四川不同生态区高产栽培条件下的杂交籼稻的稻米品质

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田青兰, 李培程, 刘利, 张强, 任万军. 四川不同生态区高产栽培条件下的杂交籼稻的稻米品质. 作物学报, 2015, 41(8): 1257-1268
TIAN Qing-Lan, LI Pei-Cheng, LIU Li, ZHANG Qiang, REN Wan-Jun. Quality of Indica Hybrid Rice under the High-yield Cultivation Conditions in Different Ecological Regions of Sichuan Province, China . Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(8): 1257-1268 复制到剪切板

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四川不同生态区高产栽培条件下的杂交籼稻的稻米品质

田青兰¹, 李培程¹, 刘利^1,², 张强¹, 任万军^1,^*

¹四川农业大学农学院 / 农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 四川温江611130

²南充市种子站, 四川南充637000

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 任万军, E-mail: rwjun@126.com

收稿日期:2015-05-04

基金:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2013BAD07B13-02, 2011BAD16B05)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)资助

摘要

郫县、汉源、射洪、邻水是四川具代表性的4个生态区, 郫县位于成都平原区, 土壤肥沃但受弱光限制; 汉源位于攀西高海拔地区, 温光充足; 射洪位于川中丘陵区, 受地形制约而气温日差较小; 邻水则位于川东丘陵区, 水资源缺乏且受干旱等灾害制约。本文以位于这4个典型生态区实施的水稻高产示范片为研究对象, 分别对4个生态区及各生态区不同栽培方式、不同高产水平的杂交籼稻稻米碾米品质、外观品质、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量及淀粉RVA谱特征值进行比较研究。结果表明: (1)生态条件与稻米品质有密切关系, 受气温和土壤肥力影响较大, 郫县的稻米品质最优, 邻水相对较劣; 齐穗前后气温略高及较高的土壤全氮、全钾、速效磷含量有利于高碾米品质的形成; 土壤全磷含量的降低可显著增加米粒长宽比; 灌浆成熟期的高温会增加稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度, 而土壤速效磷含量高则有利于降低垩白粒率和垩白度; 灌浆结实期的高温也会降低稻米蛋白质含量; 直链淀粉含量随土壤有机质含量的升高而升高; 峰值黏度与土壤全钾含量显著负相关, 崩解值与土壤全钾、速效磷显著负相关, 还与齐穗前8~21 d的日最高气温显著正相关, 回复值、峰值时间与齐穗前14~21 d日最高气温、抽穗至成熟期日最高气温呈显著或极显著负相关, 与土壤碱解氮呈显著正相关。(2)各栽培方式间, 机直播的碾米品质较优, 优化定抛的直链淀粉含量较高, 而机插的峰值黏度、崩解值较高, 消减值较低, 蒸煮食味品质较好。(3)高产及超高产田块的碾米品质整体较优, 而外观品质和蒸煮食味品质相对较差。本研究可为四川杂交中籼稻高产优质栽培技术提供理论参考。

关键词: 杂交籼稻; 生态区; 栽培方式; 高产; 稻米品质

Quality of Indica Hybrid Rice under the High-yield Cultivation Conditions in Different Ecological Regions of Sichuan Province, China

TIAN Qing-Lan¹, LI Pei-Cheng¹, LIU Li^1,², ZHANG Qiang¹, REN Wan-Jun^1,^*

¹ College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest China, Wenjiang 611130, China

²Seed Administrative Station of Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China

Abstract

Pixian, Hanyuan, Shehong, and Linshui are four ecological regions of Sichuan province representative. Pixian lies in Chengdu Plain, having plenty of fertile soil, but weak light. Hanyuan lies in the high altitude area of Panxi, with sufficient temperature and light resources. Shehong lies in the hilly area of mid Sichuan plateau, and is restricted by terrain so that the temperature difference is small. Linshui lies in the hilly area of East Sichuan, it lacking in water resources and often having drought stress. The experiment was conducted in the high-yielding rice demonstration sites in four typical ecological regions of Sichuan Province to study milling quality, apparent quality, protein content, amylose content, RVA profile characteristic values of hybrid indica rice with different yield levels under different cultivation patterns. The results were as follows: (1) There was a close relation between ecological conditions and rice grain quality. Pixian had the best milling quality among the four ecological regions, and Linshui had the worst one. The slightly higher temperature before and after full panicle stage and higher total N, total K, available P in the soil were in favor of the formation of high milling quality. Soil total P could significantly increase the rice aspect ratio. The high temperature at grain filling period increased the rice chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree, while high soil available P was of benefit to reducing the rice chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree. The high temperature in grain filling period was able to reduce the rice protein content. The rice amylose content was rising with the increase of soil organic matter. Peak viscosity had a significant negative correlation with soil total K. Breakdown viscosity had a significantly negative correlation with soil total K and available P, while a significantly positive correlation with the maximum temperature from 8 to 21 d before full heading. Consistency viscosity and peak time both had a significantly negative correlation with the maximum temperature from 14 to 21 d before full heading and the maximum temperature from heading to maturity. In addition, consistency and peak time had a significantly positive correlation with the soil available N. (2) Among cultivation patterns, mechanized direct-seeding gained the better milling quality. Optimal casttransplanting had higher amylose content, but mechanized transplanting had higher peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity, and lower setback viscosity, resulting better cooking and eating quality. (3) High-yield and super high-yield plots had better milling quality, but relatively poor cooking and eating quality and apparent quality. This study provides a theoretical reference for the high yield and high quality cultivation techniques of hybrid indica rice in Sichuan Province.

Keyword: Indica hybrid rice; Ecological regions; Cultivation patterns; High-yield; Rice quality

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随着人民生活水平的提高, 稻米品质越来越受到人们的重视, 对稻米品质的研究也越来越多。稻米品质受品种遗传特性和环境条件综合影响^[1]。我国的稻米品质区划可分为4个一级区、10个二级亚区和48个三级次亚区。4个一级区中, I区为华南食用籼稻区(含台湾粳稻), II区为华中多用籼、粳稻区, Ⅲ 区为西南高原食用、多用籼、粳、糯稻区, IV区为北方食用粳稻区^[2]。可以看出, 生态条件对稻米的品质有较大影响, 前人研究表明, 灌浆结实期高温会导致稻米垩白增加, 透明度变差, 整精米率下降, 蒸煮食味品质变劣^{[3, 4, 5, 6, 7]}。稻米蛋白质含量与海拔高度呈显著正相关, 与灌浆结实期日均温度和日照时数呈负相关, 海拔高度和稻米淀粉峰值黏度、回复值和糊化温度显著负相关^[8]。在水稻生育中后期遮阴(弱光)对稻米糊化特性的影响大于生育前期遮阴, 且不同品种对遮阴的反应明显不同^[9]。栽培措施的改变对稻米品质也有一定影响, 随施氮量的增加, 稻米蒸煮食味品质变差^[10], 米饭黏性有变劣的趋势^[11], 加大氮肥用量和中后期氮肥比例可以显著提高水稻蛋白质含量^{[12, 13, 14]}。栽插密度过大或过小均影响米饭的黏性, 从而使稻米的品质变劣^[9]。直播较手栽和机插的外观品质略优, 加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质变劣^[15]。此外, 土壤水分^[1]及稻米加工贮藏方式^[16]等对米质均有影响。现阶段基于高产示范片的研究较多, 但大多注重的是高产栽培技术^{[17, 18, 19, 20]}和群体质量^[21]等, 而关于稻米品质的研究主要以小区试验为主, 对于不同生态区较大面积的高产栽培条件下稻米品质的研究报道较少。本文研究四川郫县、汉源、射洪、邻水4个典型生态区的高产示范田结合不同栽培方式及高产水平等条件下的杂交籼稻稻米品质, 以期确定影响杂交籼稻稻米品质的主要生态因素, 并探明栽培方式和产量等对稻米品质的影响, 为杂交籼稻优质稻米的生产、推广提供依据, 为四川稻米品质区划提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试品种

F优498是三系杂交中籼迟熟品种(FS3A× 蜀恢498), 由四川农业大学水稻研究所、四川省江油市川江水稻研究所和湖南川农高科种业有限责任公司选育; 宜香优2115是宜宾市农业科学院选育的不育系宜香1A与四川农业大学农学院选育的恢复系雅恢2115组配而成的中籼迟熟优质杂交水稻; II优602是四川省农业科学院水稻高粱研究所用II-32A与泸恢602配组育成的一个中籼迟熟杂交稻组合。

1.2 数据来源

2013年在四川成都市郫县、雅安市汉源县、遂宁市射洪县、广安市邻水县4个生态区进行大面积高产攻关试验, 成熟期对重点田块取样测定稻米品质并进行比较分析。试验地及取样田种植品种、栽培方式、面积、施肥方案见表1, 土壤理化性状见表2, 生育进程见表3, 4个生态区地理及气象条件(2013年)见表4。

1.3 测定内容及方法

1.3.1 产量测定于成熟期从每块代表田选取6~8个点, 每个点调查40穴的有效穗数, 据求出的平均穗数取样, 每个点取5穴, 装袋并标记田块编号。晾干后室内人工考种, 考察穗长、空瘪粒数、千粒重、总重, 计算每穗总粒数、结实率及理论产量。

1.3.2 稻米品质测定将考种后的样本置于室温保存3个月, 用于籽粒品质测定。按照中华人民共和国国家标准《GB/T17891-1999优质稻谷》测定碾米品质(糙米率、精米率、整精米率)、外观品质(垩白粒率、垩白度、粒长、粒宽)。将精米使用CT410旋风式粉样机粉碎, 过60目筛, 消煮后采用FOSS8400全自动凯式定氮仪测定样品含氮量, 再折算成蛋白质含量。采用简易法(改良碘比色法)^[24]测定稻米直链淀粉含量。采用澳大利亚Newport Scientific仪器公司生产的3-D型黏度速测仪测定稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值, 用TCW (Thermal Cycle for Windows)配套软件进行分析。

表1 4个生态区试验地概况 Table 1 General situation of the four experimental locations

表2 4个生态区试验田土壤理化性状 Table 2 Soil conditions of the test fields in four experimental locations

表3 4个生态区杂交籼稻生长发育进程 Table 3 The whole growth stage for the indica hybrid rice in four experimental locations (month/day)

表4 4个生态区地理及气象条件(2013年) Table 4 Geography and meteorological conditions of the four experimental locations in 2013

1.4 统计分析

应用Microsoft Excel进行数据的整理及分析, DPS 7.5软件进行方差分析, 用LSD (least significant difference tests)比较样本平均数的差异显著性, 用SPSS 18软件进行相关性分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 生态条件对杂交籼稻稻米品质的影响

