法计算弯曲力矩和倒伏指数。

弯曲力矩=节间基部至穗顶长度(cm)× 该节间基部至穗顶鲜重(g)

倒伏指数=弯曲力矩/抗折力× 100

1.3.3 产量于收获前收割每小区50穴, 脱粒, 晒干, 测定实际产量; 从每小区取5株成熟稻穗, 自然风干用于测定产量构成因素。

1.3.4 表观倒伏率于收获前调查田间倒伏面积, 表观倒伏率=倒伏面积/小区总面积× 100%。

1.4 数据处理

运用Microsoft Excel软件录入和计算数据, 用DPS软件进行统计分析, 用SigmaPlot软件作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 机插密度对不同类型水稻产量及表观倒伏率的影响

由表1可知, 随着密度的增加, 籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻产量均表现为先增后降的趋势。籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻的实际产量均以D处理最高, D处理分别比A处理和F处理增产26.99%和9.85%。有效穗数受栽插密度的影响较大, 同一品种中随栽插密度的增加而增加, 处理间差异极显著, 而每穗粒数呈相反的趋势。另外随着密度的增加, 两种类型品种表观倒伏率都呈现增加的趋势。两年试验结果表明, 杂交籼稻在处理A~F下都会发生倒伏, 而籼粳杂交稻在E、F处理下有小面积倒伏, 在A~D处理下都能保持不倒。密度对两种类型水稻影响也不完全一致, 籼粳杂交稻在C~E密度下产量均能保持较高的水平(≥ 10.5 t hm^-2), 而且未发生倒伏或较少, 能获得高产稳产; 杂交籼稻只有在D密度下产量高于10.0 t hm^-2, 而且表观倒伏率达到30%, 较难稳产。

表1 机插密度对产量及表观倒伏率的影响 Table 1 Effects of mechanical-transplanting density on yield and apparent lodging rate

2.2 机插密度对不同类型水稻倒伏指数的动态变化的影响

灌浆成熟过程中4个品种不同密度基部第2节间倒伏指数的动态变化结果示于图1。密度对2种类型品种倒伏指数的影响表现出一致的规律, 均表现为A< B< C< D< E< F, 处理间差异明显。随灌浆时间的增加, 籼粳杂交稻呈先增加后降低的变化趋势, 其高峰值出现在抽穗后30 d左右, 而杂交籼稻呈现逐渐增大的趋势, 前期增加得较快, 后期增加得较慢。

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	图1 不同机插密度水稻倒伏指数变化Fig. 1 Changes of lodging index in mechanical-transplanting rice under different densities A: 31.7 cm× 30.0 cm; B: 22.2 cm× 30.0 cm; C: 17.1 cm× 30.0 cm; D: 13.9 cm× 30.0 cm; E: 11.7 cm× 30.0 cm; F: 10.6 cm× 30.0 cm.

2.3 机插密度对不同类型水稻茎秆性状动态变化的影响

由图2和图3可见, 在水稻灌浆过程中, 栽插密度对不同类型水稻茎秆基部第2节间茎壁厚度以及节间充实度均有较明显的影响。随着密度的增加, 节间的茎壁厚度以及充实度均降低。抽穗后, 籼粳杂交稻茎壁厚度总体逐渐下降, 至抽穗后30 d降至最低, 而后平稳, 节间充实度逐渐降低, 至抽穗后30 d最低, 而后显著回升。杂交籼稻茎壁厚度呈现逐渐降低的趋势, 节间充实度逐渐降低, 而后平稳或略有上升。

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	图2 机插密度对基部第2节间茎壁厚度动态变化的影响Fig. 2 Changes of the culm wall thickness of the second internode in mechanical-transplanting rice under different densities A: 31.7 cm× 30.0 cm; B: 22.2 cm× 30.0 cm; C: 17.1 cm× 30.0 cm; D: 13.9 cm× 30.0 cm; E: 11.7 cm× 30.0 cm; F: 10.6 cm× 30.0 cm.

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	图3 机插密度对基部第2节间充实度动态变化的影响Fig. 3 Changes of plumpness of the second internode in mechanical-transplanting rice under different densities A: 31.7 cm× 30.0 cm; B: 22.2 cm× 30.0 cm; C: 17.1 cm× 30.0 cm; D: 13.9 cm× 30.0 cm; E: 11.7 cm× 30.0 cm; F: 10.6 cm× 30.0 cm.

2.4 机插密度对不同类型水稻单茎茎鞘干物质动态变化的影响

不同密度之间茎鞘干物质转运存在明显的差异(图4), 随着密度的增加, 单茎茎鞘重呈下降趋势, 这种差异一直保持至成熟期。随着灌浆的进行, 水稻单茎茎鞘重呈先降低再升高的趋势, 在抽穗后30 d前后达到最低点。单茎茎鞘重在不同类型品种间存在差异, 籼粳杂交稻高于杂交籼稻, 在抽穗期和成熟期分别高14.23%和21.75%。在后期茎秆再充实期间, 籼粳杂交稻茎鞘重量的增加量高于杂交籼稻, 而杂交籼稻的茎秆贮藏物质转运率高于籼粳杂交稻。

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	图4 不同机插密度下的水稻单茎茎鞘重动态Fig. 4 Dynamic changes of weight of stem and sheath per stem in mechanical-transplanting rice under different planting densities A: 31.7 cm× 30.0 cm; B: 22.2 cm× 30.0 cm; C: 17.1 cm× 30.0 cm; D: 13.9 cm× 30.0 cm; E: 11.7 cm× 30.0 cm; F: 10.6 cm× 30.0 cm.

2.5 机插密度对不同类型水稻形态的影响

品种类型和栽插密度对植株的形态特征有明显的影响(表2)。籼粳杂交稻在株高、重心高度以及基部第2节间粗度方面显著低于杂交籼稻。在相对重心高度方面, 籼粳杂交稻高于杂交籼稻, 这可能是籼粳杂交稻穗型较大所致。不同密度处理间表现为, 随着密度的增加, 株高、重心高度、相对重心高度都呈升高的趋势, 其中株高、重心高度处理间差异显著或极显著, 相对重心高度处理间不显著。节间粗度随着密度的增加而减小, 处理间差异显著或极显著, 2个类型品种变化趋势一致。

表2 机插密度对水稻抽穗后30 d的植株形态特征的影响 Table 2 Effects of mechanical-transplanting density on plant morphological characters at 30 days after heading

2.6 抗倒伏特性与不同时期茎秆主要性状的相关性

表3表明, 在不同机插密度条件下, 水稻基部第2节间的抗倒伏特性与植株间主要性状及群体之间的关系密切。抽穗期、抽穗后10 d、20 d、30 d和40 d的倒伏指数与表观倒伏率、株高、基本苗、高峰苗、重心高度呈一定程度的正相关, 除抽穗期倒伏指数与表观倒伏率、株高、高峰苗相关不显著外, 其余均显著或极显著相关; 与壁厚、节间充实度、单茎茎鞘重、节间粗度呈负相关。除节间粗度外, 抽穗后30 d与40 d的倒伏指数与上述指标都呈显著或极显著相关。

表3 不同时期倒伏指数与茎秆主要性状的相关系数 Table 3 Correlation coefficients of lodging index with main physical characteristics of culm

逐步回归分析表明, 在本文分析测定的28项指标中入选籼粳杂交稻杂交籼稻表观倒伏率逐步回归方程的是抽穗后20 d、抽穗后40 d、抽穗后50 d倒伏指数(X₁、X₂、X₃), 抽穗期、抽穗后20 d、抽穗后30 d、抽穗后50 d单茎茎鞘重(X₄、X₅、X₆、X₇), 抽穗后10 d、20 d、40 d茎壁厚度(X₈、X₉、X₁₀), 抽穗期、抽穗后40 d、抽穗后50 d节间充实度(X₁₁、X₁₂、X₁₃), 株高(X₁₄), 重心高度(X₁₅), 节间粗度(X₁₆), 相对重心高度(X₁₇)等17项指标, 籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻表观倒伏率的回归方程分别为Y₁ = -779.06+ 0.50X₂+0.50X₃-106.54X₄+60.39X₇+62.21X₈+478.89X₁₁+2175.05X₁₂-5771.42X₁₃+4.09X₁₄+67.25X₁₆, Y₂ = 4267.13+1.67X₁- 64.48X₄-6.52X₈-357.34X₆-400.26X₈-462.67X₉+1315.87X₁₀-46.41X₁₅-81.15X₁₆-15.36X₁₇, 表明这些指标是影响杂交水稻表观倒伏率的重要性状。

3 讨论

3.1 机插密度对水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

栽插密度会影响水稻的抗倒伏特性^{[19, 20, 22]}, 主要是影响水稻的生长发育和茎秆的理化特性。杨世民等^[23]研究表明茎秆基部节间的倒伏指数与栽插密度呈极显著正相关, 随着栽插密度的增加, 茎壁厚度和茎粗降低, 茎秆基部节间长度增加, 倒伏指数增大, 抗倒伏能力减弱。本研究表明随着密度的增加, 茎秆的倒伏指数逐渐增大, 茎粗、节间充实度、茎壁厚度都呈现下降的趋势, 这与石扬娟^[24]的研究结果相吻合。

