有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响

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黄丽芬, 张蓉, 余俊, 姜玲玲, 苏宏鼎, 庄恒扬. 有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响. 41(3): 458-467
HUANG Li-Fen, ZHANG Rong, YU Jun, JIANG Ling-Ling, SU Hong-Ding, ZHUANG Heng-Yang. Effects of Organic Farming on Yield and Quality of Hybrid Japonica Rice . Acta Agronomica Sinica, 41(3): 458-467 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

有机栽培对杂交粳稻产量和品质的影响

黄丽芬, 张蓉, 余俊, 姜玲玲, 苏宏鼎, 庄恒扬^*

扬州大学农学院 / 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点 / 粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 庄恒扬, E-mail: zhy7979356@sina.com.cn

收稿日期:2014-12-19

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31201154), 江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目和江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室项目(K12008)资助

摘要

以杂交粳稻(常优2号、常优5号、甬优8号)和常规粳稻(淮稻5号、南粳46、南粳5055)为试材, 比较研究了有机和常规栽培方式对两种类型粳稻的产量和品质的影响, 探索了有机栽培条件下杂交粳稻实现稳产优质的可能性。结果表明, 有机栽培杂交、常规粳稻平均产量分别为8.11 t hm^-2和6.29 t hm^-2, 前者比后者高28.93%。有机栽培杂交粳稻的群体总茎蘖数低于常规粳稻, 但成穗率较常规粳稻增加了6.5个百分点。两种类型水稻叶面积指数和光合势在各生育期均表现为有机栽培<常规栽培, 但有机栽培杂交粳稻叶面积指数和光合势降幅较小。有机栽培条件下, 杂交粳稻生育后期平均群体生长率是常规粳稻1.29倍, 干物质积累比例高出8.81个百分点。有机栽培略微降低了杂交粳稻的加工品质, 但显著改善了外观品质, 提高胶稠度、降低直链淀粉含量, 对蛋白质含量影响较小, 总体上改善了蒸煮食味品质。有机栽培下杂交粳稻产量优势明显且有较好的品质性状, 在有机稻米产业发展中具有独特的应用价值。

关键词: 有机栽培; 杂交粳稻; 常规粳稻; 产量; 品质

Effects of Organic Farming on Yield and Quality of Hybrid Japonica Rice

HUANG Li-Fen, ZHANG Rong, YU Jun, JIANG Ling-Ling, SU Hong-Ding, ZHUANG Heng-Yang^*

College of Agronomy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Abstract

Two types of japonica rice, including three varieties of hybrid japonica rice (Changyou 2, Changyou 5, Yongyou 8) and three varieties of conventional japonica rice (Huaidao 5, Nanjing 46, Nanjing 5055), were grown under organic farming and conventional farming. The possibility achieving stable production and high quality under organic farming was explored. The results showed that average yield of hybrid japonica rice and conventional japonica rice was 8.11 and 6.29 t ha^-1 respectively, under organic farming. While, total stem and tiller number in the population of conventional rice varieties was more than that of hybrid rice under both farming treatments, the decline of tillers of hybrid japonica rice was more stable and as a result, the percentage of earbearing tillers of hybrid japonica rice under organic farming increased by 6.50% compared with conventional rice. In each growth period, rice leaf area index and photosynthesis potential showed the trend of conventional farming > organic farming, and also, compared with the conventional cultivation, smaller drops in those indexes were found under organic farming for hybrid japonica rice than for conventional japonica rice. Furthermore, the average population growth rate of hybrid japonica rice was 1.29% higher and the accumulation of dry matter ratio was 8.81% higher than those of conventional japonica rice. Compared with conventional cultivation, organic farming slightly declined the processing quality of all rice varieties, but improved the appearance quality and eating quality through reducing the chalk white degree, increasing gel consistency and lowering amylose content. Whereas, the impact of farming methods was not significant on protein content. In sum, with significantly increasing yield and excellent quality traits, hybrid japonica rice displays obvious advantages under organic farming, therefore has a unique application value in the development of organic rice industry.

Keyword: Organic farming; Hybridjaponica rice; Conventionaljaponica rice; Yield; Quality

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随着人们健康和环保意识的增强, 有机食品集天然性、品质好、安全卫生为一体成为消费新时尚^{[1, 2, 3]}, 有机农业受到越来越多的关注, 成为一个新兴的农业产业体系。近十年来我国有机稻米发展较快、规模较大, 在有机食品生产中占有重要地位^{[4, 5]}。选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]}。同时, 由于有机稻米价格较高, 消费者要求有机稻米有较好的食味品质^{[6, 7]}。一般认为, 杂交粳稻品质不及常规粳稻, 因此生产上主要选择产量与品质较好的常规粳稻品种用于有机栽培, 国内关于水稻有机栽培品种的研究也集中在常规粳稻品种类型^{[6, 7, 13]}。张三元等^[13]对不同类型水稻品种有机栽培产量构成及稻米品质变化的研究结果表明, 吉林省稻区生育期140 d以下的品种有机栽培产量潜力较大, 而生育期140 d以上的品种有机栽培结实率偏低、籽粒饱满度差, 较常规栽培减产约5%~10%。许燕芳等^[14]比较了5个不同水稻品种在有机栽培与普通栽培的产量差异, 发现米质较优的武育粳3号有机栽培后期虫害严重, 减产达32.8%。现代育种多在施用高量化学肥料的条件下选择, 常规粳稻品种在有机栽培条件下对氮的利用率较低, 生物学产量和籽粒产量均大幅下降^[14]。有机水稻生产只通过种植豆科绿肥、施用农家肥和经过有机认证的商品有机肥, 在养分供应上表现出供肥水平低而变化平稳的特点^[15], 因此只有适应这种肥力供应特性的水稻品种才能在有机生产条件下获得较好的产量。杂交水稻根系发达, 吸肥能力强, 在中低肥力下生长优势明显^[16], 可能更适合有机栽培养分供应特点。近年来, 优质杂交粳稻甬优8号因其良好的株型结构、群体库容大、抗倒力强成为超级稻品种的典范^{[16, 17]}, 常优系列粳型杂交稻也因其优质高产而被大面积推广^{[18, 19]}。本文对有机与常规栽培下产量形成特征和品质进行研究, 探索杂交粳稻在有机栽培下稳产优质的可能性, 旨在拓展有机水稻品种的选择空间。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点与材料

试验于2012— 2013年5月至10月在江苏省高邮市马棚湾生态农业科技有限公司进行。该公司从2009年开始按照国家有机产品标准(GB/T19630.1)全程控制生产有机稻米, 2013年通过有机产品认证。试验地为黏壤土, 地力中等, 土壤含有机质22.4 g kg^-1、全氮1.03 g kg^-1、碱解氮80.8 mg kg^-1、速效磷23.3 mg kg^-1、速效钾105.3 mg kg^-1。3个杂交粳稻(HJ)品种为甬优8号、常优2号、常优5号, 生育期平均分别为163 d、162 d、160 d; 3个常规粳稻(CJ)品种为淮稻5号、南粳46、南粳5055, 生育期平均分别为150 d、165 d、160 d。

1.2 试验设计

采用裂区设计, 以栽培方式为主区, 品种为裂区。主区设2个处理, 即有机栽培(OF)和常规栽培(CF)。各处理随机区组排列, 小区面积15 m², 重复2次。5月2日播种, 5月20日人工模拟机插。移栽行株距30.0 cm× 12.5 cm, 杂交粳稻双本栽插, 常规粳稻三本栽插。

有机栽培全程采用该公司近几年执行的有机稻米生产栽培管理方式。采用绿肥(紫云英)-水稻的种植方式, 紫云英鲜草产量约为12 000 kg hm^-2, 在水稻栽插前15 d左右作为基肥一次性耕翻施入。水稻栽插前施入菜籽饼1200 kg hm^-2、三安生物有机肥1155 kg hm^-2, 7月中旬追施三安生物有机肥495 kg hm^-2作为穗肥。菜籽饼、三安生物有机肥^[1]和紫云英鲜草含氮量分别为4.60%、4.00%和0.33%。

常规栽培采用当地常规高产栽培管理方式, 施270 kg hm^-2氮肥, 基肥∶ 分蘖肥∶ 穗肥=4∶ 3∶ 3, 分蘖肥于栽后第7天、第21天分别施10%、20%, 穗肥分别于倒四、倒二叶各施入15%; P₂O₅、K₂O施用量均为150 kg hm^-2, 全部作基肥。

1.3 测定项目

1.3.1 茎蘖动态每个小区选长势比较一致的植株15穴, 拔节前每5 d调查1次, 拔节后每7 d调查1次。

1.3.2 干物质积累与叶面积分别于水稻移栽期、有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均数选取代表性水稻植株4穴, 测定植株绿叶面积, 并于105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃下烘干至恒重, 测定植株干物质重。

1.3.3 产量结构调查与测产成熟期从各处理取具有平均茎蘖数的植株5穴, 测定每穴穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、千粒重。同时从每小区收割30穴测产。

