Identification of QTL for wheat processing quality traits and their linked molecular markers is very important for quality improvement with marker-assisted selection. In the present study, a total of 240 F5:6 lines from the cross PH82-2/Neixiang 188 were planted in a Latinized alpha-lattice design in Jiaozuo and Anyang of He’nan Province and Taian of Shandong Province, respectively. Grain and flour protein contents, Zeleny sedimentation value, Mixograph and RVA parameters were evaluated. A genetic map was constructed based on 188 SSRs and 4 protein markers. QTL analysis was conducted with the software QTL Cartographer 2.5. Four QTLs were detected for kernel protein content on chromosomes 3A, 3B and 4B, explaining 5.5％, 8.1％, 4.4％ and 5.1％ of the phenotypic variance, respectively. One QTL was detected for flour protein content on chromosome 4B, accounting for 7.0% of phenotypic variance. Three QTL were found for Zeleny sedimentation value on chromosomes 1B, 1D and 3B, in which the QTLs on chromosome 1B and 1D were detected both in Taian and Jiaozuo, explaining 10.4％~14.6％ of phenotypic variance. Three QTLs for mixing time were mapped on chromosomes 1B and 1D across three environments, accounting for 6.0％~55.3％ of phenotypic variance. Five QTLs were detected for eight minute width on chromosomes 1B, 1D and 4B. One common QTL on chromosome 1D was found in all three environments explaining 20.2%, 6.2% and 33.9% of phenotypic variance, respectively. Two QTLs on chromosome 1B were found both in Taian and Anyang, accounting for 5.2％~14.1％ of phenotypic variance,,Three QTLs For peak viscosity were detected on chromosomes 1A, 3A and 7B. Five QTLs for breakdown were found on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B, 6B and 7A, explaining 5.1％~7.3％ of phenotypic variance. The QTLs controlling Zenely sedimentation value, mixing time, eight minute width and breakdown were mapping on the same region of chromosome 1B, with genetic distances of 0.1~0.8 cM from the nearest marker Glu-B3j, indicating the big influences of 1BL/1RS translocation on these traits. In addition, on chromosome 1D, one QTL was found to control the Zeleny sedimentation value, mixing time and eight minute width, with genetic distances of 2.5~3.3 cM from the nearest marker Dx5+Dy10, exhibiting the great effect of HMW glutenin subunits Dx5+Dy10 on these traits. The QTLs for Zeleny sedimentation value and kernel protein content on chromosome 3B were also mapped on the same location. On chromosome 4B, the QTL for kernel and flour protein contents were found on the same region. The QTL for mixing time on chromosome 1B and the one for eight minute width on chromosome 1D were detected across three environments, with stable effects on the traits. The identified molecular markers related to the quality traits in this study will benefit for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

【目的】发掘重要性状的QTL及其分子标记进行小麦品质分子改良。【方法】采用PH82-2/内乡188杂交后代240个F5:6家系，按照Latinized α-lattice设计，2004～2005年度分别种植在河南焦作、安阳和山东泰安。对籽粒蛋白质含量、Zeleny沉降值、和面时间、8分钟带宽、峰值粘度和稀懈值进行测定，利用188个SSR标记和4个蛋白标记构建遗传连锁图谱，采用复合区间作图法（CIM）对上述6个品质性状进行QTL定位。【结果】 籽粒蛋白质含量检测出3个QTL，分布在3A、3B染色体上。在1B、1D和3B染色体上检测到3个控制Zeleny沉降值的QTL，其中位于1B和1D染色体上的QTL在3个地点均检测到，可解释5.5％～17.6％表型变异。发现3个控制和面时间的QTL，分布在1B和1D染色体上，在3个地点均能检测到，贡献率为7.9％～55.3％；检测出8分钟带宽的QTL 5个，其中1B和1D染色体上的QTL在3种环境下均能检测到，贡献率为11.7%～33.9%。发现峰值粘度QTL 4个，分布在1A、1B、3A和7B染色体上；检测出稀懈值QTL 5个，位于1B、4A、5B、6B和7A染色体上。1B染色体上存在同时控制Zeleny沉降值、和面时间、8分钟带宽、峰值粘度和稀懈值的QTL，与最近标记Glu-B3j连锁距离为0.1～0.8cM，说明1BL/1RS易位对这些性状有重要影响；1D染色体上存在同时控制Zeleny沉降值、和面时间和8分钟带宽的QTL，与最近的标记Dx5+Dy10连锁距离为2.5～3.3cM，表明Dx5+Dy10高分子量谷蛋白亚基对这3个性状影响很大。和面时间和8分钟带宽位于1B和1D染色体的QTL以及稀懈值位于1B染色体上的QTL在3个地点均能检测到，具有环境稳定性。【结论】本研究定位的品质性状的标记可作为小麦品质分子育种的工具。