由表5可以看出, F优498在4个生态区间的稻米品质有较大差异。郫县、汉源、邻水生态区间的稻米糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、蛋白质含量差异均达极显著, 垩白度差异显著或极显著。其中, 碾米品质在郫县表现最优, 邻水最劣。糙米率、精米率、整精米率均为郫县> 射洪、汉源> 邻水; 郫县的糙米率较汉源、邻水分别高出1.83%和3.53%, 且精米率较射洪、汉源、邻水分别高出2.53%、2.62%和4.16%, 整精米率郫县较汉源、射洪、邻水分别高出6.71%、10.67%和13.89%。外观品质中, 米粒长宽比以邻水最大, 射洪、汉源、郫县依次减小; 而垩白粒率和垩白度则在郫县最低, 邻水最高, 汉源和射洪介于二者之间, 其中, 垩白粒率汉源、射洪、邻水较郫县分别高出47.25%、58.43%和106.06%, 垩白度汉源、射洪、邻水较郫县分别高出36.25%、44.63%和123.75%, 故外观品质在郫县最优, 邻水最劣。蛋白质含量在4个生态区间差异均达到显著或极显著, 含量介于5.61%~7.76%之间, 郫县表现出较优的营养品质, 趋势为郫县> 汉源> 射洪> 邻水; 直链淀粉含量为射洪显著高于郫县和邻水, 但4个生态区的直链淀粉含量均较高, 介于26.53%~28.96%之间, 因直链淀粉含量高的稻米蒸煮时米饭蓬松、硬、黏性差, 米粒的延伸性不好, 糊化温度较高, 米饭冷却后会显得更硬, 适口性差^[25]。故各生态区稻米的蒸煮食味品质均需改善。

表6中淀粉RVA谱特征值的方差分析表明, 4个生态区间峰值黏度差异极显著, 郫县、汉源、邻水的崩解值、消减值差异显著或极显著, 其中, 崩解值最高、消减值最低的是邻水; 热浆黏度及冷胶黏度在郫县、汉源两地显著低于邻水、射洪两地; 郫县回复值显著高于其他3个生态区, 峰值时间也显著高于邻水、射洪; 汉源糊化温度显著低于其他3个生态区。一般峰值黏度大、崩解值大、冷胶黏度小、消减值小(且为负值)则食味好, 具有这种特性的米饭可能具有较好的柔软性、黏散性、滋味、馨香味, 食味品质较好^{[26, 27, 28, 29]}。邻水、射洪的峰值黏度、崩解值较高, 消减值较低, 食味较好, 而郫县的峰值黏度、崩解值最低, 消减值最高, 食味较差, 这与直链淀粉含量代表的食味品质结论有出入, 可能与直链淀粉含量并非对米饭质地具有完全的决定作用有关^[16]。

表5 生态条件对杂交籼稻稻米主要品质性状的影响 Table 5 Effects of ecological conditions on the main rice quality characters of indica hybrid rice

表6 生态条件对杂交籼稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的影响 Table 6 Effects of ecological conditions on the RVA profile characteristic values of indica hybrid rice

结合4个生态区的水稻各生育时期气温、土壤肥力与稻米品质性状进行相关分析, 由表7可知, 影响稻米品质的主要生态因子为齐穗前后20 d气温、抽穗至成熟期高温及土壤肥力。其中, 精米率与糙米率分别与齐穗前和齐穗后20 d日平均气温显著正相关, 精米率、整精米率与土壤全氮、全钾、速效磷呈显著或极显著正相关; 米粒长宽比与土壤全磷显著负相关; 垩白粒率、垩白度与齐穗前14~21 d、抽穗至成熟期日最高气温均呈显著正相关, 此外, 垩白粒率还与土壤全氮、全钾、速效磷呈显著或极显著负相关, 垩白度与速效磷显著负相关; 蛋白质含量与抽穗至成熟期最高气温呈显著负相关, 与速效磷极显著正相关; 直链淀粉含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关。由表8可以看出, 峰值黏度与土壤全钾呈显著负相关; 崩解值与齐穗前8~21 d日最高气温呈显著正相关, 与土壤全钾、速效磷显著负相关; 回复值、峰值时间与齐穗前14~21 d日最高气温、抽穗至成熟期日最高气温呈显著或极显著负相关, 与土壤碱解氮呈显著正相关。此外, 对4个生态区海拔、经度、纬度、降雨量与稻米品质性状的相关分析均未达显著水平, 结果未列出。综合以上分析可知, 生态条件对杂交籼稻稻米品质的影响较大, 郫县的稻米品质为最优, 邻水相对较劣。

表7 稻米主要品质性状与生态因子的相关系数 Table 7 Correlation coefficients of the main rice quality characteristics with ecological factors (n=4)

2.2 栽培方式对杂交籼稻稻米品质的影响

对郫县F优498的4种栽培方式、宜香优2115的3种栽培方式和邻水II优602的2种栽培方式下的稻米各品质性状分别进行方差分析, 由表9可知, 除精米率、米粒长宽比和垩白度外, 其他稻米品质指标在不同栽培方式间有显著或极显著差异。碾米品质以机直播较优, 手插、机插、优化定抛在品种间有差异, 其中, F优498整精米率机直播极显著高于手插、机插, 且显著高于优化定抛; 蛋白质含量优化定抛和机插低于机直播和手插, F优498表现为机直播显著高于机插, 含量介于7.62%~7.89%, 宜香优2115为手插极显著高于机插和优化定抛, 含量在8.10%~8.96%之间, 已知蛋白质含量超过9%则食味变差^[16], 因而2个品种在各栽培方式下的蛋白质含量均有利于食味与营养品质的协调; 直链淀粉含量F优498为优化定抛显著高于手插和机直播, 宜香优2115表现为优化定抛显著高于机插, 但两品种在几种栽培方式下的直链淀粉含量均高于20%, 而中等直链淀粉含量(15%~20%)的稻米食味较好^[16], 故优化定抛不利于食味品质的提高; 精确定量等行平作(简称等行平作)与精确定量宽窄行垄作(简称宽窄行垄作)的糙米率、垩白粒率、蛋白质含量有显著或极显著差异, 表现为糙米率、垩白粒率等行平作高于宽窄行垄作, 蛋白质含量宽窄行垄作高于等行平作。

通过对不同栽培方式间杂交籼稻淀粉RVA谱特征值的方差分析(表10)可知, 除峰值时间外, 淀粉RVA谱特征值各项指标在各栽培方式间基本表现出显著或极显著差异, 机插的峰值黏度、崩解值显著或极显著高于其他栽培方式, 且消减值低于其他栽培方式, 有利于食味品质的改善, 两品种表现一致。等行平作与宽窄行垄作峰值黏度、冷胶黏度有极显著差异, 热浆黏度差异显著, 均表现为等行平作高于宽窄行垄作。

由表9和表10可知, 宜香优2115各品质性状均明显优于F优498, 而两品种就以淀粉RVA谱特征值为代表的蒸煮食味品质而言, 均表现为机插优于其他栽培方式。综上可知, 栽培方式及遗传因素(品种)均对稻米品质有影响, 故生产实践中应合理选择合适的栽培方式和品种以改善稻米品质性状, 实现高产优质。

表8 稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值与生态因子的相关系数 Table 8 Correlation coefficients of RVA profile characteristic values with ecological factors (n=4)

表9 栽培方式对杂交籼稻稻米主要品质性状的影响 Table 9 Effects of cultivation pattern on the main rice quality characteristics of indica hybrid rice

2.3 不同产量水平杂交籼稻稻米品质比较

将郫县、汉源、射洪、邻水4个生态区F优498的田块按产量划分为5个水平(表11), 即I类田> 14.5 t hm^-2; II类田 11.5~14.5 t hm^-2; III类田 9.5~10.5 t hm^-2; IV类田 8.6~9.5 t hm^-2; V类田< 8.6 t hm^-2, 并将其品质性状分别取平均值后进行方差分析。由表12可以看出, 5个产量水平的田块碾米品质整体均较优, 糙米率均接近或超过80%, 精米率在72%~ 74%之间, 整精米率均达66%以上, 米粒长宽比均大于2.90, 达到优质稻米一级或二级标准^[30]。其中, 糙米率II类田极显著低于其他4类田, 精米率IV、V类田和I、III类田及II类田达极显著差异, 表现为IV、V> I、III> II, 整精米率IV类田和I、V类田及II、III类田有极显著差异, 表现为IV> I、V> II、III; 但产量较高田块的垩白粒率及垩白度较大, 外观品质较劣, 其中, 垩白粒率表现为IV、V< II< I、III, 且差异达极显著; 垩白度II、IV、V类田极显著低于I类田; 此外, 蛋白质含量在5个产量类型田间均达极显著差异, 表现为II< III< I< IV< V; 直链淀粉含量II、III、IV类田极显著高于I类田, 但含量均高于20%。

表10 栽培方式对稻米淀粉RVA谱特性的影响 Table 10 Effects of cultivation pattern on RVA profile characteristic values

表11 F优498在4个生态区的产量 Table 11 Yield of F you 498 in four experimental locations

表12 杂交籼稻F优498不同产量水平的稻米品质比较 Table 12 Comparison of the rice quality of indica hybrid rice F you 498 with different yield levels

表13 F优498不同产量水平淀粉RVA谱特性比较 Table 13 Comparison of RVA profile characteristic values of F you 498 with different yield levels

对5个产量水平田块的杂交籼稻稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值进行方差分析(表13)得出, 超高产的I类田表征淀粉黏度特性的峰值黏度、热浆黏度较低, 崩解值较小, 消减值较高, 不利于食味的提高; 相对低产的V类田虽加工品质和外观品质较优, 但峰值黏度、热浆黏度较低, 冷胶黏度较高, 崩解值低、消减值高, 也不利于食味的提高。以上分析表明, 不同产量水平类型田块品质性状差异较大, 超高产的I、II类田品质并非最劣。

3 讨论

3.1 影响杂交籼稻稻米品质的主要生态因子

稻米品质不仅受遗传基因的控制, 还受到环境条件等的影响^[1]。郫县、汉源、邻水、射洪是4个典型生态区, 郫县位于四川盆地西平原区, 汉源位于光照较好的攀西地区, 邻水位于川东丘陵区, 射洪位于四川盆地中部丘陵区, 4个生态区间温光条件差异较大。本研究表明4个生态区气温及土壤肥力水平的差异与稻米品质差异有一定关系, 郫县的稻米品质性状整体最优, 而邻水最劣, 汉源和射洪介于两者之间。四川的稻米品质区划分布在4个三级次亚区, 即川渝丘陵高温伏旱食用中籼再生稻、多用双季籼稻次亚区, 四川盆地中部丘陵多旱夏热多用中籼次亚区, 四川盆地西部平原春夏旱微热食用中籼稻次亚区和川、渝盆地周围山地冷凉食用早中籼稻次亚区^[2]。邻水、射洪、郫县和汉源分别属于以上4个三级次亚区, 可知以郫县为代表的四川盆地西部平原春夏旱微热食用中籼稻次亚区的稻米品质较好。

郫县的稻米碾米品质优于其他3个生态区, 主要是由于其齐穗前后气温相对较适宜(齐穗前20 d日均温为25.42℃, 齐穗后20 d日均温为26.43℃), 促进光合产物的积累、运输, 利于籽粒的充实, 以形成较高的糙米率和精米率; 而较高的土壤全氮、全钾、速效磷含量利于提高精米率、整精米率; 灌浆成熟期的高温会增加稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度, 可能是高温引起细胞分裂快, 致细胞小而多, 淀粉粒贮存疏松, 折光反应明显^[31], 高温还会使籽粒灌浆加速, 消耗养分增多, 致使籽粒充实度差, 垩白度增加^[32]。此外, 邻水的土壤速效磷含量仅为40.74 mg kg^-1, 远低于郫县(183.66 mg kg^-1), 而其垩白粒率和垩白度极显著高于郫县, 说明土壤速效磷含量高则有利于降低垩白粒率和垩白度, 改善稻米外观品质, 土壤速效磷含量的增加还会提高稻米的蛋白质含量。常二华等^[33]认为磷素营养水平可以改变根系分泌物的含量和组成, 从而影响稻米品质的形成。灌浆结实期的高温也会降低稻米蛋白质含量, 与邓飞等^[8]的研究结论相同。直链淀粉含量主要受品种遗传因素影响^[34], 也受灌浆结实期温度^[35]等的影响, 而本试验表明直链淀粉含量随土壤有机质含量的升高而显著升高。