1.3.4 稻米品质水稻收获3个月后, 按照GB/ T17891-1999的标准测定糙米率、精米率、整精米率、胶稠度。采用近红外谷物分析仪测定稻米直链淀粉及蛋白质含量。

1.4 数据计算与统计分析

群体生长率(g m^-2 d^-1)=(W₂-W_l)/(t₂-t₁), 式中, W₁和W₂为前后2次测定的干物质重, t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的日期;

光合势(m² d hm^-2)=1/2 (L₁+L₂) (t₂-t₁), 式中, L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积, t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间。

2012年与2013年两年试验结果趋势一致, 本文主要取2013年的数据。采用SAS 9.1、DPS 7.05和SigmaPlot 10.0软件分析数据和绘制图表。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其构成

相同栽培方式下单位面积穗数为杂交粳稻< 常规粳稻(表1), 两种类型水稻均表现出OF< CF趋势。虽然有机栽培不同程度降低了两种类型水稻的单位面积穗数, 但却提高了杂交粳稻每穗粒数, 平均OF/CF为104.42%, 降低了常规粳稻每穗粒数, 平均OF/CF比值为97.61%。两种类型粳稻的结实率均为有机栽培< 常规栽培, 不同的是杂交粳稻在有机栽培下的结实率下降幅度相对较小(OF/CF均值为98.66%), 而常规粳稻在有机栽培下的结实率下降幅度较大, 仅为常规栽培的86.35%。千粒重在有机栽培下呈略增趋势。

表1 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻产量及其构成的影响 Table 1 Effects of organic farming on grain yield and its components in different types of japonica rice

类型 Type	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 No. of panicles (× 10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)
杂交粳稻Hybrid japonica	常优2号 Changyou 2	有机栽培 OF	243.36 Bb	148.53 Aa	83.32 Ab	25.63 Aa	7.72 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	309.40 Aa	142.05 Bb	84.14 Aa	25.11 Ab	9.29 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	78.66	104.56	99.03	102.07	83.10
	常优5号 Changyou 5	有机栽培 OF	230.80 Bb	168.55 Aa	82.59 Ab	25.43 Aa	8.17 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	280.36 Aa	160.12 Bb	83.85 Aa	25.21 Aa	9.49 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	82.32	105.26	98.50	100.87	86.09
	甬优8号 Yongyou 8	有机栽培 OF	190.12 Bb	208.18 Aa	81.01 Ab	26.34 Aa	8.45 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	231.27 Aa	201.29 Ab	82.27 Aa	25.78 Ab	9.87 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	82.21	103.42	98.47	102.17	85.61
	平均 Average	有机栽培 OF	221.43	175.09	82.31	25.80	8.11
		常规栽培 CF	273.68	167.82	83.42	25.37	9.55
		OF/CF (%)	81.06	104.42	98.66	101.71	84.93
常规粳稻Conventional japonica	淮稻5号 Huaidao 5	有机栽培 OF	231.83 Bb	125.03 Ab	80.12 Bb	25.83 Aa	6.00 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	307.54 Aa	128.88 Aa	89.37 Aa	25.36 Ab	8.98 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	75.38	97.01	89.65	101.85	66.82
	南粳46 Nanjing 46	有机栽培 OF	247.28 Bb	135.93 Ab	76.35 Bb	25.80 Aa	6.62 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	309.20 Aa	138.20 Aa	90.12 Aa	25.03 Ab	9.64 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	79.97	98.36	84.72	103.08	68.67
	南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	有机栽培 OF	260.67 Bb	127.09 Ab	77.22 Bb	24.34 Aa	6.24 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	301.50 Aa	130.40 Aa	91.20 Aa	24.13 Aa	8.65 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	86.46	97.46	84.67	100.87	72.14
	平均 Average	有机栽培 OF	246.59	129.35	77.90	25.32	6.29
		常规栽培 CF	306.08	132.49	90.23	24.84	9.09
		OF/CF (%)	80.60	97.61	86.35	101.93	69.21
杂交粳稻/ 常规粳稻 HJ/CJ(%)	平均 Average	有机栽培 OF	89.80	135.36	105.66	101.90	128.93
		常规栽培 CF	89.41	126.67	92.45	102.13	105.06
		OF/CF (%)	100.43	106.86	114.29	99.77	122.72

Values followed by different letters are significantly different at the 1% (capital) and the 5% (lowercase) probability levels. OF: organic farming; CF: conventional farming; HJ: hybrid japonica; CJ: conventional japonica.

标以不同大、小写字母的数值间分别具1%和5%显著差异。

表1 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻产量及其构成的影响 Table 1 Effects of organic farming on grain yield and its components in different types of japonica rice

各品种的产量均表现为常规栽培> 有机栽培趋势, 相同栽培方式平均产量为杂交粳稻> 常规粳稻。杂交粳稻常规栽培下平均产量比常规粳稻高5.06%, 而有机栽培杂交、常规粳稻平均产量分别为8.11 t hm^-2和6.29 t hm^-2, 前者比后者高出28.93%。其主要原因在于有机栽培杂交粳稻每穗粒数、结实率较常规粳稻分别高出35.36%、5.66%, 穗型大与结实率高是其产量优势形成的主要机制。

2.2 群体茎蘖动态特征及茎蘖成穗率

由表2可见, 杂交粳稻有机栽培平均茎蘖数在有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期分别是常规栽培的83.24%、85.59%、94.60%和82.32%, 常规粳稻也呈现出相似的趋势。由此可见,

在相同生育期, 各类型水稻群体茎蘖数表现为常规栽培> 有机栽培, 差异极显著。从茎蘖消长动态看, 各种类型粳稻均在有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)达预期穗数, 数量相当; 至拔节期达高峰苗, 且在常规栽培下各类型粳稻群体约为预期穗数的1.40倍左右, 而在有机栽培下杂交粳稻群体约为预期穗数的1.50倍左右, 常规粳稻群体约为1.65倍; 表明虽然常规栽培下两种类型粳稻群体茎蘖消长相当, 但在有机栽培下, 杂交粳稻比常规粳稻有较稳定的群体茎蘖消长动态。从茎蘖成穗率来看, 两种类型的品种均呈常规栽培> 有机栽培, 在有机栽培下杂交、常规粳稻平均茎蘖成穗率分别为66.90%、60.40%, 而常规栽培下分别为70.7%、70.2%。有机栽培下杂交粳稻成穗率比常规粳稻增加了6.5个百分点; 而在常规栽培下成穗率则总体相当。

表2 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻群体茎蘖动态及成穗率的影响 Table 2 Effects of organic farming on the dynamic of culm and tiller numbers and the percentage of productive tillers in different types of japonica rice

类型 Type	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	群体茎蘖动态 Dynamic of population culm and tiller number (× 10⁴ hm^-2)				茎蘖成穗率 Percentage of productive tillers (%)
类型 Type	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)	拔节 Jointing	抽穗 Heading	成熟 Maturity	茎蘖成穗率 Percentage of productive tillers (%)
杂交粳稻 Hybrid japonica	常优2号 Changyou 2	有机栽培 OF	295.89 Bb	358.89 Bb	283.34 Bb	243.36 Bb	67.80 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	352.67 Aa	436.67 Aa	326.67 Aa	309.40 Aa	70.90 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	83.90	82.19	86.74	78.66	95.63
	常优5号 Changyou 5	有机栽培 OF	272.00 Bb	352.23 Bb	265.56 Bb	230.80 Bb	65.50 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	336.00 Aa	403.34 Aa	291.00 Aa	280.36 Aa	69.50 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	80.95	87.33	91.26	82.32	94.24
	甬优8号 Yongyou 8	有机栽培 OF	247.34 Bb	282.23 Bb	265.56 Aa	190.12 Bb	67.40 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	290.67 Aa	320.67 Aa	243.34 Bb	231.27 Aa	72.10 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	85.09	88.01	109.13	82.21	93.48
	平均 Average	有机栽培 OF	271.75	331.12	271.49	221.43	66.90
		常规栽培 CF	326.45	386.89	287.00	273.68	70.70
		OF/CF (%)	83.24	85.59	94.60	80.91	94.63
常规粳稻 Conventional japonica	淮稻5号 Huaidao 5	有机栽培 OF	268.89 Bb	373.34 Bb	263.34 Bb	231.83 Bb	62.10 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	354.67 Aa	430.13 Aa	340.01 Aa	307.54 Aa	71.50 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	75.81	86.80	77.45	75.38	86.85
	南粳46 Nanjing 46	有机栽培 OF	306.23 Bb	385.34 Bb	288.89 Bb	260.67 Bb	67.60 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	344.67 Aa	400.01 Aa	343.34 Aa	301.50 Aa	75.40 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	88.85	96.33	84.14	86.46	89.66
	南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	有机栽培 OF	309.12 Bb	466.67 Bb	288.12 Bb	247.28 Bb	53.00 Bb
		常规栽培 CF	374.67 Aa	478.65 Aa	351.00 Aa	309.20 Aa	64.60 Aa
		OF/CF (%)	82.50	97.50	82.09	79.97	82.04
	平均 Average	有机栽培 OF	294.75	408.45	280.12	246.59	60.40
		常规栽培 CF	358.01	436.26	344.78	306.08	70.20
		OF/CF (%)	82.33	93.63	81.25	80.56	86.04
杂交粳稻/ 常规粳稻 HJ/CJ(%)	平均 Average	有机栽培 OF	92.20	81.07	96.92	89.80	110.76
		常规栽培 CF	91.18	88.68	83.24	89.41	100.71
		OF/CF (%)	101.11	91.41	116.43	100.43	109.98

Values followed by a different letter are significantly different at the 1% (capital) and the 5% (lowercase) probability levels. Abbreviations are the same as given in Table 1.