The characteristics relatedgrain quality in Triticum aestivum L.are quantitative traits controlled by polygenic. To investigate the genetic basis of Triticum aestivum L. quality traits, the QTLs for grain hardness(GH), grain protein content(GPC), flour protein content(FPC) and wet gluten content(WGC) were analyzed in a population which consisted of 99 F10 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross Triticum polonicum L. line XN555 and T. aestivum L. lineZhong 13. The results showed that the differences between lineXN555 and Zhong 13 about GH, GPC and FPC were highly significant difference(P＜0.01) in 2012 and 2013. WGC had highly significant difference(P＜0.01) between line XN555 and Zhong 13 in 2012 and significant difference(P＜0.05) in 2013. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that there were highly significant differences among RILs about GPC, FPC and WGC and significant differences about GH both in 2012 and 2013. Based on the linkage map constructed with single sequence repeat (SSR) makers, the software Icimapping v3.2 and the inclusive composite interval mapping were used to identify QTL for quality related traits. Two hundred and forty one markers were located to the 14 linkage groups including genome A and B. This map spanned 1 338.92 cM with the average distance of 5.56 cM between any 2 markers. The QTLs for quality related traits, i.e. GH, GPC, FPC and WGC , were detected based on the phenotypic in 2012 and 2013. A total of 24 additive QTLs with the genetic distance from 0.00 to 5.70 cM away from the nearest markers were detected on 9 chromosomes, including 1A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 1B, 2B, 3B and 5B. Five QTLs for GH located on chromosomes 1A, 1B and 5A, respectively. Single QTL for GH could account for phenotypic variations from 7.93% to 30.49%. Among these, the QTLs on 1A and 1B were identified both in 2012 and 2013. Seven QTLs for GPC were located on chromosomes 6A, 1B, 2B, 3B and 5B, respectively. Single QTL for GPC could account for phenotypic variations from 8.30% to 29.69%. Two of the seven QTLs for GPC were detected in the interval of Xbarc104~Xcfa2114 on chromosome 6A based on the phenotypic of the twoyears. Seven QTLs for FPC were found on chromosomes 3A, 4A, 6A, 1B, 2B and 5B, respectively. Single QTL for FPC could account for phenotypic variations from 6.90% to 29.50%. Two QTLs for FPC on chromosome 5B were found by using the phenotypic of the two years. Five QTLs for WGC were found on chromosomes 6A, 1B, 2B and 5B, respectively. Single QTL for WGC could account for phenotypic variations from 10.10% to 18.43%. In the interval of Xbarc104~Xcfa2114 on chromosome 6A, with genetic distances of 1.2 cM from the nearest marker Xbarc104, two QTLs for WGC were detected both in 2012 and 2013. Meanwhile, one QTL for FPC in 2012 and one QTL for GPC in 2013 were detected in the same interval as well. The identified molecular markers related to the quality traits in this study will benefit the marker-assisted selection in breeding programs.

小麦籽粒品质相关性状属于数量性状，由多基因控制。为了探索小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品质相关性状的遗传基础，以波兰小麦(Triticum polonicum L.)品系XN555×普通小麦品系中13产生的重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines, RILs)群体(包含99个F10株系)为研究材料，采用SSR(simple sequence repeat)分子标记技术构建遗传连锁图谱；根据2012年和2013年的表型数据，采用完备区间作图法(inclusive composite interval mapping, ICIM)定位籽粒硬度、籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量等品质性状QTL。获得了由241个SSR标记位点组成的A、B染色体组的14个连锁群图谱，覆盖基因组1 338.92 cM，标记间的平均遗传距离为5.56 cM。共定位24个品质性状QTL，分布在1A、3A、4A、5A、6A、1B、2B、3B和5B等9条染色体上。其中，籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉蛋白质含量各7个QTL，湿面筋含量和籽粒硬度各5个QTL，4个性状的单个QTL可分别解释表型变异的8.30%~29.69%、6.90%~29.50%、10.10%~18.43%和7.93%~30.49%。两年都在6A染色体的 Xbarc104~Xcfa2114标记区间内与Xbarc104相距1.2 cM处检测到湿面筋含量QTL，并于2012年和2013年分别检测出了面粉蛋白质含量和籽粒蛋白质含量的QTL。本研究为利用波兰小麦改良普通小麦以及在小麦品质改良中应用分子标记辅助选择提供依据。