从淀粉RVA谱特征值看, 邻水、射洪的峰值黏度、崩解值较高, 消减值较低, 利于食味的改善, 而郫县的峰值黏度、崩解值最低, 消减值最高, 不利于食味的改善。本研究表明峰值黏度与土壤全钾含量显著负相关, 崩解值与土壤全钾、速效磷显著负相关, 还与齐穗前8~21 d的日最高温显著正相关, 故要改善稻米食味品质, 应据当地土壤肥力适量施用磷肥和钾肥, 在齐穗前遇极端高温时可采取降温措施如人工降雨等, 提供适宜品质形成的环境条件或合理选择前茬并适当调整播期避开灌浆结实期高温以获得优质稻米; 此外, 选择对生态环境条件适应性好的品种才能将生态条件的潜力发挥到最大。

3.2 高产栽培条件下优质稻米生产的栽培方式选择

目前我国水稻主要的栽培方式有手插、机插、抛秧、人工撒直播及机直播等, 各栽培方式下水稻的产量及品质有较大差异。从本试验结果来看, 机直播的碾米品质较优, 可能是各栽培方式下生育进程不同导致灌浆结实期所处的环境条件不同, 已有研究^[16]也表明, 整精米率与灌浆结实期日均温度、日最高温度、日最低温度呈负相关, 与日均温差和日均光照时数呈正相关; 而蛋白质含量随光强的降低极显著增加^[36], 与灌浆结实期日均温度和日照时数呈极显著负相关^[8], 而出穗后30 d内平均气温与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关^[37]; 优化定抛和机插的蛋白质含量低于机直播和手插, 优化定抛的直链淀粉含量显著高于其他栽培方式, 与其生育进程不同致灌浆结实期温光条件差异有关; 淀粉RVA谱特征值中, 机插的峰值黏度、崩解值高于其他栽培方式, 且冷胶黏度和消减值低于机直播和优化定抛, 利于食味品质的改善, 有研究认为, 随灌浆结实期日均温和日照时数的降低, 峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度均显著降低^[8]。故各栽培方式间稻米品质差异形成的重要时期为灌浆结实期, 各栽培方式的生育进程及田间植株分布差异等致灌浆结实期温光条件不同, 最终形成品质间的差异。本研究中, 郫县F优498和宜香优2115配合机插均表现出较优的蒸煮食味品质。故在生产实践中, 应该结合当地近年气候条件合理安排前茬作物和选择适宜生育期及优质品种, 适期播种及选择适宜的栽培方式, 以获得较好的稻米品质。

宽窄行垄作属半旱式栽培, 是将水稻栽于垄面, 实行浸润灌溉的一种栽培方式。本试验结果表明, 宽窄行垄作的主要稻米品质较等行平作没有太大的优势。故在降雨不多且常有伏旱的水稻种植区应尽量选择平作以在获得较优的稻米品质的前提下减少投入。

3.3 高产及超高产水平下的稻米品质

水稻在高产及超高产水平下的稻米品质与中低产相比并非最劣, 说明高产和优质是可以兼得的。王学红等^[38]研究认为, 超高产栽培可以显著改善稻米碾米品质、外观品质和营养品质。本研究中, 高产及超高产的田块(I、II类田)碾米品质整体较优, 而外观品质较劣, 直链淀粉含量较高; 对淀粉RVA谱特征值的分析也表明超高产的I类田蒸煮食味品质相对较差, 故今后对高产田品质的研究要注重蒸煮食味品质的改善。此外, 在本研究中, 高产及超高产田(I、II类田)集中在汉源, 而低产田(V类田)主要在郫县、射洪和邻水, 汉源日照充足, 昼夜温差大, 利于高产, 而郫县日照偏少, 射洪则受浅丘地形制约, 散热慢, 气温日差较小, 邻水受地理因素影响水资源缺乏及灾害性天气时有发生, 不利于高产; 故生态条件的差异对杂交籼稻产量及品质均有较大影响, 在选择高产创建区时应该充分了解生态点的气候条件。现阶段大众对稻米品质的要求越来越高, 故应在高产及超高产栽培下提高稻米品质性状, 而本研究也表明高产及超高产可改善稻米的碾米品质, 而蒸煮食味品质的改善还有待继续研究。

4 结论

生态条件对稻米品质有较大影响, 4个生态区中郫县的稻米品质性状整体最优, 邻水相对较劣, 汉源和射洪介于两者之间。影响稻米品质的主要生态因子为齐穗前后20 d气温、抽穗至成熟期高温及土壤肥力。机直播的碾米品质较优, F优498和宜香优2115配合机插均表现出较优的蒸煮食味品质; 高产及超高产的田块碾米品质整体较优, 而外观品质和蒸煮食味品质相对较差, 需进一步探究改善的措施。针对4个生态区的不同特点, 建议郫县加大对机插及其配套栽培技术的推广, 同时加大对优质稻米品种的推广; 汉源水稻产量较高则更应选择米质好的品种试验和推广以获得高产与优质的结合; 射洪虽处丘陵区但仍可以尝试推广机插, 而邻水最重要的是合理分配及管理稻田用水, 在施肥方面适量增加磷肥和钾肥以补足土壤磷钾的缺口, 提高水稻的产量和品质。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[11]	叶全宝, 张洪程, 李华, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 夏科, 戴其根, 许轲. 施氮水平和栽插密度对粳稻淀粉RVA谱特性的影响. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 124-130 Ye Q B, Zhang H C, Li H, Huo Z Y, Wei H Y, Xia K, Dai Q G, Xu K. Effects of amount of nitrogen applied and planting density on RVA profiles characteristic of japonica rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 124-130 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.681]
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[19]	熊绍军, 李尚书, 李绍前. 杂交中稻尚优518示范表现及高产栽培技术. 杂交水稻, 2012, 27(4): 48-49 Xiong S J, Li S S, Li S Q. Demonstrative performance and high-yielding cultural techniques of medium hybrid rice Shangyou 518. Hybrid Rice, 2012, 27(4): 48-49 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.481]
[20]	杨培忠, 刘丕庆, 黄理寿, 农志昭, 王显勇, 范辉林, 廖汝昌. 特优679在广西陆川县示范高产栽培技术. 杂交水稻, 2012, 27(4): 55-56 Yang P Z, Liu P Q, Huang L S, Nong Z Z, Wang X Y, Fan H L, Liao R C. High-yield cultural techniques of Teyou 679 in the demonstration at Luchuan county, Guangxi. Hybrid Rice, 2012, 27(4): 55-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.481]
[21]	于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 451-456 Yu L H, Li G H, Xu J J, Ling Q H, Ding Y F. Population characteristics of machine-transplanted japonica rice based on high-yield demonstration fields. Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 451-456 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.394]
[22]	任万军, 胡晓玲, 杨万全, 邓玲, 刘代银, 曾必荣, 杨文钰. 水稻优化定抛的增产机理与关键技术. 中国稻米, 2008, (3): 54-56 Ren W J, Hu X L, Yang W Q, Deng L, Liu D Y, Zeng B R, Yang W Y. Increasing production of mechanism and key techniques of opstimal cast transplanting of rice. China Rice, 2008, (3): 54-56 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.71]
[23]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 丁艳锋, 张益彬. 水稻高产技术的新发展——精确定量栽培. 中国稻米, 2005, (1): 3-7 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Ding Y F, Zhang Y B. The new development of rice high yield technology—the precise and quantitative cultivation. China Rice, 2005, (1): 3-7 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.71]
[24]	焦桂爱, 胡培松, 唐绍清, 罗炬, 邵高能. 稻米直链淀粉含量的简易测定方法. 中国稻米, 2009, (3): 23-24 Jiao G A, Hu P S, Tang S Q, Luo J, Shao G N. A simple method for the determination of amylose content of rice. China Rice, 2009, (3): 23-24 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.71]
[25]	王志东, 赖穗春, 李宏, 黄道强, 卢德城, 周德贵, 王重荣, 周少川. 稻米食味品质评价方法的研究进展与展望. 广东农业科学, 2011, (13): 18-20 Wang Z D, Lai S C, Li H, Huang D Q, Lu D C, Zhou D G, Wang C R, Zhou S C. Research progress and prospect of eating quality evaluation method. Guangdong Agric Sci, 2011, (13): 18-20 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.512]
[26]	舒庆尧, 吴殿星, 夏英武, 高明尉. 稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与食用品质的关系. 中国农业科学, 1998, 31(3): 1-4 Shu Q R, Wu D X, Xia Y W, Gao M W. Relationship between RVA profile character and eating quality in Oryza sativa L. Sci Agric Sin, 1998, 31(3): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.4]
[27]	张小明, 石春海, 富田桂. 粳稻米淀粉特性与食味间的相关性分析. 中国水稻科学, 2002, 16: 157-161 Zhang X M, Shi C H, Katsura T. Correlation analysis between starch characteristics and taste quality in japonica rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2002, 16: 157-161 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.394]
[28]	吴殿星, 舒庆尧, 夏英武. RVA分析辅助选择食用优质早籼稻的研究. 作物学报, 2001, 27: 165-172 Wu D X, Shu Q Y, Xia Y W, Assisted-selection for early indica rice with good eating quality by RVA profile. Acta Agron Sin, 2001, 27: 165-172 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.681]
[29]	吴殿星, 舒庆尧, 夏英武. 利用RVA谱快速鉴别不同表观直链淀粉含量早籼稻的淀粉粘滞特性. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 57-59 Wu D X, Shu Q Y, Xia Y W. Rapid identification of starch viscosity property of early indica rice varieties with different apparent amylose content by RVA profile. Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 57-59 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.394]
[30]	GB/T 17891-1999. 优质稻谷. 国家标准: B/T 17891-1999. , GB/T 17891-1999. High Quality Paddy. National Stand ard of China: B/T 17891-1999. (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[31]	范燕萍, 周美兰, 唐启源. 稻米胚乳淀粉细胞结构与米质关系的研究: II. 不同生态条件对稻米胚乳淀粉细胞的影响. 作物研究, 1989, 3(2): 19-23 Fan Y M, Zhou M L, Tang Q Y. Study on the relationship of structure of grain quality and endosperm cells of rice starch: II. Effect of different ecological conditions on rice endosperm starch cells. Crop Res, 1989, 3(2): 19-23 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.671]
[32]	孟亚利, 周治国. 结实期温度与稻米品质的关系. 中国水稻科学, 1997, 11: 51-54 Meng Y L, Zhou Z G. Relationship between rice grain quality and temperature during seed setting period. Chin J Rice Sci, 1997, 11: 51-54 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.394]
[33]	常二华, 张耗, 张慎凤, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 结实期氮磷营养水平对水稻根系分泌物的影响及其与稻米品质的关系. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1949-1959 Chang E H, Zhang H, Zhang S F, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the root exudates during grain filling and their relations with grain quality of rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1949-1959 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.681]
[34]	张运锋, 谭学林. 水稻直链淀粉的影响因素、直链淀粉对加工品质的影响及遗传. 福建稻麦科技, 2004, 22(3): 9-11 Zhang Y F, Tan X L. Factors rice amylose content, amylose content on processing quality and amylose content genetics. Fujian Sci Technol Rice & Wheat, 2004, 22(3): 9-11 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[35]	程方民, 丁元树, 朱碧岩. 稻米直链淀粉含量的形成及其与灌浆结实期温度的关系. 生态学报, 2000, 20: 646-651 Cheng F M, Ding Y S, Zhu B Y. The formation of amylose content in rice grain and its relation with field temperature. Acta Ecol Sin, 2000, 20: 646-651 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[36]	任万军, 杨文钰, 徐精文, 樊高琼, 马周华. 弱光对水稻籽粒生长及品质的影响. 作物学报, 2003, 29: 785-790 Ren W J, Yang W Y, Xu J W, Fan G Q, Ma Z H. Effect of light on grain growth and quality in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2003, 29: 785-790 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.681]
[37]	冯卫东, 杨生龙, 张俊杰, 张仲军, 闫宏. 日本水稻品质研究的理论与实践综述——关于米的食味. 宁夏农林科技, 2005, (4): 54-56 Feng W D, Yang S L, Zhang J J, Zhang Z J, Yan H. Overview on the theory and practice of Japanese rice quality research-about the eating quality of rice. Ningxia J Agric For Sci & Technol, 2005, (4): 54-56 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[38]	王学红, 杨波, 杜永, 刘群松, 朱道荣. 水稻超高产栽培的品质效应研究. 山东农业科学, 2011, (2): 42-44 Wang X H, Yang B, Du Y, Liu Q S, Zhu D R. Study on the quality effect of super high yield cultivation of rice. Shand ong Agric Sci, 2011, (2): 42-44 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.593]