标以不同大、小写字母的数值间分别具1%和5%显著差异。缩写同表1。

2.3 叶面积指数与光合势动态特征

由图1看出, 在移栽和有效分蘖临界叶龄(N-n)期, 叶面积指数表现为常规栽培> 有机栽培, 但两者无显著差异; 在拔节、抽穗和成熟期, 杂交粳稻有机栽培条件下叶面积指数分别为常规栽培的92.32%、96.27%和74.93%, 而常规粳稻分别为89.36%、84.99%和83.64%。因此无论是杂交粳稻还是常规粳稻, 各生育期叶面积指数均为常规栽培> 有机栽培趋势。相同栽培处理拔节期和抽穗期杂交粳稻平均叶面积指数均显著高于常规粳稻, 仅成熟期比常规粳稻略低。在拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟期, 有机栽培杂交粳稻平均光合势比常规栽培分别降低了5.33%和9.73%, 而常规粳稻则分别降低了13.33%和15.41%, 表明与常规栽培相比, 有机栽培水稻生长中后期光合势降幅杂交粳稻远小于常规粳稻。

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图1 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻群体叶面积指数及光合势动态的影响
T: 移栽期; N-n: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; M: 成熟期; T-(N-n): 移栽期-有效分蘖临界叶龄期; (N-n)-J: 有效分蘖临界叶龄期-拔节期; J-H: 拔节期-抽穗期; H-M: 抽穗期-成熟期。OF: 有机栽培; CF: 常规栽培; HJ: 杂交粳稻; CJ: 常规粳稻Fig. 1 Effects of organic farming on the dynamic changes of leaf area index and photosynthetic potential in different types of japonicarice
T: transplanting stage; N-n: critical leaf-age for productive tillers; J: jointing; H: heading; M: maturity; T-(N-n): from transplanting to critical leaf-age for productive tillers; (N-n)-J: from critical leaf-age for productive tillers to jointing; J-H: from jointing to heading; H-M: from heading to maturity; OF: organic farming; CF: conventional farming; HJ: hybrid japonica; CJ: conventional japonica.

2.4 干物质积累动态特征

在有机、常规栽培下, 移栽至(N-n)、(N-n)至拔节期干物质积累比例的平均值杂交粳稻略高于常规粳稻, 表明杂交粳稻在生育前期已奠定了较好的物质生产基础(图2)。在拔节至抽穗期, 有机与常规栽培常规粳稻干物质积累比例分别比杂交粳稻高出10.55和2.58个百分点。从抽穗至成熟期, 两种栽培方式干物质积累比例均为杂交粳稻> 常规粳稻, 尤其以有机栽培差异最为显著, 杂交粳稻比常规粳稻高8.81个百分点。

在移栽至(N-n)、(N-n)至拔节、抽穗至成熟阶段, 水稻平均群体增长速率在两种栽培条件下均表现为杂交粳稻> 常规粳稻; 而在拔节至抽穗期间则表现为杂交粳稻< 常规粳稻。有机栽培条件下水稻生育后期(抽穗至成熟期), 杂交粳稻的平均群体增长速度是常规粳稻的1.29倍, 差异极显著。从相对值来看, 在抽穗至成熟期间, 杂交粳稻有机栽培条件下平均群体增长速率为常规栽培条件下的67.98%; 而常规粳稻仅为59.29%, 说明有机栽培较常规栽培更大幅度地降低了常规粳稻生育后期的群体增长速率。在有机栽培下, 抽穗至成熟期间群体增长速率最高的是甬优8号, 最低的是淮稻5号, 而这2个品种水稻分别获得了本实验有机生产条件下的最高产和最低产。因此, 后期能保持较高的群体增长速率是有机生产条件下获得高产的重要基础。

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	图2 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻不同时期干物质积累比例及群体增长速率的影响缩写同图1。Fig. 2 Effects of organic farming on the ratio of dry matter accumulation and population growth rate in different types of japonicarice Abbreviations are the same as those given in Figure 1.

2.5 稻米品质

2.5.1 对加工品质的影响在相同栽培方式下, 两种类型水稻糙米率差异较小(表3), 有机栽培较常规栽培呈略微降低趋势, 但差异不显著。有机栽培下, 杂交粳稻常优2号、常优5号和甬优8号精米率分别为73.67%、73.23%、73.08%; 常规粳稻淮稻5号、南粳46和南粳5055分别为73.63%、72.61%、72.54%, 有机与常规栽培相比, 杂交粳稻精米率变幅为96.58%~97.99%, 常规粳稻变幅为98.38%~ 99.38%, 有机栽培下杂交粳稻的精米率与常规粳稻相当, 且栽培方式对精米率的影响较小。两种类型水稻的整精米率在不同栽培方式下的变化趋势与精米率相似。总之, 与常规栽培相比较, 有机栽培下各类型水稻的糙米率、精米率和整精米率等加工品质均略有降低, 但差异较小。

表3 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻加工品质和外观品质的影响 Table 3 Effects of organic farming on the processing quality and appearance quality in different types of japonicarice (%)

2.5.2 对外观品质的影响由表3可见, 与常规栽培相比, 有机栽培杂交粳稻稻米的垩白率、垩白度的相对值分别为84.11%~93.79%、82.37%~87.46%; 常规粳稻稻米分别为89.12%~92.47%、82.79%~ 91.30%, 即有机栽培使稻米的垩白率和垩白度下降, 改善了稻米的外观品质。两种栽培模式下外观品质总体以常优5号、南粳46最佳, 而常优2号、淮稻5号相对较差; 说明稻米外观品质主要受水稻本身种质遗传因素控制^{[3, 6]}, 在不同类型品种之间有较大的变幅。

2.5.3 对稻米蒸煮食味品质和蛋白质含量的影响

与常规栽培相比, 有机栽培下杂交粳稻胶稠度增加幅度为7.65%~10.33%, 常规粳稻为4.16%~ 12.31%; 相反, 有机栽培下杂交粳稻的直链淀粉含量分别是常规栽培下的90.32%~94.25%､常规粳稻分别为91.75%~97.31% (表4)｡由此可见, 有机栽培下两种类型粳稻的胶稠度均极显著增加, 而直链淀粉含量显著下降。在相同栽培模式下, 与常规粳稻相比, 杂交粳稻胶稠度相对较低, 而直链淀粉含量相对较高; 但有机栽培下杂交粳稻的蒸煮食味品质有较大幅度改善｡在常规和有机栽培两种方式下, 两种类型粳稻的蛋白质含量相当, 差异不显著｡

表4 有机栽培对不同类型粳稻蒸煮食味品质的影响 Table 4 Effects of organic farming on cooking and eating qualities in different types of japonicarice

3 讨论

3.1 有机栽培对水稻生长的影响

有机栽培对水稻生长发育的影响因地域气候、土壤性状、有机肥种类和数量、水稻品种等差异而结论不一^{[20, 21, 22, 23]}。凌启鸿等^[1]发现生物有机肥可提高南粳44成穗率, 显著提高不同生育期的水稻植株氮素积累量, 增加单位面积穗数、千粒重, 进而提高产量。黄涛^[24]选用杂交籼稻“ 中浙优1号” 、“ 中浙优8号” 的研究表明有机栽培前期生长迟缓, 干物质积累量低, 中期生长快, 干物质积累量高, 后期由于病虫害影响, 干物质积累降低, 推测这可能是导致有机栽培产量下降的主要原因。而张玉烛等^[25]的研究结论与之存在一定分歧, 认为在施用足量的有机肥栽培条件下, 超级杂交水稻两优293生育后期有机肥区群体不早衰、叶面积指数高、剑叶叶绿素含量高及千粒重增加。本研究结果表明, 与常规粳稻相比, 有机栽培条件下杂交粳稻抽穗至成熟期具有较高叶面积指数、较强光合势、高干物质积累比例和高生长速率, 杂交粳稻表现出明显的生长优势, 有机栽培平均产量达8.11 t hm^-2, 而常规粳稻仅为6.29 t hm^-2, 前者比后者提高28.93%, 有机栽培优质杂交粳稻可实现较高产量。