Ningmai 9 is a soft wheat cultivar with high and stable yield, broad adaptation, moderate resistance to fusarium head blight (FHB) and high resistance to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV). The ten new wheat cultivars derived from Ningmai 9 have become or will soon be becoming the leading cultivars in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In order to explore the value of Ningmai 9 as a crossing parent in wheat breeding program, the physiological basis for high yield and genetic characters for yield, quality and disease resistance of Ningmai 9 were analyzed, meanwhile the main features of its ten derivatives were also described. The results showed that Ningmai 9 had high photosynthetic capacity, water use efficiency and drought resistance, and its high-yielding potentiality was mainly determined by more spikes per unit and grains per spike. The cultivar had high general combining ability in many characters such as grains per spike, harvest index, protein content, alkaline water retention capacity and disease resistance which were easily passed to its derivatives. As a direct parent, the ten excellent cultivars Ningmai 13, Ningmai 14, Ningmai 16, Shengxuan 4, Shengxuan 6, Yangmai 18, Yangfumai 4, Zhenmai 5, Zhenmai 8 and Nannong 0686 were developed by various breeding methods, and all these derivatives maintained its excellent traits such as high and stable yield, moderate resistance to FHB, and resistance to WSSMV. Therefore, it was concluded that Ningmai 9 was an elite parent with high general combining ability, and it had important value for developing the new wheat cultivars with high-yielding, better quality and disease resistance.

宁麦9号是高产稳产、适应性广、中抗赤霉病、高抗梭条花叶病的优质弱筋小麦品种,由该品种衍生的10个品种已成为或即将成为长江中下游麦区的主推品种。为探讨宁麦9号作为亲本在小麦育种上的利用价值,本文分析了该品种的高产生理基础,产量、品质和抗病性状的遗传以及其衍生品种的主要特点。结果表明,宁麦9号光合优势明显,后期叶片不易早衰,水分利用率高、抗旱性强,其高产优势表现为成穗数和穗粒数多。遗传分析表明,该品种穗粒数、收获指数、蛋白质含量、碱水保持力以及抗病性等性状的配合力高,易于传递给后代。以宁麦9号为亲本,通过不同育种方法,育种工作者先后育成了宁麦13、宁麦14、宁麦16、生选4号、生选6号、扬麦18、扬辐麦4号、镇麦5号、镇麦8号、南农0686等10个小麦新品种,这些衍生品种都保持了宁麦9号高产稳产、中抗赤霉病、抗梭条花叶病等优良特性。因此,认为:宁麦9号是一个一般配合力较高的优良亲本,对选育高产、优质、抗病小麦新品种有重要利用价值。

In order to provide the evidence for improvement of protein content of weak gluten wheat varieties,genetic analysis was conducted in seven weak gluten wheat cultivars and their F1 obtained from a diallel cross without reciprocals.The results showed that N

为给弱筋小麦蛋白质含量的改良提供依据,以7个弱筋小麦品种双列杂交的F1及其亲本为材料,研究了弱筋小麦蛋白质含量的遗传规律.结果表明,在7个小麦品种中,宁麦9号蛋白质含量的一般配合力最高,能极显著地降低杂种后代的蛋白质含量.小麦蛋白质含量的遗传符合加性-显性模型,同时受加性和显性效应的作用,显性程度为完全显性到超显性.控制蛋白质含量的增效等位基因为隐性,增减效等位基因频率在亲本中的分配无明显差异.宁麦13和宁麦9号控制蛋白质含量遗传的显性基因最多,蛋白质含量可能受2～3对主效基因的控制,狭义遗传力中等.

为给优质小麦选育提供参考依据,以籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、面筋强度和碱水保持力不同的6个常用优质小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制15个杂交组合,研究了小麦碱水保持力的遗传规律.结果表明,碱水保持力在杂交组合间存在显著差异,且受环境条件的影响较大.6个亲本中,宁麦9号和皖麦48的一般配合力较好,均表现为较大的负向效应,能极显著地降低杂种后代的碱水保持力,在优质软麦育种中利用价值较高.碱水保持力的遗传符合加性-显性模型,同时受加性和显性效应的作用,且加性效应更重要.控制碱水保持力的减效基因为显性,亲本中增效和减效基因分布不对称.宁麦9号和皖麦48控制碱水保持力的显性基因最多.碱水保持力可能受1～2对主效基因的控制,狭义遗传力较低,早代选择不宜太严.

The genetic mechanism of thousand-grain weight (TGW) and number of kernels per spike (NKS) were studied by a 7×7 complete diallel crosses (Griffing's method II) using seven wheat parents with diverse TGW and NKS during 2009-2010 growing season. The results showed that Yangmai 11 and Ningmai 9 had the best general combining ability for TGW and NKS, respectively, and Ningmai 9 had more dominant genes controlling NKS. The inheritance of TGW fit for the additive-dominance-epistasis model, and the inheritance of NKS was in agreement with the additive-dominance model. The NKS was controlled by both additive and dominant genetic effects, and the additive effect was much more important than the dominant effect. The degree of dominance was partial dominance. The alleles increasing NKS were dominant, and the frequency distribution of alleles increasing or reducing NKS was asymmetrical among 7 parents. Narrow sense heritability of NKS was higher, indicating that selection of NKS in early generation was effective. The genetic improvement on TGW and NKS was also discussed in the paper.

