氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

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武文明, 陈洪俭, 王世济, 魏凤珍, 李金才. 氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(8): 1246-1256
WU Wen-Ming, CHEN Hong-Jian, WANG Shi-Ji, WEI Feng-Zhen, LI Jin-Cai. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Application Regime on Dry Matter, Nitrogen Accumulation and Transportation in Summer Maize under Waterlogging at the Seedling Stage. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(8): 1246-1256 复制到剪切板

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氮肥运筹对苗期受渍夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

武文明¹, 陈洪俭¹, 王世济¹, 魏凤珍², 李金才^2,^*

¹安徽省农业科学院烟草研究所 / 玉米研究中心, 安徽合肥230031

²安徽农业大学农学院, 安徽合肥230036

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 李金才, E-mail: ljc5122423@126.com

收稿日期:2015-06-01

基金:本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203079, 201203100), 安徽省农业科学院院长青年创新基金项目(14B0944), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD20B02)和江苏省现代作物生产协同创新中心项目资助

摘要

以玉米品种郑单958为试验材料, 研究不同氮肥运筹方式[氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30% (N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50% (N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20% (N4)]对苗期受渍夏玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质积累、氮素吸收积累及产量的影响, 以期为苗期受渍夏玉米合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明, 苗期渍水7 d降低夏玉米产量, 降幅达24.2%~25.7%, 氮肥后移能够减轻苗期渍害对产量的影响。玉米产量与穗粒数的相关性大于与千粒重的相关性; 吐丝期最大LAI和收获指数与产量存在极显著相关性, 但粒叶比与产量间无显著相关性。苗期渍水7 d降低群体LAI, 氮肥后移能增大穗位层和穗上层叶片的LAI以弥补穗下层LAI降低导致的群体LAI下降, 且弥补的效应大于渍害导致穗下层LAI降低的效应, 进而使得苗期渍水7 d下氮肥后移的群体LAI较氮肥前移增大。苗期渍水7 d显著降低吐丝后干物质积累量, 渍水使营养器官干物质积累转运量增大; 氮肥前移处理使营养器官干物质向籽粒的转运量增大, 但不利于吐丝后籽粒干物质积累, 氮肥后移处理则显著提高了吐丝后籽粒干物质积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率。苗期渍水7 d使夏玉米各器官氮素积累量下降, 吐丝后营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒的转运量和吐丝后籽粒氮素积累量低于对照, 表明苗期渍水7 d处理不利于籽粒中氮素的积累。氮肥后移能够提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量。渍水7 d处理使氮素吸收效率和偏生产力显著低于对照, 随着氮肥后移, 氮素吸收效率提高0.9%~18.2%、偏生产力提高1.0%~17.5%。

关键词: 夏玉米; 渍水; 氮肥后移; 叶面积指数; 干物质; 氮素吸收

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization Application Regime on Dry Matter, Nitrogen Accumulation and Transportation in Summer Maize under Waterlogging at the Seedling Stage

WU Wen-Ming¹, CHEN Hong-Jian¹, WANG Shi-Ji¹, WEI Feng-Zhen², LI Jin-Cai^2,^*

¹ Tobacco Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China

² College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China

Abstract

Field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2012 to clarify the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under waterlogging at the seedling stage in summer maize cultivar “Zhengdan958”. Under both waterlogging and control (normal watering) conditions, we implemented four treatments with total N amount of 240 kg ha^-1in all treatments and different N application ratios at land preparation, jointing, and big trumpet stages (10:0:0 for N1, 7:3:0 for N2, 5:5:0 for N3, and 3:5:2 for N4). The results showed that waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased grain yield by 24.2%-25.7%, postponement of nitrogen application was able to alleviate the effect of waterlogging on grain yield. The grain yield was affected more by kernel number per ear than by 1000-kernel weight, and grain yield was positively correlated to the maximum LAI at silking stage and harvest index, while not to grain-leaf ratio. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased leaf area index (LAI), especially LAI of under-ear layer. Postponed nitrogen application increased the LAI of ear layer and above-ear layer to compensate the LAI decrease of under-ear layer, and the compensation effect was higher than the decrease effect of waterlogging stress, which resulted in higher LAI compared to the nitrogen application in advance. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage significantly decreased dry matter accumulation, and increased the transportation amount after silking stage. Postponed nitrogen application enhanced the accumulation of dry matter and laid the foundation for increasing grain yield. Waterlogging stress in the seedling stage also significantly decreased nitrogen accumulation of different organs, and decreased nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to the grain, and nitrogen accumulation amount after silking stage. Compared with nitrogen applied in advance, postponed nitrogen application significantly increased the nitrogen content of different organs, and nitrogen accumulation amount after silking stage. Waterlogging stress decreased nitrogen uptake efficiency and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen, postponed nitrogen application increased the nitrogen uptake efficiency by 0.9% to 18.2%, and partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen by 1.0% to 17.5%.

Keyword: Summer maize; Waterlogging; Postponed nitrogen application; Leaf area index; Dry matter; Nitrogen uptake

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玉米是我国主要粮食作物之一, 提高单产是增加玉米总产量、保障粮食安全的重要途径。玉米苗期遇到连续降雨或洪涝灾害, 造成土壤渍水, 往往影响植株的正常生长发育^{[1, 2, 3]}。陈国平等^[4]研究表明三叶期、拔节期和雌穗小花分化期淹水3 d使得单株产量下降7.9%~16.2%, 而开花期和乳熟初期淹水3 d则未造成减产。杨京平等^[5]通过计算机模拟分析表明, 在土壤水分及自然降雨的影响下, 春玉米四、六叶期为渍害敏感时期。玉米苗期不同程度淹水, 均会导致产量下降, 其下降幅度与受淹时期、受淹程度及受淹时间长短有关^{[4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}。

氮素对玉米器官建成具有重要作用, 合理施肥在玉米增产诸因素中起28%~30%的作用^[9]。前人曾就氮肥用量^{[10, 11, 12, 13]}、施氮时期^[14]、氮肥种类^{[15, 16, 17]}和土壤肥力^[18]对玉米氮素吸收利用、产量、品质、碳氮代谢的影响, 以及水氮配合^[19]对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响研究报道。王宜伦等^[14]研究表明氮肥后移比习惯施氮增产2.3%~5.3%。目前尚不太清楚苗期渍水逆境条件下如何合理运筹氮肥缓解受渍夏玉米灾害损失, 为此, 本文研究了不同氮肥施用时期对苗期渍水夏玉米物质生产和氮素吸收利用的影响, 以明确氮肥对苗期受渍夏玉米生长发育的调控效应, 以期为逆境条件下稳定产量的氮素营养调控提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区基本情况

试验于2011— 2012年在安徽省五河县龙潭湖农场进行(33° 14′ N, 117° 87′ E)。全年平均气温15.5℃; 降雨量952 mm。供试土壤为河流冲积潮土。0~20 cm土层含有机质23.6 g kg^-1、水解氮118.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾269.6 mg kg^-1和速效磷25.4 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计

供试品种为郑单958, 种植密度为67 500株 hm^-2。设置玉米苗期四至五叶期渍水7 d处理, 其间

保持田面1~2 cm的水层; 正常条件(未渍水)为对照。渍水处理和对照中又设4个氮肥运筹方式, 分别为氮肥全部基施(N1)、基肥70%+拔节肥30% (N2)、基肥50%+拔节肥50% (N3)和基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20% (N4)。全生育期纯氮总施用量为240 kg hm^-2, 氮肥种类为尿素。于播种前各小区撒施P₂O₅ 112.5 kg hm^-2、K₂O 112.5 kg hm^-2, 耕翻入土。

采用裂区设计, 渍水处理为主区, 氮肥处理为副区, 重复4次, 小区面积3.6 m × 6.0 m, 各小区间隔50 cm。渍水处理时, 深挖50 cm埋不透水塑料布阻止各小区水分的流动。其余栽培管理同高产大田。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 产量与群体质量指标测定采用小区计产的方法, 每个小区连续收获40个果穗, 重复4次, 折算单产(按照14%标准含水量)。根据产量结果, 采用均穗法从收获的160个果穗中选取接近平均值的40个果穗调查穗部性状, 测定产量构成要素。

在苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、吐丝期、灌浆中期和成熟期取植株样品, 分为叶片、叶鞘、茎秆、苞叶、穗轴、籽粒六部分, 在105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘干至恒重, 测定其干重, 重复3次。

营养器官吐丝前贮藏干物质转运量(kg hm^-2)=吐丝期干重-成熟期干重;

吐丝后干物质输入籽粒量(kg hm^-2)=成熟期籽粒干重-营养器官吐丝前贮藏干物质转运量;

粒叶比=籽粒产量/吐丝期叶面积指数;

收获指数=籽粒产量/成熟期干物质量;

不同生育时期从每小区随机取样3株, 测定叶面积, 展开叶叶面积=叶片最大长度× 最大宽度× 0.75; 未展开叶叶面积=叶片最大长度× 最大宽度× 0.5。穗位层叶面积指数为棒三叶叶面积指数; 穗位层以上为穗上层, 穗位层以下为穗下层。

1.3.2 含氮量的测定采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂混合催化消煮, 靛酚蓝比色法测定含氮量。

营养器官氮素转运量(kg hm^-2) = 吐丝期营养器官氮素积累量– 成熟期营养器官氮素积累量;

氮素吸收效率(kg kg^-1) = 地上部总氮量/施氮量;

氮偏生产力 = 植株籽粒干重产量/施氮量。

RIR (相对受害率)(%) = (对照区测定值– 处理区测定值)/对照区测定值× 100。

1.4 数据处理及统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2003计算数据; 采用SPSS 13.0对渍水和氮肥运筹方式进行单因素、双因素方差分析; 采用SigmaPlot 10.0作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米产量的影响

2.1.1 苗期渍害对玉米产量的影响 2年对照产量达9000 kg hm^-2以上; 而渍水处理产量均低于8000 kg hm^-2 (表1)。2年渍水各处理平均产量较对照分别降低24.2%和25.7%。对年度、渍水和不同氮肥运筹方式进行三因素方差分析表明, 年度、渍水处理和不同氮肥运筹方式间产量存在极显著差异(P< 0.01), 渍水与氮肥处理间无交互作用。苗期渍水处理产量显著降低与其穗粒数显著减少有关(P< 0.01)。

2.1.2 氮肥运筹方式对产量的影响氮肥后移提高玉米籽粒产量, 2年渍水与对照的N4处理产量较N1分别提高6.6%和9.8%、12.3%和10.7%。分别对渍水处理和对照下不同氮肥处理进行单因素方差分析, 结果表明, 2011年苗期渍水条件下, 不同氮肥处理间产量无显著差异; 对照处理N4和N3显著高于N1(P< 0.05)(表1)。2012年渍水和对照的N1处理产量显著低于N2、N3和N4处理(P< 0.05)。玉米产量RIR为N1(25.3%)> N2(24.6%)> N3(23.8%)> N4(23.1%)(2011年)和N1(26.6%)> N2(26.2%)> N3(25.0%)> N4 (25.1%) (2012年), 表明氮肥后移能够减轻苗期渍害对玉米产量的影响。