1997

0.0

0.663

贺浩华, 彭小松, 刘宜柏. 环境条件对稻米品质的影响. 江西农业学报, 1997, 9(4): 66-72

He S

, Peng X

, Liu Y

Effect of environmental conditions on rice quality.

Acta Agric Jiangxi, 1997, 9(4): 66-72 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本文综述了环境条件对垩白、透明度、整精米率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胸稠度、蛋白质含量，香味及化学成分等稻米品质性状影响，并提出了改善稻米品质的栽培措施。

... 稻米品质受品种遗传特性和环境条件综合影响^[1] ...

... 此外, 土壤水分^[1]及稻米加工贮藏方式^[16]等对米质均有影响 ...

... 1 影响杂交籼稻稻米品质的主要生态因子稻米品质不仅受遗传基因的控制, 还受到环境条件等的影响^[1] ...

0.0

... 区为西南高原食用、多用籼、粳、糯稻区, IV区为北方食用粳稻区^[2] ...

... 四川的稻米品质区划分布在4个三级次亚区, 即川渝丘陵高温伏旱食用中籼再生稻、多用双季籼稻次亚区, 四川盆地中部丘陵多旱夏热多用中籼次亚区, 四川盆地西部平原春夏旱微热食用中籼稻次亚区和川、渝盆地周围山地冷凉食用早中籼稻次亚区^[2] ...

2005

0.0

1.394

金正勋, 杨静, 钱春荣, 李海英, 金学泳, 秋太权. 灌浆成熟期温度对水稻籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性及品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2005, 19: 377-380

Jin Z

, Yang

, Qian C

, Li H

, Jin X

, Qiu T

Effects of temperature during grain filling period on activities of key enzymes for starch synthesis and grain quality.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2005, 19: 377-380 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Three japonica rice varieties with different eating and cooking quality were investigated under high temperature conditions in greenhouse and natural conditions to reveal the effects of temperature during the grain filling on the activities of the key enzymes for starch synthesis and quality of eating and cooking of rice. Under the conditions of higher temperatures(mean temperature 24.5℃) during grain filling, protein content in rice grain increased and amylose content and taste meter value decreased. Inferior quality varieties were higher in degree of increasing protein or decreasing amylose than supperior quality ones. Reaction in RVA properties to temperature during grain filling varied with rice varieties and RVA indexes. Activities of ADPG pyrophosphorylase, soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzymes increased first and then fell down. Different varieties had different enzyme activities at the same filling stage and differed in the time when enzyme activity reached a pea k value. Activities of ADPG pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase responsed dully to the temperature but starch branching enzyme was more sensitive to the temperature and its activity declined when temperature was too high or too low. High temperature is propitious to enhancing the activities of ADPG pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthetic enzyme.

选用蒸煮食味品质不同的3个粳稻品种，利用温室高温和自然常温，研究了灌浆成熟期温度对水稻籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性及蒸煮食味品质的影响。结果表明，灌浆成熟期高温条件下，水稻籽粒蛋白质含量提高，直链淀粉含量和味度值降低，劣质品种提高或降低的程度大于优质品种；RVA谱特性对灌浆成熟期温度的反应因品种和特性而异；灌浆过程中，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶活性随灌浆进程，酶活性逐渐增加，达到峰值以后，酶活性又逐渐下降，呈单峰曲线，但不同品种酶活性达到峰值的时间和同一时期的酶活性大小有差异；ADPG焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶的活性表现对温度的影响反应较为迟钝，而淀粉分支酶活性表现对温度变化的反应较为敏感，温度过高过低都降低该酶活性。

... 可以看出, 生态条件对稻米的品质有较大影响, 前人研究表明, 灌浆结实期高温会导致稻米垩白增加, 透明度变差, 整精米率下降, 蒸煮食味品质变劣^[3,4,5,6,7] ...

2007

0.0

1.394

盛靖, 陶红娟, 陈留根. 灌浆结实期不同时段温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 396-402

Sheng

, Tao H

, Chen L

Response of seed and grain quality of rice to temperature at different time during grain filling period.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 396-402 (in Chinese with English abstract)

An experiment was conducted with two rice varieties Huajing 1 and Teyou 559 in plant growth chamber with four temperature treatments for each of six times during grain filling period to investigate the response of seed-setting and grain quality to temperature at different time during grain filling.Seed setting rate and grain weight descended significantly,and appearance and eating qualities were worse after exposure to high temperature(40℃)at the filling stage.Under the experimental conditions,the optimum diurnal air temperatures for high seed setting rate,grain weight and good qualities were 35℃ and 30℃ at the filling stage for Huajing 1 and Teyou 559,respectively.Moreover,the response of seed-setting and grain quality to temperature differed with the temperature treated time.The most sensitive time of seed setting rate and grain weight to high temperature was at 1-5th and 11-20th day after flowering.However,high temperature at 16-20th day after flowering produced the most inferior appearance and eating qualities.High temperature had slight effect on grain quality at the later grain-filling stage(25 days after flowering).Therefore,temperature conditions during grain filling is one of the most important agricultural factors affecting rice good quality production.

利用人工气候箱在水稻灌浆结实期不同时段进行温度试验，研究温度对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响。结果表明，灌浆结实期40℃高温处理后籽粒结实率显著降低，粒重下降，外观品质和食味品质变差。不同水稻品种对灌浆结实期温度的响应表现不一致。在试验条件下，华粳1号开花受精的敏感温度为35℃，而特优559开花、灌浆结实的最适温度为30℃，该温度处理结实率、粒重较高，外观品质以及食味品质较优。此外，灌浆结实期不同时段的高温对水稻结实与稻米品质的影响也存在显著差异：结实率对高温最敏感的时期是开花后1~5 d，粒重对高温最敏感的时期是开花后11~20 d；而温度对稻米品质影响最大的时期主要在花后16~20 d，25 d后温度处理影响较小。因此，灌浆前期适宜的温度条件对水稻优质栽培意义重大。

2011

0.0

1.681

2006

0.0

1.681

张国发, 王绍华, 尤娟, 王强盛, 丁艳锋, 吉志军. 结实期不同时段高温对稻米品质的影响. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 283-287

Zhang G

, Wang S

, You

, Wang Q

, Ding Y

, Ji Z

Effect of temperature in different filling stages on rice qualities.

Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 283-287 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The temperature of rice grain-filling stage is the primary ecologic factor for rice qualities. Yangdao6 ( indica rice) and Wuyujing3 ( japonica rice) were used to study the effects of higher temperatures in different filling stage on rice qualities and characteristic values of Rapidvisco-analyzer with climatic cabinets. The temperature treatments were as follows: higher temperature (30℃) in whole grain-filling stage (A); higher temperature in early grain-filling stage (GFS) and optimum temperature (23℃) in later GFS stage (B); optimum temperature in early GFS and higher temperature in later GFS(C); optimum temperature in whole GFS (D,CK) (Table 1). The results showed that, different cultivars had different responses to various temperature treatments, and so did the various indexes of rice qualities. With high temperature in GFS, rice grain chalkness rate and grain chalkness were increased, while the brow rice rate, the milled rice rate and the head rice rate decreased significantly (Table 2); the effects of GFS temperature on rice AC value were various with cultivars, under high temperature treatments, Yangdao 6’s AC value were increased, while Wuyujing3’s AC value decreased (Fig.1). Under high temperature treatments, both cultivars performed higher protein content (Fig.2), higher Gelatinization temperature, Final viscosity, Consistency and Setback, lower Peak viscosity, Hot viscosity, and Breakdown (Table 3). Compared with D treatment, the rice qualities were affected by a treatment mostly, moderately by B treatment, while least by C treatment. The rice quality indexes under A and B treatments were various greatly with those under C and D treatment; while those under A treatment were various slightly with those under B treatment, and so did those under C treatment with D treatment. It can be concluded that: the period from heading to the 20 days later is the vital stage for whole rice quality in response to higher temperature, which affects rice qualities decisively; while the effect of the temperature in the later stage (beyond 20 days from heading) is slight. And the effect of higher temperature on some parameters of quality differs with cultivar, even though higher temperature degrades whole rice quality in general.

Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Hi-Tech Key Laboratory of Information Agriculture, Nanjing 210095，Jiangsu

选用扬稻6号（籼稻）和武育粳3号（粳稻）两个品种，利用人工气候室进行灌浆结实期阶段控温试验，探讨结实期高温对稻米品质指标和淀粉RVA的影响，以及温度影响的时段效应。结果表明，结实期温度对稻米品质影响明显，且不同品种、不同品质指标对温度的反应存在差异。结实期高温，使两品种长宽比变小，垩白粒率、垩白度变大，糙米率、精米率和整精米率显著降低，蛋白质含量升高，淀粉RVA谱特征值糊化开始温度、冷胶黏度、回复值和消减值升高，最高黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值下降；结实期温度对AC的影响因品种而异，高温使扬稻6号AC升高，武育粳3号AC降低。全结实期高温对稻米品质的影响最大，结实前期高温次之，结实后期高温的影响较小。从抽穗到开花后20 d是温度影响稻米品质的关键时期，对稻米品质的形成具有决定性作用，而结实后期（开花20 d后）环境温度对稻米品质的影响较弱。

2006

0.0

1.904

陶龙兴, 王熹, 廖西元, 沈波, 谈惠娟, 黄世文. 灌浆期气温与源库强度对稻米品质的影响及其生理分析. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 647-652

Tao L

, Wang

, Liao X

, Shen

, Tan H

, Huang S

Physiological effects of air temperature and sink-source volume at milk-filling stage of rice on its grain quality.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 647-652 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper studied the grain quality and Q-enzyme activity of three rice variet ies and their combinations as affected by air temperature and sinksource volum e.The results showed that at the early stage of milk filling,the grains of fully milk filling under high temperature had a higher chalkiness,lower transparency ,and lower rate of white rice.Compared with the grain of early-rice,that of late rice had higher gel consistency and transparency,and higher rate of white rice.Planting rice at early-or late season had no significant effect on the am ylose and protein contents of rice grain.Leaf-cutting to limit source decreased grain quality markedly,while grain-thinning to decrease sink improved grain qu ality significantly.