利用千粒重和每穗粒数有一定差异的7个冬小麦品种为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制21个杂交组合,研究了小麦2个产量构成因素——千粒重和每穗粒数的遗传。结果表明,扬麦11千粒重和宁麦9号每穗粒数的一般配合力最好,且宁麦9号具有控制每穗粒数较多的显性基因。千粒重的遗传符合加性-显性-上位性模型。每穗粒数的遗传符合加性-显性模型,以加性效应为主,显性程度为部分显性。控制每穗粒数的增效等位基因为显性,亲本中增减效等位基因频率分布不对称。每穗粒数的狭义遗传力较高,早代选择有效。还对小麦粒重和每穗粒数的遗传改良进行了探讨。

Ningmai 9 is a soft wheat cultivar with high yield, wide adaption, and resistance to multiple diseases including Fusarium head blight, yellow mosaic virus, powdery mildew, and sharp eye spots, which serves as a backbone parent in the southern Huaihe River valley. This study aimed to disclose the genetic contribution of Ningmai 9 to its derivates using SSR markers. A total of 471 alleles were detected on 170 SSR loci, with 1–6 alleles per locus and an average of 2.8. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed that Yangmai 18 and Ningmai 9 were clustered together firstly with the smallest genetic disrtance, and Yangfumai 4 and Ningmai 9 were clustered together with the largest genetic distance. Genetic similarity coefficient showed that more than a half of loci transferred from Ningmai 9 to its derived varieties. The percentage of alleles shared between Ningmai 9 and its derived varieties differed greatly among 21 chromosomes, but the average percentage was similar among A, B, and D genomes. Ten markers had the same amplification banding pattern in Ningmai 9 and nine derived varieties, and nine of them were linked to the QTLs or genes associated with important agronomic traits as previous reports. In comparison of genetic background between Ningmai 9 and Ningmai 13 (a direct selection line from Ningmai 9), the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.732, suggesting that the genetic back ground of Ningmai 13 is similar to that of Ningmai 9. Genotyping data showed that the markers associated with protein content and resistance to Fusarium head blight in Ningmai 13 were in correspondence with those in Ningmai 9. These results may partially explain the reason for elite agronomic traits of Ningmai 13 similar to Ningmai9m, such as resistance to Fusarium head blight and soft wheat quality.

宁麦 9 号是江苏省农业科学院选育的优质弱筋专用小麦品种，具有高产、稳产和广泛的适应性及抗小麦黄花叶病、赤霉病等特点，近年来已成为江苏淮南麦区小麦育种的重要亲本。为了解宁麦 9 号对新育成小麦品种的遗传贡献，利用 170 对 SSR 引物，对宁麦 9 号及其 9 个衍生品种进行全基因组扫描分析。共检测到 471 个等位变异位点，每对引物可检测 1~6 个，平均 2.8 个。 UPGMA 聚类分析表明，扬麦 18 与宁麦 9 号遗传距离最小，扬辐麦 4 与宁麦 9 号遗传距离最大。遗传相似系数表明，在人工选择的作用下，这些以宁麦 9 号为亲本育成品种的遗传背景一半以上来自宁麦 9 号。宁麦 9 号等位变异在其衍生材料中的分布比例因品种而异，且不同染色体间差异较大，但相同位点的等位变异比例在 A 、 B 、 D 染色体组间相近。全基因组 SSR 扫描分析发现， 10 个标记位点在宁麦 9 号和由其选育的 9 个新品种具有完全相同的扩增带型，其中 9 个位点与重要农艺性状相关，或与控制优良性状的基因紧密连锁。将宁麦 9 号与主要弱筋小麦生产品种宁麦 13 （宁麦 9 号系选）进行基因组比较，两者遗传相似系数达 0.732 ，说明宁麦 13 与 宁麦 9 号遗传背景高度相似，而且两品种在蛋白质含量和抗赤霉病位点相关标记位点高度一致，这一结果可以部分解释宁麦 13 同样具有的抗赤霉病与优质弱筋的优点。

利用Griffing完全双列杂交方法II,对冬小麦8个亲本的主穗长、结实小穗数、不孕小穗数、主穗粒数、小穗粒数、每穗粒数、千粒重和单穗粒重8个穗部性状的配合力、基因效应和遗传组成进行了研究.结果表明:不孕小穗数的遗传主要受加性基因效应作用,其余7个性状的遗传受加性基因和非加性基因共同作用,但加性效应更加重要.环境对穗部性状的遗传影响较小,狭义遗传力除单穗粒重较低外,其余7个性状均较高,早代选择有效.宁麦9号穗部性状的一般配合力最好,宁麦8号和扬麦9号可作为改良穗粒数的骨干亲本,而扬麦158可作为产量育种的适应性亲本.宁麦8号×郑9023、宁麦9号×郑9023和扬麦9号×高优503三个杂交组合的特殊配合力效应值在穗部7个性状上均表现正向效应,可作为高产育种的重点组合.