表1 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米产量、粒叶比和收获指数的影响 Table 1 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on grain yield, grain/leaf ratio and harvest index under waterlogging at the seedling stage

处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	有效穗数 Effective-ear hm^-2	穗粒数 Kernel per ear	千粒重 1000-kernel weight (g)	粒叶比 Grain/leaf ratio	收获指数 Harvest index
2011 渍水处理 Waterlogging
N1	7013.1± 491.7 a	67163	496.7± 7.2 a	297.5± 25.7	0.21± 0.01	0.41± 0.01
N2	7247.9± 399.2 a	67458	499.2± 18.3 a	317.8± 22.2	0.22± 0.02	0.42± 0.03
N3	7551.1± 810.0 a	67247	507.2± 12.0 a	329.5± 16.2	0.23± 0.01	0.44± 0.01
N4	7698.7± 342.9 a	67500	532.9± 19.0 a	330.1± 6.1	0.24± 0.01	0.47± 0.04
2011 对照 Control
N1	9388.2± 192.3 b	72563	540.6± 6.2 a	300.6± 33.8	0.22± 0.02	0.47± 0.01
N2	9611.5± 639.8 ab	70748	548.1± 10.7 a	327.6± 12.1	0.23± 0.01	0.48± 0.02
N3	9915.5± 233.2 a	71719	558.8± 13.9 a	351.0± 27.6	0.23± 0.01	0.50± 0.01
N4	10009.6± 96.6 a	70791	564.6± 5.5 a	358.5± 14.7	0.24± 0.03	0.52± 0.04
2012 渍水处理 Waterlogging
N1	6537.9± 321.5 b	63240	460.7± 4.1 b	289.9± 3.8	0.18± 0.01	0.40± 0.03
N2	6894.0± 357.8 a	65031	489.2± 5.9 b	298.3± 5.0	0.18± 0.02	0.40± 0.01
N3	7276.3± 401.8 a	66813	495.1± 7.6 a	306.7± 1.5	0.23± 0.03	0.45± 0.01
N4	7458.6± 178.3 a	66809	509.5± 4.0 a	319.3± 6.4	0.24± 0.01	0.47± 0.04
2012 对照 Control
N1	8902.1± 278.4 b	69478	525.5± 3.3 a	300.1± 3.0	0.20± 0.01	0.46± 0.07
N2	9343.6± 267.4 a	69998	532.5± 5.0 a	311.9± 7.6	0.21± 0.01	0.47± 0.03
N3	9703.6± 461.4 a	70500	548.2± 6.3 a	328.6± 8.1	0.22± 0.02	0.51± 0.01
N4	9964.7± 246.1 a	71899	558.1± 10.8 a	339.8± 4.6	0.23± 0.01	0.52± 0.04

Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) between different nitrogen treatments. N1: 100% N applied at land preparation; N2: 70% N applied at land preparation and 30% N applied at jointing stage; N3: 50% N applied at land preparation and 50% N applied at jointing stage; N4: 30% N applied at land preparation, 50% N applied at jointing stage and 20% N at big trumpet stage.

小写字母不同表示不同氮肥运筹方式在P< 0.05的水平上差异显著。N1: 氮肥全部基施; N2: 基肥70%+拔节肥30%; N3: 基肥50%+拔节肥50%; N4: 基肥30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%。

相关分析表明穗粒数(r=0.944, P< 0.01)、千粒重(r=0.634, P< 0.01)和收获指数(r=0.893, P< 0.01)与籽粒产量间呈极显著正相关; 粒叶比与籽粒产量不相关。

2.2 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米叶面积指数的影响

2.2.1 苗期渍害对叶面积指数的影响拔节期前LAI较低, 拔节至大喇叭口期迅速增加, 吐丝期达到最高值, 之后逐渐降低(图1)。方差分析表明, 渍水处理LAI显著低于对照(P< 0.05)。吐丝期, 渍水处理N1、N2、N3和N4的LAI较对照相应处理分别下降16.6%、17.6%、26.2%和28.4%, 表明苗期渍水影响玉米植株叶片生长, 降低群体绿叶面积, 不利于玉米光合生产。

吐丝期群体LAI均表现为穗下层> 穗位层> 穗上层(图2)。2年渍水处理穗下层LAI较对照下降31.1%~60.4%和25.5%~69.4%; 穗位层降低5.7%~ 13.5%和1.7%~8.0%; 穗上层降低14.7%~27.0%和4.4%~10.7%; 其中穗下层叶片LAI降幅最大, 其次是穗上层, 穗位层降幅最小, 表明苗期渍水条件使玉米生长发育受阻, 穗下层叶片较早衰老使得群体LAI降低。

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	图1 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米群体LAI的影响(2011年)Fig. 1 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on leaf area index (LAI) in maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage in 2011

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	图2 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米吐丝期不同部位群体LAI的影响Fig. 2 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on LAI of different layers in silking stage under waterlogging at the seedling stage

2.2.2 氮肥运筹方式对叶面积指数的影响不同氮肥运筹方式间, 自玉米出苗至出苗后60 d, LAI无显著差异; 但出苗后70 d, 不同氮肥处理间LAI存在显著差异, 其中N4处理显著高于其他氮肥处理(P< 0.05)。

渍水处理穗下层LAI表现为N1> N2> N3> N4; 对照穗下层LAI表现为N4> N3> N2> N1; 穗位层和穗上层LAI都表现为N4> N3> N2> N1。表明苗期渍水处理导致穗下层叶片衰老, LAI降低, 特别是渍水处理下氮肥后移的穗下层叶片LAI降幅增大, 但是氮肥后移能够通过增大穗位层和穗上层叶片的LAI来弥补穗下层LAI降低导致的群体LAI降低的趋势, 且弥补的效应大于穗下层LAI降低的效应, 进而使得渍水条件下氮肥后移的群体LAI较氮肥前移处理增大。

相关分析表明吐丝期最大LAI与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.885, P< 0.01)。

2.3 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米地上部干物质积累与分配的影响

2.3.1 苗期渍害对地上部干物质积累与分配的影响

渍水处理干物质积累低于对照。吐丝期前渍水处理和对照干物质积累无显著差异; 吐丝期后, 渍水处理干物质积累显著低于对照(P< 0.05), 表明干物质积累的差异主要是吐丝期后光合产物积累造成的。2011年和2012年渍水处理玉米吐丝期后干物质生产分别占整个生育期积累量的54.2%~58.5%和51.4%~55.3%, 对照分别占55.3%~61.3%和53.6%~ 60.0% (图3)。玉米吐丝期后的干物质积累量与最终籽粒产量关系密切, 渍水降低玉米群体的生长量, 导致玉米产量下降。渍水处理营养器官干物质的转运量及其对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率高于对照, 但其吐丝期后籽粒干物质积累量及其贡献率低于对照(表2), 表明苗期渍水促进了营养器官积累干物质和向籽粒的转运, 但不利于吐丝后籽粒干物质积累。

2.3.2 氮肥运筹方式对地上部干物质积累与分配的影响玉米干物质积累量表现为N4> N3> N2> N1, N4处理吐丝期后干物质积累量显著高于其他氮肥处理(P< 0.05)(图3), 表明氮肥后移促进吐丝期后干物质积累, 为提高玉米产量奠定生物量基础。营养器官干物质转运量的贡献率表现为N1> N2> N3> N4, 吐丝期后干物质积累量及对籽粒干物质积累的贡献率表现为N4> N3> N2> N1 (表2), 表明氮肥前移处理促进了营养器官干物质向籽粒的转运, 但不利于吐丝期后籽粒干物质积累, 氮肥后移处理则显著提高了吐丝后籽粒干物质积累量。

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	图3 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米地上部干物质吐丝前后分配的影响Fig. 3 Above ground biomass distribution under waterlogging at the seedling stage of different nitrogen treatments

表2 吐丝期后营养器官贮藏干物质的转运和干物质积累 Table 2 Dry matter translocation amount from vegetative organ to grain and accumulation amount after silking stage

2.4 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米氮素积累与分配的影响

2.4.1 苗期渍害对氮素积累与分配的影响夏玉米各器官氮素积累量随生长发育进程而变化。从大喇叭口至吐丝期, 叶片是氮素的分配中心; 吐丝期以后, 随着生殖器官的生长发育, 在茎和叶片中分配的比例逐渐减少, 开始向果穗转运。成熟期, 茎和叶片中的氮素积累量减少, 籽粒中氮素积累量增大, 占氮总积累量的62.6%~74.9% (表3)。

表3 不同氮肥运筹方式苗期受渍夏玉米植株不同器官的氮素积累量 Table 3 Nitrogen accumulation amount of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogen concentration in different organs of summer maize under waterlogging at seedling stage (kg hm^-2)

苗期渍水处理使不同器官氮素积累量显著低于对照(P< 0.05)。2011年各时期茎部氮素积累量较对照降低32.4%~47.9%; 叶片氮素积累量降低22.3%~ 39.7%; 籽粒氮素降低31.1%。2012年茎部、叶片和籽粒氮素积累量较对照分别降低20.2%~53.0%、14.7%~37.1%和31.6% (表4)。苗期渍水处理吐丝期后营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒的转运量和花后籽粒氮素积累量低于对照, 表明苗期渍水处理不利于提高籽粒中氮素的积累(图4)。

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	图4 开花前营养器官积累氮素向籽粒的转运和吐丝后籽粒氮素的积累Fig. 4 Nitrogen translocation from vegetative organ to grain and nitrogen accumulation after silking stage

渍水处理氮素吸收利用效率和氮肥偏生产力均显著低于对照(P< 0.05)。苗期渍水与对照相比, 两年氮素吸收利用效率分别下降28.8%~31.9% (2011年)和28.1%~30.5% (2012年); 氮肥偏生产力下降23.1%~25.3% (2011年)和23.1%~26.6% (2012年)。

表4 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配的影响(2011年) Table 4 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on accumulation, distribution, and translocation of nitrogen in various organs of summer maize under waterlogging at the seedling stage in 2011