关于密度对产量的影响, 吴春赞等^[25]研究发现, 适当减少栽插密度, 能有效增加单株成穗数和穗粒数, 使个体与群体得到协调发展而获得水稻的高产。朱聪聪等^[26]认为, 不同密度配置对不同类型品种产量的影响不完全一致, 常规粳稻产量以高密度的处理最高, 杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻以中密度处理产量最高。本研究表明, 不同密度处理间, 籼粳杂交稻和杂交籼稻的理论产量和实际产量均以13.9 cm × 30.0 cm处理最高。分析其原因, 主要是杂交籼稻和杂交粳稻分蘖性较强, 穗型较大, 若密度过大, 群体生长量过大, 群体内郁闭严重。适当降低密度, 有利于农田小气候的改善, 改善冠层对光能的充分利用, 优化群体结构, 从而充分发挥穗型的优势, 但栽插密度过小易导致单位面积总穗数严重不足, 总粒数的提高不足以弥补单位面积穗数的降低, 从而导致产量的降低。

3.2 水稻倒伏发生敏感时期的确定

不同类型品种的茎秆物理强度、穗部最大承载量和各个节间的抗折力均随籽粒灌浆进程逐渐变小, 到成熟期达到最小, 倒伏指数逐渐上升。艾治勇^[27]研究发现, 随着灌浆成熟过程茎鞘贮藏的产物不断向穗部运输, 茎鞘所含物质越来越少, 蜡熟期茎秆的倒伏指数比较大, 容易倒伏。张丰转^[28]研究认为蜡熟期(抽穗后24 d左右)是寒地粳稻品种发生倒伏的转折时期。前人研究认为, 抽穗后水稻茎秆中储存的碳水化合物开始分解向穗部输送, 约在齐穗后20 d, 茎的重量下降到最低点, 以后略有上升, 这个时期是茎秆结构物质分解、植株抗倒能力下降的时期^{[29, 30]}。

本研究表明, 在灌浆结实过程中, 籼粳杂交稻的倒伏指数增至抽穗后30 d达最大, 之后有所降低, 茎壁厚度、单位节间干重降至穗后30 d达最小而后略有增加。而杂交籼稻的倒伏指数呈上升趋势, 前30 d变化较快, 穗后30 d至成熟略有上升, 茎壁厚度、单位节间干重逐渐下降, 抽穗至穗后30 d下降幅度较大, 穗后30 d至成熟下降幅度较小。由此可见, 抽穗后30 d前后是发生倒伏的敏感时期, 因此, 以提高抗倒伏能力为目的的栽培调控措施(如追施硅、钾肥等)应实施在灌浆前期或生育前期。

3.3 不同类型水稻的抗倒伏能力的比较

不同类型水稻的抗倒伏能力有较大的差异, 刘树金^[31]研究表明, 雅安点4个品种的抗倒伏能力以粳稻品种强于籼稻。本研究表明, 籼粳杂交稻表观倒伏率、倒伏指数、株高以及重心高度显著低于杂交籼稻, 倒伏敏感时期的茎壁厚度、单位节间干重都高于杂交籼稻, 这与姜元华等^[32]研究结果一致。除此以外, 在穗后30 d以后, 籼粳杂交稻的茎壁厚度、单位节间干重都略有增加, 而杂交籼稻略有下降。究其原因可能与籼粳杂交稻甬优2640、甬优1640叶系光合功能期长, 叶片衰老慢, 灌浆后期仍保持较强的光合生产能力, 后期叶片的光合产物除了供应籽粒灌浆外, 还运至茎鞘, 从而引起后期单位节间干重的增加, 增强其后期抗倒伏能力。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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1999

0.0

张忠旭, 陈温福, 杨振玉, 华泽田, 高日玲, 高勇, 赵迎春. 水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及其对产量的影响. 沈阳农业大学学报, 1999, 30(2): 81-85

Zhang Z

, Chen W

, Yang Z

, Hua Z

, Gao R

, Gao

, Zhao Y

Effect of lodging resistance on yield and its relationship with stalk physical characteristics.

J Shenyang Agric Univ, 1999, 30(2): 81-85 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Stalk physical characteristics and tilt angle of matured plant of eighteen populations from six cultivars wereinvestigated under three conditions. The relationships between lodging resistance and yielding were also studied. TheresultS indicated that: the

研究了不同肥力条件下的水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及对产量的影响。以成熟期植株倾斜角度代表抗倒伏能力，倾斜角度与茎秆第一伸长节间长度呈极显著负相关，与基部茎秆粗度、厚度分别呈极显著正相关；不同株高品种的抗倒伏能力存在着品种间差异；施氮对水稻群体倒伏具有重要影响，最高产群体一般出现在７５０ｋｇ?ｈｍ－2的中肥区。研究认为通过减少第一和第二伸长节间长度，适当加强茎秆基部物理性状的强度，降低穗位，增加穗长和穗颈长度等，可以提高水稻植株的抗倒性，使倒伏与株高和生物产量的矛盾在更高产水平上得到统一。

... , 制约着水稻产量的进一步提高^[1,2,3], 而生物产量的提高必然会引起株高的增加, 使得高产与抗倒这一矛盾更加突出 ...

... 如何防止水稻倒伏具有重要意义, 前人对此作了大量研究, 水稻的抗倒伏性与株高、节间粗度、单位节间茎干重等茎秆物理性状以及大小维管束数目、面积等茎秆组织解剖结构关系十分密切^{[1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]} ...

1988

0.0

... , 制约着水稻产量的进一步提高^[1,2,3], 而生物产量的提高必然会引起株高的增加, 使得高产与抗倒这一矛盾更加突出 ...

2013

0.0

李诚, 吴俊, 庄文, 邓启云. 水稻高产育种与形态改良. 杂交水稻, 2013, 28(3): 1-5

, Wu

, Zhuang

, Deng Q

Research progress in rice breeding for high yield through improvement of plant type.

Hybrid Rice, 2013, 28(3): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract)

水稻产量的突破与株型改良密切相关。概述了水稻高产育种的历史与现状,分析了水稻高产株型特点,提出了水稻形态改良的主要途径,展望了水稻株型育种的前景。

... , 制约着水稻产量的进一步提高^[1,2,3], 而生物产量的提高必然会引起株高的增加, 使得高产与抗倒这一矛盾更加突出 ...

2008

0.0

黄艳玲, 石英尧, 申广勒, 石扬娟, 王维刚, 陈多璞. 水稻茎秆性状与抗倒伏及产量因子的关系. 中国农学通报, 2008, 24(4): 203-206

Huang Y

, Shi Y

, Shen G

, Shi Y

, Wang W

, Chen D

Study on the relationship between rice lodging resistance and culm traits & the yield factors.

Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2008, 24(4): 203-206 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以22个水稻品种(组合)为材料,研究水稻茎秆性状与抗倒性和产量因子的关系.结果表明:株高与倒伏指数呈显著或极显著正相关;壁厚、抗折力、节间粗和单位节间干重与倒伏指数多呈显著或极显著负相关;各节的抗折力与节间粗、壁厚和单位节间干重多呈显著或极显著正相关,与株高、秆长和节间长呈显著或极显著负相关.基部3个伸长节间的节间长度、壁厚、粗度和单位节间干重与千粒重多呈正相关,多数达到显著或极显著水平,说明秆壁粗壮厚实可以孕育大穗,并适当控制株高,对高产抗倒品种的培育有重要作用.

2011

0.0

杨艳华, 朱镇, 张亚东, 陈涛, 赵庆勇, 周丽慧, 姚姝, 张颖慧, 董少玲, 王才林. 不同水稻品种(系)抗倒伏能力与茎秆形态性状的关系. 江苏农业学报, 2011, 27: 231-235

Yang Y

, Zhu

, Zhang Y

, Chen

, Zhao Q

, Zhou L

, Yao

, Zhang Y

, Dong S

, Wang C

Relationship between lodging resistance and stem morphological traits in different rice varieties (lines).

Jiangsu J Agric Sci, 2011, 27: 231-235 (in Chinese with English abstract)

分析水稻株高、基部节间形态性状等水稻茎秆的物理性状,以阐明决定水稻倒伏的主要因素.以抗倒伏品种南粳44和武运粳7号与不抗倒伏品系宁7412为试验材料,通过氮钾肥配比试验,探明株高、基部节间形态性状与抗倒性的关系.结果显示:水稻倒伏指数与基部节间长度呈显著正相关,与基部节间的粗度、壁厚和截面积呈显著负相关;水稻的抗倒伏能力存在着品种间差异;增施氮、钾肥对水稻倒伏有显著影响.表明水稻基部节间的长度、粗度、壁厚和截面积对品种抗倒伏能力影响较大,这些性状的优化组合是提高水稻品种抗倒伏能力的关键.

2013

0.0

李国辉, 钟旭华, 田卡, 黄农荣, 潘俊峰, 何庭蕙. 施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其形态和力学机理. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1323-1334

Li G

, Zhong X

, Tian

, Huang N

, Pan J

, He T

Effect of nitrogen application on stem lodging resistance of rice and its morphological and mechanical mechanisms.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1323-1334 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Lodging is one of the important constraints to high yield and stable production of rice. This study investigated the effects of nitrogen application on stem lodging resistance and its relationship with stem morphological and mechanical traits. The mechanisms of stem lodging resistance were explored. Results of the study will provide a theoretical basis for lodging resistance and high yield cultivation of rice. 【Method】 An indica rice cv. Yinjinruanzhan was grown in field experiments conducted with four nitrogen levels at Guangzhou. Lodging index and morphological and mechanical traits of basal culms were measured.【Result】As nitrogen input increased, plant height, gravity center height and basal internode length increased, basal internode plumpness declined, breaking resistance and elastic modulus decreased, lodging index increased and lodging resistance declined. Nitrogen treatment affected stem morphological and mechanical traits of rice. Lodging index was positively correlated with plant height, gravity center height and basal internode length, while negatively correlated with basal internode plumpness, breaking resistance and elastic modulus, and mostly significant. Positive correlation was found between lodging index and spikelet number per m2, while the correlation between lodging index and filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight were negative.【Conclusion】Nitrogen application affects stem lodging resistance through morphological traits such as plant height, gravity center height, basal internode length, basal internode plumpness, and mechanical traits such as stem bending moment and breaking resistance.