1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology,China National Rice Research In stitute,Hangzhou 310006,China; 2 College of Life Science,Hangzhou Teachers College,Hangzhou 310012,China

利用自然条件下的早、晚季种植作为温度处理，选择米质低、中、优等级的6个水稻品种（组合）作为供试材料，研究了早、晚季种植下的稻米品质、淀粉分支酶活性变化，以及温度处理间的差异.结果表明,在籽粒灌浆初期，高温环境下灌浆充实的籽粒，其稻米的垩白增加、透明度变差、整精米率下降，对出糙率及精米率没有明显影响.与早季种植的稻米相比，晚季种植稻米的胶稠度、整精米率、透明度增加.早、晚季种植对稻米直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量等没有显著影响.剪叶限源处理显著降低稻米质量，疏粒减库处理显著提高稻米品质.

2012

0.0

1.681

邓飞, 王丽, 叶德成, 任万军, 杨文钰. 生态条件及栽培方式对稻米RVA谱特性及蛋白质含量的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 717-724

Deng

, Wang

, Ye D

, Ren W

, Yang W

Effects of ecological conditions and cultivation methods on rice starch RVA profile characteristics and protein content.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 717-724 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to clarify the relations of ecological conditions, cultivation methods and their interactions with rice starch and protein qualities, the authors systematically studied the effects of cultivation methods on rice strach RVA profile and protein content under different ecological conditions by using rice varieties II You 498 as material. The result showed that all of the ecological conditions, cultivation methods and interactions of them had a significant effect on the RVA profile of rice starch. With the raising of altitude and the reducing of average temperature and sunshine hours in 30 days after heading, the peak viscosi ty, hot paste viscosity and cool paste viscosity of RVA depressed significantly. It was found that both of seedling age and transplanting methods caused RVA profile changes. The peak viscosity and cool paste viscosity of long seedling age were higher than those of short seedling age. Meanwhile, the peak viscosity, hot paste viscosity and cool paste viscosity of the optimized-broadcasting rice treatment were lower than those of the double seedlings hand-transplanted treatment. Because of the interaction of ecological condition and cultivation method, all of the seven eigenvalue were strongly influenced, but pasting temperature. In addition, it was easy to discover that breakdown viscosity and setback viscosity were affected higher than peak time and pasting temperature, according to the coefficient of variation. Besides, all of the latitude, light and temperature conditions affected protein content seriously. In conclusion, in order to get a better cooking and eating quality and rice yield under different ecological conditions, an appropriate cultivation method must be chosen.

1 Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; 2 Renshou Bureau of Agriculture, Renshou 620500, China

为明确稻米淀粉及蛋白质品质与生态条件、栽培方式及其互作的关系，采用随机区组多点试验设计，研究了秧龄和移栽方式对四川不同生态条件下稻米淀粉RVA谱特性和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明，生态条件、栽培方式及两者互作效应均对稻米淀粉RVA谱特征值有极显著影响。海拔高度与峰值黏度、回复值和糊化温度显著负相关；随灌浆结实期日均温度和日照时数降低，峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度均显著降低。秧龄和移栽方式的改变，均导致淀粉RVA谱特性的变化。秧龄不同，除糊化温度外，峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度等7项RVA谱特征值间存在明显差异，且峰值黏度和冷胶黏度均随秧龄的减小而降低。移栽方式不同，淀粉RVA谱特性也存在差异，单苗优化定抛处理的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度均低于双苗手插处理。除糊化温度外，峰值黏度等7项特征值的互作效应均达极显著水平。通过变异系数可看出，生态条件和栽培方式对崩解值的影响最大，消减值次之，对峰值时间和糊化温度的影响最小。此外，籽粒蛋白质含量同样受生态条件影响，其与海拔高度呈显著正相关，与灌浆结实期日均温度和日照时数呈负相关关系。

... 稻米蛋白质含量与海拔高度呈显著正相关, 与灌浆结实期日均温度和日照时数呈负相关, 海拔高度和稻米淀粉峰值黏度、回复值和糊化温度显著负相关^[8] ...

... 灌浆结实期的高温也会降低稻米蛋白质含量, 与邓飞等^[8]的研究结论相同 ...

... 而蛋白质含量随光强的降低极显著增加^[36], 与灌浆结实期日均温度和日照时数呈极显著负相关^[8], 而出穗后30 d内平均气温与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关^[37] ...

... 淀粉RVA谱特征值中, 机插的峰值黏度、崩解值高于其他栽培方式, 且冷胶黏度和消减值低于机直播和优化定抛, 利于食味品质的改善, 有研究认为, 随灌浆结实期日均温和日照时数的降低, 峰值黏度、热浆黏度和冷胶黏度均显著降低^[8] ...

2013

3.534

0.0

... 在水稻生育中后期遮阴(弱光)对稻米糊化特性的影响大于生育前期遮阴, 且不同品种对遮阴的反应明显不同^[9] ...

... 栽插密度过大或过小均影响米饭的黏性, 从而使稻米的品质变劣^[9] ...

2012

0.0

1.681

陈莹莹, 胡星星, 陈京都, 杨雄, 马群, 陈乔, 葛梦婕, 戴其根. 氮肥水平对江苏早熟晚粳稻食味品质的影响及其品种间差异. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 2086-2092

Chen Y

, Hu X

, Chen J

, Yang

, Ma

, Chen

, Ge M

, Dai Q

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on quality of early-maturing late japonica rice in Jiangsu and its difference among varieties.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 2086-2092 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was carried out with 50 early-maturing late japonica . The main results showed that with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, the eating quality was decreased. There were positive correlations between taste value and gel consistency, PKVand BDV, but negative correlations between taste value and amylose content, protein content, HTV, FNV, SBV, and PT.Eighteen varieties better than others were screened with the taste value between 53.9 and 64.0. The application of nitrogen hadthe different effects on indexes of eating qualities among varieties.According to responses of taste value to nitrogen application levels, these varietieswere divided into three groups (insensitive, intermediate, and sensitive). The insensitive group with high taste value containe varieties, such as Tongeng 981, Nangeng 46, Zhendao 158, and Changyou 2, which taste values were relatively stable under all nitrogen levels, even under high nitrogen levels. Another group with high taste value was sensitive to nitrogen application levels, such as Zhendao 661 and M1148, which we should pay attention to the effect ofN fertilizerapplication to taste value in cultivating. The rest was intermediate. In terms of their different responses of taste value to nitrogen application levels, good cooking quality could be obtained through properly reducing nitrogen application. rice varieties released in late decade in Jiangsu Province, to study the effects of seven nitrogen application levels (0, 150, 187, 225, 262, 298, and 337 kg ha -1 ) on the difference in eating qualities.

College of Agronomy, Yangzhou University / Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225009, China

以江苏近十年50个早熟晚粳品种稻米为材料，在大田条件下设0、150、187、225、262、298和337 kg hm -2 7种施氮水平，研究其对食味品质及品种间差异的影响。结果表明，食味值随施氮量的增加而降低，增施氮肥使稻米蒸煮食味品质变劣。综合评价各品种蒸煮食味品质指标，分析各品种稻米食味品质特点，筛选出18个食味品质较好的品种，食味值在53.9~64.0之间。施氮量对稻米品质指标有一定的调节作用，且因品种类型而异，根据对氮肥响应的敏感程度，将优质品种分为迟钝型、中间型和敏感型3类。其中，通粳981、南粳46、镇稻158、常优2号等品种对氮肥响应迟钝且品质较优，这些品种即使在高产所需的高氮肥条件下也能获得较高的食味值；镇稻661、M1148对氮肥敏感且品质较优，在保优栽培中要注意施氮肥水平对这类品种食味值的影响；其余品种为中间型。在蒸煮品质指标中，食味值与胶稠度、最高黏度及崩解值呈正相关，而与直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、热浆黏度、最终黏度、消减值及糊化温度呈负相关。

... 栽培措施的改变对稻米品质也有一定影响, 随施氮量的增加, 稻米蒸煮食味品质变差^[10], 米饭黏性有变劣的趋势^[11], 加大氮肥用量和中后期氮肥比例可以显著提高水稻蛋白质含量^[12,13,14] ...

2005

0.0

1.681

叶全宝, 张洪程, 李华, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 夏科, 戴其根, 许轲. 施氮水平和栽插密度对粳稻淀粉RVA谱特性的影响. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 124-130

Ye Q

, Zhang H

, Li

, Huo Z

, Wei H

, Xia

, Dai Q

, Xu

Effects of amount of nitrogen applied and planting density on RVA profiles characteristic of japonica rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 124-130 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen applied and planting density on RVA profile characteristic of japonica rice were studied by using Changyou 1(a japonica hybrid cultivar) and Wuyunjing 7(a traditional japonica cultivar) as materials. The results were as follows：(1)There were differences in RVA profile charac

Agronomy Department，Agricultural College，Yangzhou University，Yangzhou 225009，Jiangsu

以杂交粳稻常优1号和常规粳稻武运粳7号为材料，研究了不同施氮量和栽插密度对粳稻稻米淀粉RVA谱特性的影响。结果表明：(1)两供试品种的RVA谱特性存在品种间差异，常优1号的峰值黏度和崩解值较大，冷胶黏度、消减值、回复值和糊化起始温度较低。(2)施氮量和栽插密度对RVA谱特性均有不同程度的影响，而施氮量的影响更大。(3)

2001

0.0

1.707

金正勋, 秋太权, 孙艳丽, 赵久明, 金学泳. 氮肥对稻米垩白及蒸煮食味品质特性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2001, 7: 31-35

Jin Z

, Qiu T

, Sun Y

, Zhao J

, Jin X

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on chalkness ratio and cooking and eating quality properties of rice grain.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2001, 7: 31-35 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the chalkness ratio and physicochemical properties and amylogram properties of rice grain are researched by seven Japonica rice varieties that are different each other in quality The results showed that with the increasing of nitrogen fertilizer, chalkness ratio and amylose content get lower, gel consistency get smaller, protein content get higher, and the other properties except initial pasting temperature in amylogram properties all get lower, but initial pasting temperature get higher Under applied equal amount nitrogen fertilizer in the whole growth period of rice, contrasted with applying nitrogen fertilizer in the front growth period of rice, chalkness ratio and amylose content under heading stage applying nitrogen fertilizer get a little smaller, gel consistency get shorter, protein content get higher, but amylogram properties is hardly influence The diversence exist between the reactions of different varieties or quality characters to nitrogen fertilizer