生育期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	茎 Stem		叶 Leaf		籽粒 Grain		总积累量 Total N (kg hm^-2)
生育期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	积累量 NA (kg hm^-2)	占总量比例 NP (%)	积累量 NA (kg hm^-2)	占总量比例 NP (%)	积累量 NA (kg hm^-2)	占总量比例NP (%)	总积累量 Total N (kg hm^-2)
渍水处理 Waterlogging
大喇叭口期 BTS	N1	12.84± 1.32 a	27.18	34.40± 3.34 a	72.82			47.24
	N2	10.95± 0.81 a	26.08	31.03± 1.28 a	73.92			41.98
	N3	9.59± 0.02 a	25.06	28.68± 1.30 a	74.94			38.27
	N4	8.25± 1.24 b	28.70	20.50± 1.76 b	71.30			28.75
吐丝期 SS	N1	18.12± 1.06 a	32.83	37.08± 0.16 a	67.17			55.20
	N2	18.38± 0.30 a	34.38	35.08± 1.55 a	65.62			53.46
	N3	19.38± 0.28 a	36.42	33.83± 1.67 a	63.58			53.21
	N4	21.37± 1.28 a	33.87	41.72± 2.49 a	66.13			63.09
成熟期 MS	N1	11.91± 0.03 a	11.30	18.25± 1.67 a	17.31	75.24± 1.57 b	71.39	105.40
	N2	13.42± 1.91 a	12.07	18.48± 0.37 a	16.62	79.26± 3.40 ab	71.30	111.16
	N3	11.48± 1.15 a	10.19	20.64± 2.94 a	18.33	80.50± 3.06 a	71.48	112.62
	N4	10.69± 0.18 a	8.55	21.12± 2.74 a	16.89	93.22± 4.71 a	74.56	125.03
对照 Control
大喇叭口期 BTS	N1	24.08± 1.82 a	31.70	51.89± 2.98 a	68.30			75.97
	N2	21.10± 1.77 a	30.80	47.41± 1.17 a	69.20			68.51
	N3	19.46± 2.93 a	28.55	48.70± 6.08 a	71.45			68.16
	N4	15.19± 0.34 b	26.57	41.97± 1.76 a	73.43			57.16
吐丝期 SS	N1	22.43± 1.20 a	27.02	60.59± 5.36 a	72.98			83.02
	N2	23.24± 1.62 a	27.45	61.41± 7.61 a	72.55			84.65
	N3	24.98± 4.20 a	30.05	58.16± 5.09 a	69.95			83.14
	N4	28.76± 4.45 a	33.70	56.57± 10.23 a	66.30			85.33
成熟期 MS	N1	16.28± 1.39 a	10.77	21.69± 0.95 b	14.34	113.25± 3.77 a	74.89	151.22
	N2	19.27± 0.71 a	12.30	23.64± 0.94 ab	15.09	113.80± 1.39 a	72.62	156.71
	N3	19.65± 4.10 a	11.90	24.09± 1.35 ab	14.59	121.38± 2.40 a	73.51	165.12
	N4	15.01± 2.84 a	8.62	31.53± 2.20 a	18.10	127.69± 2.70 a	73.29	174.23

Values followed by different letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) in nitrogen accumulation amount between different nitrogen treatments. BTS: big trumpet stage; SS: silking stage; MS: maturity stage; NA: nitrogen accumulation; NP: nitrogen proportion. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

小写字母不同表示不同氮肥运筹方式在P< 0.05的水平上存在差异; 缩写同表1。

2.4.2 氮肥运筹方式对氮素积累与分配的影响

苗期渍水条件下大喇叭口期茎和叶片氮素积累量表现为N1> N2> N3> N4, N4处理显著低于其他氮肥处理; 吐丝期和成熟期, 不同氮肥处理茎、叶片的氮素积累量无显著差异; 成熟期, 籽粒氮素积累量表现为N4> N3> N2> N1。对照大喇叭口期茎、叶片氮素积累量表现为N1> N2> N3> N4, N4处理显著低于其他氮肥处理; 成熟期叶片氮素积累量表现为N4> N3> N2> N1, N4显著高于其他处理, 其他各时期茎、叶片和籽粒氮素积累量无显著差异(表4)。

不同氮肥处理, 渍水条件下, 营养器官贮藏氮素转运量无差异, 转运氮素的贡献率为N1> N2> N3> N4, 表明苗期渍水使营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒转运量增大; 花后籽粒氮素积累量及贡献率表现为N4> N3> N2> N1, 表明氮肥后移有利于提高花后籽粒氮素积累量。对照氮素转运量和花后籽粒氮素积累量及贡献率表现相同趋势(图4)。

渍水条件下, N4处理较N1、N2和N3处理氮素吸收效率分别提高了18.2%、13.0%和10.6% (2011年), 17.1%、17.1%和6.7% (2012年)。氮肥偏生产力分别提高9.8%、6.2%和2.0% (2011年), 17.5%、13.6%和4.7% (2012年)。对照N4处理较N1、N2和N3处理氮素吸收效率分别提高了9.5%、6.2%和5.8% (2011年), 8.5%、10.1%和0.9% (2012年)。氮肥偏生产力分别提高5.6%、3.1%和1.0% (2011年), 10.5%和7.0% (2012年)(表5)。氮肥适当后移可提高氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力。

表5 氮肥运筹方式对苗期受渍夏玉米氮素利用的影响 Table 5 Effects of different nitrogen treatments on nitrogenous fertilizer use efficiency under waterlogging at seedling stage

3 讨论

干物质和养分积累是作物器官分化、产量形成的前提, 养分吸收是干物质形成和累积的基础^[20]。适宜的群体叶面积指数(LAI)是群体物质生产的基础。玉米植株叶片可分为穗上层、穗位层和穗下层三组, 其功能有所不同。穗上层叶片光合产物供应雄穗和籽粒, 穗位层叶片光合产物主要供应籽粒灌浆, 穗下层叶片光合产物主要供给根系生长。籽粒干物质主要来自吐丝后的光合作用和花前贮藏在营养器官的碳水化合物的再转运^[21]。土壤渍水条件下, 叶片气孔关闭, 蒸腾速率下降, CO₂扩散的气孔阻力增加, 光合速率降低^[7]; 随着渍水时间的延长, 羧化酶活性逐渐降低, 叶绿素含量下降, 叶片早衰和脱落, PSII光化学效率降低。土壤淹水不仅降低光合速率, 光合产物的运输也有所减慢^{[22, 23]}。苗期渍害下营养优先供应穗位叶片的生长以保证光合产物向籽粒的供应和转运, 苗期渍水7 d降低吐丝后干物质的积累量, 但提高营养器官干物质的转运量及其对籽粒干物质的贡献率; 吐丝后籽粒干物质积累量降低, 可能是由于苗期渍害造成玉米生长发育受阻, 穗下层叶片较早衰老使得群体LAI降低。氮肥后移通过提高土壤中矿质态氮含量, 增加根部的细胞分裂素合成和向叶的运输^[24], 增大穗位层和穗上层叶片的LAI来弥补穗下层LAI降低导致的群体LAI降低的趋势, 且弥补的效应大于渍害导致穗下层LAI降低的效应, 进而使得苗期渍害下氮肥后移的群体LAI较氮肥前移增大。氮肥后移使群体LAI增大, 进而提高吐丝后干物质的积累量, 使得干物质积累较氮肥前移处理增大。这与戴明宏等^[25]研究不同生态区及不同品种吐丝期后的干物质量与籽粒产量表现一致。苗期渍水7 d导致玉米地上部分生长受阻, 光合能力下降, 空秆数增大, 从而导致源的供应能力下降; 同时渍水胁迫显著降低了夏玉米籽粒最大灌浆速率及灌浆速率最大时的生长量, 抑制了籽粒灌浆, 严重影响籽粒干物质的积累, 导致夏玉米产量显著下降^[8]。

作物实际产量与最大产量潜力之间的差距除了水分这一重要限制因子外, 养分是所有农艺措施中最重要的影响因素^[26]。氮素对玉米器官建成具有重要作用。玉米对氮肥较为敏感, 施氮后增产效果明显。张起君^[9]报道, 合理施肥在玉米增产诸因素中起28%~30%的作用, 因此了解氮素吸收积累特性是合理施用氮肥的重要依据^{[27, 28]}。苗期渍水, 土壤氮素以NO₃-N形式淋溶至土壤深处, 土壤中可供利用的矿质态氮浓度降低, 根系吸收利用的养分减少^[11]。氮肥用量不足导致穗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体结构性差、细胞碳水化合物积累少、营养体氮素再分配比率失衡, 加速了叶片后期生长进程, 使叶片提早衰老^[29]。Osaki等^[30]认为, 营养体过量的氮素转移将导致叶片早衰及光合能力的下降。王宜伦等^{[14, 31]}研究表明氮肥后移能够降低夏玉米茎和叶片氮素转运率, 维持夏玉米茎和叶片中较高氮素积累, 防止叶片过早衰老而有利于生育后期物质的合成, 氮肥后移比习惯施氮增产2.3%~5.3%。赵士诚等研究表明氮肥减量后移下氮肥利用率显著增加, 而且可使耕层无机氮供应较好地与作物吸收同步, 降低收获期0~100 cm土层NO₃-N积累、减少氮素的田间表观损失^[32]。本研究表明苗期渍水处理玉米叶片、茎秆和籽粒中的氮素积累量下降, 降低营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运和吐丝后籽粒氮素的积累量。氮肥后移降低营养器官氮素的转运量, 提高吐丝后籽粒氮素的积累量, 表明氮肥后移使得生育后期氮素优先供应给营养器官, 以利于更好地利用光能, 防止营养器官过早衰老不利于生育后期干物质的积累。苗期渍水条件下, 氮肥后移较全部基施能够提高玉米的光合物质生产和转化效率, 对苗期渍水夏玉米生长能力的恢复有一定的补偿效应。氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力是表征氮肥利用效率的重要指标, 本研究表明以“ 30%苗肥+50%拔节肥+20%大喇叭口肥” 施肥方式的氮素吸收效率最高, 苗期渍水使得氮素吸收利用效率下降28.1%~31.9%, 氮肥偏生产力下降23.1%~26.6%; 氮肥后移使得氮素吸收效率提高0.9%~18.2%, 氮肥适当后移可提高氮肥吸收效率和氮肥偏生产力, 且渍水条件下氮肥后移提高的比例高于对照。因此, 渍水条件下氮肥施用量和追肥时期应适当后移, 以保证生育后期土壤有效氮的充足供应, 这是实现高产的重要技术。

本试验区气候条件特殊, 经常出现夏玉米苗期渍水。众所周知, 降水或灌水过多会造成大量氮素以NO₃-N形式淋溶到土壤深处, 且夏玉米前期生长较慢, 因此生育前期若投入过多氮肥, 容易导致严重的氮素淋洗。在苗期易导致渍害的地区, 基肥比例不宜过大以避免因雨水造成的氮素损失, 适当的氮素后移至拔节期和大喇叭口期, 不仅能够对苗期受渍夏玉米起到较好的补偿生长作用, 同时也能保证夏玉米生育后期充足的氮素利用, 以达到高产的目的。