In order to promote the genetic improvement for resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) in wheat, genetic analysis was conducted in six parents involving Sumai 3 and five local commercial wheat cultivars, and their F 1 obtained from a diallel cross without reciprocals. The FHB resistance was measured by percentage of scabbed spikelets. The results showed that Sumai 3 and Yangmai 9 had the best general combining ability for resistance to FHB and could increase significantly the resistance to FHB in their crossing progeny. The inheritance of resistance to FHB fit in with the additive dominance model and was controlled by both additive and dominant genetic effects, and the additive effect was much more important than the dominant effect. The degree of dominance was partial dominance. The alleles increasing resistance to FHB were dominant, and the frequency distribution of alleles increasing or reducing resistance to FHB was asymmetry among 6 parents. Sumai 3 had the most dominant genes controlling resistance to FHB, while Ningmai 8 had the most recessive genes. The resistance to FHB might be controlled by two or three pairs of major dominant genes with higher narrow sense heritability. It was feasible on selection of resistance to FHB in the earlier generations.The wheat breeding for resistance to FHB was also discussed in the paper.

为给小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良提供参考，利用苏麦3号及5个当地推广小麦品种为亲本，按Griffing双列杂交法Ⅱ配制15个杂交组合，以赤霉病病小穗率为抗性指标，研究了小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传。结果表明，在6个小麦品种中，苏麦3号和扬麦9号赤霉病抗性的一般配合力最好，能极显著地提高杂种后代的赤霉病抗性。小麦赤霉病抗性的遗传符合加性 显性模型，同时受加性和显性效应的作用，且加性效应更重要，显性程度为部分显性。控制赤霉病遗传的增效等位基因为显性，增减效等位基因频率在亲本中的分配存在显著差异。苏麦3号具有最多的控制赤霉病抗性遗传的显性基因，而宁麦8号则具有控制赤霉病抗性遗传最多的隐性基因。小麦赤霉病抗性可能受2~3对主效基因的控制，狭义遗传力较高，早代选择有效。论文最后还就小麦抗赤霉病育种进行了探讨。

【目的】通过对大面积推广小麦 品种和育种骨干亲本的全基因组多位点扫描分析,探讨两者之间的遗传关系及骨干亲本在小麦育种中的作用。【方法】利用ABI3730对中国66份大面积推广 的小麦品种和13份育种骨干亲本的481个SSR位点进行基因型扫描分析。【结果】以基因型数据为基础的主坐标及NJ聚类分析,发现中国大面积推广品种可 聚成6个大组,每一组中至少有一个骨干亲本。系谱分析表明,每一组中大面积推广品种和骨干亲本之间均存在密切的血缘关系,前者大多为骨干亲本的后裔;同一 省份的品种多数聚在一起。来自同一组合的骨干亲本碧蚂4号含有的优势等位变异数多于大面积推广品种碧蚂1号,同样,郑引4号(St2422-464)多于 郑引1号(St1472-506);新一代骨干亲本往往由上一代骨干亲本衍生而来;来源于同一组合的骨干亲本与大面积品种相比,前者与其组合中的骨干亲本 间存在更大的遗传差异。【结论】只有对资源的创新、引进和利用给予足够的重视,育种工作才能取得大的突破。

Wheat landrace Yanda 1817 is one of the ‘core parental’ breeding lines for North China Winter Wheat Breeding Program during 1950–1960. The derivatives of cross Triumph/Yanda 1817 have been widely planted in the area and, thereafter, used as parental lines to make further crosses for new varieties development. In this study, the genetic contributions of core parental lines Yanda 1817 and Triumph to their derivative cultivars were analyzed using 175 polymorphic SSR markers randomly distributed on the 21 chromosomes of wheat genome with an average of 8.3 markers per chromosome. The results indicated that Triumph (43.6%) contributed more genetic components than Yanda 1817 (26.8%) to their derivatives on the whole genome level. On the A, B and D subgenome levels, triumph had the contribution ratio of 46.1%, 39.1% and 44.0%, While Yanda 1817 only had the contribution ratio of 25.9%, 25.7% and 26.4% to their derivatives, respectively. It revealed that exogenous germplasm played an important role in the improvement of wheat varieties in the North China Winter Wheat Breeding Program. As for single chromosomes, 20.0% (1A) to 63.3% (7A) of Triumph alleles and 7.5% (2A) to 44.2% (7D) of Yanda 1817 alleles could be detected on the derivative cultivars. Seven Yanda 1817 genomic (haplotypic) regions, Xwmc11 -3A– Xcfa2262 , Xbarc1073 -7B– Xwmc475 , Xgwm357 -1AL– Xwmc312 , Xbarc305 -7DS– Xwmc506 , Xgwm165 -4AS– Xgwm610 , Xwmc419 -1B– Xwmc134 , and Xcfd56 -2D– Xbarc228 , and eight Triumph genomic (haplotypic) regions, Xwmc105 -6BS– Xwmc397 , Xgdm72 -3D– Xgdm8 , Xgdm5 -2DS– Xgwm455 , Xbarc121 -7AL– Xgwm332 , Xgwm174 -5DL– Xwmc161 , Xgwm499- 5BL– Xbarc308 , Xbarc141 -5A– Xgwm291 , and Xgwm66 -4BL– Xgwm251 , were found to be significantly important in the Triumph/Yanda 1817 derivative cultivars. Genomic (haplotypic) regions Xwmc11 -3A– Xcfa 2262 derived from Yanda 1817 and Xwmc105 -6BS– Xwmc397 derived from Triumph had the contribution ratio of 77.5% and 71.3%, respectively to the derivative cultivars of Triumph/Yanda 1817, indicating they are important targets for selection in breeding program. Agronomic important genes and QTLs relevant to yield, disease resistance, tolerance to abiotic stresses and adaptation to diversified environments located on these genomic (haplotypic) regions are important targets for new varieties development in the North China Winter Wheat Breeding Program.