3.2 有机栽培对水稻品质的影响

稻米品质既受水稻自身基因型的控制, 又受气候条件和栽培管理措施等环境因素的影响, 是一种多基因系统与环境因素交互作用的结果^[26]。在稻米品质中, 垩白、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质等易受环境条件的影响, 其中垩白是所有稻米品质指标中对环境生态条件变化反应最敏感的性状^[27]。本试验有机栽培条件下两种类型粳稻的千粒重增加、稻米垩白粒率和垩白度降低, 印证了许凤英等^[28]关于千粒重增加可降低垩白发生的结论。本研究还表明, 与常规栽培相比, 有机栽培提高稻米的胶稠度、降低直链淀粉含量, 从而改善蒸煮食味品质, 与张三元等^[13]通过多年有机栽培环境下不同类型水稻品种试验、全国明等^[29]采用稻鸭共作有机栽培模式的研究结果一致。因此, 有机栽培总体上是一种有利于稻米品质改善的栽培方式。除了栽培方式外, 基因型也是决定稻米部分品质性状的重要因素。目前, 水稻品种选用时往往存在高产与优质不可兼得的矛盾, 杂交粳稻具备较常规粳稻增产10%~20%的产量潜力^[30], 但杂交粳稻米质整体水平不及常规粳稻, 表现为平均胶稠度相对较低, 而直链淀粉含量相对较高^[31]。近年来杂交粳稻育种有了突破性进展, 一些优质杂交粳稻在常规栽培生产中兼具高产与优质, 产生了巨大的社会效益和经济效益^{[16, 17, 18, 19, 32]}。本研究表明采用优质杂交粳稻品种的有机栽培, 既达到较高的产量, 又具有较好的品质, 为优质杂交粳稻在有机稻米产业中的推广应用提供了依据。

4 结论

有机栽培条件下, 与常规粳稻相比, 杂交粳稻产量显著增加, 大穗与高结实率是其增产的主因。在抽穗至成熟期具有较高叶面积指数、强光合势、高干物质积累比例和高生长速率, 是有机栽培下杂交粳稻产量优势的基础。有机栽培改善了两种类型水稻稻米的外观品质和蒸煮食味品质, 对蛋白质含量影响不大。鉴于优质杂交粳稻有机栽培产量优势明显且有较好的品质性状, 在有机稻米产业发展中具有较好的应用前景。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[18]	张洪程, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 蒋晓鸿, 陈厚存, 高尚勤, 李德剑, 赵成美, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 Zhang H C, Zhu C C, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Jiang X H, Chen H C, Gao S Q, Li D J, Zhao C M, Dai Q G, Wei H Y, Guo B W. Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting. Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.299]
[19]	张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 桂玉清, 吴文革, 吴桂成, 端木银熙, 孙菊英, 赵品恒, 徐军, 李杰, 王艳, 龚金龙, 姚义, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 王宝金, 吴爱国, 钱宗华, 於永杰, 李华. 水稻超高产栽培研究与探讨. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(1): 1-14 Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Gui Y Q, Wu W G, Wu G C, Duan-Mu Y X, Sun J Y, Zhao P H, Xu J, Li J, Wang Y, Gong J L, Yao Y, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Li D J, Xiao Y C, Wang B J, Wu A G, Qian Z H, Yu Y J, Li H. Research and discussion on the super-high-yield rice cultivation. China Rice, 2012, 18(1): 1-14 (in Chinese) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 0.9745]
[20]	Saha S, Pand ey A K, Gopinath K A, Bhattacharaya R, Kundu S, Gupta H S. Nutritional quality of organic rice grown on organic composts. Agron Sustain Dev, 2007, 27: 223-229 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.573]
[21]	Tirol-Padre A, Ladha J K, Regmi A P, Bhand ari A L, Inubushi K. Organic amendments affect soil parameters in two long-term rice-wheat experiments. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2007, 71: 442-452 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.821]
[22]	Bulluck L R, Brosius M, Evanylo G K, Ristaino J B. Organic and synthetic fertility amendments influence soil microbial, physical and chemical properties on organic and conventional farms. Appl Soil Ecol, 2002, 19: 147-160 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.106]
[23]	Fließbach A, Oberholzer H, Gunst L, Mäder P. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agric Ecol Environ, 2007, 118: 273-284 [本文引用:1]
[24]	黄涛. 有机栽培条件下生物有机肥对稻田肥力和稻米品质的影响. 海南大学硕士学位论文, 海南海口, 2010 Huang T. Effects of Bio-organic Fertilizer Paddy Soil Fertility and Quality of Rice. MS Thesis of Hainan University, Haikou, China, 2010 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	张玉烛, 张岳平, 曾翔, 谢建红, 周立军, 瞿华香, 张兴怀. 纯有机肥栽培对超级杂交水稻产量形成及植株生理特性的影响. 作物研究, 2006, (4): 308-311 Zhang Y Z, Zhang Y P, Zeng X, Xie J H, Zhou L J, Qu H X, Zhang X H. Effects of pure organic manure cultivation on yield formation and physiological characters in super hybrid rice. Crop Res, 2006, (4): 308-311 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.7044]
[26]	霍中洋, 李杰, 许轲, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 龚金龙, 张洪程. 高产栽培条件下种植方式对不同生育类型粳稻米质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 3932-3945 Huo Z Y, Li J, Xu K, Dai Q G, Wei H Y, Gong J L, Zhang H C. Effect of planting methods on quality of different growth and development types of japonica rice under high-yielding cultivation condition. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 3932-3945 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[27]	程方民, 钟连进. 不同气候生态条件下稻米品质性状的变异及主要影响因子分析. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15(3): 28-32 Cheng F M, Zhong L J. Variation of rice quality traits under different climate conditions and its main affected factors. Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15(3): 28-32 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[28]	许凤英, 马均, 王贺正, 刘惠远, 黄清龙, 马文波, 明东风. 水稻强化栽培下的稻米品质. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 577-582 Xu F Y, Ma J, Wang H Z, Liu H Y, Huang Q L, Ma W B, Ming D F. Rice quality under the cultivation of SRI. Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 577-582 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[29]	全国明, 章家恩, 杨军, 陈瑞, 许荣宝. 稻鸭共作对稻米品质的影响. 生态学报, 2008, 28: 3475-3483 Quan G M, Zang J E, Yang J, Chen R, Xu R B. Impacts of integrated rice-duck farming system on rice quality. Acta Ecol Sin, 2008, 28: 3475-3483 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	邓华凤, 何强, 舒服, 张武汉, 杨飞, 荆彦辉, 东丽, 谢辉. 中国杂交粳稻研究现状与对策. 杂交水稻, 2006, 21(1): 1-6 Deng H F, He Q, Shu F, Zhang W H, Yang F, Jing Y H, Dong L, Xie H. Status and technical strategy on development of japonica hybrid rice in China. Hybrid Rice, 2006, 21(1): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.605]
[31]	王才林, 汤玉庚. 我国杂交粳稻育种的现状与展望. 中国农业科学, 1989, 22(5): 8-13 Wang C L, Tang Y G. Status and prospects of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. sinica) breeding in China. Sci Agric Sin, 1989, 22(5): 8-13 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[32]	谢辉, 荆彦辉, 曾强, 赵飞, 东丽, 邓华凤. 中国杂交粳稻发展的必要性及趋势. 北方水稻, 2007, (3): 10-13 Xie H, Jing Y H, Zeng Q, Zhao F, Dong L, Deng H F. The necessity and tendency of developing japonica hybrid rice in China. North Rice, 2007, (3): 10-13 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.4]

2010

0.0

0.9745

凌启鸿, 张洪程, 鞠章网, 戴其根, 霍中洋. 三安生物有机肥不同用量对有机水稻产量、品质和氮素吸收利用的影响. 中国稻米, 2010, 16(1): 17-22

Ling Q

, Zhang H

, Ju Z

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

Effect of different dosage of San'an Bio-organic Fertilizer on organic rice production, quality and utilization of nitrogen absorption.

China Rice, 2010, 16(1): 17-22 (in Chinese)

研究了三安生物有机肥不同用量对水稻植株分蘖、叶面积指数、总颖花量和结实颖花量、成穗率、产量构成因子、产量、米质和植株氮素吸收积累的影响。研究表明，基施三安生物有机肥可提高水稻成穗率，增加单位面积穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重，进而提高产量，用量以每667 m2基施200 kg的单产提高值最大，但从投入产出效益来看以每667 m2基施三安生物有机肥125 kg为好。

... 随着人们健康和环保意识的增强, 有机食品集天然性、品质好、安全卫生为一体成为消费新时尚^[1,2,3], 有机农业受到越来越多的关注, 成为一个新兴的农业产业体系 ...

... 菜籽饼、三安生物有机肥^[1]和紫云英鲜草含氮量分别为4 ...

... 凌启鸿等^[1]发现生物有机肥可提高南粳44成穗率, 显著提高不同生育期的水稻植株氮素积累量, 增加单位面积穗数、千粒重, 进而提高产量 ...