4 结论

苗期渍水降低夏玉米群体叶面积指数, 穗下层叶面积指数降低较多; 苗期渍水降低吐丝后干物质和氮素积累量, 降低吐丝后营养器官贮藏氮素向籽粒的转运量和籽粒氮素积累量; 氮肥后移能够提高吐丝后干物质积累量和氮素积累量。氮肥后移使氮素吸收效率提高0.9%~18.2%, 偏生产力提高1.0%~ 17.5%, 减轻苗期渍害对产量的影响。在苗期易导致渍害的地区适当地后移氮素至拔节期和大喇叭口期, 以“ 30%+拔节肥50%+大喇叭口肥20%” 方式施肥, 能保证夏玉米生育后期充足氮素利用, 达到高产目的。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[8]	任佰朝, 张吉旺, 李霞, 范霞, 董树亭, 赵斌, 刘鹏. 淹水胁迫对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4435-4445 Ren B C, Zhang J W, Li X, Fan X, Dong S T, Zhao B, Liu P. Effect of waterlogging on grain filling and quality of summer maize. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4435-4445 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.4]
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[11]	范亚宁, 李世清, 李生秀. 半湿润地区农田夏玉米氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮动态变化. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 799-806 Fan Y N, Li S Q, Li S X. Utilization rate of fertilizer N and dynamic changes of soil NO₃-N in summer maize field in semi humid area of Northwest China. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 799-806 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.904]
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[15]	司贤宗, 韩燕来, 王宜伦, 刘蒙蒙, 谭金芳. 缓释氮肥与普通尿素配施提高冬小麦-夏玉米施肥效果的研究. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1390-1398 Si X Z, Han Y L, Wang Y L, Liu M M, Tan J F. Improving nitrogen use efficiency by combined use of slow release nitrogen fertilizer with urea for high yielding winter wheat summer maize rotation system. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1390-1398 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4]
[16]	苏琳, 董志新, 邵国庆, 李增嘉, 宁堂原. 控释尿素施用方式及用量对夏玉米氮肥效率和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 915-920 Su L, Dong Z X, Shao G Q, Li Z J, Ning T Y. Effects of different application modes and rates of controlled release urea on fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 915-920 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.904]
[17]	李伟, 李絮花, 李海燕, 彭强, 刘旭凤, 唐慎欣. 控释尿素与普通尿素混施对夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 699-706 Li W, Li X H, Li H Y, Peng Q, Liu X F, Tang S X. Effects of different mixing rates of controlled release urea and common urea on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 699-706 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.681]
[18]	王俊忠, 黄高宝, 张超男, 杨亚军, 赵会杰, 朱晓燕, 马培芳. 施氮量对不同肥力水平下夏玉米碳氮代谢及氮素利用率的影响. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 2045-2052 Wang J Z, Huang G B, Zhang C N, Yang Y J, Zhao H J, Zhu X Y, Ma P F. Influence of nitrogen fertilizer rate on carbon nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under high and medium yield levels. Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 2045-2052 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	Han K, Zhou C J, Li N, Schmidt J P, Dell C J, Wang L Q. Separating nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation water application in an alternating furrow irrigation system for maize production. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys, 2013, 96: 107-122 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.733]
[20]	宋海星, 李生秀. 玉米生长量、养分吸收量及氮肥利用率的动态变化. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 71-76 Song H X, Li S X. Dynamics of nutrient accumulation in maize plants under different water and N supply conditions. Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 71-76 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4]
[21]	Abolhassan M, Herbert S J, Putnam D H. Yield response of corn to crowding stress. Agron J, 2005, 97: 839-846 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.542]
[22]	Fukayama H, Abe R, Uchida N. SDS-dependent proteases induced by ABA and its relation to Rubisco and Rubisco activase contents in rice leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem, 2010, 48: 808-812 [本文引用:1]
[23]	Rubio-Wilhelmi M M, Sanchez-Rodriguez E, Rosales M A, Begoña B, Rios J J, Romero L, Blumwald E, Ruiz J M. Effect of cytokinins on oxidative stress in tobacco plants under nitrogen deficiency. Environ Exp Bot, 2011, 72: 167-173 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.003]
[24]	Song W J, Li J, Sun H W, Huang S J, Gong X P, Ma Q Y, Zhang Y L, Xu G H. Increased photosynthetic capacity in response to nitrate is correlated with enhanced cytokinin levels in rice cultivar with high responsiveness to nitrogen nutrients. Plant Soil, 2013, 373: 981-993 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 3.235]
[25]	戴明宏, 赵久然, 杨国航, 王荣焕, 陈国平. 不同生态区和不同品种玉米的源库关系及碳氮代谢. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 1585-1595 Dai M H, Zhao J R, Yang G H, Wang R H, Chen G P. Source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 1585-1595 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4]
[26]	Dobermann A. A critical assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI). Agric Syst, 2004, 79: 261-281 [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.782]
[27]	Wu W M, Li J C, Chen H J, Wang S J, Wei F Z, Wang C Y, Wang Y H, Wu J D, Zhang Y. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence change in maize (Zea mays L. ) under waterlogging at seedling stage. J Food Agric Environ, 2013, 11: 545-552 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.435]
[28]	吴进东, 李金才, 魏凤珍, 王成雨, 张一, 武文明. 花后渍水高温交互效应对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1071-1079 Wu J D, Li J C, Wei F Z, Wang C Y, Zhang Y, Wu W M. Effect of interaction of waterlogging and high temperature after anthesis on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield in winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1071-1079 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.681]
[29]	何萍, 金继运. 氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究. 中国农业科学, 1998, 31(3): 66-71 He P, Jin J Y. Effects of N application rates on leaf senescence and its mechanism in spring maize. Sci Agric Sin, 1998, 31(3): 66-71 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4]
[30]	Osaki M, Makoto L, Toshiaki T. Ontogenetic changes in the contents of ribulose-1, 5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxlase and chlorophyll in individual leaves of maize. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 1995, 41: 285-293 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.753]
[31]	王宜伦, 刘天学, 赵鹏, 张许, 谭金芳, 李潮海. 施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 2483-2491 Wang Y L, Liu T X, Zhao P, Zhang X, Tan J F, Li C H. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield, nitrogen application and soil nitric N in super high yield summer maize. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 2483-2491 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4]
[32]	赵士诚, 裴雪霞, 何萍, 张秀芝, 李科江, 周卫, 梁国庆, 金继运. 氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 492-497 Zhao S C, Pei X X, He P, Zhang X Z, Li K J, Zhou W, Liang G Q, Jin J Y. Effects of reducing and postponing nitrogen application on soil N supply, plant N uptake and utilization of summer maize. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 492-497 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.707]

2004

0.0

... 玉米苗期遇到连续降雨或洪涝灾害, 造成土壤渍水, 往往影响植株的正常生长发育^[1,2,3] ...

1991

0.599

0.0

... 玉米苗期遇到连续降雨或洪涝灾害, 造成土壤渍水, 往往影响植株的正常生长发育^[1,2,3] ...

2004

0.0

... 玉米苗期遇到连续降雨或洪涝灾害, 造成土壤渍水, 往往影响植株的正常生长发育^[1,2,3] ...

1988

0.0

1.289

陈国平, 赵仕孝, 杨洪友, 贺澄日. 玉米的涝害及其防御措施的研究: I. 芽涝对玉米出苗及苗期生长的影响. 华北农学报, 1988, 3(2): 12-17

Chen G

, Zhao S

, Yang H

, He C

Studies on waterlogging of corn and protection measures: I. Effects of waterlogging at bud bursting stage on the emergence and early growth of seedling of corn.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 1988, 3(2): 12-17 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A simulation study was carried out in pot planting conditions to determine the effects of waterlogging at the seedling stage on summer corn,growth.The results indicated that the most sensitive period of corn to waterlogging occurred from the inhibition (seed swellind),stage to the enlongation stage of radicles(2-3)days afterafter planting).During this period,the germination rate decreased by more than 50% after 2 days of flooding.The resistance of corn to waterlogging increased grasually after emergence,but the retarding effect on seedling growth still remained significant.It mainly resulted in decreases of the length,volume aid weight of roots,and the deal'area and dry weight per plant,and in increases of the number of witherod and yellow leaves.Flooding also promote the early growth of secondary roots and enlarged the air space inside roots.The adverse effects of waterlogging on corn became greaxer and greater z.s the depth and duration of flooding increased.Flooded seedlings died 2 days after the whole plant was kept under water.Seedlings with leaves above water survived even after 3 days of flooding.It was found that high temperature during flooding could result in a more serious damage.

Crop Research Institute, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agricultural and Forrestry Sciences

玉米种子在吸收膨胀和主胚根开始伸长时对涝害最敏感，淹水2-4天可降低出苗率50%以上。高温、延长淹水期和增加淹水层均会明显加重涝害。受涝后幼苗生长弱，发育慢；根系受害程度重于地上部。早播和起垄播种有助于预防或减轻夏玉米的涝害。

... 陈国平等^[4]研究表明三叶期、拔节期和雌穗小花分化期淹水3 d使得单株产量下降7 ...

... 玉米苗期不同程度淹水, 均会导致产量下降, 其下降幅度与受淹时期、受淹程度及受淹时间长短有关^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2001

0.0

... 杨京平等^[5]通过计算机模拟分析表明, 在土壤水分及自然降雨的影响下, 春玉米四、六叶期为渍害敏感时期 ...

... 玉米苗期不同程度淹水, 均会导致产量下降, 其下降幅度与受淹时期、受淹程度及受淹时间长短有关^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

1998

0.0

0.596

... 玉米苗期不同程度淹水, 均会导致产量下降, 其下降幅度与受淹时期、受淹程度及受淹时间长短有关^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

2009

0.0

梁哲军, 陶洪斌, 王璞. 淹水解除后玉米幼苗形态及光合生理特征恢复. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 3977-3986

Liang Z

, Tao H

, Wang

Recovery effects of morphology and photosynthetic characteristics of maize(Zea mays L. ) seedling after water logging.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 3977-3986 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A pot experiment was conducted to clarify the recovery effects of maize seedlings after water-logging. A popular maize variety Zhengdan 958 was used in this experiment. Plants were first grown under normal water condition for 20 days, and then subjected to three treatments: (1) normal condition (CK); (2) water-logging 7 days (W1), then recovery for 7 and 14 days; and (3) water-logging 14 days (W2), then recovery for 7 and 14 days. Soil moisture was maintained at (75±5)% in CK, while a 3-4cm water layer was maintained in W1 and W2 during water-logging period. The results showed as follows: (1) Root growth was limited under water-logging. The total root length, root surface-area, and root volume significantly decreased after 7 days of water-logging, while significantly increased (P<0.01) after 14 days of water-logging due to the development of adventitious roots. (2）Leaf growth was also limited by water-logging, i.e. leaf area, index of leaf type and number of leaves were reduced. (3）The photosynthetic performance and photosynthetic pigment content decreased under water-logging, but chlorophyll a/b increased after 7 days of waterlogging. Stomatal restriction was the main factor for reduction of Pn after 7 days of water-logging, while non-stomatal restriction became more important after 14 days of waterlogging. (4）Maize seedlings could recover after water-logging, but the recovery growth rate became slower after longer period of water-logging. Moreover, physiological factors recovered faster than morphological factors. The strong sunlight had an effect of limiting recovery growth after water-logging.

