苗期不同滴灌方式对东北春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

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徐杰, 李从锋, 孟庆锋, 葛均筑, 王璞, 赵明. 苗期不同滴灌方式对东北春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(8): 1279-1286
XU Jie, LI Cong-Feng, MENG Qing-Feng, GE Jun-Zhu, WANG Pu, ZHAO Ming. Effects of Different Drip-Irrigation Modes at the Seedling Stage on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2015, 41(8): 1279-1286 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

苗期不同滴灌方式对东北春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

徐杰^1,², 李从锋¹, 孟庆锋¹, 葛均筑³, 王璞², 赵明^1,^*

¹中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室, 北京 100081

²中国农业大学农业与生物技术学院, 北京 100193

³华中农业大学植物科技学院, 湖北武汉 430070

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 赵明, E-mail: zhaomingcau@163.net, Tel: 010-82108752

收稿日期:2015-04-02

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B04, 2011BAD16B14)和国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(NYCYTX-02)资助

摘要

春旱是东北玉米产量增长的主要障碍因素之一, 滴灌可有效缓解其对玉米生产的不利影响, 不同滴灌方式的效果具有差异性。本文以常规雨养玉米为对照(CK), 研究了传统滴灌(采用内嵌迷宫式滴灌管)和新型滴灌(采用自流插入式滴灌管) 2种方式与不同埋管深度(0 cm、5 cm和10 cm)对玉米生长发育、产量和水分利用效率的影响。与对照相比, 滴灌显著增产, 增幅达9.5%~20.1%。传统滴灌不同埋管深度处理间产量差异不显著, 而新型滴灌埋深5 cm产量显著高于地表滴灌, 增幅为4.4%。同一埋深不同滴灌方式之间, 新型滴灌埋深5 cm比传统滴灌增产8.8%, 其他埋深差异不显著。与对照相比, 滴灌处理出苗率提高11.3%, 收获期穗数增加13.3%。新型滴灌埋深5 cm产量高于其他处理的原因是生殖生长期叶面积指数下降慢, 显著提高收获期干物质重。与对照相比, 滴灌处理水分利用效率提高8.1%~10.9%, 其中新型滴灌埋深5 cm处理水分利用效率最高。因此, 埋深5 cm新型滴灌是有效提高玉米产量和水分利用效率的灌溉方式。

关键词: 春旱; 滴灌; 埋深; 产量; 水分利用效率

Effects of Different Drip-Irrigation Modes at the Seedling Stage on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Spring Maize in Northeast China

XU Jie^1,², LI Cong-Feng¹, MENG Qing-Feng¹, GE Jun-Zhu³, WANG Pu², ZHAO Ming^1,^*

¹Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

²College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

³College of Plant Science & Technology of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China

Abstract

The seasonal drought especially in spring is one of the major obstacle factors for yield improvement in maize production in Northeast China. Drip irrigation could effectively alleviate drought while different drip irrigation strategies have different impacts. Using rainfed maize as a control (CK), we compared the effects of traditional drip irrigation (using the embedded labyrinth drip irrigation tube, TDI) and new drip irrigation (using the new drip irrigation tube, NDI) together with three depths of tube (0 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm) on maize growth, yield, and water use. Compared with CK, irrigation treatments significantly increased grain yield by 9.5%-20.1%. For TDI, no significant yield difference was observed among three tube depths. For NDI, grain yield in treatment with 5 cm tube depth was 4.4% higher than that with 0 cm tube depth. At the same tube depth between TDI and NDI, no significant yield difference was observed with an exception of NDI with 5 cm tube depth, which increased yield by 8.8%. Compared with CK, yield increase with irrigation mainly resulted from the improvement of emergence rate, which was increased by 12%. The ear number per ha was improved by 13%. The higher yield in NDI with 5 cm tube depth was because of the delayed leaf senescence and higher total dry matter accumulation. Compared with CK, irrigation improved water use efficiency by 8.1%-10.9%, with the highest in NDI with 5 cm tube depth. Therefore, using NDI with 5 cm tube depth could be an effective strategy to increase both yield and water use efficiency of spring maize in Northeast China.

Keyword: Spring drought; Drip irrigation; Dripline depth; Yield; Water use efficiency

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东北地区作为我国重要的玉米生产基地, 玉米持续增产对保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义^[1]。然而, 东北玉米生长季季节性干旱频发, 特别是玉米播种至幼苗生长期间(4月下旬至6月上旬)降雨少, 易发生春旱^[2], 导致出苗率降低、幼苗长势差, 进而减产^[3]。已有研究表明, 东北地区总体气候呈暖干化趋势^[4], 春旱等季节性干旱还将进一步加剧, 这对东北玉米生产构成了严峻挑战^{[5, 6]}。而灌溉是获得玉米高产的重要技术手段。因此, 在东北地区水资源有限条件下, 研究合理的灌溉制度对提高玉米产量具有重要意义。