小麦地方品种燕大 1817 是我国小麦育种骨干亲本之一，胜利麦 / 燕大 1817 杂交组合是北部冬麦区小麦品种遗传改良的基础组合。 利用随机分布于小麦全基因组 21 条染色体上的 175 对在胜利麦和燕大 1817 间具有多态性的 SSR 标记 ( 每条染色体平均 8.3 对 ) 分析了燕大 1817 和胜利麦对其 38 份后代衍生品种的遗传贡献率。结果表明，在全基因组水平上，燕大 1817 对其后代衍生品种贡献率为 26.8% ，胜利麦对其后代衍生品种贡献率为 43.6% ；在部分同源群水平上，燕大 1817 对其后代衍生品种 A 、 B 和 D 基因组的贡献率分别为 25.9% 、 25.7 和 26.4% ，胜利麦对其后代衍生品种 A 、 B 和 D 基因组的贡献率分别为 46.1% 、 39.1% 和 44.0% 。说明引进种质对我国北部冬麦区小麦品种遗传改良起了重要作用。在染色体水平上，胜利麦对其后代衍生品种的 21 条染色体贡献率在 20.0%~63.3% 间，其中对 1A 染色体贡献率仅有 20.0% ，对 7A 染色体贡献率高达 63.3% 。骨干亲本燕大 1817 对其后代衍生品种的 21 条染色体贡献率在 7.5%~44.2% 间，其中对 2A 染色体贡献率仅有 7.5% ，对 7D 染色体贡献率可达 44.2% 。骨干亲本燕大 1817 对后代衍生品种贡献率较高的基因组 ( 单元型 ) 区段有 7 个，分别是 3A 上的 Xwmc11 – Xcfa2262 、 7B 上的 Xbarc1073 – Xwmc475 、 1AL 上的 Xgwm357 – Xwmc312 、 7DS 上的 Xbarc305 – Xwmc506 、 4AS 上的 Xgwm165 – Xgwm610 、 1B 上的 Xwmc419 – Xwmc134 和 2D 上的 Xcfd56 – Xbarc228 ，其中， 3A 染色体上的 Xwmc11 – Xcfa2262 区段对衍生品种贡献率高达 77.5% 。而胜利麦 对后代衍生品种 贡献率较高的基因组 ( 单元型 ) 区段有 8 个，分别是 6BS 上的 Xwmc105 － Xwmc397 、 3D 上的 Xgdm72 – Xgdm8 、 2DS 上的 Xgdm5 – Xgwm455 、 7AL 上的 Xbarc121 – Xgwm332 、 5DL 上的 Xgwm174 – Xwmc161 、 5BL 上的 Xgwm499 – Xbarc308 、 5A 上的 Xbarc141 – Xgwm291 和 4BL 上的 Xgwm66 – Xgwm251 ，其中 6BS 上的 Xwmc105 – Xwmc397 区段对衍生品种的 贡献率最高，达 71.3% 。这些基因组 ( 单元型 ) 区段上存在许多与产量、抗病、抗逆和适应性等重要农艺性状相关的基因和 QTL ，对北部冬麦区小麦品种遗传改良可能起了重要作用。