【目的】研究施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其与茎秆形态性状和力学性状的关系及其作用机理，为水稻抗倒高产栽培调控提供依据。【方法】以常规籼稻银晶软占为材料，设置4个氮水平，进行大田试验，研究施氮对水稻茎秆基部节间形态和力学性状的影响及其与倒伏指数的关系。【结果】施氮影响水稻茎秆的形态和力学性状。随着施氮量的增加，株高增加，重心上移，基部节间长度增加，节间充实度下降，抗折力和弹性模量减小，茎秆倒伏指数增加，抗倒伏能力下降。倒伏指数与株高、重心高度及基部节间长度呈正相关，而与基部节间充实度、抗折力及弹性模量呈负相关，且相关系数大多达到显著或极显著水平。倒伏指数与单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数呈显著或极显著正相关，而与结实率和千粒重呈负相关趋势。【结论】株高、重心高度、基部节间长度和基部节间充实度等形态性状，以及弯曲力矩、抗折力等力学性状，是影响水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的主要因素。

2007

0.0

申广勒, 石英尧, 黄艳玲, 石扬娟, 王维刚, 张从合, 陈多璞. 水稻抗倒伏特性及其与茎秆性状的相关性研究. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(12): 58-62

Shen G

, Shi Y

, Huang Y

, Shi Y

, Wang W

, Zhang C

, Chen D

Study on rice lodging resistance character and correlation between the culm traits and lodging resistance traits.

Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2007, 23(12): 58-62 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以22个中籼稻品种(组合)为对象,研究了水稻倒伏的敏感期和敏感节位,及倒伏指数与茎秆性状的相关性.结果表明:水稻的倒伏敏感期是在齐穗后21～28 d,敏感节位是基部第一个伸长节间;相关分析和通径分析表明倒伏指数与节间长、基部节间到穗顶的长和基部节间至穗顶的鲜重呈极显著正相关,与基部节间外径、基部抗折力、基部节间壁厚、单位节间干重和秆形指数呈极显著负相关.抗折力对倒伏指数的负向直接作用最大,其次是单位节间干重.说明改善水稻茎秆的质地结构、增加基部节间的充实度是提高水稻的抗倒伏能力的关键.

2008

0.0

李红娇, 张喜娟, 李伟娟, 徐正进. 超高产粳稻品种抗倒伏性的初步研究. 北方水稻, 2008, 38(2): 22-27

Li H

, Zhang X

, Li W

, Xu Z

Initial research on lodging resistance in super high-yielding japonica rice cultivars.

North Rice, 2008, 38(2): 22-27 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以沈阳农业大学水稻研究所培育的超高产粳稻品种为材料,研究了超高产粳稻品种的抗倒伏能力及与倒伏密切相关的各性状指标.结果表明:齐穗后30 d左右是水稻最容易发生倒伏的时期,株高与水稻倒伏指数呈极显著正相关,茎秆基部伸长节间性状与倒伏关系密切,茎秆维管束数目、厚壁细胞层数、淀粉和可溶性糖含量均对倒伏有一定影响.超高产粳稻品种沈农265和沈农9741与常规粳稻品种辽粳294和辽粳371相比,表现出较好的抗倒性能.

2011

0.0

李杰, 张洪程, 龚金龙, 常勇, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 不同种植方式对超级稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 2234-2243

, Zhang H

, Gong J

, Chang

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

Effects of different planting methods on the culm lodging resistance of super rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 2234-2243 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】倒伏是水稻"高产、优质、高效、生态、安全"综合生产目标的限制因素之一。本研究旨在探讨不同种植方式超级稻的抗倒伏能力,为合理选用种植方式,实现"十字"综合目标提供理论依据。【方法】长江下游稻-麦两熟制条件下,以超级稻品种淮稻9号和Ⅲ优98为材料,设置旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式,以倒伏指数作为衡量植株抗倒伏能力的指标,在齐穗后25 d,研究不同种植方式水稻基部第1节间(N1)、第2节间(N2)、第3节间(N3)、第4节间(N4)抗倒伏能力和主要物理性状的差异,并对倒伏指数、抗折力与茎秆主要物理性状进行相关分析。【结果】不同种植方式水稻抗倒伏能力差异极显著,手栽稻倒伏指数最小,抗倒伏能力最强,直播稻倒伏指数最大,抗倒伏能力最差,机插稻居于二者之间。抗折力的大小是不同种植方式水稻倒伏指数差异的主要原因,N1、N2、N3、N4节间的抗折力与株高、重心高度、茎秆粗度、茎壁厚度、茎秆干重、叶鞘干重、单位节间干重、节间基部至穗顶的长度和鲜重及弯曲力矩呈显著或极显著正相关,与相对重心高度和节间长度呈显著或极显著负相关。与机插稻和直播稻相比,手栽稻基部节间抗折力大、倒伏指数小的主要原因是:(1)株高的增加是节间数增多、穗长及穗下2个节间变长所致,而茎秆基部易于发生倒伏的2—3个节间长度反而比机插稻和直播稻短;(2)基部各节间粗度和茎壁厚度均有明显增加,且茎、鞘干重大,单位节间干重极显著增加,茎秆的充实度好。【结论】不同种植方式水稻茎秆主要物理性状优化组合不同,基部节间短而粗,茎壁厚度大,茎秆充实程度好,是手栽稻抗折力大、倒伏指数小、抗倒伏能力强的直接原因。

2009

0.0

董丹, 陈书强, 刘柏林, 王嘉宇, 徐正进. 直立穗型基因对水稻抗倒伏能力的影响. 江西农业大学学报, 2009, 31: 202-207

Dong

, Chen S

, Liu B

, Wang J

, Xu Z

Effects of erect panicle gene on lodging resistance of rice.

Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis, 2009, 31: 202-207 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以1对近等基因系及其亲本为材料,研究直立穗型基因对水稻的抗倒伏能力及茎秆的物理、机械组织性状的影响.结果表明:具有直立穗基因的水稻品种具有明显的抗倒优势基础,其第3、4节间倒伏指数明显小于不带直立穗基因品种.具有直立穗型基因的品种株高较低,并且基部节间的物理、机械组织性状明显改善,各节间的粗度、茎壁厚度、大小维管束的面积、木质部和韧皮部面积均较大,因而抗折力增加,倒伏指数下降.

2009

0.0

李红娇, 张喜娟, 李伟娟, 徐正进, 徐海. 不同穗型粳稻品种抗倒伏性的比较. 中国水稻科学, 2009, 23: 191-196

Li H

, Zhang X

, Li W

, Xu Z

, Xu

Lodging resistance in japonica rice varieties with different panicle types.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2009, 23: 191-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：选用北方稻区9个不同穗型粳稻品种为材料，初步探讨了不同穗型粳稻品种间抗倒伏性的差异。倒伏多发生在距地面20-40cm的第2、3节间。基部节间长与倒伏指数呈显著正相关；秆长与倒伏指数呈显著正相关；节至顶鲜质量、长短外径、截面面积与抗折力和弯曲力矩均呈显著或极显著正相关；穗长显著影响各节间的弯曲力矩；穗鲜质量与各节间抗折力、弯曲力矩呈显著正相关；穗颈角对各节间倒伏指数影响不显著。就单个品种而言，弯曲穗型内也存在抗倒性强的品种，不能单纯以穗型来评价品种抗倒性，应综合考虑品种的地域性及品种自身的特性。但从总体水平分析，北方稻区直立、半直立穗型粳稻品种比弯曲穗型品种倒伏指数小，抗倒性好。主要原因在于：直立、半直立穗型品种株高偏矮，基部节间短，更有利于抗倒；直立穗型品种基部茎秆抗倒性状表现良好；直立、半直立穗型品种穗短、轻且穗颈弯曲度小，对茎秆作用力小。此外，还讨论了生态条件、品种特性、穗型与抗倒伏性的相互关系。

... 还与茎鞘中可溶性糖、木质素含量以及硅、钾含量等化学成分含量密切相关^[11,12,13], 现已初步阐明了水稻抗倒的形态、生理机制 ...

2009

0.0

张喜娟, 李红娇, 李伟娟, 徐正进, 陈温福, 张文忠, 王嘉宇. 北方直立穗型粳稻抗倒性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 2305-2313

Zhang X

, Li H

, Li W

, Xu Z

, Chen W

, Zhang W

, Wang J

The lodging resistance of erect panicle japonica rice in northern China.

Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 2305-2313 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[目的]培育抗倒能力强的水稻品种是实现水稻高产优质所面对的重要课题.本研究旨在探讨北方直立穗型梗稻抗倒性,为提高北方粳稻抗倒性,实现水稻高产优质提供一定的理论依据.[方法]以12个不同穗颈弯曲度的北方粳稻品种为试材,于齐穗后30 d,研究了直立穗型与弯曲穗型粳稻地上部分各节间抗倒伏能力的差异,并通过对茎秆抗折力与茎秆形态性状、茎秆解剖结构和茎秆化学成分进行相关分析,研究了直立穗型梗稻抗倒的茎秆形态特点与生理基础.[结果]直立穗型粳稻穗下第1节间[N1),第2节闻(N2)、第3节闻(N3)和第4节间(N4)的弯曲力矩与弯曲穗型品种差异不显著,但N1、N2、N3的抗折力却显著提高,从而使N1、N2、N3的倒伏指数显著或极显著低于弯曲穗型粳稻,说明中上部节问抗倒能力明显增强.进一步分析直立穗型与弯曲穗型粳稻茎秆解剖结构、化学成分以及它们与茎秆抗折力的相关性后发现,直立穗型粳稻N1、N2、N3抗折力强的主要原因是:(1)茎壁厚度和茎壁面积增大,节间抗折的物理性状明显提高;(2)大小维管束数目多,大小维管束、韧皮部、木质部面积增大,节闻内部组织的结构明显改善;(3)纤维素含量高,支持细胞壁结构的物质含量多.[结论]茎壁厚度、茎壁面积、维管束性

... 还与茎鞘中可溶性糖、木质素含量以及硅、钾含量等化学成分含量密切相关^[11,12,13], 现已初步阐明了水稻抗倒的形态、生理机制 ...

2002

0.0

刘立军, 袁莉民, 王志琴, 徐国伟, 陈云. 旱种水稻倒伏生理原因分析与对策的初步研究. 中国水稻科学, 2002, 16: 225-230

Liu L

, Yuan L

, Wang Z

, Xu G

, Chen

Preliminary studies on physiological reason and countermeasure of lodging in dry-cultivated rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2002, 16: 225-230 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With Shanyou 63 (indica hybrid rice) and 9516 (japonica rice) as materials, reasons of lodging under dry land cultivation (DC) were investigated. Results showed that the lodging percentage under DC was significantly higher than that under traditional flooding cultivation (FC), which made its yield significantly lower than that under FC. The plumpness status (thickness and weight per centimeter), the thickness of cell wall of sclerenchyma and of silicification layer of epidermis, and the content of usable carbohydrate (soluble sugar + starch) of basal internode, plant physiological activities i.e. chlorophyll content of flag leaf, root oxidation activity and the content of cytokinin (zeatin + zeatin riboside) in root, under DC were lower than those under FC. The application of silicon and potassium could not only increase plant physiological activities and the content of usable carbohydrate, raise the thickness of cell wall of sclerenchyma and of silicification layer of epidermis of basal internode, but also improve the plumpness status of basal internode and promote the ability of lodging resistance, and increase the yield eventually. Results were reversed after cutting 1/2 leaves at booting stage. These results suggested that early senescence (low plant physiological activities) affected the plumpness of basal internode and caused the lodging under DC. The lodging mechanism and countermeasure under DC were discussed.

以籼型杂交稻汕优63和粳稻9516为材料，研究了旱种水稻倒伏的原因。结果表明：旱种水稻的倒伏率明显高于常规水种水稻，使得产量较水种水稻明显下降。旱种水稻基部节间充实程度(秆壁厚度、单位长度节间重量)、茎秆厚壁组织细胞壁和表皮硅质层厚度、基部节间可用性糖含量及植株的生理活性［剑叶叶绿素含量、根系氧化力、细胞分裂素(玉米素+玉米素核苷)含量］均不及常规水种水稻。施用硅、钾肥能提高旱种水稻植株的生理活性，增加抽穗期和成熟期基部节间可用性糖的贮存，增加茎秆厚壁组织细胞壁及表皮硅质层的厚度，提高茎秆基部节间充实程度，增强抗倒伏能力，最终提高旱种水稻的产量。孕穗期去1/2叶，结果则相反。表明由于旱种水稻早衰(植株生理活性低)，影响了水稻基部节间的充实，造成旱种水稻发生倒伏。还就旱种水稻倒伏机理及对策进行了讨论。

... 还与茎鞘中可溶性糖、木质素含量以及硅、钾含量等化学成分含量密切相关^[11,12,13], 现已初步阐明了水稻抗倒的形态、生理机制 ...

2007

0.0

马荣荣, 许德海, 王晓燕, 禹盛苗, 金千瑜, 欧阳由男, 朱练峰. 籼粳亚种间杂交稻甬优6号超高产株型特征与竞争优势分析. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 281-286

Ma R

, Xu D

, Wang X

, Yu S

, Jin Q

, Ou-Yang

Y N

, Zhu

L F

. Heterosis on plant morpholoty of Yongyou 6, an indica japonica iner subspecific super high yielding hybrid rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 281-286 (in Chinese with English abstract)

According to the results of the experiments conducted in 2003-2005,Yongyou 6,a late season inter-subspecific hybrid rice combination derived from a japonica cytoplasmic male sterile line Yongjing 2A and an indica restorer line K264806,performed high yielding potential,which was closely related to its outstanding heterosis in plant morphology over the japonica inbred rice Xiushui 63 and indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63.At the early growth stage,the tiller number of Yongyou 6 was between that of Shanyou 63 and that of Xiushui 63,and it showed a moderate tillering ability and less non-effective tillers.At the middle growth stage,the culms,sheaths and leaves of Yongyou 6 grew faster with higher biomass.The population of Yongyou 6 had better light distribution in its canopy because of its three top upright,longer and cured leaves.At the late growth stage,although Yongyou 6 was of high plant,but it perfected very strong tolerance to lodging due to its long and closed sheathes and short and thick basal internodes.At the maturity stage,Yongyou 6 showed arc-shaped panicles with more primary and secondary branches.The grain density of panicle was moderate with more oblate grains.The root-shoot ratio of Yongyou 6 was very higher at the whole growth stage.Moreover,the ideo-plant morphology of indica-japonica inter-subspecific super high-yielding hybrid was also discussed.

2003-2005年的试验结果表明，与常规晚粳稻秀水63和籼型杂交晚稻汕优63相比，三系籼粳亚种间杂交晚粳稻甬优6号的超高产与其生育期间株形特征及竞争优势密切相关。生育前期，甬优6号的分蘖数介于籼、粳稻之间，消长平稳，分蘖力中等，无效分蘖少；生育中期，植株的茎、鞘、叶生长快，生物量大，上3叶长而内卷挺立，群体上下受光态势好；生育后期，植株高大，茎秆粗壮，鞘叶长而抱秆紧密，茎基部节间短而厚重；成熟期，穗呈弧形，一、二次枝梗数特别多，粒多穗重，着粒密度适中，粒形偏团；各生育阶段的根冠比高。另外，对籼粳亚种间超级杂交稻的理想株形进行了讨论。

... 籼粳杂交稻蕴藏着巨大的杂种优势, 充分利用籼粳亚种间杂交稻的杂种优势一直被认为是进一步提高水稻产量的有效途径^[14,15] ...

2014

0.0

姜元华, 张洪程, 韦还和, 赵可, 许俊伟, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 亚种间杂交稻不同冠层叶形组合产量差异及其形成机理. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 2313-2325

Jiang Y

, Zhang H

, Wei H

, Zhao

, Xu J

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

Difference of yield and its formation mechanism of indica-japonica inter-subspecific hybrid rice with different canopy leaf types.

Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 2313-2325 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to reveal the difference of grain yield and its formation mechanism between clown leaf moderate type(CLMT) and clown leaf long type(CLLT) of Yongyou series of indica-japonica-hybrid-rice under the super high yield cultivation conditions. 【Method】 A field experiment was conducted with CLMT combination such as A26/F9250, A16/F9250, Yongyou 12, Yongyou 13 and CLLT combination such as A43/F8585, A41/ F8585, Yongyou 15, Yongyou 11 as materials in rice-wheat cropping areas (Yangzhou, Changshu of Jiangsu) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2011-2012. Difference in grain yield, the sink structure, stem and sheath material accumulation and transfer, photosynthetic characteristics and superior and inferior grain-filling characteristics between CLMT and CLLT of indica-japonica hybrid rice were analyzed systematically. 【Result】 Under the super high yield cultivation conditions, the grain yield of CLMT was significantly higher than that of CLLT, the yields of CLMT were 11.62 t•hm-2(Changshu, 2011), 11.98 t•hm-2(Yangzhou, 2011), 12.51 t•hm-2(Changshu, 2011), and 12.30 t•hm-2(Yangzhou, 2011), and were 8.85%, 9.75%, 9.60%, and 10.26% higher than those of CLLT, respectively. Effective panicles, effective spikelets per panicle, total spikelets of the CLMT were higher than those of CLLT. Total sink weight of CLMT was equal with CLLT, while 1000- grain weight, filling index of the CLMT were lower than those of CLLT. It was indicated that the increasement of filling index was the key point of higher yield of CLMT. Stem and sheath weight at heading and milky stages, stem and sheath apparent output, apparent output rate, apparent transfer rate from heading to maturity of CLMT were lower than that of CLLT, but stem and sheath weight in maturity, the maximum output, the maximum output rate, maximum transport rate from heading to milk stage of CLMT was higher than those of CLLT. It was found that translocation mechanism of stem and sheath of CLMT was more reasonable than those of CLLT. Leaf area index of CLMT was lower than that of CLLT at heading stage, and equal to that of CLLT at milk stage, and higher than that of CLLT at maturity . Photosynthetic rate of flag leaf of CLMT was equal to that of CLLT at heading and milk stages, and was higher than that of CLLT at maturity stage. Leaf area duration of CLMT was equal to that of CLLT from heading stage to milk stage and was higher than that of CLLT from milky stage to maturity stage. The decreasing rate of leaf area and photosynthetic rate of CLMT were lower than those of CLLT both from heading to milk stage and from milk stage to maturity. It was indicated that CLMT had photosynthetic production advantages during the late solid phase. For superior grain, initial growth power (Ro), time of the relative maximum grain filling rate (Tmax), active grain filling period (D) and effective filling time (T99) of CLMT were higher or longer than those of CLLT, while the relative maximum grain filling rate (RGRmax), the relative average grain filling rate (RGRmean) in superior grain of CLMT were lower slightly than those of CLLT. For inferior grain, RO of CLMT was lower than that of CLLT, while Tmax, D, T99, RGRmax, RGRmean of CLMT were longer or higher than those of CLLT. Both for superior grain and for inferior grain, the grain filling rate of CLMT was higher than those of CLLT. 【Conclusion】Under the mechanized and simplified super high cultivation conditions, there was no big difference in total sink weight between CLMT and CLLT, but matter translocation of stem and sheath at early grain filling stage, photosynthetic characteristics at later grain filling stage of CLMT were higher than that of CLLT, therefore，the grain filling rate and yield of CLMT were higher than that of CLLT. Reasonable stem sheath matter transport mechanism, strong photosynthetic production performance and gentle lasting filling characteristics were the mainly physiological basis of the formation of the yield advantage.