Agricultural College;Northeast Agric Univ;Harbin 150030;China

利用稻米品质特性不同的 7个粳稻品种 ,研究了氮肥对稻米垩白率、理化特性及淀粉谱特性的影响。结果表明 ,随着氮肥施用量的增加 ,稻米垩白率和直链淀粉含量逐渐降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,而在稻米淀粉谱特性中除糊化开始温度略提高外 ,其余特性均降低或变小 ;在水稻全生育期施同等量的氮肥时 ,与生育前期追施氮肥相比 ,抽穗期追施氮肥 ,其稻米的垩白率和直链淀粉含量降低 ,胶稠度变短 ,蛋白质含量提高 ,但对稻米淀粉谱特性的影响很小。品质特性对氮肥的反应敏感程度品种间有差异。

2010

0.0

1.707

潘圣刚, 翟晶, 曹凑贵, 蔡明历, 王若涵, 黄胜奇, 李进山. 氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收特性及稻米品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 522-527

Pan S

, Zhai

, Cao C

, Cai M

, Wang R

, Huang S

, Li J

Effects of nitrogen management practices on nutrition uptake and grain qualities of rice.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 522-527 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of nitrogen management practices on nutrition uptake and grain qualities of rice were examined using a rice cultivar, Yanglianyou 6, in a field study. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied in three splits, namely, 40% as basal, 30% at 10 days after transplanting (DAT) and 30% at 36 DAT (40-30-30), and 30% as basal, 20%at 10 DAT and 50% at 36 DAT (30-20-50), and the N application rates were set to N 0, 150 and 240 kg/ha, expressed as N 0 , N 150 and N 240 , respectively. Compared to the N 150 and N 0 treatments, total nitrogen accumulation (TNA), total phosphorus accumulation (TPA) and total potassium accumulation (TKA) of the N 240 treatment at maturity stage are increased by 21.5%, 18.5%, 18.3% and 134.6%, 127.0%, 82.7%, and rice yields are increased by 10.4% and 39.6%, respectively. Under the same nitrogen application rate, TNA and yield of the 30-20-50 split are 15.4% and 7.3% higher than those of the 40-30-30 split at the maturity stage. The grain protein of rice is improved significantly; while grain amylose content is decreased, and the quality of appearance is worsen due to the improvement of chalkyness of grain under the N 240 treatment with the 30-20-50 split.

1 Crop Production and Physiology Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China;2 Tobacoo Science Research Institure, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330029, China;3 Extended Centre of Agriculture & Technology, Suizhou city, Hubei 441300, China

以水稻品种扬两优6号为材料，研究了田间条件氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收及产量和品质的影响。结果表明，高氮处理（N 240 ）成熟期氮素积累总量、磷素积累总量和钾素积累总量分别比中氮（N 150 ）和低氮处理（N 0 ）增加了21.5%、18.5%、18.3%和134.6%、127.0%和82.7%；产量增加了10.4%和39. 6%。在相同氮素水平下，采用B种施肥比例（基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗粒肥＝30%∶20%∶50%），水稻成熟期氮素积累总量比A处理（基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗粒肥＝40%∶30%∶30%）增加了15.4%，产量提高了7.3%。在高氮处理（N 240 ）条件下，采用B施肥比例，蛋白质含量显著提高，直链淀粉显著降低，但提高了稻米的垩百度而使稻米外观品质变劣。

2009

1.943

0.0

2012

0.0

1.4

霍中洋, 李杰, 许轲, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 龚金龙, 张洪程. 高产栽培条件下种植方式对不同生育类型粳稻米质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 3932-3945

Huo Z

, Li

, Xu

, Dai Q

, Wei H

, Gong J

, Zhang H

Effect of planting methods on quality of different growth and development types of japonica rice under high-yielding cultivation condition.

Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 3932-3945 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The variations of rice quality among different planting methods of high-yielding cultivation conditions were investigated.【Method】A comparative experiment was carried out with early-maturing late japonica rice (EMLJ), late-maturing medium japonica rice (LMMJ) and medium-maturing medium japonica rice (MMMJ) (including Japonica conventional rice and japonica hybrid rice) as materials to study the difference in processing quality, appearance quality, cooking and eating quality, nutritional quality and RVA profile characteristics of artificial transplanting (AT), mechanical transplanting (MT) and direct seeding (DS) rice under high-yielding cultivation conditions. Furthermore, the correlation analysis between rice quality characters and temperature and light condition during grain-filling periods was studied. 【Result】 Brown rice rate was no significant difference among different planting methods. The order of milled rice and head milled rice rate among different planting methods was AT＞MT＞DS in EMLJ, while MT＞AT＞DS in LMMJ and MMMJ. Chalkiness rate was AT＞MT＞DS, and chalkiness size was MT＞AT＞DS. Chalkiness degree was AT＞MT＞DS in EMLJ and conventional LMMJ, while MT＞AT＞DS in MMMJ and hybrid LMMJ. Amylose content was DS＞MT＞AT and gel consistency was AT＞MT＞DS. Protein content between AT and MT was in generally quite, and DS was slightly lower than that of AT and MT, but there was no significant difference in addition to MMMJ. Peak viscosity, trough viscosity and breakdown was AT＞MT＞DS, setback was DS＞MT＞AT, peak time among different planting methods was no significant difference, final viscosity was AT＞MT＞DS in EMLJ and conventional LMMJ while DS＞MT＞AT in MMMJ and hybrid LMMJ, pasting temperature was DS＞MT＞AT in EMLJ and conventional LMMJ while AT＞MT＞DS in MMMJ and hybrid LMMJ.【Conclusion】Compared with AT and MT, the appearance quality of DS is slightly better, while processing quality, cooking and eating quality and nutritional quality become worse. The processing and appearance quality between AT and MT are different due to varieties types. The cooking and eating quality of AT is better than that of MT. The nutritional quality between AT and MT is in generally quite. Therefore, it is beneficial to obtain good quality characters to choose reasonable planting methods and supporting appropriate rice varieties types.

1.扬州大学农学院/农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心/江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室，江苏扬州 225009

【目的】探讨不同种植方式水稻高产栽培条件下稻米品质的变化规律。【方法】以早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳3种类型水稻品种（含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻）为材料，比较研究高产栽培条件下手栽、机插、直播3种种植方式水稻的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质、营养品质和RVA谱特征值的差异，并对米质性状与灌浆结实期的温光条件进行相关分析。【结果】（1）糙米率在不同种植方式间没有明显差异，精米率和整精米率早熟晚粳手栽＞机插＞直播，迟熟中粳和中熟中粳机插＞手栽＞直播；（2）垩白率手栽＞机插＞直播，垩白大小机插＞手栽＞直播，垩白度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播，中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳机插＞手栽＞直播；（3）直链淀粉含量直播＞机插＞手栽，胶稠度手栽＞机插＞直播；（4）蛋白质含量手栽与机插基本相当，直播略低，且除中熟中粳外与手栽和机插的差异不显著；（5）峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值手栽＞机插＞直播，回复值直播＞机插＞手栽，峰值时间不同种植方式间没有明显差异，最终黏度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播，中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳直播＞机插＞手栽，糊化温度早熟晚粳和常规迟熟中粳直播＞机插＞手栽，中熟中粳和杂交迟熟中粳手栽＞机插＞直播。【结论】与手栽和机插相比，直播外观品质略优，加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质变劣；手栽与机插间加工品质和外观品质的优劣因品种类型而异，蒸煮食味品质手栽优于机插，营养品质大体相当。因此，选择合理的种植方式，并配套适宜的水稻品种类型，有利于获得优良的稻米品质。

... 直播较手栽和机插的外观品质略优, 加工品质、蒸煮食味品质和营养品质变劣^[15] ...

2003

0.0

0.805

... 此外, 土壤水分^[1]及稻米加工贮藏方式^[16]等对米质均有影响 ...

... 邻水、射洪的峰值黏度、崩解值较高, 消减值较低, 食味较好, 而郫县的峰值黏度、崩解值最低, 消减值最高, 食味较差, 这与直链淀粉含量代表的食味品质结论有出入, 可能与直链淀粉含量并非对米饭质地具有完全的决定作用有关^[16] ...

... 96%之间, 已知蛋白质含量超过9%则食味变差^[16], 因而2个品种在各栽培方式下的蛋白质含量均有利于食味与营养品质的协调 ...

... 直链淀粉含量F优498为优化定抛显著高于手插和机直播, 宜香优2115表现为优化定抛显著高于机插, 但两品种在几种栽培方式下的直链淀粉含量均高于20%, 而中等直链淀粉含量(15%~20%)的稻米食味较好^[16], 故优化定抛不利于食味品质的提高 ...

... 从本试验结果来看, 机直播的碾米品质较优, 可能是各栽培方式下生育进程不同导致灌浆结实期所处的环境条件不同, 已有研究^[16]也表明, 整精米率与灌浆结实期日均温度、日最高温度、日最低温度呈负相关, 与日均温差和日均光照时数呈正相关 ...

2013

0.0

0.71

杨祥田, 曾孝元, 林采舜, 王旭辉, 何贤彪. 双季连作稻机插产量900 kg/667 m²以上栽培技术. 中国稻米, 2013, 19(4): 111-113

Yang X

, Zeng X

, Lin C

, Wang X

, He X

Cultivation technology of yield more than 900 kg/667 m² of the double cropping rice mechanized transplanting.

China Rice, 2013, 19(4): 111-113 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了提高连作早、晚稻机插产量，通过2010-2012年的水稻机插试验与大田示范，提出连作早稻机插单产500 kg/667 m2、连作晚稻机插单产400 kg/667 m2，双季连作稻机插产量900 kg/667 m2以上的栽培技术，即早稻选择中早39、台早733，晚稻选择嘉优2号、甬优9号等高产抗病品种（组合），采取“基质育秧，适龄早栽，插足苗数，提早搁田，配方施肥，增施穗肥，实地病虫防治”等配套技术。

... 现阶段基于高产示范片的研究较多, 但大多注重的是高产栽培技术^{[17,18,19,20]}和群体质量^[21]等, 而关于稻米品质的研究主要以小区试验为主, 对于不同生态区较大面积的高产栽培条件下稻米品质的研究报道较少 ...

2013

0.0

0.71

苏柏元, 朱德峰. 超级稻甬优12机插单产1000 kg/667 m²的产量结构与配套栽培技术. 中国稻米, 2013, 19(4): 97-100

Su B

, Zhu D

Yield structure and cultivation technology of yield more than 1000 kg/667 m² of the super hybrid rice Yongyou 12 of mechanized transplanting.