以郑单958为试验材料，在盆栽条件下研究了淹水及淹水解除后玉米幼苗根系、叶片形态、光合生理及植株的恢复生长。结果表明：（1) 淹水总体上抑制玉米幼苗根系生长，短期淹水（7d）导致根系总长度、根系表面积、根系体积均显著降低，随着淹水时间延长（14d）玉米根系产生大量不定根，使得根系总长度、根系表面积、根系体积显著升高（P＜0.01)；（2）淹水条件下叶片生长同样受到抑制，玉米叶面积、叶型指数和可见叶片数均显著下降；(3）淹水条件下玉米幼苗的光合性能下降，光合色素总含量降低，但短期淹水（7d）后叶绿素a/b值提高；气孔限制（Ls）是淹水7d植株光合速率下降的主要因素，而非气孔限制则是淹水14d植株光合速率下降的主要因素。(4）淹水处理7d、14d后的玉米幼苗均能够恢复生长，但恢复生长速率随淹水时间延长而降低；在恢复生长过程中，光合生理指标恢复早于形态恢复，强光对于淹水后幼苗恢复生长具有明显的抑制效应。

... 玉米苗期不同程度淹水, 均会导致产量下降, 其下降幅度与受淹时期、受淹程度及受淹时间长短有关^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 土壤渍水条件下, 叶片气孔关闭, 蒸腾速率下降, CO₂扩散的气孔阻力增加, 光合速率降低^[7] ...

2013

0.0

1.4

任佰朝, 张吉旺, 李霞, 范霞, 董树亭, 赵斌, 刘鹏. 淹水胁迫对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4435-4445

Ren B

, Zhang J

, Li

, Fan

, Dong S

, Zhao

, Liu

Effect of waterlogging on grain filling and quality of summer maize.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4435-4445 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】This study is to investigate the effects of waterlogging on grain filling characteristics and quality of summer maize under field conditions.【Method】Two summer maize cultivars, Denghai605(DH605) and Zhengdan958(ZD958), were used as experimental materials. The field experiment was performed to explore the effects of waterlogging in different durations (3 and 6 days) on grain dry weight and volume, grain filling parameters, and grain quality of summer maize stalk at the three-leaf stage (V3), six-leaf stage (V6), and ten days after the tasseling stage (10VT).【Result】Results showed that the grain dry weight growth rate and grain filling parameters reduced significantly after waterlogging, and the decrease of two cultivars was the most in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 for 6 days. Days of maximum grain filling (Tmax), maximum grain filling (Gmax), weight of maximum grain filling rate (Wmax), and active grain filling period (P) of DH605 decreased by 25.18%, 18.44%, 48.21%, and 36.45%, while that of ZD958 decreased by 18.18%, 1.69%, 32.68% and 31.80%, respectively. Waterlogging increased barrenness, and decreased grain yield, kernel number per ear and 1000-grain weight, and the response to different waterlogging treatments showed: waterlogging at V3＞waterlogging at V6＞waterlogging at 10VT and waterlogging for 6 days＞waterlogging for 3 days. Waterlogging significantly decreased grain crude protein, total starch, grain total soluble sugar and sucrose content. The decrease of amylopectin and increase of amylase led to the decrease of their ratio; the decrease of grain crude fat content of two cultivars was the most in the treatment of waterlogging at V3 for 6 days, with 49.08% in DH605 and 33.08% in ZD958. 【Conclusion】 Waterlogging significantly reduced Gmax and Wmax, suppressed the grain-filling with decrease of accumulation grain dry matter, resulted in lower yields. Waterlogging decreased the grain soluble total sugar, sucrose and starch content. Grain protein content and the ratio of amylopectin and amylose significantly reduced after waterlogging, while the crude fat content increased significantly. It was most susceptible to be waterlogged at V3, followed by V6 and 10VT, and decreased with the increase of waterlogging duration.

Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian 271018, Shandong

【目的】探讨气候变化下持续降雨造成的大田淹水对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和品质的可能影响。【方法】以登海605（DH605）和郑单958（ZD958）为试验材料，设置大田淹水时期（三叶期、拔节期、开花后10 d）和淹水持续时间（淹水3 d和6 d）处理，分析夏玉米籽粒干重和体积的增长、籽粒灌浆参数、籽粒粗脂肪、粗蛋白、总淀粉含量、支/直比值以及可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量等指标的变化。【结果】淹水胁迫后籽粒干重增长速率降低，籽粒灌浆参数减小，且三叶期淹水6 d下影响最大，DH605和ZD958到达最大灌浆速率时的天数（Tmax）、最大灌浆速率（Gmax）、灌浆速率最大时的生长量（Wmax）和籽粒灌浆活跃期（P）较对照分别下降 25.18%、18.44%、48.21%、36.45%和18.18%、1.69%、32.68%、31.80%；两品种淹水后均空秆率增加，穗粒数和千粒重显著降低，产量下降，减产幅度表现为三叶期淹水＞拔节期淹水＞开花后10 d淹水，淹水6 d＞淹水3 d；淹水下籽粒粗蛋白、总淀粉、可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量显著降低；支链淀粉含量显著降低，但直链淀粉含量有所升高，因而支/直比值降低；淹水后籽粒中粗脂肪含量显著提高，三叶期淹水6 d造成的影响最显著，两品种较对照分别提高了49.08%和33.08%。【结论】淹水胁迫显著降低了夏玉米籽粒最大灌浆速率及灌浆速率最大时的生长量，抑制了籽粒灌浆，严重影响籽粒干物质的积累，导致夏玉米产量显著下降；淹水胁迫降低了籽粒可溶性总糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量，淹水胁迫后籽粒粗蛋白含量和支/直比值也显著降低，而粗脂肪含量显著提高；三叶期淹水对其影响最显著，拔节期淹水次之，开花后10 d淹水的影响较小，其影响随淹水胁迫时间的延长而加剧。

... 玉米苗期不同程度淹水, 均会导致产量下降, 其下降幅度与受淹时期、受淹程度及受淹时间长短有关^[4,5,6,7,8] ...

... 同时渍水胁迫显著降低了夏玉米籽粒最大灌浆速率及灌浆速率最大时的生长量, 抑制了籽粒灌浆, 严重影响籽粒干物质的积累, 导致夏玉米产量显著下降^[8] ...

1992

0.0

... 氮素对玉米器官建成具有重要作用, 合理施肥在玉米增产诸因素中起28%~30%的作用^[9] ...

... 张起君^[9]报道, 合理施肥在玉米增产诸因素中起28%~30%的作用, 因此了解氮素吸收积累特性是合理施用氮肥的重要依据^[27,28] ...

2008

0.0

1.4

... 前人曾就氮肥用量^{[10,11,12,13]}、施氮时期^[14]、氮肥种类^[15,16,17]和土壤肥力^[18]对玉米氮素吸收利用、产量、品质、碳氮代谢的影响, 以及水氮配合^[19]对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响研究报道 ...

2008

0.0

1.904

范亚宁, 李世清, 李生秀. 半湿润地区农田夏玉米氮肥利用率及土壤硝态氮动态变化. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 799-806

Fan Y

, Li S

Utilization rate of fertilizer N and dynamic changes of soil NO₃-N in summer maize field in semi humid area of Northwest China.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 799-806 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment on manual loessial soil was conducted to study the dynamic changes of NO 3 - -N in soil profile, utilization rate of fertilizer N, and relationships between N application rate and soil residual N accumulation during the growth period of summer maize under different N application rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg·hm -2 ). The results showed that in the whole growth period of summer maize, the NO 3 - -N concentration in the soil profile was the highest in 0-20 cm layer, and increased with increasing N application rate. The NO 3 - -N concentration in 0-60 cm soil layer changed significantly, but no significant change was observed in 60-100 cm soil layer. In the growth season of summer maize, soil NO 3 - -N accumulation presented a fluctuated decreasing trend due to the N uptake by crop and the precipitation. The N utilization rate (NUR) increased with increasing N application rate when the application rate was less than 135 kg·hm -2 , but tended to decrease when the application rate exceeded 135 kg·hm -2 . With the increase of N application rate, the N agronomy efficiency (NAE) decreased but the N physiology efficiency (NPE) increased. There was a significant positive correlation between soil residual N accumulation and N application rate ( R 2 =0.957 ** , n =5). The grain yield under N application was significantly higher than that without N application ( P R  2 =0.934 ** , n =5). In our experiment, the optimal 〖LM〗application rate of fertilizer N was 135 kg·hm -2 , which could harmonize the relationship between economic benefits and environment.

1 State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry Land Farming on Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University/Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resource, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China； 2 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤，通过田间试验，研究了不同施氮量下（0、45、90、135和180 kg·hm -2 ）夏玉米生育期土壤剖面NO 3 - -N的变化特征、氮素利用率及施氮量与土壤NO 3 - -N残留的关系.结果表明：在整个生育期内，土壤NO 3 - -N含量均以0～20 cm土层最高，且施氮量越高，NO 3 - -N含量也越高；0～60 cm土层NO 3 - -N含量变化显著，60～100 cm土层NO 3 - -N含量变化不大.夏玉米整个生育期，受玉米对氮素的需求和降雨的影响, 0～100 cm土层NO 3 - -N累积量呈波动式降低趋势；当施氮量小于135 kg·hm -2 时，作物氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而显著提高，但当施氮量超过135 kg·hm -2 时呈下降趋势. 氮肥农学利用率随施氮量的增加而减小，氮肥生理利用率随施氮量的增加而递增.土壤中残留NO 3 - -N与施氮量呈极显著正线性相关关系 ( R 2 =0.957 ** ， n =5)；施氮处理籽粒产量显著高于不施氮处理( P R 2 =0.934 ** ， n =5）.在本试验条件下，夏玉米生长季适宜施氮量为135 kg·hm -2 .该施氮水平可保证效益和环境的双赢.

... 苗期渍水, 土壤氮素以NO₃-N形式淋溶至土壤深处, 土壤中可供利用的矿质态氮浓度降低, 根系吸收利用的养分减少^[11] ...

2011

0.0

1.4

吴永成, 王志敏, 周顺利. ¹⁵N标记和土柱模拟的夏玉米氮肥利用特性研究. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 2446-2453

Wu Y

, Wang Z

, Zhou S

Studies on characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer utilization in summer maize based on techniques of soil column and ¹⁵N label.

Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 2446-2453 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】For quantitatively studying the characteristics of nitrogen (N) fertilizer utilization and the fate of fertilizer N in summer maize, an experiment was conducted in Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agricultural University in 2005. 【Method】The experiment design was employed with four N fertilizer application rates (0, 90, 180, 270 kgN·hm-2) and three replications in each treatment, and was carried out by the techniques of soil column and 15N-label under the condition of artificial weather shed. 【Result】Application of N fertilizer significantly improved the dry matter, grain yield, total N uptake rate of maize plant and grain. There was no significant difference in PNUE (physiological N fertilizer use efficiency) but showed a tendency of rising firstly and falling then with the increase of N fertilizer applied. AENF (agronomic efficiency of applied N-fertilizer) and ANRE (apparent N fertilizer recovery efficiency) decreased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied. The recovery ratio of 15N was 41.2%-47.8% in maize season and the percentage of residual 15N in 2 m-depth soil body was 40.7%-47.5%. Residual 15N rates of different soil layers increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied (P＜0.05) and decreased obviously with the add of soil layer depth. Loss rates of 15N increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied and total 15N loss ratio was 9.0%-13.1%. 【Conclusion】Proper rates of N applied（90-180 kg·hm-2）would be favorable to improve grain yield and N use efficiency, reduce residual 15N rates in soil body (especially in deep-soil layer) and therefore lighten the environment pressure.

中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院/农业部农作制度重点开放实验室

【目的】定量分析夏玉米氮肥利用特性以及肥料氮的去向。【方法】采用15N标记和土柱模拟技术，设置4个施氮水平（0、90、180、270 kgN·hm-2），在人工防雨棚条件下对平水降雨年型进行了模拟研究。【结果】施氮处理均显著提高了玉米的生物量和籽粒产量，植株和籽粒吸氮量也显著增加。氮肥生理利用效率表现为随施氮量增加先升高后降低，但处理间差异不显著。氮肥农学效率与氮肥表观利用率则随施氮量增加而显著降低。夏玉米对15N标记氮肥的回收率为41.2%—47.8%，2 m土体各土层中的15N残留量随施氮量的增多而显著增加（P＜0.05)，15N残留率为40.7%—47.5%。在空间分布上，土壤中残留15N总体表现为随土壤层次加深而明显下降。15N的损失量随施氮量的增加而显著增加，损失率为9.0%—13.1%。【结论】施氮量90—180 kg·hm-2有利于提高玉米籽粒产量和氮肥利用率，减少土体（尤其是深层土壤）中的肥料氮残留量，从而减轻对生态环境的压力。

2012

1.733

0.0

2011

0.0

1.681

王宜伦, 李潮海, 谭金芳, 张许, 刘天学. 氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 339-347

Wang Y

, Li C

, Tan J

, Zhang

, Liu T

Effects of postponing N application on yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization in super high yield summer maize.

Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 339-347 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Maize ( Zea mays L . ) is the largest grain crop in China. Realizing super-high-yield (≥12 000 kg ha -1 ) of summer maize plays an important role in ensuring the country food security. However, there exist some problems in summer maize production such as excessive dosage and unreasonable period of nitrogen application, which hinders the realization of super-high-yield. In order to increase the use efficiency of fertilizer and grain yield of summer maize, field experiments were conducted and the effects of postponing N application on nitrogen absorption, use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and grain yield in summer maize were studied. The results showed that yield was increased by 9.62%–15.95% by applying nitrogen fertilizer. Compared with conventional fertilizer application, postponing N application increased grain yield by 2.27%–5.33%. The N absorption proportion after silking stage was 40.30%–47.78% of the total, so it is important to provide maize plants with sufficient N in later growth stage for realizing super-high-yield. It was indicated that postponing N application could promote N absorption and accumulation of super-high-yield summer maize at later stage, decrease N transfer efficiency in stem and leaf, increase activity of nitrate reductase and content of free amino acids in ear leaf at filling stage, and raise protein yield of summer maize. In comparison with conventional fertilizer application, the N fertilizer utilization rate and N fertilizer agronomy efficiency were increased by 1.88%–9.70% and 0.96–2.21 kg kg -1 respectively by postponing N application. The highest yield and nitrogenous fertilizer use efficiency were obtained by applying 30% of nitrogen fertilizer at seedling stage and trumpeting stage respectively and 40% of nitrogen fertilizer at silking stage.

1 College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / Regional Center for New Technology Creation of Corn of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002; 2 College of Resource and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 China

采用田间试验研究了氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量、氮素吸收积累和氮肥效率的影响，旨在了解超高产夏玉米(≥ 12 000 kg hm -2 )的氮素吸收和转运特性，为实现夏玉米超高产合理施肥提供依据。结果表明，夏玉米施氮显著增产，增产幅度为9.62%~15.95%，氮肥后移比习惯施氮增产2.27%~5.33%。超高产夏玉米吐丝后氮素吸收积累量占总积累量的40.30%~47.78%，保证后期氮素养分充足供应对于夏玉米达到超高产水平至关重要；氮肥后移可促进超高产夏玉米后期的氮素吸收积累，降低夏玉米茎和叶片氮素的转运率，显著增强灌浆期夏玉米穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性，提高灌浆期叶片游离氨基酸含量，增加蛋白质产量；氮肥后移比习惯施氮的氮肥利用率提高1.88%~9.70%、农学效率提高0.96~2.21 kg kg -1 ，以“30%苗肥+30%大喇叭口肥+40%吐丝肥”方式施用氮肥的产量和氮肥利用效率最佳。

... 王宜伦等^[14]研究表明氮肥后移比习惯施氮增产2 ...

... 王宜伦等^[14,31]研究表明氮肥后移能够降低夏玉米茎和叶片氮素转运率, 维持夏玉米茎和叶片中较高氮素积累, 防止叶片过早衰老而有利于生育后期物质的合成, 氮肥后移比习惯施氮增产2 ...

2013

0.0

1.4

司贤宗, 韩燕来, 王宜伦, 刘蒙蒙, 谭金芳. 缓释氮肥与普通尿素配施提高冬小麦-夏玉米施肥效果的研究. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1390-1398

Si X

, Han Y

, Wang Y

, Liu M

, Tan J

Improving nitrogen use efficiency by combined use of slow release nitrogen fertilizer with urea for high yielding winter wheat summer maize rotation system.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1390-1398 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The efficient and simplified fertilization technology for crop rotation of winter wheat and summer maize high yield system was studied. 【Method】 Based on the soil conditions and cultivation management measures in field, in which grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize were up to 22 500 kg•hm-2 in one year, effect of slow release nitrogen combined with conventional urea application in one base and one topdressing mode on yield, above-ground portion nitrogen accumulation rate, nitrogen use efficiency and soil inorganic nitrogen dynamic indexes in winter wheat and summer maize rotation cycle in two years location test were studied, and compared with no nitrogen fertilizer (CK) and conventional urea application in one base and three topdressing mode (CK1).【Result】The results of two years experiments showed that there were no significant influence on yield, above-ground portion nitrogen accumulation rate, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency in treatment of 100% slow release urea (T1), however, it provided higher nitrogen level in winter wheat at the jointing and after filling stage, compared with CK1. Meanwhile, yield, above-ground portion nitrogen accumulation rate, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency in treatments of 80%-20% slow release-conventional urea combination (T2) and 60%-40% slow release-conventional urea combination (T3) were higher than CK1. In summer maize, yield, above-ground portion nitrogen accumulation rate, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were higher than CK1, with the highest in the treatment T2. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations of winter wheat in treatment T1 was higher than CK1 at the after filling stage. In summer maize, inorganic nitrogen concentrations in treatment T2 was also higher than other treatments at the silking stage.【Conclusion】In this experiment, yield, above-ground portion nitrogen accumulation rate, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency of 80%-20% slow release-conventional urea combination and 100% slow release urea were higher than CK1, and yields of winter wheat and summer maize in the two treatments were up to 22 500 kg•hm-2, it realized the target of high yield and high efficiency and simplified fertilization in one base and one topdressing mode under winter wheat and summer maize rotation system.

College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University/Monitoring and Experimental Station of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization for Wheat and Corn Rotation North Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhengzhou 450002

【目的】探求冬小麦-夏玉米轮作高产体系高效简化的施肥技术。【方法】通过两年定位试验，采用冬小麦-夏玉米轮作一年两熟高产（22 500 kg•hm-2）生产的土壤条件及栽培管理措施，分别以不施氮肥（CK）和普通尿素施一次基肥和三次追肥（简称一基三追）常规施肥模式（CK1）为对照，研究一次基肥和一次追肥（简称一基一追）施肥模式下缓释尿素和普通尿素不同配比模式对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮肥利用效率、土壤无机氮动态等指标的影响。【结果】两年试验表明，在冬小麦季，与CK1相比，100%缓释尿素处理（T1）在产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮肥利用率方面与前者无显著差异，80%-20%缓释-普通尿素组合、60%-40%缓释-普通尿素组合处理（T2、T3）上述各项指标显著低于CK1；夏玉米季，各缓释尿素处理在产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮肥利用率方面均不低于CK1，表现出较好的施肥效应，其中T2处理两年产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均达最高。与CK1相比，在冬小麦季，T1在灌浆后具有相对较高的无机氮水平；在夏玉米季，T2在吐丝后15 d具有相对较高的无机氮水平，且在吐丝期土壤无机氮水平亦高于其它缓释尿素处理。【结论】本试验条件下，冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系采用T1、T2处理一基一追模式的产量、地上部氮素积累量、氮肥利用率均高于CK1，总产量均超过22 500 kg•hm-2，实现了高产高效简化的施肥目标。

2010

0.0

1.904

苏琳, 董志新, 邵国庆, 李增嘉, 宁堂原. 控释尿素施用方式及用量对夏玉米氮肥效率和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 915-920

, Dong Z

, Shao G

, Li Z

, Ning T

Effects of different application modes and rates of controlled release urea on fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of summer maize.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 915-920 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different application modes (bottom application and side-dressing) and rates (0，75， and 150 kg N·hm -2 ) of controlled release urea on the photosynthetic capability, fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency, and grain yield of maize ( Zea mays L.). Compared with conventional urea (U), the controlled release urea (CU) at same application rates increased the leaf photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, and kernel filling rate significantly, and promoted the grain yield by an average of 9.5% ( P AE ) and partial factor productivity ( PFP ) of CU were 74.5% and 11.0% higher than those of U, and bottom application of CU increased the AE and PFP by 26.8% and 5.7%, respectively, compared with side-dressing CU. Higher application rates of CU improved the photosynthetic capability, and increased the grain yield, AE , and PFP . Bottom application of CU could significantly increase the grain yield, AE , and PFP of maize, compared with side-dressing CU.