1987

38.597

0.0

2007

3.573

0.0

Saha

, Pand ey A

, Gopinath K

, Bhattacharaya

, Kundu

, Gupta H

Nutritional quality of organic rice grown on organic composts.

Agron Sustain Dev, 2007, 27: 223-229

The use of organic nutrient sources in improving crop quality can be a viable alternative to traditional farming. Organic farming encourages the reduction of agrochemicals and promotes soil conservation principles. Although crop quality depends on several factors, among which the nutrient source plays a great role, there is little information available on how rice quality is affected by different organic composts. Here we grew aromatic rice on two levels of four organic composts made from kudzu vine ( Pueraria lobata ) at 5 and 10 Mg ha −1 , Urtica sp. (nettle) at 5 and 10 Mg ha −1 , Lantana sp. at 5 and 10 Mg ha −1 , winter weeds at 2.5 and 5 Mg ha −1 , and two other organic amendments of poultry at 2.5 and 5 Mg ha −1 and farmyard manure at 5 and 10 Mg ha −1 . We studied the effect of these organic sources on nutritional and physico-chemical properties, and on the cooking quality of the rice, using a fertilized, chemical treatment as positive control. Our results show that grain yield was significantly influenced by the supply of major plant nutrients. The highest rice yield of 4.0 Mg ha −1 was obtained from the inorganically fertilized treatment. The protein content in grains was the highest, 8.98%, in the inorganic treatment (100:60:40 kg N, P, K ha −1 ) and lowest, 7.55%, in the control. Among organic treatments, farmyard manure at 10 Mg ha −1 contributed the least in terms of the protein content of the rice (7.78%). Significantly higher iron content, of 52.2 μg g −1 , was recorded with organic fertilization than inorganic fertilization (42.1 μg Fe g −1 ). However, inorganic fertilization was superior in terms of copper content, of 4.1 μg Fe g −1 , compared with organic treatments: 3.1–4.0 μg Fe g −1 . Quality attributes indicated that cooked kernel length was positively correlated with the kernel elongation ratio. Winter weed compost provided comparative benefits for rice yield (3.87 Mg ha −1 ) and quality in terms of protein (8.42%), iron (48.31 μg g −1 ) and head rice recovery (49.39%) compared with other sources of nutrients. The results of this study suggest that organic nutrient sources can perform comparatively well as regards chemical and physico-chemical properties, and cooking quality of rice, if not better in some parameters than inorganic fertilization.

1.Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, 263 601 Almora, UA, India

... 说明稻米外观品质主要受水稻本身种质遗传因素控制^[3,6], 在不同类型品种之间有较大的变幅 ...

2007

0.0

0.9745

金连登. 我国有机稻米生产现状及发展对策研究. 中国稻米, 2007, (3): 1-4

Jin L

Production status and strategies of organic rice in China.

China Rice, 2007, (3): 1-4 (in Chinese)

本文以我国有机稻米的生产发展现状为研究内容，以实施国家《有机产品》标准为载体，分析了有机稻米生产的六大有利条件，阐评了存在的五个不利因素，提出了促进发展的六项对策。

... 近十年来我国有机稻米发展较快、规模较大, 在有机食品生产中占有重要地位^[4,5] ...

2005

0.0

0.642

席运官. 我国有机食品开发模式与保障体系建设. 环境保护, 2005, (7): 25-28

Xi Y

Analysis on the modes and guaranteeing system of organic food development in China.

Environ Protection, 2005, (7): 25-28 (in Chinese)

本文分析了我国有机食品发展的政策与5种主要的开发模式,提出要在生产技术、产品认证与监督、产品营销等方面建立起有效的有机食品开发保障体系.

... 近十年来我国有机稻米发展较快、规模较大, 在有机食品生产中占有重要地位^[4,5] ...

2006

0.0

1.883

席运官, 钦佩, 丁公辉. 有机与常规种植稻米品质及安全性的分析与评价. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 454-458

Xi Y

, Qin

, Ding G

Analysis and evaluation on quality and safety of organic and conventional rice.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 454-458 (in Chinese with English abstract)

有机食品由于生产过程中禁止使用化学合成的农药、化肥、除草剂和生长调节剂以及基因工程品种并需要通过独立的第三方认证机构的认证而给人们以优质、安全、口感好的印象.

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

... 同时, 由于有机稻米价格较高, 消费者要求有机稻米有较好的食味品质^[6,7] ...

... 一般认为, 杂交粳稻品质不及常规粳稻, 因此生产上主要选择产量与品质较好的常规粳稻品种用于有机栽培, 国内关于水稻有机栽培品种的研究也集中在常规粳稻品种类型^[6,7,13] ...

... 说明稻米外观品质主要受水稻本身种质遗传因素控制^[3,6], 在不同类型品种之间有较大的变幅 ...

2005

0.0

0.795

席运官, 钦佩. 有机农业生产基地建设的理论与方法探析. 中国生态农业学报, 2005, 13(1): 25-28

Xi Y

, Qin

Theory and method of the establishment of organic agricultural production bases.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2005, 13(1): 25-28 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper expatiates the connotation and feature of the circular economy,analyses the model of agricultural eco-engineering which propels the development of agricultural circular economy,and establishes some measurements which are related to developing circular economy and constructing eco-agriculture.

简述了循环经济的内涵及其特征，探讨了适合农业循环经济发展的农业生态工程模式，并提出发展循环经济，建设生态农业的对策。

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

... 同时, 由于有机稻米价格较高, 消费者要求有机稻米有较好的食味品质^[6,7] ...

2014

0.0

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2010

2.367

0.0

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2007

0.0

0.468

席运官, 钦佩, 丁公辉, 樊卫妹, 韩才明. 基于RCSODS的有机水稻栽培施肥管理与效果分析. 上海农业学报, 2007, 23(2): 28-33

Xi Y

, Qin

, Ding G

, Fan W

, Han C

The application of RCSODS model to fertilization practice of organic rice and its effect analysis.

Shanghai Acta Agric, 2007, 23(2): 28-33 (in Chinese with English abstract)

利用RCSODS的最佳施肥决策模型对有机水稻生产的施肥量和产量进行了测算和试验验证.结果表明:利用模型预测的产量与实收产量有较好的一致性,但实收产量普遍高于预测产量.故提出模型中需要增加一个供N调整常数K,以提高模型预测的精度.田间试验表明在绿肥生长良好的情况下,不再施肥不会对水稻的产量产生实质性的影响.除稻纵卷叶螟外,病虫害没有产生随施N量的增加而加重为害的现象,相反对白背飞虱的抗性有随施N量增加而增强的趋势.稻谷检测结果表明,有机稻谷质量表现出较好的稳定性,整体受施N水平的影响很小.

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2011

0.0

1.299

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2004

0.0

0.916

席运官, 钦佩, 宗良纲. 有机水稻病虫草防治技术与经济效益分析. 南京农业大学学报, 2004, 27(3): 46-49

Xi Y

, Qin

, Zong L

Studies on organic rice pest, disease and weeds control techniques and analysis of their economic benefits.

J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2004, 27(3): 46-49 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过农艺措施,稻鸭共作和植物源药剂对有机水稻的病虫草害进行防治研究.结果表明:1.0%石灰水浸种催芽使秧苗期的恶苗病发病率低于1.0%;养草灭草结合养鸭除草和深水控草,使杂草最少的地块除草用工时间仅为完全人工除草地块的9.3%;调整播期避害,使得银香18的枯鞘率只有2.60%,白穗率为0.13%,9964的枯鞘率为1.51%,白穗率为0.58%;打捞浮渣使纹枯病的发生率低于1.0%;稻鸭共作使稻纵卷叶螟成虫虫口数下降78.8%,幼虫虫口数下降78.6%,有效卵下降36.4%;0.36%苦参碱水剂(百草1号)对稻飞虱的防治效果为71.2%,Bt制剂(青虫灵)对螟虫的防治效果不明显.尽管有机水稻的平均产量较常规生产降低了10.4%,投入成本提高了109%,但由于有机大米的价格是常规的2.78倍,因此有机水稻生产的经济效益更高.

... 选择有机栽培条件下产量稳定、品质优良、抗病虫的水稻品种是有机水稻生产的关键技术之一^{[6,7,8,9,10,11,12]} ...

2005

0.0

0.518

... 张三元等^[13]对不同类型水稻品种有机栽培产量构成及稻米品质变化的研究结果表明, 吉林省稻区生育期140 d以下的品种有机栽培产量潜力较大, 而生育期140 d以上的品种有机栽培结实率偏低、籽粒饱满度差, 较常规栽培减产约5%~10% ...

... 本研究还表明, 与常规栽培相比, 有机栽培提高稻米的胶稠度、降低直链淀粉含量, 从而改善蒸煮食味品质, 与张三元等^[13]通过多年有机栽培环境下不同类型水稻品种试验、全国明等^[29]采用稻鸭共作有机栽培模式的研究结果一致 ...