【目的】旨在明确稻麦两熟制地区超高产栽培条件下甬优系列籼粳杂交稻不同冠层叶形组合产量差异及其形成机理。【方法】2011—2012年，在长江下游稻麦两熟制地区（江苏常熟、扬州）选用甬优系列冠叶适中型组合A26/F9250、A16/F9250、甬优12、甬优13与冠叶过长型组合A43/F8585、A41/F8585、甬优15、甬优11为试验材料，在超高产栽培条件下，系统研究了二者产量构成因素特征、茎鞘物质积累与转运机制、叶片光合特性和强、弱势粒灌浆特性等方面的差异。【结果】（1）两年、两点的试验均表明，籼粳亚种间杂交稻冠叶适中型产量明显高于冠叶过长型组合，2011年常熟、2011年扬州、2012年常熟和2012年扬州冠叶适中型组合实际产量分别达11.62、11.98、12.51、和12.30 t•hm-2，较冠叶过长型组合分别增产8.85%、9.75%、9.60%和10.26%。与冠叶过长型组合相比，冠叶适中型组合有效穗数略多，每穗粒数明显多，群体颖花量大、饱粒千粒重小，最大库容重与冠叶过长型组合相当，但籽粒充实度明显高，说明冠叶适中型组合较冠叶过长型组合增产的主要原因为籽粒充实度的提高。（2）冠叶适中型组合抽穗期单茎茎鞘重、乳熟期单茎茎鞘重、抽穗至成熟期的茎鞘表观输出量、表观输出率和表观转运率低于冠叶过长型组合，但成熟期单茎茎鞘重、抽穗至乳熟期的最大输出量、最大输出率、最大转运率均高于冠叶过长型组合。说明冠叶适中型组合在结实期具有合理的茎鞘物质转运机制。（3）与冠叶特长型组合相比，冠叶适中型组合叶面积指数抽穗期稍低，乳熟期相当，成熟期明显高；净光合速率在抽穗期和乳熟期相当，在成熟期明显高；光合势在抽穗期至乳熟期相当，乳熟至成熟期明显高；叶面积衰减率和净光合速率衰减率在抽穗至乳熟期以及乳熟至成熟期均明显高。说明冠叶适中型组合结实后期光合生产具有优势。（4）与冠叶过长型组合相比，冠叶适中型组合强势粒起始生长势（R0）高、达到相对最大灌浆速率的时间（Tmax）推迟、活跃灌浆期（D）和有效灌浆时间（T99）延长，相对最大灌浆速率（RGRmax）和相对平均灌浆速率（RGRmean）略低，终极充实度（A）高；冠叶适中型组合弱势粒R0低，Tmax推迟，D和T99延长，RGRmax和RGRmean略高，A也明显高。【结论】在稻麦两熟制稻区超高产栽培条件下，甬优系列冠叶适中型组合具有明显的产量优势；结实期合理的茎鞘物质转运机制、较强的光合生产性能和平缓持久的灌浆特性是该类组合产量优势形成的主要生理基础。

... 籼粳杂交稻蕴藏着巨大的杂种优势, 充分利用籼粳亚种间杂交稻的杂种优势一直被认为是进一步提高水稻产量的有效途径^[14,15] ...

2013

0.0

胡雅杰, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 李德剑, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 刘国林, 陆秀军, 刘国涛, 朱嘉炜. 适宜机插株行距提高不同穗型粳稻产量. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(14): 33-44

Hu Y

, Xing Z

, Gong J

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Li D

, Sha A

, Zhou Y

, Liu G

, Lu X

, Liu G

, Zhu J

Suitable spacing in and between rows of plants by machinery improves yield of different panicle type japonica rices.

Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(14): 33-44 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 另外, 机插秧推广面积不断扩大, 对保障中国粮食生产安全和提升水稻全程机械化水平发挥了重要作用^[16,17] ...

2009

0.0

朱德峰, 陈惠哲. 水稻机插秧发展与粮食安全. 中国稻米, 2009, (6): 4-7

Zhu D

, Chen H

The development of mechanical transplanting rice and food security.

China Rice, 2009, (6): 4-7 (in Chinese)

... 另外, 机插秧推广面积不断扩大, 对保障中国粮食生产安全和提升水稻全程机械化水平发挥了重要作用^[16,17] ...

2011

0.0

许圣君. 水稻机插秧技术优势及存在问题与对策. 安徽农学通报, 2011, 17(9): 194-196

Xu S

The technical advantages of mechanical transplanting rice and its existing problems and countermeasures.

Anhui Agric Sci Bull, 2011, 17(9): 194-196 (in Chinese)

水稻机械化插秧技术已在寿县推广3a,机插秧的优势明显,但也存在秧苗素质差、漏插、漂秧、僵苗、倒伏、病虫害严重等问题,成为大面积推广和取得高产的阻碍性因素,针对生产中存在的问题,提出了促进水稻机插秧技术快速推广应用的对策措施,以供参考.

... 然而毯苗机插水稻秧苗素质不高, 移栽植伤重, 抗倒伏能力较差^[18], 后期容易发生倒伏, 增加收获难度 ...

2012

0.0

孙永健, 陈宇, 孙园园, 徐徽, 许远明, 刘树金, 马均. 不同施氮量和栽插密度下三角形强化栽培杂交稻抗倒伏性与群体质量的关系. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 189-196

Sun Y

, Chen

, Sun Y

, Xu

, Xu Y

, Liu S

, Ma

Relationship between culm lodging resistance and population quality of hybrids under triangle-planted system of rice intensification at different nitrogen application rates and planting densities.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 189-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen (N) application rate and planting density on population quality and culm lodging resistance of rice were investigated with hybrid rice combination Ⅱyou 498 as material under triangleplanted system of rice intensification (TSRI), and correlation of population quality with culm lodging resistance and grain yield was analyzed. There was an obvious regulatory effect of N application rate and planting density on grain yield, population quality, and lodging resistance of rice culm under TSRI. Compared with other treatments, 150 kg/hm2 N application rate coupled with the suitable planting density (40 cm × 40 cm) improved leaf area index (LAI) and light transmission rate in rice population, coordinated bending moment and breaking resistance of basal internodes, alleviated contradiction of panicle and grain, and increased grain yield. At the nitrogen application rate of 225 kg/hm2, planting density should be reduced to alleviate deterioration of population quality index and decreased lodging index. The suitable planting density was 50 cm × 50 cm. Correlation analysis indicated population quality was significantly correlated with internode lodging resistance and yield. Middle part light transmission rate in rice population at full heading and 30 days after full heading, and amount of sap flow of rice root at 30 days after full heading might be indicators for grain yield and culm lodging resistance.

1 Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture,Wenjiang 611130, China 3 Agrometeorological Center of Sichuan Meteorological Bureau, Chengdu 610071, China; 4 Dongpo Agricultural Bureau, Meishan 620032, China;

以杂交水稻组合Ⅱ优498为材料，在三角形强化栽培(TSRI)条件下，研究了施氮量和栽插密度对水稻群体质量及抗倒伏能力的影响，并探讨了主要群体质量指标与茎秆抗倒伏性及产量间的关系。结果表明，TSRI下，施氮量及栽插密度对水稻产量、群体质量以及茎秆基部各节间抗倒伏能力均存在显著的调控作用。施氮量为150 kg/hm2与栽插规格40 cm×40 cm配合可提高结实期叶面积指数(LAI)、群体透光率，协调茎秆基部各节间弯曲力矩与抗折弯矩，缓和高产栽培的穗粒矛盾，显著提高籽粒产量；而施氮量增加至225 kg/hm2，应适当降低栽插密度，来缓解群体质量指标的恶化，降低倒伏指数，栽插规格50 cm×50 cm为宜。相关性分析表明，不同施氮量和栽插密度下水稻群体质量指标与茎秆基部各节间抗倒伏能力显著或极显著相关；结合产量表现，尤以齐穗期、齐穗后30 d中部的群体透光率以及齐穗后30 d的根系伤流量对水稻产量及抗倒伏性影响显著。

... 关于栽培措施对机插水稻植株抗倒伏性的影响, 前人研究主要集中于肥料的用量和种植密度等方面^[19,20], 而且都是针对某一特定的时期, 较少研究籼粳杂交稻在不同机插密度条件下的抗倒伏性与其他类型品种是否存在差异以及倒伏发生的敏感时期 ...