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; 2 Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; 3 Agrotechnology Extension Station, Weishan Bureau of Agriculture, Jining 277600, Shandong, China

在大田条件下以不施氮为对照，研究了施氮量为75和150 kg N·hm -2 条件下，普通尿素底施、控释尿素底施和侧施对夏玉米光合性能、氮肥效率和产量的影响.结果表明：与普通尿素相比，相同施氮水平下，包膜控释尿素处理玉米果穗叶光合速率、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率均显著提高，玉米籽粒产量比普通尿素平均提高9.5%;与控释尿素侧施相比，底施使玉米籽粒产量提高6.2%.包膜控释尿素处理的氮肥农学利用率（ AE ）和偏生产力（ PFP ）比普通尿素平均分别提高74.5%和11.0%;与包膜控释尿素侧施相比，底施使 AE 和 PFP 分别提高26.8%和5.7%.控释尿素施用量较高时，玉米光合性能得到改善，产量、 AE 和 PFP 显著提高;与控释尿素侧施相比，底施对玉米产量、 AE 和 PFP 的增加效果更显著.

2012

0.0

1.681

李伟, 李絮花, 李海燕, 彭强, 刘旭凤, 唐慎欣. 控释尿素与普通尿素混施对夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 699-706

, Li X

, Li H

, Peng

, Liu X

, Tang S

Effects of different mixing rates of controlled release urea and common urea on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 699-706 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Using controlled-release urea (CRU) with releasing period of 60 d and conventional urea (U) as experimental materials, the effects of different mixing rates of CRU (0, 10%, 30%, 50%, 100%) and U with the equality of nitrogen fertilization every treatment on photosynthetic efficiency, grain filling rate, grain yield, economic profits and nitrogen utilization efficiency of summer maize were studied. Results were as follows: (1) Net photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll contents and nitrate reductase activity in ear leaves of treatments with different ratio of CRU were always higher , the grain filling was started-up faster and grain active filling duration was longer than those of U treatment. (2) With the increase of proportion of CRU, the grain yield was increased firstly and then gradually decreased .Compared with U treatment, the increase of grain yield in CRU+U treatments was 2.90%, 7.91%, 9.48%, and 5.68% in turn and the increase of economic profits was 397.34, 1 077.65, 1 263.94, and 611.3 yuan ha -1 in turn. (3) In all treatments, nitrogen agronomy efficiency was 8.31, 10.55, 11.81, 12.5, and 9.46 kg kg -1 in turn, among them, CRU treatments showed 1.15–4.19% more than U treatment; nitrogen use efficiency was 29.71%, 31.83%, 38.49%, 40.72%, and 44.63% in turn, among them CRU treatments showed 2.12–14.92% more than U treatment. (4) Applying CRU with a mixing ratio of 50% was most beneficial to increase the yield of summer maize.

College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

以释放期60 d的控释尿素为供试材料, 研究相同氮肥用量条件下0、10%、30%、50%、100%的控释氮肥与普通尿素配合追施对夏玉米光合性能、灌浆速率、产量、经济效益及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明: (1)与单施普通尿素处理比较, 控释掺混处理的夏玉米穗位叶净光合速率、叶绿素含量以及硝酸还原酶活性均较高, 籽粒灌浆启动较快, 灌浆活跃期延长。(2)随控释尿素比例的增加, 玉米产量呈先升高后降低的趋势；与普通尿素处理相比, 控释掺混处理的玉米产量分别增加2.90%、7.91%、9.48%和5.68%, 经济效益依次增加397.34、1077.65、1263.94和611.3元 hm -2 。(3)各控释掺混处理的氮肥农学效率依次为8.31、10.55、11.81、12.50和9.46 kg kg -1 , 氮肥利用率依次为29.71%、31.83%、38.49%、40.72%和44.63%, 两项指标分别比普通尿素处理增加1.15%~4.19%和2.12%~14.92%。(4)控释尿素与普通尿素的掺混比例为50%时, 增产效果最好。

2009

0.0

王俊忠, 黄高宝, 张超男, 杨亚军, 赵会杰, 朱晓燕, 马培芳. 施氮量对不同肥力水平下夏玉米碳氮代谢及氮素利用率的影响. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 2045-2052

Wang J

, Huang G

, Zhang C

, Yang Y

, Zhao H

, Zhu X

, Ma P

Influence of nitrogen fertilizer rate on carbon nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under high and medium yield levels.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 2045-2052 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize (Zea mays L. cv. Zhengdan 958) were studied by 15N labeling under high and intermediate yield conditions. In the high-yield field, proper nitrogen fertilizer rate increased gain yield, but excessive nitrogen fertilizer rate did not have further yield-increasing effect and nitrogen use efficiency was low (29%). In the medium -yield field, grain yield increased and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with the rise of nitrogen fertilizer rate. The order of 15N accumulation in different organs was: grain, leaf lamina, stem, root, and leaf sheath and spike axis. In the high-yield field, accumulation of 15N in grains and leaves declined, but increased in stems and roots, when nitrogen fertilizer rate was over 300 kg·hm-2. In the medium-yield field, the accumulation of 15N in grains and spike axes increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer rate. The highest activities of nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and sucrose phosphorate synthetase in leaves and sucrose synthetase in grains were observed in the high-yield field with a nitrogen fertilizer rate of 300 kg·hm-2. When nitrogen fertilizer rate reached 400 kg·hm-2, there is no further increase in the activities of abovementioned enzymes. However, the activities of these enzymes increased with the increment of nitrogen fertilizer rate in the medium-yield field.

以郑单958为材料，在高产田和中产田两种地力水平下，利用15N标记法研究了施氮量对夏玉米氮素分配率、利用率和碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明：高产田适量施氮可以提高玉米产量，过量施氮没有表现出进一步增产效果，其氮肥利用率较低（2904％）。中产田随施氮量的增加产量提高，但氮素利用率却降低。各个器官15N积累量依次为籽粒>叶片>茎>根>叶鞘>穗轴。在高产田，当施氮量超过300kg·hm-2时，玉米籽粒和叶片中积累15N有所下降，而茎和根中积累15N的量随施N量的增加而增加；在中产田，随着施N量的增加,籽粒和穗轴积累15N量均相应增加。高产田叶片的硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性以及籽粒中蔗糖合成酶活性和酸性转化酶活性均是施氮300kg·hm-2时最大，施氮450 kg·hm-2则抑制了其活性的增强，而中产田的各个酶活性则随着施氮量的增加而增加。

2013

1.733

0.0

2003

0.0

1.4

宋海星, 李生秀. 玉米生长量、养分吸收量及氮肥利用率的动态变化. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 71-76

Song H

, Li S

Dynamics of nutrient accumulation in maize plants under different water and N supply conditions.

Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 71-76 (in Chinese with English abstract)

西北农林科技大学

在不同水、氮供应条件下 ,研究了玉米干物质累积、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的变化动态。结果表明 ,植株干物质和养分吸收量 ,随生育期延长而持续增加 ,变化动态可用S曲线方程拟合。对干物质和养分累积方程求导 ,得到了干物质累积和养分吸收速率。玉米生长期间干物质累积速率前期上升快 ,至高峰后缓慢下降。在氮、磷、钾三要素中 ,氮、钾吸收速率高 ,上升快 ,下降也快 ;磷吸收速率低 ,上升慢 ,下降亦慢。养分最大吸收速率出现的时间 ,钾最早 ,氮次之 ,磷最晚 ,但均早于干物质最大累积速率出现时间。氮肥利用率与干物质累积、养分吸收速率有类似变化趋势 ;氮肥最高瞬时利用率与氮素最大吸收速率出现的时间基本一致。灌水明显提高了氮肥累积利用率和瞬时利用率 ;水分和氮素供应虽然增加了养分吸收速率和干物质累积速率 ,但未改变其变化趋势

... 3 讨论干物质和养分积累是作物器官分化、产量形成的前提, 养分吸收是干物质形成和累积的基础^[20] ...

2005

1.542

0.0

... 籽粒干物质主要来自吐丝后的光合作用和花前贮藏在营养器官的碳水化合物的再转运^[21] ...

2010

0.0

... 土壤淹水不仅降低光合速率, 光合产物的运输也有所减慢^[22,23] ...

2011

3.003

0.0

... 土壤淹水不仅降低光合速率, 光合产物的运输也有所减慢^[22,23] ...

2013

3.235

0.0

... 氮肥后移通过提高土壤中矿质态氮含量, 增加根部的细胞分裂素合成和向叶的运输^[24], 增大穗位层和穗上层叶片的LAI来弥补穗下层LAI降低导致的群体LAI降低的趋势, 且弥补的效应大于渍害导致穗下层LAI降低的效应, 进而使得苗期渍害下氮肥后移的群体LAI较氮肥前移增大 ...

2011

0.0

1.4

戴明宏, 赵久然, 杨国航, 王荣焕, 陈国平. 不同生态区和不同品种玉米的源库关系及碳氮代谢. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 1585-1595

Dai M

, Zhao J

, Yang G

, Wang R

, Chen G

Source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties.

Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 1585-1595 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】A field experiment was conducted to illustrate different performances of source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties in 2009.【Method】Three experimental sites (Nong’an, Changping and Xunxian) which were located in Northeast, Jingjintang and Huanghuaihai regions, respectively, and six representative varieties were selected.【Result】Grain yields under different sites performed as: Nong’an＞Xunxian＞Changping; XY335 got the highest while JD28 got the lowest grain yield among six varieties, and the differences among other four varieties were not significant. Under different ecological conditions, grain yield of varieties was more related to kernels number per ear than kernel weight; and grain yield was positively related to grain-leaf ratio while not to the maximum LAI at silking stage; grain yield also had a high positive correlation with dry matter amount accumulated after silking. Besides, uncoordinated source-sink relationship under low-yielding ecological condition was performed by high soluble sugar content in stem during key growing stages. C/N value showed a negative correlation with grain yield under different ecological regions. Different varieties could be divided into three types according to source of grain nitrogen: 1. nitrogen uptake during late-phase (61.0%-68.4%) was higher than transported nitrogen (39.7%-46.0%); 2. nitrogen uptake during late-phase was equal to transported nitrogen; 3. and nitrogen uptake during late-phase (42.5%-45.3%) was lower than transported nitrogen (57.2%-61.7%).【Conclusion】Coordinated source-sink relationship under high yielding ecological condition was highlighted by high grain-leaf ratio, high HI value (including NHI), high amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated during grain filling period, suitable soluble sugar content in stem, and relatively low C/N value. High-yielding variety also showed a high grain-leaf ratio and high amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated during grain filling period.