China Rice, 2013, 19(4): 97-100 (in Chinese with English abstract)

经3年的试验示范，在浙江省宁波市镇海区，实现了甬优12机插最高田块单产1 000 kg/667 m2的目标。单产1 000 kg/667 m2的产量结构为穗数14.6万/667 m2、穗总粒数329粒、结实率86%、千粒重25.5 g，关键栽培技术是培育壮秧、适期早播早栽,合理稀植、控制高峰苗数,好气灌溉、促进根系生长,培肥地力、定量施肥。

2012

0.0

0.481

2012

0.0

0.481

2012

0.0

1.394

于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 451-456

Yu L

, Li G

, Xu J

, Ling Q

, Ding Y

Population characteristics of machine-transplanted japonica rice based on high-yield demonstration fields.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 451-456 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The population characteristics, such as yield and its components, accumulation of drymatter and nitrogen of machinetransplanted japonica rice was investigated in three highyield demonstration fields(over 6.7 hm2 per field) at Zouqu, Caoqiao, and Qianhuang Towns, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province in 2008, and one highyield demonstration field at Rudong County, Jiangsu Province in 2009. Results showed that yield was closely related with spikelet number per panicle and spikelet number per m2. The spikelet number per m2 should be greater than 45 000 as grain yield was above 10.5 t/hm2. For highyield mechanically transplanted rice (above 10.5 t/hm2), the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity paid a contribution rate about 70%~80% to the grain dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation mainly occurred at the two growing stages, before critical tiller leaf age, and after heading. It indicated that higher spikelet number per m2 was the main basic characteristic of high yielding, mechanically transplanted japonica rice. And sufficient N supply, improved dry matter accumulation after heading, as well as spikelet number per panicle help increase grain yield of machinetransplanted japonica rice.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation， Ministry of Agriculture， Nanjing Agricultural University， Nanjing 210095， China； 2 Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Jiangsu Province， Nanjing 210024， China；

考查了机插常规粳稻超高产群体产量构成、干物质积累以及氮素积累等群体特征。2008年对江苏武进区邹区（品种为武香粳9号）、漕桥和前黄镇（品种均为武运粳7号）等3个百亩连片超高产示范方，2009年对江苏省如东县(品种为宁粳3号)的百亩连片超高产示范方进行了调查。结果表明，机插稻产量与颖花量的相关达极显著，要达到10.5 t/hm2以上的产量，每1m2颖花量需≥ 45 000；籽粒产量10.5 t/hm2以上高产机插水稻的花后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%～80%；高产机插稻氮素积累的优势在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前和抽穗后两个阶段。足够的颖花量是机插粳稻高产群体的基本特征；保证后期氮素供应、发挥后期干物质积累优势、促进大穗的形成是提高机插水稻产量的主要技术途径。

2008

0.0

0.71

任万军, 胡晓玲, 杨万全, 邓玲, 刘代银, 曾必荣, 杨文钰. 水稻优化定抛的增产机理与关键技术. 中国稻米, 2008, (3): 54-56

Ren W

, Hu X

, Yang W

, Deng

, Liu D

, Zeng B

, Yang W

Increasing production of mechanism and key techniques of opstimal cast transplanting of rice.

China Rice, 2008, (3): 54-56 (in Chinese with English abstract)

水稻优化定抛兼取抛秧省工高效和有序栽培高产的理念，将带泥秧苗定向抛栽，因分蘖节分布于土表和秧苗有序分布，做到了高产与高效的统一。其增产机理在于促进了根系和分蘖的早生快发，协调了强弱势的灌浆，显著提高了有效穗，且穗粒结构协调。通过示范，该技术起到了良好的增产增收效果。

2005

0.0

0.71

凌启鸿, 张洪程, 丁艳锋, 张益彬. 水稻高产技术的新发展——精确定量栽培. 中国稻米, 2005, (1): 3-7

Ling Q

, Zhang H

, Ding Y

, Zhang Y

The new development of rice high yield technology—the precise and quantitative cultivation.

China Rice, 2005, (1): 3-7 (in Chinese with English abstract)

新世纪水稻栽培科学的发展目标已经由追求高产的单一目标，发展成为追求高产、优质、高效、生态、安全综合目标。面对这一新的目标，水稻栽培科学要有新的发展，要有大的作为，必须走精确定量的路子。水稻精确定量栽培包括两个方面，一是高产优质群体生长发展动态指标的精确定量，二是栽培技术措施的精确定量。前者包括以水稻叶龄模式为代表的作物生育进程(器官建成和产量因素形成)的定量化，和以水稻群体质量指标体系为代表的高产(高光效)群体空间形态、生理指标的定量化。后者包括播期、壮秧(苗)、基本苗、施肥和管水的精确定量。多年来，作者等对此进行了探索，取得了明显的成果，展现了较好的前景。更为重要的是，在此基础上作者等基本明确了建立水稻精确定量栽培技术的方法体系。在江苏推行水稻精确定量栽培无论从可行性和必要性看，都势在必行。从江苏的实际来看，江苏的水稻精确定量栽培应该以单产650～700kg／667m^2为目标来设计。本文根据精确定量栽培的指导思想和作者等近年来的研究成果，初步提出了在江苏实现这一目标的精确定量栽培的指标体系，并提出来了通过选用主体品种、抉择主流技术、开展主导培训，把水稻精确定量栽培的普及推广落到实处。

2009

0.0

0.71

焦桂爱, 胡培松, 唐绍清, 罗炬, 邵高能. 稻米直链淀粉含量的简易测定方法. 中国稻米, 2009, (3): 23-24

Jiao G

, Hu P

, Tang S

, Luo

, Shao G

A simple method for the determination of amylose content of rice.

China Rice, 2009, (3): 23-24 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了便于育种材料的选择利用，对农业部米质测定标准（NY147-88）中直链淀粉含量的测定方法做了简化，省去了样品碱消化时沸水浴消煮过程，取而代之的是样品加入碱液后静置过夜。利用21个高中低直链淀粉含量的样品对两种测定方法进行比较验证，其测定结果成高度正相关（r2=0.9908），测定结果的绝对误差小于1.2%。简易法具有简单、易操作、无需沸水浴消煮、节约试剂蒸馏水的特点，特别适合大批量材料的测定，便于普通育种工作者操作使用。

... 采用简易法(改良碘比色法)^[24]测定稻米直链淀粉含量 ...

2011

0.0

0.512

... 96%之间, 因直链淀粉含量高的稻米蒸煮时米饭蓬松、硬、黏性差, 米粒的延伸性不好, 糊化温度较高, 米饭冷却后会显得更硬, 适口性差^[25] ...

1998

0.0

1.4

舒庆尧, 吴殿星, 夏英武, 高明尉. 稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与食用品质的关系. 中国农业科学, 1998, 31(3): 1-4

Shu Q

, Wu D

, Xia Y

, Gao M

Relationship between RVA profile character and eating quality in Oryza sativa L.

Sci Agric Sin, 1998, 31(3): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract)

中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所，农业部重点开放实验室，北京100081

利用生物素（biotin-16-dUTP）标记的中间偃麦草（Thinopyrum intermedium）基因组DNA作探针，以未标记的普通小麦中国春基因组DNA作封阻DNA（blocking DNA），对3个抗黄矮病小麦新种质的体细胞染色体进行分子原位杂交。结果表明：抗性源于L1的抗黄矮病小麦新种质Yw642为小片段易位系，含40条小麦染色体和2条小麦-中间偃麦草易位染色体，易位的中间偃麦草染色体片段位于小麦染色体的端部；染色体配对和抗性分析表明该种质为纯合易位系。抗性源于无芒中4的小麦新种质Hw240和Yw060遗传构成不同：Yw060为易位系，含40条小麦染色体和2条小麦-中间偃麦草易位染色体；Hw240为代换易位系，含38条小麦染色体、2条中间偃麦草染色体和2条小麦-中间偃麦草易位染色体。在这2个种质中，易位的中间偃麦草染色体片段均位于小麦染色体端部。

... 一般峰值黏度大、崩解值大、冷胶黏度小、消减值小(且为负值)则食味好, 具有这种特性的米饭可能具有较好的柔软性、黏散性、滋味、馨香味, 食味品质较好^{[26,27,28,29]} ...

2002

0.0

1.394

张小明, 石春海, 富田桂. 粳稻米淀粉特性与食味间的相关性分析. 中国水稻科学, 2002, 16: 157-161

Zhang X

, Shi C

, Katsura

Correlation analysis between starch characteristics and taste quality in japonica rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2002, 16: 157-161 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The relationships among amylose content (AC) , taste sense value, Taste Meter value and Rapid Visco Analyzer value (RVA) were studied. The results indicated that AC was negatively correlated with fragrance, adhesiveness and synthetic evaluation and positively correlated with appearance and hardness. There are no correlation between the value of the Taste Meter value and fragrance and hardness, but there are positive correlation between the Taste Meter value and appearance, adhesiveness and synthetic evaluation. The correlation coefficients between the highest adhesive, lowest adhesive, breakdown or gelatinization temperature of starch amylogram and those of RVA are 0.741 ** , 0.536 *, 0.469 * and 0.458 *, respectively.

( 1 Crop Research Institute; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou 310021; China; 2 College of Agriculture and Biotechnology; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310029; 3 Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui 910, Japan)

对稻米直链淀粉含量、食味官能鉴定、味度和RVA淀粉糊化特性等品质性状的测定进行了分析，结果显示稻米直链淀粉含量与米饭的香味、粘度、综合评价分别达显著或极显著负相关，与外观、硬度达显著正相关。米饭的粘度与外观、硬度及硬度与综合评价间呈负相关，粘度与综合评价呈正相关。味度与米饭香味、硬度无相关性，但与外观、粘度、综合评价达显著或极显著正相关。淀粉糊化特性(最高粘度、最低粘度、碱崩溃度和糊化温度)值与RVA值间的相关系数分别为0.741**、0.536*、0.469*和0.458*。

2001

0.0

1.681

吴殿星, 舒庆尧, 夏英武. RVA分析辅助选择食用优质早籼稻的研究. 作物学报, 2001, 27: 165-172

Wu D

, Shu Q

, Xia Y

, Assisted-selection for early indica rice with good eating quality by RVA profile. Acta Agron Sin, 2001, 27: 165-172 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) was used to investigate different early indica rice varieties. The result showed that, according to obvious differences in setback and breakdown, it could not only distinguish different apparent amylose content of varieties rapidly, but also identify the superior or inferi

采用粘度速测仪(RVA,Rapidviscoanalyzer)分析不同早籼品种，发现消减值和崩解值等RVA谱特征值，不仅能特异性区分不同品种表观直链淀粉含量(AAC)的高低，也能鉴定中等AAC品种食用品质的优劣。对RVA测定的主要干扰因子分析，发现高温烘干前处理和糙米粉显著干扰，而水质轻微干扰分析，总体上它们并不影响对品种的评价，但样品

2001

0.0

1.394

吴殿星, 舒庆尧, 夏英武. 利用RVA谱快速鉴别不同表观直链淀粉含量早籼稻的淀粉粘滞特性. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 57-59

Wu D

, Shu Q

, Xia Y

Rapid identification of starch viscosity property of early indica rice varieties with different apparent amylose content by RVA profile.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 57-59 (in Chinese with English abstract)

By Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA), the starch viscosity properties of early indica rice varieties (lines), which were recently released in Zhejiang Province were analyzed. Different varieties had distinct RVA profiles, and the varieties (lines) with low or high apparent amylose content(AAC) could be quickly distinguished by the setback. In general, the setback values of low AAC varieties (lines) were negative, but those of moderate or higher AAC varieties (lines) were positive. According to the values of breakdown and setback, it could evaluate the superior or inferior properties of starch viscosity of rice varieties with similar AAC. The breakdown value of RVA profile was closely related to gel consistency and rice taste, and the setback value was linked to rice texture. It suggested that the characteristics of RVA profiles could be used as an important physical / chemical marker to assisted selecting good quality rice.

(Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310029; China)

采用粘度速测仪分析了浙江省新近培育的早籼稻新品种（系）的淀粉粘滞特性，结果表明不同品种（系）具有特征性RVA谱。依消减值可有效区分出品种（系）表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）的高低。低AAC品种（系）的消减值一般为负值，中等或高AAC品种（系）的消减值为正值。中等AAC品种（系）间食用品质的优劣，可根据消减值和崩解值判断。RVA谱的崩解值与胶稠度和米饭口感相关，消减值与米饭质地关联。上述结果表明， RVA谱特性可望作为理化标记在优质稻米育种中发挥重要作用。

0.0

... 90, 达到优质稻米一级或二级标准^[30] ...

1989

0.0

0.671

... 灌浆成熟期的高温会增加稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度, 可能是高温引起细胞分裂快, 致细胞小而多, 淀粉粒贮存疏松, 折光反应明显^[31], 高温还会使籽粒灌浆加速, 消耗养分增多, 致使籽粒充实度差, 垩白度增加^[32] ...

1997

0.0

1.394

孟亚利, 周治国. 结实期温度与稻米品质的关系. 中国水稻科学, 1997, 11: 51-54

Meng Y

, Zhou Z

Relationship between rice grain quality and temperature during seed setting period.

Chin J Rice Sci, 1997, 11: 51-54 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The relationship between temperature during seed setting and rice grain quality was studied by adopt ing artificially controlling temperature. The results indicated that mean daily temperature during grain filling influ enced remarkably head rice rate, chalky rice rate,amylose content, alkali spreading value and protein content. It was different from various variety types that effect of mean daily temperature on the same grain quality character istic. The relation between mean daily temperature and grain quality characteristic was curved line. The effect of the temperature range from 25℃ to 27℃ was great comparatively and that of the high temperature above 27℃ was small. To sum up, the comparatively low mean daily temperature during filling favored raising rice grain quality. ReplaceFont('ChDivSummary','');ReplaceFont('EnDivSummary','The relationship between temperature during seed setting and rice grain quality was studied by adopt ing artificially controlling temperature. The results indicated that mean daily temperature during grain filling influ enced remarkably head rice rate, chalky rice rate,amylose content, alkali spreading value and protein content. It was different from various variety types that effect of mean daily temperature on the same grain quality character istic. The relation between mean daily temperature and grain quality characteristic was curved line. The effect of the temperature range from 25℃ to 27℃ was great comparatively and that of the high temperature above 27℃ was small. To sum up, the comparatively low mean daily temperature during filling favored raising rice grain quality.

以籼香糯、中籼水晶米、籼型杂交稻汕优63、中粳徐州80-7和晚粳822为供试材料，采用人工气候控温试验对结实期温度与稻米品质主要性状间的关系进行了分析。稻米整精米率、垩白米率、直链淀粉含量、糊化温度及蛋白质含量等主要品质性状受结实期日平均温度影响很大，温度影响可使5个性状的变异分别达到24个百分点、33个百分点、5个百分点、4级、3.4个百分点。但不同品种的同一品质性状对结实期温度反应的敏感程度有一定差异。结实期温度与品质性状之间的关系较为复杂,既存在品种类型间差异,又因不同温度区段而异,特别是直链淀粉含量与温度的关系。结实期25～27℃日均温度区段对品质性状影响较大,27℃以上高温的影响很小。结实期较低温度对多数品质性状的提高是有利的,如有利于整精米率提高、垩白米率降低、中和低含量型品种直链淀粉含量的增加、糯型品种直链淀粉含量的降低,以及稻米糊化温度的降低,但较低温度不利于多数品种蛋白质含量的提高。

2007

0.0

1.681

常二华, 张耗, 张慎凤, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 结实期氮磷营养水平对水稻根系分泌物的影响及其与稻米品质的关系. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1949-1959

Chang E

, Zhang

, Zhang S

, Wang Z

, Yang J

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the root exudates during grain filling and their relations with grain quality of rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1949-1959 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Root exudates of plants, such as organic acids and ions, play a role in regulating plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate how nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) nutrients affect the production of root exudates and rice quality. Two rice cultivars, Yangdao 6 ( indica ) and Yangjing 9538 ( japonica ), were used, with five treatments, 0 N (without N), 1/2 N (1/2 N in the standard Espino nutrition solution), 0 P (without P), 1/2 P (1/2 P in the standard Espino nutrition solution) and CK (standard Espino nutrition solution), during the grain filling period. The compositions in root exudates and their relations with grain appearance quality, cooking and eating quality, and protein components were analyzed. The result showed that nitrogen stress (0 N) during grain-filling significantly reduced root activity, concentrations of organic acids, amino acids, and ions in the root exudates, accelerated the root senescence. However, phosphorus stress (0 P) significantly increased the concentrations of organic acids, amino acids, and ions. Correlation analysis showed that the concentrations of tartaric acid, citric acid, and amino acid in root exudates were negatively correlated with chalkiness, amylose content, and breakdown values, and significantly and positively correlated with the setback values at early and mid filling stage (10 and 20 d after anthesis). The malic acid exuded from roots was significantly and positively correlated with chalkiness, amylose content, and breakdown values, and significantly and negatively correlated with the setback value. The [Ca 2+ ], [K + ], [Na + ], [NO 3 - ], [NH 4 + ], and [PO 4 3- ] in root exudates were significantly correlated with chalkiness, amylose content, protein compositions. The results suggest that N and P nutrients play a role in regulating the production of root exudates, which influence the grain quality further.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

以扬稻6号（籼稻）和扬粳9538（粳稻）为材料，在水培条件下自抽穗至成熟期进行0 N（不施N）、1/2 N(标准Espino营养液的1/2 N)、0 P（不施P）、1/2 P(标准Espino营养液的1/2 P)以及对照（全NP，标准Espino营养液的N、P量）5种处理，研究了水稻根系分泌物的变化及其与稻米外观品质、蒸煮食味品质及蛋白质组分的关系。结果表明，与对照相比，结实期氮素胁迫（0 N）明显降低了水稻的根系活力，降低了各种有机酸、氨基酸及离子的分泌量，加速了根系的衰老；磷胁迫（0 P）显著增加了根系有机酸、氨基酸及各种离子的分泌。相关分析表明，结实前中期（花后10 d和20 d）根系分泌的酒石酸、柠檬酸和氨基酸与籽粒垩白度、直链淀粉、崩解值呈显著或极显著负相关，与淀粉谱的消减值呈极显著正相关；根系分泌的苹果酸与籽粒垩白度、直链淀粉、崩解值呈极显著正相关，与淀粉谱的消减值呈极显著负相关；根系分泌的[Ca 2+ ]、[K + ]、[Na + ]、[NO 3 - ]、[NH 4 + ]、[PO 4 3- ]与稻米的垩白度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质组分也显著或极显著相关。表明根系分泌物与稻米品质的形成有密切的关系，N、P营养水平对根系分泌物有调控作用，进而影响稻米品质。

... 常二华等^[33]认为磷素营养水平可以改变根系分泌物的含量和组成, 从而影响稻米品质的形成 ...

2004

0.0

... 直链淀粉含量主要受品种遗传因素影响^[34], 也受灌浆结实期温度^[35]等的影响, 而本试验表明直链淀粉含量随土壤有机质含量的升高而显著升高 ...

2000

0.0

程方民, 丁元树, 朱碧岩. 稻米直链淀粉含量的形成及其与灌浆结实期温度的关系. 生态学报, 2000, 20: 646-651

Cheng F

, Ding Y

, Zhu B

The formation of amylose content in rice grain and its relation with field temperature.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2000, 20: 646-651 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the field experiment with different sowing\|date and controlled temperature treatment in the climatic chamber of rice varities,we analysed the dynamic change characteristics of amylose content(AC)in developing grain and the ecological effects of temperature during the filling period.the result showed that,the change trend of AC forming could be simulated by quadratic equation or cubic equation,the AC value was very low at the beginning stage of grain filling,then increased rapidly and the peak of A...

通过多类型品种的田间分期播种和人工气候箱控温处理等试验 ,对稻米直链淀粉含量 ( Amylose content,简称 AC)的形成动态变化特征及灌浆结实期温度的影响效应进行了分析。结果表明 :水稻灌浆结实过程中稻米 AC的形成动态变化过程可以用三次或二次曲线进行模拟 ,灌浆初期籽粒中的 AC值很低 ,随之急剧上升 ,至 2 0～ 30 d左右达到最大值 ,然后 AC的变化基本趋于稳定 ;稻米 AC的形成变化与籽粒干物质积累过程间存在着一定的联系 ,但同时也表现出不同的生理生态特征 ;灌浆结实期温度对稻米 AC的影响效应主要表现在从齐穗开始到齐穗后 2 0 d左右这一时段 ,其余时段的作用较小 ,且温度对 AC影响的生态特征与品种本身的 AC类型有着密切的联系 ,而与品种熟性间的关系不甚明显 ,高AC品种一般在较高温度下 AC可达最大 ,低 AC品种的表现则相反。

... 直链淀粉含量主要受品种遗传因素影响^[34], 也受灌浆结实期温度^[35]等的影响, 而本试验表明直链淀粉含量随土壤有机质含量的升高而显著升高 ...

2003

0.0

1.681

任万军, 杨文钰, 徐精文, 樊高琼, 马周华. 弱光对水稻籽粒生长及品质的影响. 作物学报, 2003, 29: 785-790

Ren W

, Yang W

, Xu J

, Fan G

, Ma Z

Effect of light on grain growth and quality in rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2003, 29: 785-790 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究了灌浆期弱光对3个杂交稻组合的籽粒生长及籽粒品质的影响.结果表明,49%遮荫及69%遮荫下,籽粒空粒率升高,籽粒最终生长量、灌浆速率、灌浆相对起始势降低,以弱势粒及全穗籽粒受到的影响更大.遮荫处理后,糙米率、精米率、整精米率、透明度、胶稠度显著或极显著降低,组合间有差异；垩白米率、垩白度显著或极显著地升高,直链

2005

0.0

冯卫东, 杨生龙, 张俊杰, 张仲军, 闫宏. 日本水稻品质研究的理论与实践综述——关于米的食味. 宁夏农林科技, 2005, (4): 54-56

Feng W

, Yang S

, Zhang J

, Zhang Z

, Yan

Overview on the theory and practice of Japanese rice quality research-about the eating quality of rice.

Ningxia J Agric For Sci & Technol, 2005, (4): 54-56 (in Chinese)

主要介绍了近年来日本水稻品质研究方面的一些进展情况,希望对宁夏水稻优质品种的选育有所痹益.

2011

0.0

0.593

王学红, 杨波, 杜永, 刘群松, 朱道荣. 水稻超高产栽培的品质效应研究. 山东农业科学, 2011, (2): 42-44

Wang X

, Yang

, Du

, Liu Q

, Zhu D

Study on the quality effect of super high yield cultivation of rice.

Shand ong Agric Sci, 2011, (2): 42-44 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以9823和9优418两个中梗稻品种为材料进行超高产栽培,并对其稻米的主要品质指标进行了测定.结果表明:超高产栽培可以显著降低稻米垩白度与垩白粒率,增加稻米的糙米率和整精米率,对直链淀粉含量和稻米RVA特征值无显著影响;超高产栽培显著提高了稻米的蛋白质含量、总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量和非必需氨基酸含量,可以改善稻米的加工品质、外观品质和营养品质.

... 王学红等^[38]研究认为, 超高产栽培可以显著改善稻米碾米品质、外观品质和营养品质 ...