... 1 机插密度对水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响栽插密度会影响水稻的抗倒伏特性^[19,20,22], 主要是影响水稻的生长发育和茎秆的理化特性 ...

2003

0.0

郭玉华, 朱四光, 张龙步, 都华. 不同栽培条件对水稻茎秆材料学特性的影响. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2003, 34(1): 4-7

Guo Y

, Zhu S

, Zhang L

, Du

Influence on the material characteristics of rice culms in different cultivation conditions.

J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2003, 34(1): 4-7 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The material characteristics of 7 varieties with different lodging-resistance at 2 nitrogen levels and 2 planting thickness were determined.The results showed that there were great differences in breaking moment value M among varieties. M value of all new

对7个抗倒伏性有差异的水稻品种在2个施肥水平、2种栽培密度条件下，测定了茎秆的材料学特性。结果表明。品种间的基节折断弯矩M差异很大，新育成高产品种的基节折断弯矩均高于对照品种辽粳5号，原因是构成茎秆材料数量的增加。低氮处理使茎秆材质强度BS增加；稀植导致构成茎秆材料的数量增加。不同品种的茎秆材料学特性对稀植的反应存在明显差异。

... 1 机插密度对水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响栽插密度会影响水稻的抗倒伏特性^[19,20,22], 主要是影响水稻的生长发育和茎秆的理化特性 ...

1959

0.0

... 2 力学特性用YYD-1型茎秆强度测量仪(浙江托普仪器有限公司生产)测定基部第2节间中部茎秆的抗折力, 该节间基部至穗顶长度及鲜重, 按濑古秀生等^[21]的方法计算弯曲力矩和倒伏指数 ...

2003

0.0

郭玉华, 朱四光, 张龙步. 不同栽培条件对水稻茎秆生化成分的影响. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2003, 34: 89-91

Guo Y

, Zhu S

, Zhang L

Influence of different cultivation conditions on biochemistry components of rice culms.

J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2003, 34: 89-91 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对7个抗倒伏性不同的水稻品种在2个施肥水平、2种密度条件下，测定了基部茎秆3种主要生化成分的含量．分析了它们与基部茎秆抗倒性之间的关系。结果表明，单位体积淀粉的含量与茎秆强度无关，而单位体积的纤维素含量和木质素含量与茎秆强度存在显正相关。减少氮肥施用量引起茎基节纤维素和木质素含量增加；稀植有同样的作用。上述3种生化成分在品种间存在明显差异。抗倒性较差品种的纤维素含量对氮肥量的改变反应较为敏感。

... 1 机插密度对水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响栽插密度会影响水稻的抗倒伏特性^[19,20,22], 主要是影响水稻的生长发育和茎秆的理化特性 ...

2009

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杨世民, 谢力, 郑顺林, 李静, 袁继超. 氮肥水平和栽插密度对杂交稻茎秆理化特性与抗倒伏性的影响. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 93-103

Yang S

, Xie

, Zheng S

, Li

, Yuan J

Effects of nitrogen rate and transplanting density on physical and chemical characteristics and lodging resistance of culms in hybrid rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 93-103 (in Chinese with English abstract)

There have been a lot of studies onthe differences and variations in lodging resistance among different rice varieties, but few studies involving the combined effects of nitrogen rate and transplanting density on lodging resistance of a certain hybrid varieties at different planting areas. In order to study the relationship between lodging resistance and physical and chemical characteristics of rice culm and the effects of nitrogen rate and transplanting density on the physical and chemical c haracteristics and lodging resistance of hybrid rice culm, a split plot field experiment was conducted w ith h ybrid rice Jinyou 527 at Ya’an which altitude is about 600 m and Xichang which altitude is about 1 600 m . The experimental results were as follows. With the increasing of nitrogen rate and transplanting density, the plant height and length of basal internodes increased, the diameter of stem and the wall thickness of culm reduced, and the culm phenotype index decreased. High nitrogen rate and planting density lowered the contents of starch, cellulose and lignin of culm. The contents of N, K, Si, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn of culm were also influenced by nitrogen rate and transplanting density. As a result, high nitrogen rate and transplanting density reduced the breaking strength and lodging resistance of rice culm. The lodging index positively correlated to plant height g ravity center height, length of basal internodes and contents of N and Mg, and negatively correlated to diameter of stem, wall thickness of culm, ratio of weight to length of stem, culm phenotype index, contents of K, Ca and starch, cellulose, lignin of culm. However, the relationship between lodging index and Si content of culm was quadratic function. The optimum Si content for high lodging resistance of rice culm was 4.5 – 4.8 mg kg -1 . There were some differences in lodging resistance and sensitivities to nitrogen rate and transplanting density between Ya’an and Xichang, so the suitable techniques for high yield and high lodging resistance of culm should depend on the planting area. It was found that the critical lodging index for hybrid rice Jinyou 527 was 200.

以杂交稻金优 527 为材料，分别在中低海拔地区雅安 ( 600 m ) 和高海拔地区西昌 ( 1 590 m ) 进行了以氮肥水平为主区，栽插密度为副区的田间裂区试验。结果表明 , 随施氮量和栽插密度的增加，茎秆基部节间变细长，茎壁变薄，秆型指数降低，茎鞘中淀粉、纤维素、木质素含量降低，充实度变差；氮肥水平和栽插密度还影响茎秆中氮、钾、硅、钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰等矿质元素的含量，从而影响茎秆的倒伏指数和抗倒伏能力。水稻基部茎秆的倒伏指数与株高、重心高度和基部各伸长节间的长度及氮、镁含量正相关，与茎粗、茎壁厚、比茎重、秆型指数及淀粉、纤维素、木质素和钾、钙含量负相关，与茎秆硅含量呈二次函数关系，适宜的硅含量为 4.5 ~ 4.8 mg kg -1 。由于生态条件不同，两试点水稻茎秆抗倒能力和受氮肥水平与栽插密度影响的程度存在一定差异，高产、抗倒栽培要因地制宜。金优 527 基部节间的临界倒伏指数为 200 。

... 杨世民等^[23]研究表明茎秆基部节间的倒伏指数与栽插密度呈极显著正相关, 随着栽插密度的增加, 茎壁厚度和茎粗降低, 茎秆基部节间长度增加, 倒伏指数增大, 抗倒伏能力减弱 ...

2008

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石扬娟. 施肥方式和栽插密度对水稻抗倒伏性状影响研究. 安徽农业大学硕士学位论文, 安徽合肥, 2008. p 45

Shi Y

Studies on Traits Correalating to Loding Resistance under the Different Fertilization Manner and Planting Density in Rice. MS Thesis of Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China, 2008. p 45 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本研究以生产上广泛应用的6个中籼稻品种或组合为材料,通过氮、钾、硅肥不同施量和栽插密度处理,系统研究了抽穗后30天水稻茎秆形态、物理、化学性状与抗倒伏性的关系,初步明确与抗倒伏性密切相关的茎秆性状,比较分析了这些茎秆性状在不同处理条件下的差异,寻求利于株高与茎秆节间性状优化组合的抗倒栽培条件。主要结果如下: 1.水稻株高与秆型指数呈极显著负相关。茎秆基部第一伸长节间长度与倒伏指数呈显著正相关,第二、三伸长节间长度与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关;三个伸长节间的外径和椭圆截面面积与倒伏指数负相关不显著,但与秆型指数正相关极显著,相关系数达0.833以上;三个伸长节间的茎壁厚度和茎壁截面积都与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关。抗折力、折断弯矩、断面模数和弯曲应力都与倒伏指数呈极显著负相关。各节间单位长度干重与该节断面模数、折断弯矩、节间弯矩呈极显著正相关,与倒伏指数多呈极显著负相关,与弯曲应力相关性不明显。各节间可用性糖(可溶性糖和淀粉)含量与该节断面模数、折断弯矩、节间弯矩呈极显著正相关,与倒伏指数呈极显著或显著负相关。 2.株高,茎秆基部伸长节间长度、外径粗度、茎壁厚、抗折力、折断弯矩、断面模数、弯曲应力、单位长度干重、可溶性糖含量和淀粉含量等茎秆形态、物理、化学性状与水稻实际抗倒伏性密切相关。 3.在施氮和未施氮四种氮肥处理条件下,植株高度有显著差异,施氮量越大,株高越高;施氮量对茎秆基部三伸长节间长度有极明显影响,低氮促进,高氮抑制; 施氮量对茎秆基部三伸长节间外茎和壁厚有不同程度影响,随着施氮量的增加,节间粗度和茎壁厚度都增加,但氮量不是越多越好;不同施氮量的茎秆基部第一伸长节间干重有显著差异,氮肥施得越多,单位干重减得越少;施氮量较高,基部节间可溶性糖含量也较高,淀粉含量中等;未施氮肥情况下,淀粉含量最高;施氮量对茎秆基部伸长节间的断面模数和弯曲应力有明显影响,中等施氮量,使得构成茎秆材料的数量达最多,低氮有利于茎秆材质强度BS的增加。 4.硅、钾肥的施用,对植株高度影响不大;施用硅、钾肥能使茎秆基部节间缩短并增粗;硅肥不利于茎壁增厚,钾肥有利于茎秆基部第二伸长节间壁的增厚;施用硅、钾肥能使茎秆基部三伸长节间干物质增加;硅肥不利于提高水稻基部茎秆中可溶性糖的含量,有利于提高基部第二、三伸长节间淀粉的含量;钾肥不利于提高水稻基部茎秆中可溶性糖、淀粉、可用性糖的含量;施用硅肥有利于增强茎秆的材质强度,施适量钾肥有利于增加构成茎秆材料的数量和质量。 5.三种栽插密度对茎秆基部三伸长节间外茎、壁厚和干物质重有不同程度影响,稀植有利于茎秆增粗,茎壁增厚,基部节间干物质增加;不同栽插密度的茎秆基部节间可溶性糖和淀粉含量差异显著,密植利于基部节间可溶性糖含量增高,稀植利于基部节间淀粉含量增高;栽插密度对断面模数有明显影响,对弯曲应力影响不明显,稀植利于构成茎秆材料的数量增加。 6.抗倒栽培条件:在土壤肥力中等条件下,施纯氮150kg/hm~2,行株距为26.6cm×16.6cm的栽培条件,株高和茎秆性状得到了优化组合, 有利于茎秆的抗倒伏;增施SiO_275kg/hm~2,或增施K_2O150kg/hm~2,茎秆抗倒伏性增强。

... 本研究表明随着密度的增加, 茎秆的倒伏指数逐渐增大, 茎粗、节间充实度、茎壁厚度都呈现下降的趋势, 这与石扬娟^[24]的研究结果相吻合 ...