Bima 4 is one of the most important milestone parents in China. The objective of this study was to reveal the genetic structure of Bima 4 and the transmission of its specific loci in descendents using molecular markers. A total of 1239 SSR, EST-SSR and STS markers covering the whole genome of wheat were screened with the four parents of the first progeny of Bima 4, i.e., Bima 4, Early Piemium, Jubileina 2, and Ckopocneлka JI-1. Thirty-three markers were effective to trace the specific loci of Bima 4 in the progenies. Seventy-six derivatives of Bima 4 were genotyped with the 33 markers. In the first and the second generations of Bima 4 derivatives, 32 markers, except for Xgwm577 , could amplify the specific bands of Bima 4. The inheritable frequency of the specific loci were 7.1–92.6% in the first generation and 2.9–80.0% in the second generation, of which eight and ten loci showed the transmission percentage larger than 50.0% in the first and the second generations, respectively. In the third and the fourth generations, twenty-nine and twenty specific markers were observed, eight and four loci had the transmission rate higher than 50.0%, respectively. Among the specific loci, Xgwm261 , Xedm80 , SWES222 , and CFE223 possessed the inheritable frequency higher than 50% in all four generations. Another 18 loci of Bima 4 were detected in the progenies with genetic contribution ratio higher than 25%. This indicates that some desirable traits, such as yield, grain quality , disease resistance, and adaptability might be associated with these loci or the nearby chromosome regions in Bima 4, and intensively selected in breeding programs. The important loci detected in this study provide the information for understanding the genetic basis of Bima 4 as a milestone parent in wheat breeding.

为探讨小麦骨干亲本碧蚂 4 号的遗传构成及其特异位点在衍生后代中的传递特点，利用覆盖小麦全基因组的 1239 个 SSR 、 EST-SSR 和 STS 标记对碧蚂 4 号子一代衍生品种 ( 系 ) 的 4 个亲本进行标记筛选， 获得 33 个特异标记可用于 76 份碧蚂 4 号衍生材料的分析。在子一代和子二代材料中，除标记 Xgwm577 外的 32 个标记均能扩增出碧蚂 4 号特异带，且分别有 8 个和 10 个标记位点的传递频率大于 50% ；在子三代和子四代材料中能扩增出碧蚂 4 号特异带的标记分别有 29 个和 20 个，传递频率大于 50% 的标记位点分别有 8 个和 4 个； Xgwm261 、 Xedm80 、 SWES222 和 CFE223 在 4 个世代中的传递频率都保持在 50% 以上；有 18 个标记位点对衍生品种 ( 系 ) 的遗传贡献率大于 25% ；推测这些基因组位点及其附近的染色体区域可能是被育种家强烈选择的部分，碧蚂 4 号含有一些特殊的与重要农艺性状相关的基因组位点 / 区段，可能是其成为骨干亲本的遗传基础。

【目的】研究骨干亲本欧柔染色体片段在衍生后代的分布及所关联的性状,旨在揭示骨干亲本对后代品种的遗传贡献。【方法】对小麦骨干亲本欧柔及其衍生的23份在中国生产和育种中发挥重要作用的后代品种进行农艺性状调查和SSR扫描。【结果】在43个SSR位点欧柔特异等位变异在一代品种的传递频率高于理论比例0.38;在41个位点欧柔特异等位变异在二代品种的传递频率高于理论比例0.18;在21个位点欧柔特异等位变异被持续选择(在2个子代的分布频率分别大于0.38和0.18)。SSR标记与农艺性状关联分析表明,在Xwmc710、Xbarc235和Xbarc252位点,欧柔等位变异类型在后代具有高的分布频率且与较高的穗粒数、产量相关。【结论】推测本研究发现的重要染色体区域及相关的优异性状在中国小麦品种改良中发挥了重要作用,是进一步研究的重点。

【Objective】 Zhou 8425B is the most important core parent and has been widely used in the South Part of the Yellow and Huai Valleys Winter Wheat Zone. Understanding the principal components and detecting the wheat stripe rust resistance loci in Zhou 8425B will provide important information for the future genetic improvement of wheat varieties. 【Method】 The core parent Zhou 8425B and its 50 derivative varieties and lines were used to compare their genetic structure and components among different generations. Whole-genome association mapping was employed to identify the stripe rust resistance loci using 921 Diversity Array Technology (DArT) and 83 SSR markers. 【Result】The averaged genetic similarity index was 67.6% among Zhou 8425B and its derivatives, and the clustering results for these genotypes were basically in consistent with that from the pedigree analysis. On the whole-genome levels, Zhou 8425B had the contribution ratios of 67.7%, 63.6% and 58.8% to its first, second and third generation derivatives, respectively. The genetic contribution ratios of A, B and D subgenome levels were 68.7%, 62.0% and 59.4%, respectively. As for single chromosome level, 44.9% (4A) to 70.9% (1D) of Zhou 8425B alleles could be detected on the derivative varieties. Four loci were detected to be associated with stripe rust resistance by association mapping (P＜0.01), in which two loci QYr.caas-2BL and QYr.caas-7BL were found in the same genomic regions of Yr7 and YrZH84, respectively. A QTL QYr.caas-1BL was found in the same genomic region as leaf rust resistance gene LrZH84 reported previously, which might be attributed to be pleiotropic effect or tight linkage each other. A new locus QYr.caas-3AL was located on the long arm of chromosome 3A and linked with the terminal marker wPt-0398, explaining 22.9% of the phenotypic variance.【Conclusion】The contribution ratios transferred from the core parent to its derivatives on genome and chromosome levels were probably caused by various important alleles associated with agronomic traits and resistance genes. Four QTLs for stripe rust resistance detected in 50 derivative varieties were derived from the core parent Zhou 8425B. Therefore, it is presumed that these loci for stripe rust resistance and other important traits derived from Zhou 8425B could play important roles in the future wheat breeding program in China, especially in the South Part of the Yellow and Huai Valleys Winter Wheat Zone.