在当前诸多灌溉方式中, 滴灌是水分利用效率比较高、比较节水的灌溉技术^[7]。生产上应用较多的是地表滴灌^[8], 在提高产量的同时也提高了水分利用效率^[9]。与地表滴灌相比, 地下滴灌具有诸多优势^{[10, 11]}。有研究表明, 地下滴灌作物产量要高于地表滴灌^[12], 埋管滴灌(35.0 cm)时叶面积指数最大, 最终产量显著高于地表滴灌^[13]。Petel等^[14]在印度新德里研究表明, 在滴灌埋深10.0 cm时获得马铃薯最高产量和经济效益, 因为地下滴灌降低了土壤蒸发量, 并及时将水分直接补充到作物根系区^{[10, 11]}。Schwank等^[15]研究表明, 当西红柿播种于滴灌管正上方, 埋管深度在15~23 cm时出苗率较好, 而当滴灌管过深(≥ 30 cm)时会导致出苗率降低, 从而降低最终产量^[16]。因此, 研究适合我国东北地区玉米生产的滴灌方式, 如滴灌类型和埋管深度等, 保证出苗率, 最终协同提高产量和水分利用效率是生产上亟需解决的问题。

当前传统滴灌设备主要应用于地表滴灌, 具有很好的增产效果。然而, 当地下埋管滴灌时, 流速较地表滴灌低, 可能会出现负压堵塞等问题^{[10, 17]}。地下滴灌在国外通常被作为滴灌的不同铺设方式, 很少有专用滴头的研究和生产, 只是在材料或结构上稍微改进, 目前我国也尚未定型生产和推广^[18]。新型自流插入式滴灌管, 采用螺纹滴头, 可更换, 不易堵塞, 滴定流量可调节, 适合埋管滴灌^[19]。但目前这方面的研究相对薄弱。

本文研究传统滴灌和新型滴灌在不同埋深下对东北春玉米产量、生长发育及水分利用效率的影响, 探索适合当地的滴灌措施, 为区域玉米增产提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

中国农业科学院作物科学研究所吉林公主岭试验站(43° 29′ ′ ′ 55′ ′ N, 124° 48′ 43′ ′ E, 海拔220 m)土壤类型为中层黑土, 成土母质为第四纪黄土状沉积物, 地势平坦。0~20 cm耕层土壤含有机质26.2 g kg^-1、全氮1.6 g kg^-1、碱解氮143.3 mg kg^-1、速效磷64.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾150.5 mg kg^-1。试验区年均温度6.4℃, 无霜期120~140 d, ≥ 10℃有效积温2900~3100℃, 年降水量562 mm。表1表明, 2012年玉米生长季(5月至9月)平均温度为20.3℃, 降雨量为482.3 mm, 与历史平均值基本一致, 但是播种后1个月的降雨量仅为历史平均值的51.7%, 蒸散量较历史平均值高18.7%, 春旱严重。

1.2 试验设计

大田试验, 供试品种为中单909, 采用裂区设计, 主区为不同滴灌类型, 采用传统内嵌迷宫式滴灌(traditional embedded labyrinth drip irrigation, TDI)和新型自流插入式滴灌(new gravity flow insertion drip irrigation, NDI) 2种, 滴灌管具体规格见表2。裂区为滴灌管埋深, 即0 cm (地表)、5 cm和10 cm, 雨养处理为对照。共7个处理, 包括传统滴灌埋深0 cm (TDI-0)、5 cm (TDI-5)、10 cm (TDI-10), 新型滴灌埋深0 cm (NDI-0)、5 cm (NDI-5)、10 cm (NDI-10)和对照(CK)。

表1 玉米生长季气象条件 Table 1 Weather data during maize growth season

表2 滴灌管参数 Table 2 The parameters of drip irrigation tube

田间每小区12行, 行长10 m, 采用大小行(40 cm + 80 cm)种植, 重复3次。2012年5月1日播种, 人工3粒点播, 种植密度75 000株 hm^-2, 于2012年5月9日至11日滴灌, 三叶期间苗。滴灌管铺于小行(40 cm)中间, 共9个滴灌系统, 每个系统12根滴灌管(每个小区6根管), 利用距地面高度1 m水桶(1000 L)供水, 田间试验布局见图1。

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	图1 春玉米田间小区滴灌试验布置示意图Fig. 1 Arrangement schematic diagram of spring maize field plot for the drip irrigation experiment

3种埋深处理的施肥量和灌水量均相同。施纯氮250 kg hm^-2(N 46%, 尿素), 磷肥(P₂O₅) 120 kg hm^-2(P₂O₅16%, 过磷酸钙), 钾肥(K₂O) 105 kg hm^-2(K₂O 48%, 氯化钾)。磷钾肥作为底肥, 氮肥按照3∶ 4∶ 3比例作为底肥、拔节肥和吐丝肥分次施用。于播种后滴灌45 mm, 对照处理全生育期无灌溉。所有小区及时除草和防治病虫害, 于播种后148 d人工收获测产。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 产量及产量构成生理成熟后, 选取小区中间无破坏行4行, 连续3 m长, 收获全部果穗, 折算成公顷穗数; 称全部果穗总重量, 按平均穗鲜重, 选取接近于平均穗鲜重的样穗20穗, 室内考种。收获全部果穗经自然风干后脱粒, 称量, 折合成含水量为14%的公顷产量。

1.3.2 出苗率用以下公式计算^[21]:

(1)