2003

0.0

0.3657

许燕芳, 钱虎君, 杨五一, 邵汉池, 张红生. 不同水稻品种(系)有机栽培产量差异分析. 中国种业, 2003, (7): 29

Xu Y

, Qian H

, Yang W

, Shao H

, Zhang H

Analysis on yields of different rice varieties under organic cultivation system.

Chin Seed Ind, 2003, (7): 29 (in Chinese)

近年来,由于高产品种和高产栽培技术的推广,我国水稻单产居世界先进行列,但伴随着水稻产量的提高,物能投入迅速加大,特别是氮肥和农药的使用量在许多地方已到了滥用的程度,施纯氮超过水稻一生氮素需求量的 1倍以上, 667m2用农药量为世界之最.大量氮肥和农药的投入,引起稻株对氮素和农药的富集,导致稻米品质和卫生质量下降,同时过剩的氮素和农药流入水体,流入自然生态系统,污染环境.本文在彻底禁止使用化学合成肥料、农药和药品的水稻有机栽培条件下,研究不同水稻品种 (系 )对有机栽培产量的影响,为发展水稻有机栽培生产提供优良品种 (系 )和理论依据.

... 许燕芳等^[14]比较了5个不同水稻品种在有机栽培与普通栽培的产量差异, 发现米质较优的武育粳3号有机栽培后期虫害严重, 减产达32 ...

... 现代育种多在施用高量化学肥料的条件下选择, 常规粳稻品种在有机栽培条件下对氮的利用率较低, 生物学产量和籽粒产量均大幅下降^[14] ...

2006

0.0

... 有机水稻生产只通过种植豆科绿肥、施用农家肥和经过有机认证的商品有机肥, 在养分供应上表现出供肥水平低而变化平稳的特点^[15], 因此只有适应这种肥力供应特性的水稻品种才能在有机生产条件下获得较好的产量 ...

2010

0.0

1.667

张洪程, 吴桂成, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 龚金龙, 李杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 王宝金, 吴爱国. 杂交粳稻13. 5 t hm^-2超高产群体动态特征及形成机制的探讨. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1547-1558

Zhang H

, Wu G

, Li D

, Xiao Y

, Gong J

, Li

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei H

, Sha A

, Zhou Y

, Wang B

, Wu A

Population characteristics and formation mechanism for super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13. 5 t ha^-1).

Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1547-1558 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Population characteristics of super-high-yielding hybrid japonica rice (13.5 t ha -1 ) were studied and its formation mechanism was explored using Yongyou 8 as material in Xinghua and Jiangyan. Results showed that population of 13.5 t ha -1 had more spikelets per panicle and total spikelets than population of 12.0 t ha -1 . There was no significant difference in panicles, filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight between populations of 13.5 t ha -1 and 12.0 t ha -1 . Population of 13.5 t ha -1 exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage and achieved excepted number of stems and tillers at critical leaf-age for productive tillers, whose max number of stems and tillers was at jointing stage and was about 1.3 times of excepted number. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease stably , which achieved expected number again. At last, ratio of productive tillers to total tillers of 13.5 t ha -1 population was more than 75%, which was higher than that of population of 12.0 t ha -1 .The leaf area index of 13.5 t ha -1 population was lower than that of 12.0 t ha -1 population at the early growth stage, and the max leaf area index was about 8.5 at booting, which decreased stably and was above 4.0 at maturity. The photosynthetic potential of population with 13.5 t ha -1 was small at early stage and larger at middle and late stages, as compared with population with 12.0 t ha -1 . The total photosynthetic potential was above 6.75×10 6 m 2 d ha -1 , of which most than 45.0% was from heading to maturity. The dry matter accumulation was smaller compared with population with 12.0 t ha -1 before jointing, and the weight of it was above 60 kg ha -1 at heading, which was significantly higher than that of population with 12.0 t ha -1 . The total weight of dry matter was above 23.25 t ha -1 , of which above 9.75 t ha -1 was accumulated from heading to maturity. Formation mechanism of super-high yielding population (13.5 t ha -1 ) was that: population quality was enhanced at critical leaf-age for productive tillers through cultivating strong seedlings, germinating low positiontillers and achieved expected number of stems and tillers in time, which formed the biological foundation for high quality population at middle stage; in order to form high photosynthetic efficiency of population structure with strong lodging-resistance and large population spikeletes at heading, suitable number of strong stems and large panicles was cultivated through establishing suitable dynamic and size of population; in order to enlarge sink-filling and keep strength of stems and sheaths, dry matter accumulation was enriched after heading through photosynthetic system smooth and steady fade away.

1Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation technology in Yangtze Valley,Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009, China;2 Rice Research Institute of xianghua, Fengyuan,Xinghua 22570,China;3Bureau of Agriculture of Xing hua County, Xinghua 225700,China;4 Bureau of Agriculture of Jiangyan County,Jiangyan 225500,China

选用杂交粳稻甬优8号，以国家粮食丰产工程兴化、姜堰实施基地1.0 hm 2 连片与6.67 hm 2 连片超高产攻关方为依托，研究了13.5 t hm -2 超高产群体特征，并探讨了群体形成机制。结果表明，较之12.0 t hm -2 左右群体，13.5 t hm -2 群体的穗型大，群体颖花量多(60 000×10 4 hm -2 以上)，有效穗数、结实率和千粒重与之相当；群体茎蘖于生育前期稳步增长，至有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数，高峰苗出现在拔节期，数量少，为预期穗数的1.3倍左右，此后群体平缓下降，至抽穗期达适宜穗数，成穗率高(＞75%)；群体叶面积指数前期增长相对较缓慢，最大值出现在孕穗期，为8.5左右，此后下降缓慢，成熟期仍保持在4.0以上；群体光合势生育前期较小，中、后期较大，总光合势为6.75×10 6 m 2 d hm -2 以上，抽穗至成熟期的光合势占总光合势的45.0%以上；群体拔节前干物质积累速度相对较缓、积累量略低，拔节后积累速度较快，至抽穗期群体生物量为13.5 t hm -2 以上，抽穗后积累量亦高，一般为9.75 t hm -2 以上, 总干物重高23.25 t hm -2 以上。13.5 t hm -2 超高产群体形成机制为，依靠精苗，发大蘖，及时够苗，提高够苗期群体质量(有效分蘖临界叶龄期)，为中期高质量群体结构的培育奠定生物学基础；依靠合理的群体动态及其规模，培育适宜数量的壮秆大穗，于抽穗期形成具有强抗倒力和巨量安全库容的高光效群体；依靠平稳消退的光合系统，提高抽穗后群体光合物质生产力，增大群体库容的总充实量，并维持较大的茎鞘强度，增强群体的安全抗倒力。

... 杂交水稻根系发达, 吸肥能力强, 在中低肥力下生长优势明显^[16], 可能更适合有机栽培养分供应特点 ...

... 近年来, 优质杂交粳稻甬优8号因其良好的株型结构、群体库容大、抗倒力强成为超级稻品种的典范^[16,17], 常优系列粳型杂交稻也因其优质高产而被大面积推广^[18,19] ...

... 近年来杂交粳稻育种有了突破性进展, 一些优质杂交粳稻在常规栽培生产中兼具高产与优质, 产生了巨大的社会效益和经济效益^{[16,17,18,19,32]} ...

2012

0.0

1.889

龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 常勇, 李杰, 张洪程, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 邓张泽, 明庆龙. 大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成因素协同特征及穗部性状. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2147-2158

Gong J

, Hu Y

, Long H

, Chang

, Li

, Zhang H

, Ma R

, Wang X

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Deng Z

, Ming Q

Study on collaborating characteristics of grain yield components and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2147-2158 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to reveal sink components characteristics and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice and explore approaches to increase group productivity of it. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with eight representative large panicle hybrid japonica rice varieties (A18/F7562, A2/F7563, A20/F7501, A5/F9249, A2/F7513, A20/F7503, Yongyou 8 and Yongyou 13) and two medium panicle conventional japonica rice varieties (Wuyunjing 7 and Wujing 15) as materials. Grain yield components characteristics, total spikelets, sink and panicle traits of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were analyzed systematically. 【Result】Grain yield, total spikelets, sink, panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle of large panicle hybrid japonica rice were higher than medium panicle conventional japonica rice significantly, while No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, seed-setting rate of primary branches and seed-setting rate of secondary branches followed an opposite tendency accordingly. With the increasing spikelets per panicle, grain yield, total spikelets, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches of large panicle hybrid japonica rice increased firstly and then decreased, while panicle length, grain density, grain weight per panicle, No. of branches of primary branches per panicle, grains per branch of primary branches, total grains of primary branches per panicle, No. of branches of secondary branches per panicle, grains per branch of secondary branches and total grains of secondary branches per panicle followed a growing trend and No. of panicles, seed-setting rate, 1000-grain-weight, ratio of No. of branches of primary branches to No. of branches of secondary branches, ratio of total grains of primary branches to total grains of secondary branches and seed-setting rate of primary branches did with a declining tendency accordingly. The others and spikelets per panicle were significantly correlated with the exception of grain yield, sink and seed-setting rate of secondary branches. In order to enlarge spikelets per panicle, it was almost contributed by primary branches from medium panicle to prejudiced large panicle, and secondary branches were the major factors from prejudiced large panicle to large panicle (from large panicle to extra large panicle or from extra large panicle to super large panicle). The increase of 1000-grain-weight was the key point of harvesting super high yield of large panicle hybrid japonica rice on the basis of certain No. of panicles and stabilized seed-setting rate. Increase of total spikelets was the basis of increase of grain yield, while the emphasis was to increase sink. Therefore, stable 1000-grain-weight was needed for increasing total spikelets. 【Conclusion】 Under the experimental conditions, the applicable spikelets per panicle (250 or so) was the best choice for ideal grain yield and its components with high total spikelets and sink filling for large panicle hybrid japonica rice. With the advancement of breeding and techniques, its optimum would be higher.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州225009 2.江苏省作物栽培技术指导站，南京210036 3.浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所，浙江宁波315040 4.浙江省宁波市种子公司，浙江宁波315012