【目的】利用高密度分子标记解析了周8425B衍生品种的遗传结构，并鉴定其携带的抗条锈病基因。【方法】利用921个DArT（Diversity Arrays Technology）标记和83个SSR标记分析周8425B及其50份衍生品种（系）间的遗传结构和遗传区段传递，并利用关联分析定位抗条锈病基因。【结果】周8425B及其衍生品种的遗传相似性平均为67.6%，聚类分析结果与品种系谱来源基本一致。周8425B对其衍生一代、二代和三代的平均遗传贡献率分别为67.7%、63.6%和58.8%，在A、B和D基因组间遗传贡献率分别为 68.7%、62.0%和 59.4%。周8425B 对其衍生品种的21条染色体贡献率变幅为44.9%—70.9%，其中，对4A染色体贡献率最低，为44.8%，对1D染色体贡献率最高，达79.0%。利用DArT和SSR标记与成株期抗条锈鉴定结果进行关联分析，发现4个条锈病抗性位点（P＜0.01），其中2个条锈病抗性位点QYr.caas-2BL和QYr.caas-7BL与已报道的抗条锈病基因Yr7和YrZH84在相同染色体区段，另一个抗性位点QYr.caas-1BL与抗叶锈基因LrZH84位置相同，推测该位点与LrZH84紧密连锁或者一因多效。在3A染色体长臂末端发现一个条锈病抗性位点QYr.caas-3AL，与标记wPt-0398关联，可能是一个新基因，能解释22.9%的表型变异。【结论】骨干亲本对衍生后代在基因组和染色体水平上的贡献率主要与重要基因遗传传递有关，衍生品种携带的4个抗条锈病基因均来自骨干亲本周8425B，这些抗性基因及其它优异基因将在黄淮冬麦区南片品种遗传改良中继续发挥重要作用。

Beside natural selection, today's cultivated crops have experienced two types of strong artificial selections: domestication and modern breeding. Domestication has led to a giant genetic structure differentiation between cultivars and their wild relatives, and modern breeding has created further genetic structure differentiation between the modern varieties and the landraces. In a genome, genetic diversity at a locus experienced strong selection is significantly lower than that at other loci non-experienced selection and diversities in the flanking regions also declines. This phenomenon is called the hitchhiking effect or genetic selection sweep. The genomic regions with selection sweep could be detected through scanning a number of released varieties or natural populations with molecular markers. Thereafter, agronomic important traits linked with these regions could be detected using Marker/Trait association analysis. Fine scanning of these genomic regions would help to determine the sizes of these regions and to discover the favorable alleles or even the key genes. This could provide very valuable information for gene isolation and molecular design of new varieties. Establishment of high density genetic linkage maps in the major crops and availability of high throughput genotyping platform make it possible for discovering agronomic important genes through marker/trait association analysis. Based on the available publications, we give a brief introduction of the hitchhiking effect mapping approach using the plant height, 1000-grain weight, and phosphorus-deficiency tolerance as examples in wheat.

作物在长期进化过程中，除自然选择外，还经历了两次大的人工选择，即人工驯化选择和育种选择，使栽培种与野生种之间、现代品种与古老的地方品种之间在群体遗传结构及性状上形成了很大的差异；在基因组中，一些承受强选择作用的基因在群体中的多样性显著降低，同时这些基因附近区域的遗传多样性也明显下降。在遗传学中将这种对个别基因的选择导致其侧翼区域遗传多样性降低的现象称之为选择牵连效应（Hitchhiking effect，也称选择搭载效应）。通过大群体多位点的扫描分析，可找到一些发生选择牵连效应的基因组区段，利用标记/性状关联分析（Marker/Trait association analysis），就可发现这些区段所控制的重要性状；对这些区段进行精细扫描和分析，即可找到一些决定重要农艺性状的基因，并发现优异等位变异，从而为重要基因的克隆和作物品种的分子设计奠定基础。各大作物高密度分子标记连锁图谱的绘制完成、高通量基因型分析技术体系的建立，为利用选择牵连效应分析、通过标记/性状之间的关联，寻找和定位一些重要基因奠定了基础。本文在查阅文献的基础上，结合作者的研究，以小麦株高、千粒重、磷的吸收和利用等性状为例，就选择牵连效应分析的基本思路、方法进行了讨论，以起到抛砖引玉之作用。