2005

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吴春赞, 叶定池, 林华, 倪日群, 赖联赛, 林辉. 栽插密度对水稻产量及品质的影响. 中国农学通报, 2005, 21(9): 190-191

Wu C

, Ye D

, Lin

, Ni R

, Lai L

, Lin

Effects of transplanting density on rice yield and its quality.

Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2005, 21(9): 190-191 (inChinese with English abstract)

试验结果表明,适宜的栽插密度有利于产量和稻米品质的提高.栽插密度主要通过水稻的群体结构来影响产量,对其品质的影响,以垩白米粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、整精米率及蛋白质含量等影响较大,在试验范围内(7.5～25.5万丛/hm2),栽插密度与垩白米粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量呈显著线性负相关;与整精米率呈倒二次曲线分布关系;与蛋白质含量接近线性正相关.从优质高产兼顾的角度考虑,在浙江地区的生态条件下,单季杂交籼稻的栽插密度以16.5～21.0万丛/hm2为宜.

... 关于密度对产量的影响, 吴春赞等^[25]研究发现, 适当减少栽插密度, 能有效增加单株成穗数和穗粒数, 使个体与群体得到协调发展而获得水稻的高产 ...

2014

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朱聪聪, 张洪程, 郭保卫, 曹利强, 江峰, 葛梦婕, 花劲, 宋云生, 周兴涛, 霍中洋, 许轲, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 朱大伟. 钵苗机插密度对不同类型水稻产量及光合物质生产特性的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 122-133

Zhu C

, Zhang H

, Guo B

, Cao L

, Jiang

, Ge M

, Hua

, Song Y

, Zhou X

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Dai Q

, Wei H

, Zhu D

Effect of planting density on yield and photosynthate production characteristics in different types of rice with bowl mechanical-transplanting method.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 122-133 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the impacts of planting density of nutrition bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice on photosynthate production and yield, a field experiment was conducted using conventional japonica rice Nanjing 44, Wuyunjing 24, japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 8, Changyou 5, and indica hybrid rice Liangyoupeijiu, II you 084 which have been widely grown in the southern China with high, medium and low density treatments of the different hill spacings in nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting (12 cm, 14 cm, and 16 cm), and the conventional blanket seedling mechanical- transplanting as control. The results showed that, the tiller number of nutrition bowl mechanical-transplanting rice in the critical period and the declining rate of leaf area after heading decreased with the reduction of planting density, the productive tiller percentage increased significantly, while the chlorophyll content of flag leaf and the photosynthetic parameters presented the opposite trend. The dry matter weight of single stem, the matter transportation amount in stem and leaf, and the net assimilation rate were all the highest in the low density treatment, the medium in medium density treatment, and the lowest in high density treatment. After heading, the dry matter accumulation, population growth rate, photosynthetic potential and other indicators of conventional japonica rice decreased significantly with the reduction of planting density. The average dry matter weight of population in high density treatment at maturity stage was 11.8% and 8.9% higher than that in medium density treatment and low density treatment respectively, and without significant difference between the low density treatment and control. For the population growth indexes of hybrid rice, medium density treatment was the highest, and there was no significant difference between high density treatment and low density treatments. The actual yield in high density treatment was between that in medium and low density treatments, besides, that in high density treatment of indica hybrid rice was equal to that in low density treatment, but significantly lower than that in medium density treatment by 3.0%. Consequently, for conventional japonica rice and varieties with big panicle and numerous grain in agricultural production, the hill spacing of 12 centimeters could reach high yield, while for hybrid rice and big heavy panicle varieties, increasing the hill spacing appropriately was helpful to improve the percentage of spike-forming tillers and develop the advantage of panicle type, resalting in high yielding and high efficiency production.

在南方稻区大面积应用的常规粳稻、杂交粳稻、杂交籼稻中各选两个代表性品种为材料 , 根据钵苗机插不同穴距设置高、中、低 3 种密度处理 , 并以常规塑盘毯状育苗机插为对照 , 比较研究钵苗机插不同密度对水稻光合物质生产及产量的影响。结果表明 , 钵苗机插水稻各生育期茎蘖数随栽插密度的降低而减小 , 剑叶叶绿素含量及光合特征参数变化则呈相反趋势。单茎干物重、茎叶转运及净同化率均以低密度最大 , 中密度次之 , 高密度最低。常规粳稻抽穗后干物质积累量、群体生长率和光合势等指标随密度的降低极显著减小 , 成熟期群体干物重高密度平均较中、低密度分别高 3.0% 和 7.6%, 高、中密度的最终产量分别较对照增产 11.8% 和 8.9%, 低密度与 CK 无显著差异。杂交稻各群体生长指标以中密度最大 , 高密度实产介于中、低密度之间 , 杂交籼稻高密度处理与低密度相当 , 显著低于中密度。

... 朱聪聪等^[26]认为, 不同密度配置对不同类型品种产量的影响不完全一致, 常规粳稻产量以高密度的处理最高, 杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻以中密度处理产量最高 ...

2006

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艾治勇. 超级杂交稻形态及生理特性与抗倒性关系的研究. 湖南农业大学硕士学位论文, 湖南长沙, 2006. p 20

Ai Z

Study on Relationship between Morphological and Physiological Traits and Lodging Resistance in Super Hybrid Rice (Oryza satival L. ). MS Thesis of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China, 2006. p 20 (in Chinese with English abstract)

超级杂交稻研究对确保我国粮食安全具有重大的战略意义。一批超级杂交稻组合和苗头组合的育成和应用标志着我国超级稻育种计划取得了突破性进展。但在生产中仍有部分问题制约着超级杂交稻更好的发展，如超级杂交稻的倒伏和生态适应性等。本文以超级杂交稻为材料，研究超级杂交稻形态及生理特性与抗倒性的关系，并在此基础上，采用正交旋转组合试验设计，研究了氮、钾、硅肥料运筹对超级杂交稻抗倒性和产量的影响。主要结论如下： 1、在植株形态特性与抗倒性关系方面：株高、单茎鲜重、倒2节间长度与倒伏指数呈正向性，而挫折强度、短轴直径与倒伏指数呈负向... 展开超级杂交稻研究对确保我国粮食安全具有重大的战略意义。一批超级杂交稻组合和苗头组合的育成和应用标志着我国超级稻育种计划取得了突破性进展。但在生产中仍有部分问题制约着超级杂交稻更好的发展，如超级杂交稻的倒伏和生态适应性等。本文以超级杂交稻为材料，研究超级杂交稻形态及生理特性与抗倒性的关系，并在此基础上，采用正交旋转组合试验设计，研究了氮、钾、硅肥料运筹对超级杂交稻抗倒性和产量的影响。主要结论如下： 1、在植株形态特性与抗倒性关系方面：株高、单茎鲜重、倒2节间长度与倒伏指数呈正向性，而挫折强度、短轴直径与倒伏指数呈负向性。株高过高、生物产量过大、茎秆倒2节间过长不利于增强抗倒性，而茎秆挫折强度大、增大短轴直径有利于增强抗倒性。各形态指标对倒伏指数的直接通径系数的绝对值依次为单茎鲜重＞挫折强度＞株高＞短轴直径＞倒2节间长度。 2、在植株生理特性与抗倒性关系方面：抗倒性较强的组合茎鞘物质输出率较低，抗倒性弱的组合尽管茎鞘干物质重大，但其茎鞘物质输出率高。茎秆全钾含量、全硅含量和纤维素含量与倒伏指数的相关系数不显著，但三者的直接通径系数以及三者之间的间接通径系数对倒伏指数具有完全一致的负效应，说明生育后期维持较高的茎秆全钾含量、全硅含量和纤维素含量对增强茎秆的抗倒性是必要的。 3、超级杂交稻的产量和产量构成的各因素存在组合间和年份间的极显著或显著差异，而造成年份间产量差异的一个主要因素是倒伏。 4、分别建立了氮、钾、硅对超级杂交稻准两优527倒伏指数和产量的数学模型，探讨了氮、钾、硅对超级杂交稻抗倒性和产量的影响。以倒伏指数和产量的数学模型为基础，通过计算机寻优，产生出倒伏指数低于150、产量高于735kg/667m2的高产抗倒运筹方案，其肥料施用量为N19.1～19.9kg /667m2、K2O19.7～19.9kg/667m2、SiO219.5～19.9kg/667m2，三者的比例大致为1∶1∶1。 5、抗倒性的灰色关联度综合评价结果与以倒伏指数和田间实际倒伏率为评价指标产生的结果具有高度的一致，均以培矮64S/E32的抗倒性最好，并进一步说明了倒伏指数作为抗倒性的预测和评价指标的可行性。 6、在形态及生理特性与抗倒性关系研究的基础上，提出了超级杂交稻抗倒理想株型，超级杂交稻抗倒理想株型的建立应以现有超级杂交稻理想株型为基础，具有不影响生物产量前提下的中秆，茎秆短轴直径大的圆秆、茎秆挫折强度大、倒2节间短而穗下节间稍长的株型特点。在研究了肥料运筹对超级杂交稻产量和抗倒性影响的基础上，提出了以重视硅肥施用，氮、钾、硅等营养元素平衡施用为技术特点的超级杂交稻高产抗倒施肥技术体系。收起

... 艾治勇^[27]研究发现, 随着灌浆成熟过程茎鞘贮藏的产物不断向穗部运输, 茎鞘所含物质越来越少, 蜡熟期茎秆的倒伏指数比较大, 容易倒伏 ...