式(1)中, η 为出苗率, N_s为出苗数, N为播种种子数。

1.3.3 叶面积指数在玉米九叶展期(V9)、十二叶展期(V12)、吐丝期(R1)、灌浆中期(R3)和收获期(R6), 从每小区取代表性样株3株, 测定绿叶长和宽。

单叶叶面积LA(cm²) = 长(cm)× 宽(cm)× k (2)

式(2)中, k为系数, 展开叶系数k=0.75, 未展开叶系数k=0.50。

叶面积指数(LAI)=单位土地面积上的总叶面积/土地面积。

1.3.4 干物质积累与测定叶面积同期, 测完叶面积后, 将样株分为茎、叶、鞘、苞叶、穗(或籽粒、轴), 于105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃下烘干至恒重后称重。

1.3.5 土壤含水量于播前和收获期取样, 利用土钻取0~100 cm土壤, 按照每20 cm一层, 共分5层, 分别测定含水量。

1.3.6 耗水量 WC = SWS - SWH + P + I (3)

式(3)中, WC为耗水量(mm), SWS为播前土壤贮水量, SWH为收获期土壤贮水量, P为作物生育期总降水量, I为作物生育期总灌水量。

1.3.7 水分利用效率 WUE=Y/WC (4)

式(4)中, WUE为籽粒产量水分利用效率(kg m^-3), Y为干籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)。

1.4 数据处理与分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007处理数据、作图, 采用SAS 8.0进行方差分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量、产量构成及出苗率

由表3可知, 与对照相比, 传统滴灌和新型滴灌均显著提高产量, 增幅为9.5%~20.1%, 其中新型滴灌埋深5 cm (NDI-5)处理的产量最高。除传统滴灌埋深10 cm (TDI-10)处理, 滴灌处理出苗率平均提高11.9%, 差异达显著水平。除TDI-10处理外, 滴灌各处理穗数增加13% (P< 0.05), 但滴灌对穗粒数的影响未达显著水平, 在传统滴灌埋深0 cm (TDI-0)和NDI-5处理下千粒重显著提高, 增幅分别为11.3%和7.8%。

滴灌管类型和埋管深度及其互作对产量影响显著, 对穗数和穗粒数无显著影响; 埋管深度和滴灌管类型分别显著影响千粒重和出苗率(表3)。传统滴灌TDI-0产量显著高于TDI-5和TDI-10, 因为传统滴灌TDI-0千粒重较TDI-5和TDI-10显著增加13.2%和15.6%; 而新型滴灌NDI-5处理产量显著高于地表滴灌, 因为新型滴灌NDI-5千粒重最高, 较地表滴灌增加7.8%。在埋深5 cm时新型滴灌管比传统滴灌管增产8.8%, 主要是显著提高了千粒重, 较传统滴灌增加8.7%。

表3 不同滴灌方式对春玉米产量、产量构成因素和出苗率的影响 Table 3 Effects of different drip irrigation treatments on grain yield, yield components and emergence of spring maize

2.2 玉米生长发育

2.2.1 干物质积累由图2及表4可知, 与CK相比, 传统滴灌TDI-0和新型滴灌NDI-5提高花前干物质积累, 分别增加28.6%和26.8%。花后干物质积累速率仅NDI-5处理具有显著影响, 提高18.9%。收获期TDI-0和TDI-5及NDI-5和NDI-10处理干物质积累总量显著高于CK。

由表4可知, 滴灌管类型对花前干物质积累量无显著影响, 但由于显著提高了花后干物质积累速率, 不同滴灌管处理间收获期干物质积累总量差异达显著水平。不同滴灌管埋深显著影响整个生育期干物质积累速率, 吐丝期和收获期干物质积累量在埋深处理间差异达显著水平。二者互作对花前干物质无影响, 但显著影响花后干物质积累量, 因此收获期干物质积累量差异达显著水平。

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	图2 不同滴灌方式的春玉米干物质积累动态Fig. 2 Dynamic changes of dry matter accumulation under different drip irrigation strategies

在传统滴灌处理下, 埋管深度对花前花后干物质积累无显著影响, 但是TDI-0比TDI-10总干物质积累增加5.6%。而NDI-5显著提高花后干物质积累量, 较NDI-0和NDI-10分别增加18.1%和15.7%, 且NDI-5收获期总干物质积累量较NDI-0显著增加15.1%。在埋深0和10 cm时TDI和NDI对全生育期干物质积累无影响, 在埋深5 cm时NDI-5比TDI-5显著提高了花后干物质积累速率, 花后及收获期干物质积累量分别提高18.6%和13.3%。

2.2.2 叶面积指数(LAI)动态由图3可知, 与CK相比, 滴灌显著提高东北春玉米吐丝期最高叶面积指数; 同时延缓吐丝后叶片衰老速率, 在灌浆中期TDI-0、NDI-5和NDI-10处理LAI显著高于CK, 而且NDI-5在收获期比CK高19.9%。传统滴灌管各埋深下, 九叶展时TDI-0和TDI-5处理LAI显著高于TDI-10; 同时与TDI-5和TDI-10相比, TDI-0处理延缓了玉米吐丝期至灌浆期叶片衰老速率。新型滴灌管各埋深下, NDI-5比NDI-0和NDI-10显著促进叶片的生长, 吐丝LAI最大(P< 0.05), 同时延缓叶片衰老速率, 收获期LAI最高(P< 0.05)。同一埋深下, 与TDI-0相比, NDI-0对叶片生长发育无显著影响, 但显著延缓叶片衰老速率, R3期LAI提高16.3%; NDI-5比TDI促进叶片生长发育, 同时延缓叶片衰老速率, 吐丝期LAI提高7.9%, 收获期提高42.7%。在埋深10 cm时TDI-10和NDI-10对LAI的影响无差异。