【目的】旨在探讨大穗型杂交粳稻库容构成特征及其穗部性状，探索其群体生产力增长途径。【方法】采用大田试验，以具有代表性的8个大穗型杂交粳稻品种（A18/F7562、A2/F7563、A20/F7501、A5/F9249、A2/F7513、A20/F7503、甬优8号和甬优13号）和2个中等穗型常规粳稻品种（武运粳7号和武粳15）为材料，对大穗型杂交粳稻产量构成特征、群体颖花量、库容量、穗部性状等进行系统的研究。【结果】大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量、穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数显著或极显著高于中等穗型常规粳稻，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一次枝梗结实率和二次枝梗结实率极显著低于中等穗型常规粳稻。随着每穗粒数的增加，大穗型杂交粳稻产量、群体颖花量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率先增后减，穗长、着粒密度、单穗重、每穗一次枝梗数、一次枝梗单枝梗着粒数、每穗一次枝梗总粒数、每穗二次枝梗数、二次枝梗单枝梗着粒数和每穗二次枝梗总粒数不断增加，穗数、结实率、千粒重、一、二次枝梗数比值、一、二次枝梗总粒数比值和一次枝梗结实率不断降低，除产量、库容量和二次枝梗结实率外其它与每穗粒数的相关均达到显著或极显著水平。每穗粒数的提高由中等穗型到偏大穗型，主要依靠一次枝梗的贡献，而由偏大穗型到大穗型以及特大穗型和超大穗型，则主要依靠二次枝梗的贡献。在满足一定穗数和具备稳定的结实率的基础上，提高千粒重，是充分利用大穗型杂交粳稻获取超高产的关键；提高群体颖花量是增加产量的基础，而提高库容量是增加产量的重点，在提高群体颖花量的同时还需兼顾千粒重的稳定。【结论】在本试验条件下，大穗型杂交粳稻每穗粒数250左右时穗粒结构合理，群体颖花量高，库容充实足，产量最理想。随着水稻品种和栽培技术的不断进步，其最适值还将可能更高。

... 近年来杂交粳稻育种有了突破性进展, 一些优质杂交粳稻在常规栽培生产中兼具高产与优质, 产生了巨大的社会效益和经济效益^{[16,17,18,19,32]} ...

2013

0.0

1.299

张洪程, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 蒋晓鸿, 陈厚存, 高尚勤, 李德剑, 赵成美, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(21): 50-59

Zhang H

, Zhu C

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Jiang X

, Chen H

, Gao S

, Li D

, Zhao C

, Dai Q

, Wei H

, Guo B

Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting.

Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.

为研究钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及生理生态特点，在长江中下游不同生态区选用当地大面积种植的代表性品种淮稻8号、甬尤8号、常优5号、皖稻68、镇稻11、武运粳24为材料，设置钵苗机插高产示范田和专题对比小区试验，并以常规盘育毯苗机插为对照（CK），就产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态各项指标进行系统比较。结果表明，与水稻毯状小苗机插相比，机插钵苗秧苗素质高，活棵发苗快，高峰苗数较小，成穗率高7个百分点；钵苗机插水稻生育中、后期群体生长率和净同化率相对较高，其中抽穗至成熟期群体生长率高出8.7%~15.1%。抽穗后群体光合势、干物质积累等光合物质生产指标均显著或极显著高于毯苗机插，其中抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量增加8.7%；钵苗机插水稻抽穗后根系活力各项指标均较优，乳熟期颖花根活量提高14.2%，且抗倒伏能力较强，基部节间倒伏指数小7%～16.8%。钵苗机插水稻具有显著的增产优势，比毯苗机插增产6.0%～12.6%，其产量形成优势的主要特征是"穗大粒多"。

... 近年来杂交粳稻育种有了突破性进展, 一些优质杂交粳稻在常规栽培生产中兼具高产与优质, 产生了巨大的社会效益和经济效益^{[16,17,18,19,32]} ...

2012

0.0

0.9745

张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 桂玉清, 吴文革, 吴桂成, 端木银熙, 孙菊英, 赵品恒, 徐军, 李杰, 王艳, 龚金龙, 姚义, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 李德剑, 肖跃成, 王宝金, 吴爱国, 钱宗华, 於永杰, 李华. 水稻超高产栽培研究与探讨. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(1): 1-14

Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei H

, Gui Y

, Wu W

, Wu G

, Duan-Mu Y X, Sun J Y, Zhao P H, Xu J, Li J, Wang Y, Gong J L, Yao Y, Sha A Q, Zhou Y Y, Li D J, Xiao Y C, Wang B J, Wu A G, Qian Z H, Yu Y J, Li H. Research and discussion on the super-high-yield rice cultivation. China Rice, 2012, 18(1): 1-14 (in Chinese)

扼要回顾了国内外水稻超高产栽培的研究进展，总结了扬州大学农学院关于水稻超高产栽培研究得到的水稻超高产形成规律、栽培途径以及关键技术与精确定量栽培技术的因地制宜集成，并对水稻超高产栽培研究进行了展望与探讨。

... 近年来杂交粳稻育种有了突破性进展, 一些优质杂交粳稻在常规栽培生产中兼具高产与优质, 产生了巨大的社会效益和经济效益^{[16,17,18,19,32]} ...

2007

3.573

0.0

Saha

, Pand ey A

, Gopinath K

, Bhattacharaya

, Kundu

, Gupta H

Nutritional quality of organic rice grown on organic composts.

Agron Sustain Dev, 2007, 27: 223-229

1.Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, 263 601 Almora, UA, India

... 1 有机栽培对水稻生长的影响有机栽培对水稻生长发育的影响因地域气候、土壤性状、有机肥种类和数量、水稻品种等差异而结论不一^{[20,21,22,23]} ...

2007

1.821

0.0

2002

2.106

0.0

2007

0.0

2010

0.0

... 黄涛^[24]选用杂交籼稻#cod#x0201c ...

2006

0.0

0.7044

张玉烛, 张岳平, 曾翔, 谢建红, 周立军, 瞿华香, 张兴怀. 纯有机肥栽培对超级杂交水稻产量形成及植株生理特性的影响. 作物研究, 2006, (4): 308-311

Zhang Y

, Zhang Y

, Zeng

, Xie J

, Zhou L

, Qu H

, Zhang X

Effects of pure organic manure cultivation on yield formation and physiological characters in super hybrid rice.

Crop Res, 2006, (4): 308-311 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2004年在长沙研究了超级杂交水稻品种两优293在纯有机肥栽培下的产量形成及植株生理特性.结果表明:在施用足够量的有机肥栽培条件下,超级杂交水稻平均产量达到8 568 kg/hm2,接近该品种当地的生产潜力,与常规施肥相比产量仅下降1.7%.后发分蘖比例大,每穗总粒数和结实率显著下降,是影响产量的主要原因.生育后期有机肥区群体不早衰、叶面积指数、剑叶叶绿素含量高及千粒质量增加是有机肥栽培的优势.认为在一定范围为进行稻米的有机生产是可行的,大幅度增加有机肥的施用比例对于稻田生态恢复是很有必要的.

... 而张玉烛等^[25]的研究结论与之存在一定分歧, 认为在施用足量的有机肥栽培条件下, 超级杂交水稻两优293生育后期有机肥区群体不早衰、叶面积指数高、剑叶叶绿素含量高及千粒重增加 ...

2012

0.0

1.889

霍中洋, 李杰, 许轲, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 龚金龙, 张洪程. 高产栽培条件下种植方式对不同生育类型粳稻米质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 3932-3945

Huo Z

, Li

, Xu

, Dai Q

, Wei H

, Gong J

, Zhang H

Effect of planting methods on quality of different growth and development types of japonica rice under high-yielding cultivation condition.

Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 3932-3945 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The variations of rice quality among different planting methods of high-yielding cultivation conditions were investigated.【Method】A comparative experiment was carried out with early-maturing late japonica rice (EMLJ), late-maturing medium japonica rice (LMMJ) and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (MMMJ) (including Japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as materials to study the difference in processing quality, appearance quality, cooking and eating quality, nutritional quality and RVA profile characteristics of artificial transplanting (AT), mechanical transplanting (MT) and direct seeding (DS) rice under high-yielding cultivation conditions. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between rice quality characters and temperature and light condition during grain-filling periods was studied. 【Result】 Brown rice rate was no significant difference among different planting methods. The order of milled rice and head milled rice rate among different planting methods was AT＞MT＞DS in EMLJ, while MT＞AT＞DS in LMMJ and MMMJ. Chalkiness rate was AT＞MT＞DS, and chalkiness size was MT＞AT＞DS. Chalkiness degree was AT＞MT＞DS in EMLJ and conventional LMMJ, while MT＞AT＞DS in MMMJ and hybrid LMMJ. Amylose content was DS＞MT＞AT and gel consistency was AT＞MT＞DS. Protein content between AT and MT was in generally quite, and DS was slightly lower than that of AT and MT, but there was no significant difference in addition to MMMJ. Peak viscosity, trough viscosity and breakdown was AT＞MT＞DS, setback was DS＞MT＞AT, peak time among different planting methods was no significant difference, final viscosity was AT＞MT＞DS in EMLJ and conventional LMMJ while DS＞MT＞AT in MMMJ and hybrid LMMJ, pasting temperature was DS＞MT＞AT in EMLJ and conventional LMMJ while AT＞MT＞DS in MMMJ and hybrid LMMJ.【Conclusion】Compared with AT and MT, the appearance quality of DS is slightly better, while processing quality, cooking and eating quality and nutritional quality become worse. The processing and appearance quality between AT and MT are different due to varieties types. The cooking and eating quality of AT is better than that of MT. The nutritional quality between AT and MT is in generally quite. Therefore, it is beneficial to obtain good quality characters to choose reasonable planting methods and supporting appropriate rice varieties types.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009

【目的】探讨不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下稻米品质的变化规律。【方法】以早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳3种类型水稻品种（含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻）为材料，比较研究高产栽培条件下手栽、机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和RVA谱特征值的差异，并对米质性状与灌浆结实期的温光条件进行相关分析。【结果】（1）糙米率在不同种植方式间没有明显差异，精米率和整精米率早熟晚粳手栽＞机插＞直播，迟熟中粳和中熟中粳机插＞手栽＞直播；（2）垩白率手栽＞机插＞直播，垩白大小机插＞手栽＞直播，垩白度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播，中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳机插＞手栽＞直播；（3）直链淀粉含量直播＞机插＞手栽，胶稠度手栽＞机插＞直播；（4）蛋白质含量手栽与机插基本相当，直播略低，且除中熟中粳外与手栽和机插的差异不显著；（5）峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值手栽＞机插＞直播，回复值直播＞机插＞手栽，峰值时间不同种植方式间没有明显差异，最终黏度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播，中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳直播＞机插＞手栽，糊化温度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳直播＞机插＞手栽，中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播。【结论】与手栽和机插相比，直播外观品质略优，加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质变劣；手栽与机插间加工品质和外观品质的优劣因品种类型而异，蒸煮食味品质手栽优于机插，营养品质大体相当。因此，选择合理的种植方式，并配套适宜的水稻品种类型，有利于获得优良的稻米品质。

... 2 有机栽培对水稻品质的影响稻米品质既受水稻自身基因型的控制, 又受气候条件和栽培管理措施等环境因素的影响, 是一种多基因系统与环境因素交互作用的结果^[26] ...

2001

0.0

1.494

... 在稻米品质中, 垩白、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质等易受环境条件的影响, 其中垩白是所有稻米品质指标中对环境生态条件变化反应最敏感的性状^[27] ...

2005

0.0

1.667

许凤英, 马均, 王贺正, 刘惠远, 黄清龙, 马文波, 明东风. 水稻强化栽培下的稻米品质. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 577-582

Xu F

, Ma

, Wang H

, Liu H

, Huang Q

, Ma W

, Ming D

Rice quality under the cultivation of SRI.

Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 577-582 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The rice quality under the cultivation of the System of Rice Intensification（SRI）was studied, using the high-yielding hybrid rice combination Xieyou 527 as the material. The main results were as follows:（1）Under the same cultivation, rice quality were significantly different due to the early or

Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan

以协优527为材料，对水稻强化栽培下的稻米品质进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）在同一栽培条件下，因单株不同位次分蘖抽穗的早迟，稻米品质有较大差异，即随抽穗时期的推迟，稻米品质降低；（2）强化栽培抽穗历时比常规栽培相对较长或相当，其所产稻米品质显著改善，特别是精米率、整精米率提高，垩白粒率、垩白度降低，但对籽

... 本试验有机栽培条件下两种类型粳稻的千粒重增加、稻米垩白粒率和垩白度降低, 印证了许凤英等^[28]关于千粒重增加可降低垩白发生的结论 ...

2008

0.0

全国明, 章家恩, 杨军, 陈瑞, 许荣宝. 稻鸭共作对稻米品质的影响. 生态学报, 2008, 28: 3475-3483

Quan G

, Zang J

, Yang

, Chen

, Xu R

Impacts of integrated rice-duck farming system on rice quality.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2008, 28: 3475-3483 (in Chinese with English abstract)

稻鸭共作技术是中国传统农业的精华.作为一种可持续的水稻生态种养模式,稻鸭共作对水稻生长、病虫草害防治、生物多样性和稻田环境的改善具有明显的作用,然而目前还没有关于稻鸭共作对稻米品质影响的报道.因此,于2005年在华南农业大学增城教学科研基地进行了田间试验,共设计稻鸭共作、混水处理和常规稻作3个处理,研究其对稻米加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质、营养品质和微量元素含量的影响效应.结果表明:稻鸭共作技术能够提高整精米率,减少垩白,增加粒宽,降低米粒长宽比值,同时促进稻米蛋白质和氨基酸含量的下降,Mn元素含量上升,但对出糙率、精米率、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量没有显著影响.说明稻鸭共作可在一定程度上改善稻米品质,为水稻的优质生产提供了一条较好的生态技术途径.

2006

0.0

0.605

邓华凤, 何强, 舒服, 张武汉, 杨飞, 荆彦辉, 东丽, 谢辉. 中国杂交粳稻研究现状与对策. 杂交水稻, 2006, 21(1): 1-6

Deng H

, He

, Shu

, Zhang W

, Yang

, Jing Y

, Dong

, Xie

Status and technical strategy on development of japonica hybrid rice in China.

Hybrid Rice, 2006, 21(1): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract)

系统回顾了中国杂交粳稻发展的历程和取得的成就,综述了其研究现状及存在的问题,分析了这些问题产生的原因,提出了解决这些问题的方法和技术策略,以促进中国杂交粳稻的发展.

... 目前, 水稻品种选用时往往存在高产与优质不可兼得的矛盾, 杂交粳稻具备较常规粳稻增产10%~20%的产量潜力^[30], 但杂交粳稻米质整体水平不及常规粳稻, 表现为平均胶稠度相对较低, 而直链淀粉含量相对较高^[31] ...

1989

0.0

1.889

王才林, 汤玉庚. 我国杂交粳稻育种的现状与展望. 中国农业科学, 1989, 22(5): 8-13

Wang C

, Tang Y

Status and prospects of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. sinica) breeding in China.

Sci Agric Sin, 1989, 22(5): 8-13 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本文回顾了我国杂交粳稻育种的历史和现状，分析了目前所存在的问题及其原因，并提出了解决这些问题的可能途径和方法，且对杂交粳稻的发展趋向进行了讨论。

2007

0.0

0.4

谢辉, 荆彦辉, 曾强, 赵飞, 东丽, 邓华凤. 中国杂交粳稻发展的必要性及趋势. 北方水稻, 2007, (3): 10-13

Xie

, Jing Y

, Zeng

, Zhao

, Dong

, Deng H

The necessity and tendency of developing japonica hybrid rice in China.

North Rice, 2007, (3): 10-13 (in Chinese with English abstract)

介绍了我国杂交粳稻的发展现状,从未来粮食增产,实现农业种植结构调整,提升我国稻米市场竞争力等方面分析了杂交粳稻发展的必要性;从提高杂交粳稻优势水平,改良品质,提高制种产量和种子纯度等方面分析了杂交粳稻发展的趋势,阐明了杂交粳稻将会对我国粮食增产所产生的作用和重大意义.

... 近年来杂交粳稻育种有了突破性进展, 一些优质杂交粳稻在常规栽培生产中兼具高产与优质, 产生了巨大的社会效益和经济效益^{[16,17,18,19,32]} ...