2010

0.0

张丰转. 粳稻抗倒指标的动态变化及栽培调控研究. 东北农业大学硕士学位论文, 黑龙江哈尔滨, 2010. pp 24-29

Zhang F

The Dynamic Changes of Lodging-resistance Index and Its Cultural Control in Japonica. MS Thesis of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 2010. pp 24-29 (in Chinese with English abstract)

倒伏是水稻高产、稳产、优质的重要限制因素之一。由于高产是以提高生物总产量和经济系数为基础,使得高产与抗倒这一矛盾更加突出。所以如何防止水稻倒伏的发生对优质超高产水稻栽培具有重要的意义。本试验选用5个不同抗倒类型的粳稻品种,研究了优质粳稻品种的抗倒力学和形态生理特性差异和灌浆过程中粳稻抗倒指标的动态变化规律以及密度、施肥量、调控剂等对抗倒伏指标的影响,旨在为寒地优质粳稻抗倒高产栽培技术体系的建立提供理论依据。研究结果表明: 1不同抗倒类型品种的株高、秆长、基部第1、第2节间长度及茎粗、鲜重、秆型指数、大维管束的数目等形态和结构特征,物理强度、最大承载量、抗折力、折断弯矩、倒伏指数等材料力学特征,以及茎鞘中钾、硅、可溶性糖含量等化学成分有显著或极显著的差异。抗倒伏能力强的品种拥有相对较短的基部第1、第2伸长节间长度,粗壮的节间,且节间维管束的数目比较多,茎秆的物理强度和节间的抗折力大,倒伏指数小,茎中钾、硅、可溶性糖含量及总量均较高。 2茎秆的物理强度和节间抗折力与N1、N2节间长度有极显著负相关,与茎粗,大维管束数目、茎中钾、硅、可溶性糖含量及总量有极显著正相关,与倒伏指数则极显著的负相关。 3不同抗倒类型品种的茎秆物理强度、穗部最大承载量和各个节间的抗折力均随籽粒灌浆进程逐渐变小,到成熟期达到最小,倒伏指数逐渐上升。尤其是茎秆物理强度、抗折力和茎鞘中可溶性糖总量,以及鞘中钾、硅等化学成分总含量在抽穗后17天到24天(约蜡熟期)开始迅速变小。因此,抽穗后24天左右(约蜡熟期) 是寒地粳稻发生倒伏的敏感时期。 4在籽粒灌浆过程中,同一灌浆时期内不同抗倒伏能力品种在各个节间的抗折力均表现为N1N2N3,倒伏指数表现为N2N3N1,影响水稻倒伏的节位主要是第2或第3节间。 5随施肥量的增加,株高和节间长度增高,茎粗、维管束数量以及茎鞘中钾、硅和可溶性糖含量则均隆低,茎秆充实度变差,抗折力下降,倒伏指数增加,抗倒伏能力减弱。增施氮肥增加了有效穗数和千粒重,从而提高产量,同时能增加籽粒中蛋白质含量。 6增加密度,节间长度增长,但茎粗变小,维管束数目也减少,且不利于茎鞘中钾、硅、可溶性糖含量的吸收积累,茎秆的充实度减弱,茎秆的抗折力下降,倒伏指数增加,容易引起倒伏。随着密度的增加,有效穗数增多,从而增产,品质性状影响不大。 7拔节前10天,叶面喷施“立丰灵”,可有效降低株高、缩短节间长度,增加茎粗,对茎鞘中非结构碳水化合物可溶性糖以及矿物质元素钾、硅含量也有提高,茎秆的充实度增加,增加茎秆各节间的抗折力,能增产5%以上,且对品质没有不良影响。

... 张丰转^[28]研究认为蜡熟期(抽穗后24 d左右)是寒地粳稻品种发生倒伏的转折时期 ...

1994

0.0

... 前人研究认为, 抽穗后水稻茎秆中储存的碳水化合物开始分解向穗部输送, 约在齐穗后20 d, 茎的重量下降到最低点, 以后略有上升, 这个时期是茎秆结构物质分解、植株抗倒能力下降的时期^[29,30] ...

2001

0.0

林贤青, 王雅芬, 朱德峰, 罗玉坤. 水稻茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物与穗部性状关系的研究. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 155-157

Lin X

, Wang Y

, Zhu D

, Luo Y

The non-structural carbohydrate of the stem and sheath in relation to the panicle characteristics in rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 155-157 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘要以3个不同穗部性状类型的组合广超1号、特优明86和65396为材料进行大田试验，结果表明开花期茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物含量高，成熟期含量低的品种，结实率高，反之，结实率低。每个颖花平均从茎鞘获得非结构性碳水化合物高的品种，千粒重高。反之，千粒重低。

2010

0.0

刘树金. 栽培地点和密度对不同类型品种水稻形态特征与群体质量影响. 四川农业大学硕士学位论文, 四川雅安, 2010. pp 25-26

Liu S

Effects of Transplanting Location and Density on the Morphological and Population Quality of Different Types of Rice. MS Thesis of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China, 2010. pp 25-26 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 3 不同类型水稻的抗倒伏能力的比较不同类型水稻的抗倒伏能力有较大的差异, 刘树金^[31]研究表明, 雅安点4个品种的抗倒伏能力以粳稻品种强于籼稻 ...

2014

0.0

姜元华, 张洪程, 赵可, 许俊伟, 韦还和, 王文婷, 孟天瑶, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 机插条件下籼粳杂交稻茎秆的抗倒性评价及成因分析. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(19): 19-29

Jiang Y

, Zhang H

, Zhao

, Xu J

, Wei H

, Wang W

, Meng T

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

Evaluation and cause analysis of rice-stem lodging resistance for mechanical transplanted indica-japonica hybrid rice.

Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(19): 19-29 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了评价机插条件下籼粳杂交稻茎秆的抗倒性能及揭示其成因，该研究选用甬优系列具有代表性的籼粳杂交稻A为研究对象，以生产上主推的高产杂交粳稻B、常规粳稻C和杂交籼稻D为对照，采用机插小苗种植方式，设置各类型品种最适的高产栽培处理，在蜡熟期系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种茎秆抗倒伏性及主要理化特征的差异。结果表明：1）抗倒性方面，与B、C、D相比，A的弯曲力矩和抗折力得到协同提高，但在两者的综合作用下，倒伏指数表现为D>A>B>C。2）茎秆质构特征方面， A类品种基部节间的纵向载荷度、弹性、内聚性、抗弯强度等载荷能力指标以及硬度、脆度、穿刺强度、紧实度等穿刺性能的指标均高于B、C、D。3）茎秆形态与解剖性状方面，A的株高、穗高、重心高、基部节间粗度、横截面积、茎壁面积、维管束总面积、大维管束面积、小维管束面积、大维管束数目、小维管束数目均高于B、C、D；A的相对重心高度、基部节间长度小于D而高于B、C；A的基部节间秆型指数、相对茎壁面积、相对维管束面积、大维管束相对面积、小维管束相对面积均低于B、C而高于D。4）茎秆化学成分含量方面，A茎鞘中可溶性糖、淀粉、纤维素、木质素、K、Si、Ca、Cu、Zn等化学成分含量表现为低于B和C，高于D；茎鞘中N、Mg、Fe、Mn等化学成分含量表现为A高于B和C，低于D。5）相关分析表明，倒伏指数与重心高度、茎秆粗度、横截面积呈显著正相关（P<0.05），与相对重心高度、基部节间长度、N、Mg、Fe、Mn的含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；与淀粉、Cu的含量呈显著负相关（P<0.05），与秆型指数、相对茎壁面积、相对维管束面积、可溶性糖、纤维素、木质素、K、Si、Ca、Zn的含量呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。通过本研究笔者初步认为，机插条件下，甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的茎秆抗倒性虽稍逊于杂交粳稻和常规粳稻，但较杂交籼稻有大幅提高，茎秆理化特性的差异与抗倒性密切相关。该研究结果可为长江下游地区籼粳杂交稻机械化抗倒栽培提供理论依据与技术支撑。

... 本研究表明, 籼粳杂交稻表观倒伏率、倒伏指数、株高以及重心高度显著低于杂交籼稻, 倒伏敏感时期的茎壁厚度、单位节间干重都高于杂交籼稻, 这与姜元华等^[32]研究结果一致 ...