表4 不同滴灌方式的春玉米花前、花后干物质积累 Table 4 Pre- and post-silking dry matter accumulation under different drip irrigation treatments

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	图3 不同滴灌方式下春玉米叶面积指数动态变化Fig. 3 Changes of LAI under different drip irrigation treatments

2.3 土壤含水量、耗水量和土壤水分利用效率

2.3.1 土壤含水量由图4可知, 与CK相比, 除新型滴灌NDI-0处理, 滴灌处理可以提高深层土壤60~100 cm土层含水量, 并随滴灌管埋深增加而增加。同一滴灌设备不同埋深处理间, 传统滴灌和新型滴灌土壤水量均随滴灌管埋深的增加而增加, 埋管滴灌均较地表滴管增加深层土壤含水量。不同滴灌管同一埋深间, 传统滴灌TDI-0较NDI-0增加60~80 cm土层含水量。

2.3.2 耗水量和土壤水分利用效率表5显示, 与CK相比, 滴灌处理显著增加耗水量7.7%, 同时显著提高籽粒产量, 最终滴灌处理TDI-0、NDI-5和NDI-10显著提高水分利用效率, 分别增加8.1%、10.9%和9.5%。

埋深对耗水量影响显著, 同一滴灌设备不同埋深间, 耗水量随管埋深的增加而降低, 传统滴灌TDI-10处理耗水最低, 新型滴灌NDI-5和NDI-10显著低于NDI-0处理。不同滴灌设备同一埋深下耗水量处理间无显著差异。滴灌管类型、埋深及其互作对水分利用效率影响显著。同一滴灌设备不同埋深间, 传统滴灌TDI-0处理水分利用效率最高, 新型滴灌NDI-5和NDI-10处理比NDI-0分别增加7.3%和6.0%。不同滴灌同一埋深下, 新型滴灌NDI-5时比传统滴灌TDI-5增加9.0%, 其他埋深处间差异不显著。

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图4 不同滴灌方式播前和成熟期0~100 cm土层水分变化处理同图2。
A、B、C和D分别表示各处理播前土壤含水量均值及埋深0 cm、5 cm和10 cm收获期土壤水分。BS: 0~100 cm土层播前土壤含水量; R6: 0~100 cm土层收获期土壤含水量。Fig. 4 Changes of soil water content in 0-100 cm soil layer before sowing and at mature stage under different drip irrigation treatments Treatments are the same as those given in Figure 2.
A, B, C, and D represent the average soil water content before sowing, and soil water content at the depth of 0, 5, and 10 cm respectively. BS: soil water content in 0-100 cm soil layer before sowing; R6: soil water content in 0-100 cm soil layer after harvest.

3 讨论

东北地区“ 十年九春旱” ^[22], 导致种子发芽出苗困难, 出苗率降低, 并影响出苗后的生长状况, 导致单位面积穗数减少, 产量降低^[3]。因此, 适宜的水分调控是农田管理的重要措施^[23]。对新疆南疆地区的滴灌春小麦产量和水分利用的研究表明^[24], 在拔节至开花期滴灌对春小麦新春22产量的提高极为重要, 平均增产45%, 水分利用效率提高35%。本研究中, 春玉米播种至幼苗期间春旱严重(表1), 滴灌显著增加了土壤水分含量, 提高玉米出苗率进而保证成熟期较高的穗数, 最终提高产量。与常规雨养玉米相比, 滴灌增产效果显著, 增加9.5%~20.1%。

滴灌管埋设深度显著影响粒重, 因其直接影响水分、养分在土壤中的运移, 而土壤中水分和养分的分布状况极大影响植物根系生长分布及其对水分养分的吸收, 从而影响植物整体生长发育, 最终影响产量^[25]。传统滴灌各处理间产量差异不显著, 是因为地表滴灌或者滴灌管埋深5 cm时主要是湿润土壤表层, 而当滴灌管埋深10 cm及10 cm以下时受毛细管作用的影响土壤水分不易上移^[14], 且滴灌管埋于两行玉米之间, 水分不易到达种子周围, 不利于种子出苗^[26]。

表5 春玉米耗水量及水分利用效率 Table 5 Water consumption and water use efficiency under different drip irrigation systems

不同滴灌管类型对作物生长发育及产量的影响鲜见报道, 本研究发现不同类型滴灌管显著影响出苗率, 2种滴灌管中以新型滴灌埋深5 cm处理产量最高, 较地表滴灌增产显著。这是因为新型滴灌出水速度高于传统滴灌, 且出水量大, 其湿润锋上移速度快^[18], 从而导致新型滴灌在合适埋深(5 cm)时出苗率较高。玉米出苗到拔节期间, 植株生长中心是根系, 为使根系发育良好, 并向纵深伸展, 需保持表土疏松干燥和下层土比较湿润的状况^[27]。NDI-5和NDI-10处理能够满足幼苗期玉米生长的水分需要, 通过控制土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布, 有利于根系在中后期充分利用深层次土层的水分与养分^[28]。NDI-5吐丝后叶片衰老慢, 绿叶持续期长, 成熟期生物量高, 最终提高产量。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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[28]	何华, 康绍忠, 曹红霞. 灌溉施肥部位对玉米同化物分配和水分利用的影响. 西北植物学报, 2003, 23: 1458-1461 He H, Kang S Z, Cao H X. Effect of fertigation depth on dry matter partition and water use efficiency of corn. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2003, 23: 1458-1461 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.947]

2011

0.0

... 东北地区作为我国重要的玉米生产基地, 玉米持续增产对保证国家粮食安全具有重要意义^[1] ...