北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心

【目的】阐明不同生态区及品种条件下玉米源库协调性、碳氮代谢的差异表现及其与产量的关系。【方法】在东北（吉林省农安）、京津唐（北京昌平）和黄淮海（河南省浚县）3个生态区各设一个试验点，以6个高产、稳产的优良品种为试验材料，在稀植条件下（密度45 000 株/hm2）比较不同生态区和不同品种玉米的产量和产量构成、叶面积指数（LAI）和粒叶比、干物质和氮素分配转运、可溶性糖和C/N等指标。【结果】3个试验点的产量表现为农安＞浚县＞昌平；6个品种中产量最高的是先玉335，最低的是京单28，其它品种间差异不显著。在不同生态区和品种条件下，玉米产量与穗粒数的相关性明显大于千粒重；吐丝期最大LAI与产量的相关性不显著，而粒叶比则与产量成正相关；吐丝后干物质生产量与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关。低产生态条件下，茎鞘内富集了大量的可溶性糖，反映了源-库-流的不协调。在不同生态条件下，C/N与产量呈负相关。根据籽粒氮素的来源可将不同品种归为3类：（1）对后期吸氮（61.0%—68.4%）的依赖高于器官转运氮（39.7%—46.0%）；（2）后期吸氮量与器官转运氮量相当；（3）后期吸氮（42.5%—45.3%）低于器官转运氮（57.2%—61.7%）。【结论】适宜生态条件下，玉米源库关系更加协调，表现在粒叶比高、收获指数（包括氮素收获指数）大、灌浆期干物质积累量和氮素吸收量大、茎鞘可溶性糖含量适宜、C/N值相对较低。而粒叶比高、籽粒灌浆期干物质积累量和氮素吸收量大也是高产品种的重要特点。

... 这与戴明宏等^[25]研究不同生态区及不同品种吐丝期后的干物质量与籽粒产量表现一致 ...

2004

0.0

0.782

... 作物实际产量与最大产量潜力之间的差距除了水分这一重要限制因子外, 养分是所有农艺措施中最重要的影响因素^[26] ...

2013

0.435

0.0

... 张起君^[9]报道, 合理施肥在玉米增产诸因素中起28%~30%的作用, 因此了解氮素吸收积累特性是合理施用氮肥的重要依据^[27,28] ...

2012

0.0

1.681

吴进东, 李金才, 魏凤珍, 王成雨, 张一, 武文明. 花后渍水高温交互效应对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1071-1079

Wu J

, Li J

, Wei F

, Wang C

, Zhang

, Wu W

Effect of interaction of waterlogging and high temperature after anthesis on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield in winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1071-1079 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Waterlogging and high temperature are main stress factors during late growing period of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in Yangtze Valley region of China. To understand the effect of interaction of waterlogging and high temperature on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of wheat, we carried out a pot experiment, using the variety of Yannong 19, in continuous growing seasons from 2009 to 2011. At grain-forming (5–8 d after anthesis) and milking (15–18 d after anthesis) stages, waterlogging (1 cm of surface water layer), high temperature (35±2°C of daytime/25±2°C of nighttime), and waterlogging + high temperature stresses were imposed to wheat plants, separately. Waterlogging, high temperature, and both stresses showed significantly effects on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and yield reducing photosynthetic rate ( P n ), chlorophyll content (SPAD reading), stomatal conductance ( G s ), and transpiration rate ( T r ); enhancing intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ); and declining grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. However, in the case, spike number per pot was not affected significantly. Thus, the effects of waterlogging and high temperature on P n did not result from stomata factor of flag leaf. The average relative injury rates (RIR) of yield were 37.7% for waterlogging + high temperature treatment, 21.1% for waterlogging treatment, and 17.6% for high temperature treatment. Stress showed higher RIR at grain forming stage (30.8%) than at milking stage (20.1%). There was significant interaction between waterlogging and high temperature, and grain-forming stage was more sensitive to the interaction than milking stage.

1 Agricultural College, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; 2 West Anhui University, Lü’an 237012, China

渍水和高温是长江中下游麦区冬小麦( Triticum aestivum L.)生育中后期的主要气象灾害因子。2009—2011年连续2个生长季盆栽烟农19，在籽粒形成期(花后5~8 d)和乳熟期(花后15~18 d)分别设渍水(土表水层1 cm)、高温[昼(35±2)℃/夜(25±2)℃]和渍水+高温处理，探讨了渍水和高温双重胁迫对小麦开花后光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明，花后渍水、高温、渍水+高温逆境均显著降低旗叶净光合速率( P n )、叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和气孔导度( G s )和蒸腾速率( T r )，增加胞间CO 2 浓度( C i )；同时降低穗粒数、千粒重及产量，但对成穗数影响不显著。渍水和高温胁迫对旗叶光合作用的主要限制因素是非气孔因素。从产量平均相对受害率看，其影响为渍水+高温逆境(37.7%)>渍水逆境(21.1%)>高温逆境(17.6%)，而胁迫时期的影响为籽粒形成期(30.8%)>乳熟期(20.1%)。渍水和高温的交互效应显著，且籽粒形成期逆境不良效应显著大于乳熟期。

... 张起君^[9]报道, 合理施肥在玉米增产诸因素中起28%~30%的作用, 因此了解氮素吸收积累特性是合理施用氮肥的重要依据^[27,28] ...

1998

0.0

1.4

何萍, 金继运. 氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究. 中国农业科学, 1998, 31(3): 66-71

, Jin J

Effects of N application rates on leaf senescence and its mechanism in spring maize.

Sci Agric Sin, 1998, 31(3): 66-71 (in Chinese with English abstract)

中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，北京 100081

采用田间试验、植株分析及电镜检测方法研究了氮肥用量对玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机制。结果表明，氮肥用量不足或过量均加速了生长后期叶面积系数及穗叶叶绿素含量的下降进程，使叶片提早衰老，但二者作用机制不同。氮肥用量不足导致穗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体结构性差，维管束鞘细胞碳水化合物累积减少，营养体氮素再分配率大而引起叶片早衰；而过量供氮则导致生长后期硝酸还原酶活性过高，氮素代谢过旺，消耗了大量碳水化合物，以致下位叶不能得到充足的碳水化合物供应而提早脱落，同时叶肉细胞叶绿体片层结构膨胀，呈“肉汁化”特征，维管束鞘细胞淀粉粒大量消耗，无核淀粉粒出现，从而叶片叶绿素含量下降，光合能力降低而出现早衰。

... 氮肥用量不足导致穗叶叶肉细胞叶绿体结构性差、细胞碳水化合物积累少、营养体氮素再分配比率失衡, 加速了叶片后期生长进程, 使叶片提早衰老^[29] ...

1995

0.753

0.0

... Osaki等^[30]认为, 营养体过量的氮素转移将导致叶片早衰及光合能力的下降 ...

2013

0.0

1.4

王宜伦, 刘天学, 赵鹏, 张许, 谭金芳, 李潮海. 施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 2483-2491

Wang Y

, Liu T

, Zhao

, Zhang

, Tan J

, Li C

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield, nitrogen application and soil nitric N in super high yield summer maize.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 2483-2491 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study is to provide a scientific and rational nitrogen fertilizer amount for super-high-yield summer maize (≥12 000 kg•hm-2). 【Method】field experiments were conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on grain yield, nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen absorption, use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer and soil nitric N on the farm of super-high-yield summer maize in 2007 and 2008. 【Result】The results showed that, by applying nitrogen fertilizer, the yields increased by 6.76%-9.62% and 5.21%-9.80%, respectively in 2007 and 2008. With the increased nitrogen levels, the production of summer maize increased at first and then decreased. Nitrogen applied at 300 kg•hm-2 had the highest yield and incomes, increased the activity of nitrate reductase and sucrose phosphate synthase, and promoted the assimilation and accumulation of nitrogen to maintain soil nitrate nitrogen balance, and the recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency of the applied N were 16.12% and 3.69 kg•kg-1, respectively. The economic optimum nitrogen application rate was 255.4 kg•hm-2. 【Conclusion】Considering the yield, economic benefits, nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrogen balance, the proper nitrogen application rate for super-high-yield summer maize is about 255-300 kg•hm-2 in clay loam fluvo-aquic soil in north Henan province.

1.College of Resource and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002 2.College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Improvement of Food Crop in Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002

【目的】探讨超高产夏玉米（≥12 000 kg•hm-2）节肥增效的适宜氮肥用量。【方法】在夏玉米超高产区连续两年田间试验，研究不同氮肥用量对超高产夏玉米产量、氮代谢、氮素积累、氮肥效率及土壤硝态氮的影响。【结果】超高产区夏玉米施用氮肥两年增产幅度分别为6.76%—9.62%和5.21%—9.80%，夏玉米产量随氮肥用量增加呈先增加后降低趋势，以施氮量300 kg•hm-2产量和收益最佳，经济最佳施氮量为255.40 kg•hm-2；施氮量300 kg•hm-2有利于提高硝酸还原酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活性，促进氮素吸收积累，可维持土壤硝态氮平衡，其氮肥利用率和农学效率两年平均值分别为16.12%和3.69 kg•kg-1。【结论】综合产量、收益、氮素吸收、氮肥利用效率及土壤氮素平衡等方面考虑，豫北地区黏壤质潮土超高产夏玉米合理的氮肥用量为255—300 kg•hm-2。

2010

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赵士诚, 裴雪霞, 何萍, 张秀芝, 李科江, 周卫, 梁国庆, 金继运. 氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 492-497

Zhao S

, Pei X

, He

, Zhang X

, Li K

, Zhou

, Liang G

, Jin J

Effects of reducing and postponing nitrogen application on soil N supply, plant N uptake and utilization of summer maize.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 492-497 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of reducing and postponing N application on soil N supply, plant N uptake and utilization of summer maize. The results show that N accumulation rate is increased under the reducing and postponing N application (N 168 kg/ha, 1/5 basal, 3/5 topdressing at stalk enlongation stage and 1/5 topdressing at silking stage, respectively) compared with farmers' practice (N 240 kg/ha, 1/3 basal and 2/3 topdressing at booting stage, respectively), while N use efficiency, dry biomass accumulation, yield and N accumulation amount are not decreased. Moreover, the reducing and postponing N application can improve synchronization of soil N supply and crop demand during the maize growth stages, decrease NO - 3 -N accumulation of 0-100 cm soil profile, and reduce field apparent N loss at maturity. Therefore, the reducing and postponing N application based on summer maize N uptake at different growth stages is a feasible N management practice, and nitrogen fertilizer could be saved by 30% as compared withfarmers' practice.

1 Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 2 Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, China;3 Dryland Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hengshu, Hebei 053000, China

采用田间试验研究了氮肥减量后移对土壤氮素供应和夏玉米氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明，与农民习惯施肥（N 240 kg/hm 2 ，基肥和大喇叭口追肥为1∶2）相比，氮肥减量后移（N 168 kg/hm 2 ，基肥、大喇叭口肥和吐丝肥为1∶3∶1）处理的产量、植株干物质积累量、植株氮积累量和积累速率均没有降低，而氮肥利用率显著增加。氮肥减量后移可使耕层无机氮供应较好地与作物吸收同步，降低收获期0—100 cm土层硝态氮积累，减少氮素的田间表观损失。基于夏玉米不同生育阶段的氮素吸收特征进行氮肥减量后移可节省氮肥30%，是较为理想的氮素施用方式。

... 赵士诚等研究表明氮肥减量后移下氮肥利用率显著增加, 而且可使耕层无机氮供应较好地与作物吸收同步, 降低收获期0~100 cm土层NO₃-N积累、减少氮素的田间表观损失^[32] ...