2012

0.0

1.081

马树庆, 王琪, 于海, 徐丽萍, 张铁林. 春旱对春玉米产量的影响试验研究. 自然灾害学报, 2012, 21: 207-212

Ma S

, Wang

, Yu

, Xu L

, Zhang T

Field experiment study into influence of spring drought on maize yield.

J Nat Disasters, 2012, 21: 207-212 (in Chinese with English abstract)

将分级土壤水分胁迫试验与分期播种田间试验相结合,研究了春旱对春玉米产量的影响。结果表明,玉米播种出苗期间耕层土壤含水量与玉米产量的关系是二次函数关系。春季土壤水分胁迫对玉米产量的影响很明显,在田间持水量以下,土壤湿度每下降1个百分点,单产下降7%左右,耕层有效水量每减少10 mm,单产下降14%左右。文章还确定了玉米春旱的土壤水分分级指标。土壤水分对产量的影响指标和模式可以用于开展玉米春旱程度评估和预报,也可用于确定抗旱灌水量。

... 然而, 东北玉米生长季季节性干旱频发, 特别是玉米播种至幼苗生长期间(4月下旬至6月上旬)降雨少, 易发生春旱^[2], 导致出苗率降低、幼苗长势差, 进而减产^[3] ...

2011

0.0

1.081

王琪, 马树庆, 徐丽萍, 于海, 张铁林. 东北地区春旱对春玉米幼苗长势的影响指标和模式. 自然灾害学报, 2011, 20: 141-147

Wang

, Ma S

, Xu L

, Yu

, Zhang T

Indices and modes of spring drought influence on maize seedling growth in Northeast China.

J Nat Disasters, 2011, 20: 141-147 (in Chinese with English abstract)

春旱对春玉米幼苗长势影响田间试验分3个播种期（温度处理）和4个土壤水分胁迫处理。结果表明，在东北中部玉米主产区，玉米幼苗长势好坏主要取决于水分。玉米幼苗长势（叶龄、生物量和株高）与春季土壤湿度和土壤累积有效水量的关系模式均为二次函数。干旱胁迫降低玉米苗期生叶速度和植株高度，减轻生物量，严重抑制幼苗营养生长。玉米春旱的指标是：形在18％-19％之间，或日在45～54mm之间为轻旱；17％～18％或4045mm为中旱；17％以下或少于40mm为严重干旱。

... ^[22], 导致种子发芽出苗困难, 出苗率降低, 并影响出苗后的生长状况, 导致单位面积穗数减少, 产量降低^[3] ...

2013

0.0

贺伟, 布仁仓, 熊在平, 胡远满. 1961-2005年东北地区气温和降水变化趋势. 生态学报, 2013, 33: 519-531

, Bu R

, Xiong Z

, Hu Y

Characteristics of temperature and precipitation in northeastern China from 1961 to 2005.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2013, 33: 519-531 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Northeastern China is one of the regions that would be mostly affected by the changing climates, and created the particular climate pattern and characteristics under climate changes. The pattern and characteristics of climate changes in Northeastern China was analyzed with the methods of the linear regression method, cumulative anomaly method, Mann-Kendall test method and Morlet wavelets analysis method based on daily average air temperature and daily precipitation data observed at 96 meteorological stations covered the Northeastern China from 1961 to 2005. The linear regression method was used to study the variation trends of mean temperature and precipitation on annual-scale and seasonal-scale in recent 45 years. The cumulative anomaly method and Mann-Kendall test method were used to test trends and abrupt changes of annual mean temperature and precipitation. The Morlet wavelet analysis method was used to detect the change interval of annual mean temperature and precipitation. The linear trend rates for annual and seasonal mean temperature and annual and seasonal precipitation were calculated at each meteorological station. Those rates were then interpolated using inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation to reveal their spatial distributions. The results showed that the climate in this region showed a significant warming trend, the annual mean temperature varied between 2.45 ℃ and 5.72 ℃,and the annual mean temperature has increased by 0.38 ℃/10 a ( P P >0.05), the precipitation in 1980s was more than in the other decades, and the abrupt change in precipitation occurred during in 1982-1983. The seasonal precipitation showed various trends, the spring precipitation and winter precipitation showed increasing trend, but the summer precipitation and autumn precipitation showed decreasing trend. The Liaodong Peninsula and southern Changbai Mountain showed significantly decreasing trend in precipitation, whereas, the northern Da Hinggan Mountains and Songnen Plain showed obviously increasing trend. The climate change interval analysis revealed that the annual mean temperature fluctuated significantly with the interval of 11 years, 24 years and 6 years, and the annual mean precipitation fluctuated with interval of 16 years and 6 years, respectively. For this region, the climate was trended to be warmer and dryer in recent 45 years and the temperature and the precipitation showed different interval.

利用东北地区96个气象站1961-2005年的日平均气温和日降水量资料,采用线性倾向率法,累积距平法,Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对东北地区近45年来的气候变化和突变现象进行了研究。结果表明:近45年来,东北地区年平均气温变化在2.45-5.72 ℃之间,年均温呈现显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.38 ℃/10 a( P P >0.05),1981-1990年为降水最多的年代,1982-1983年间发生了降水量由少到多的突变。四季降水量变化呈现不同的趋势,其中春季和冬季降水量呈现增多的趋势,夏季和秋季降水量呈现减少的趋势。降水量减少较明显的地区为辽东半岛和长白山南段,降水量增多较明显的地区为大兴安岭北部和松嫩平原。Morlet小波分析结果表明,东北地区年平均气温存在11 a的强显著周期,此外还有24 a和6 a尺度的变化周期;东北地区年降水量存在16 a的强显著周期和6 a的小尺度变化周期。通过以上分析,近45 a东北地区总体气候呈现明显暖干化趋势。

... 已有研究表明, 东北地区总体气候呈暖干化趋势^[4], 春旱等季节性干旱还将进一步加剧, 这对东北玉米生产构成了严峻挑战^[5,6] ...

2004

0.0

... 已有研究表明, 东北地区总体气候呈暖干化趋势^[4], 春旱等季节性干旱还将进一步加剧, 这对东北玉米生产构成了严峻挑战^[5,6] ...

2012

0.0

2.121

宋振伟, 郭金瑞, 邓艾兴, 寇太记, 任军, 张卫建. 耕作方式对东北春玉米农田土壤水热特征的影响. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(16): 108-114

Song Z

, Guo J

, Deng A

, Kou T

, Ren

, Zhang W

Effects of surface tillage regimes on soil moisture and temperature of spring corn farmland in Northeast China.

Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(16): 108-114 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Concerning the high frequency of chilling injury and seasonal drought during spring corn growth season in Northeast China, a field experiment were conducted in 2009－2010 to determine the effects of different soil surface tillage treatments on soil moisture, soil temperature and corn yield. Three treatments including ridge tillage (LL), ridge tillage after seedling (PL) and shallow tillage without ridge (PP) was designed. The results obtained in two-year experiments showed that soil water storages of the depth of 0-40 cm in the PL and PP plots were significantly higher than that in the LL plot by 8.7 and 6.0 mm before sowing, and 4.1 and 3.4 mm during corn seedling stage, respectively. Whereas soil water storages of 0-40 cm soil depth in the PL and LL plots were higher than that in the PP plot in medium-late growth period of corn. The daily mean temperatures in the soil depth of 5 cm of PL and PP plot were significantly lower than that in the LL plot in seedling stage. However, the daily minimum temperature in the soil depths of 5 cm of the PL and PP plots was 1.6 and 1.2℃, respectively, and higher than that in the LL plot in seedling stage. The above evidences suggested that ridge tillage after seedling (PL) might increase the soil minimum temperature and soil water storage in seedling stage as well as improve soil moisture conditions in medium-late growth stage, which contributeed to the higher grain yield in the PL plot than that in LL and PP by 7.6 % and 6.4 %, respectively.

针对东北春玉米农田春季低温冷害和季节性干旱发生频率高的问题，于2009年－2010年设置3种耕作处理，即传统垄作（LL）、平作播种中耕起垄（PL）和全生育期平作（PP），研究大田条件下耕作方式对土壤水分、土壤温度和玉米产量的影响。2 a试验结果表明，耕作方式对0～40 cm土层储水量有显著影响，其中PL和PP处理播种时的初始储水量比LL处理高8.7和6.0 mm，而苗期则分别高4.1和3.4 mm；玉米生育中后期PL和LL处理储水量则呈高于PP处理的趋势。3种耕作方式下土壤温度的差异以苗期为主，即5 cm土层的平均温度PL和PP处理显著低于LL处理，但最低温度则以PL和PP处理显著高于LL处理，分别高1.6和1.2℃。总体来看，PL处理不仅可提高玉米苗期土壤的最低温度和耕层土壤储水量，而且可增加中后期土壤积蓄雨水量，促进作物生长发育，因而籽粒产量比LL和PP处理分别高7.6%和6.4%。

... 已有研究表明, 东北地区总体气候呈暖干化趋势^[4], 春旱等季节性干旱还将进一步加剧, 这对东北玉米生产构成了严峻挑战^[5,6] ...

1998

0.0

0.644

刘云发. 我国大田作物滴灌现状及发展前景. 节水灌溉, 1998, 4(4): 26-31

Liu Y

Field crop irrigation status and development prospect in China.

Water Saving Irrig, 1998, 4(4): 26-31 (in Chinese)

我国是一个水资源比较短缺的国家，水资源总量约2．8万亿m3，人均水资源占有量23opm3，仅为世界人均水平的l／4。有限的水资源在时空分布上也很不均匀，出现了南多北少，东多西少；夏秋多，春冬少的现象。长江以南地区水资源量占全国的引％，而耕地和人口分别占全国的36％和5

... 在当前诸多灌溉方式中, 滴灌是水分利用效率比较高、比较节水的灌溉技术^[7] ...

2002

0.0

... 生产上应用较多的是地表滴灌^[8], 在提高产量的同时也提高了水分利用效率^[9] ...

1999

0.0

1.173

张晓伟, 黄占斌. 滴灌条件下玉米的产量和WUE效应研究. 水土保持研究, 1999, 6(1): 72-75

Zhang X

, Huang Z

Study on yield and WUE of corn under drip irrigation.

Res Soil Water Conserv, 1999, 6(1): 72-75 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过对滴灌条件下玉米产量和WUE效应的研究,认为在半干旱区玉米上实施滴灌,较畦灌显著节约了水资源,提高了水分利用效率,促进了玉米生长发育,增加了产量.而且在低灌溉量下,较畦灌更稳产,因而对半干旱地区玉米补充灌溉具有十分重要的意义.

... 生产上应用较多的是地表滴灌^[8], 在提高产量的同时也提高了水分利用效率^[9] ...

1997

0.0

... 与地表滴灌相比, 地下滴灌具有诸多优势^[10,11] ...

... 0 cm时获得马铃薯最高产量和经济效益, 因为地下滴灌降低了土壤蒸发量, 并及时将水分直接补充到作物根系区^[10,11] ...

... 然而, 当地下埋管滴灌时, 流速较地表滴灌低, 可能会出现负压堵塞等问题^[10,17] ...

1998

0.0

... 与地表滴灌相比, 地下滴灌具有诸多优势^[10,11] ...

... 0 cm时获得马铃薯最高产量和经济效益, 因为地下滴灌降低了土壤蒸发量, 并及时将水分直接补充到作物根系区^[10,11] ...

1987

0.0

... 有研究表明, 地下滴灌作物产量要高于地表滴灌^[12], 埋管滴灌(35 ...

2011

0.0

... 0 cm)时叶面积指数最大, 最终产量显著高于地表滴灌^[13] ...

2007

0.0

... Petel等^[14]在印度新德里研究表明, 在滴灌埋深10 ...

... 传统滴灌各处理间产量差异不显著, 是因为地表滴灌或者滴灌管埋深5 cm时主要是湿润土壤表层, 而当滴灌管埋深10 cm及10 cm以下时受毛细管作用的影响土壤水分不易上移^[14], 且滴灌管埋于两行玉米之间, 水分不易到达种子周围, 不利于种子出苗^[26] ...

1990

0.0

... Schwank等^[15]研究表明, 当西红柿播种于滴灌管正上方, 埋管深度在15~23 cm时出苗率较好, 而当滴灌管过深(#cod#x02265 ...

2008

0.0

1.4

李久生, 杜珍华, 栗岩峰, 李蓓. 壤土特性空间变异对地下滴灌水氮分布及夏玉米生长的影响. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 1717-1726

Li J

, Du Z

, Li Y

, Li

Water and nitrogen distribution and summer maize growth in subsurface drip irrigation system as affected by spatial variations of soil properties.

Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 1717-1726 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】In contrast to surface drip irrigation, both hydraulic design and spatial variations of soil properties may affect the system performance of subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Field experiments were conducted on a sandy loam soil to investigate the influence of hydraulic design of SDI system and spatial variations of soil properties on water and nitrogen distributions and summer maize growth. 【Method】In the experiments, dripline depths were varied from 0 to 30 cm and two injector types, a differential pressure tank and a Venturi device, were used. Spatial variations of soil properties, including soil particle size distribution, bulk density, soil water characteristic curve, soil water content, and nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents were tested. Saturated hydraulic conductivity was determined by an artificial neural network model from particle size distribution and bulk density. On harvest of summer maize, total dry matter above ground, yield, and nitrogen uptake were measured. 【Result】The results indicated initial nitrate content had the largest variability with a coefficient of variation Cv ranging from 0.51 to 1.58, saturated hydraulic conductivity had a moderate Cv of 0.31-0.44, and soil bulk density had a smallest Cv of 0.06. Dripline depth had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of nitrate following a fertigation event. A greater nitrate content of nitrate generally occurred at the proximity of the dripline buried positions, while injector types had an insignificant influence on nitrate distribution. No significant effect on ammonium distribution of dripline depths and injector types was found. The variability of total dry matter above ground, nitrogen uptake, and yield caused by hydraulic design and soil properties variation was least with Cv considerably smaller than soil nitrogen contents but approximate water and fertilizer applied Cv. 【Conclusion】Our experiments demonstrated that the nonuniform distribution of water and nitrogen in the soil following a fertigation event was mainly caused by the spatial variation of soil properties, especially the initial distribution of soil water and nitrogen contents. It is suggested that the spatial variations of soil properties should be considered in the design of SDI systems.

【目的】与地表滴灌相比，地下滴灌的特殊性在于系统性能不仅受水力设计参数的影响，而且还与土壤特性的空间变异密切相关。本文的目的是定量评估地下滴灌系统水力参数和土壤特性空间变异对土壤水氮空间分布和夏玉米生长的影响。【方法】试验田块的土壤为砂质壤土。试验中滴灌带埋深设置0、15和30 cm 3个水平，施肥装置选择国内外常用的压差式施肥罐和文丘里施肥器两种类型；土壤特性测试指标包括颗粒组成、容重、水分特征曲线、含水量、硝态氮和铵态氮含量。采用人工神经网络模型估算了土壤饱和导水率。夏玉米收获时测定了地上部分干物质、产量和氮素吸收量的分布。【结果】试验田块内土壤初始硝态氮含量的变异程度最大，饱和导水率次之，土壤容重的变异程度最小；土壤特性空间变异程度为弱-中等。滴灌带埋深对施肥灌溉后土壤硝态氮在垂直剖面上的分布影响明显，滴灌带附近一般硝态氮含量较高。但施肥装置类型对土壤硝态氮分布的影响不显著；滴灌带埋深和施肥装置类型对土壤铵态氮含量分布的影响均不显著。由地下滴灌系统水力设计和土壤特性空间变异引起的作物地上部分干物质、吸氮量和产量的变异系数明显小于灌溉施肥后土壤氮素的变异系数，接近或小于灌水量与施肥量的变异系数。【结论】对试验土壤来说，土壤特性的空间变异，尤其是土壤初始含水量和氮素含量的不均匀性，可能是导致施肥灌溉后土壤水氮分布不均匀的重要原因。因此在地下滴灌系统设计中应考虑土壤特性空间变异的影响。

... 30 cm)时会导致出苗率降低, 从而降低最终产量^[16] ...

1992

2.843

0.0

... 然而, 当地下埋管滴灌时, 流速较地表滴灌低, 可能会出现负压堵塞等问题^[10,17] ...

2004

0.0

0.556

胡笑涛, 康绍忠, 王晓燕, 李志军. 地下滴灌灌水器的筛选试验研究. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2004, 35: 483-485

Hu X

, Kang S

, Wang X

, Li Z

Experiment on choosing emitter of subsurface drip irrigation.

J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2004, 35: 483-485 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过对现有滴灌灌水器类型的分析及试验筛选,结果表明,内镶式滴灌管最适宜应用于地下滴灌,在低压运行时,孔口式滴头在土壤中稳定出流量为空气中的3/5,基本可以满足地下滴灌的要求;在较高供水压力时,所选取的几种滴头基本上都可以用于地下滴灌.通过对湿润锋的观测,发现出流量较大的滴头,其湿润锋向上运移速度较快.因此,为防止地下滴灌产生深层渗漏,应选取出流量较大的滴头.

... 地下滴灌在国外通常被作为滴灌的不同铺设方式, 很少有专用滴头的研究和生产, 只是在材料或结构上稍微改进, 目前我国也尚未定型生产和推广^[18] ...

... 这是因为新型滴灌出水速度高于传统滴灌, 且出水量大, 其湿润锋上移速度快^[18], 从而导致新型滴灌在合适埋深(5 cm)时出苗率较高 ...

2007

0.0

... 新型自流插入式滴灌管, 采用螺纹滴头, 可更换, 不易堵塞, 滴定流量可调节, 适合埋管滴灌^[19] ...

1998

0.0

2014

0.0

... 2 出苗率用以下公式计算^[21]: ...

2008

2.608

0.0

... ^[22], 导致种子发芽出苗困难, 出苗率降低, 并影响出苗后的生长状况, 导致单位面积穗数减少, 产量降低^[3] ...

2013

0.0

1.904

宋振伟, 郭金瑞, 任军, 闫孝贡, 郑成岩, 邓艾兴, 张卫建. 耕作方式对东北雨养区玉米光合与叶绿素荧光特性的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 1900-1906

Song Z

, Guo J

, Ren

, Yan X

, Deng A

, Zhang W

Effects of tillage patterns on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of maize in rainfed area of Northeast China.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 1900-1906 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在东北地区设置大田试验,研究不同耕作方式下玉米全生育期耕层土壤温度、土壤含水量、叶片光合性能及叶绿素荧光参数的变化特征.结果表明:耕作方式对土壤水热性能的影响主要体现在播种-拔节阶段,2010-2011年平地播种中耕起垄(PL)和全生育期平作(PP)处理0～40 em土层土壤体积含水量在出苗期、苗期和拔节期比传统垄作(LL)处理平均提高5.6％和5.2％、4.6％和7.3％及3.9％和4.8％,苗期5 cm土壤最低温度分别比LL处理高1.4和1.3℃.由于土壤水热条件的改善,拔节期PL和PP处理的叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等指标显著高于LL处理,而PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)无显著差异,表明气孔导度和气孔限制值等气孔因素是导致光合作用差异的主要原因;灌浆期叶片Pn和Tr则以LL和PL处理显著高于PP处理,这主要是由于PP处理在强降雨时期经历了涝渍灾害,光合作用受到抑制.可见PL处理通过改善土壤水热条件增强了玉米光合性能,进而提高了籽粒产量.

... 因此, 适宜的水分调控是农田管理的重要措施^[23] ...

2013

0.0

1.289

徐翠莲, 王冀川, 高山, 徐雅丽. 土壤水分调控对滴灌春小麦产量及分利用的影响. 华北农学报, 2013, 28(3): 127-132

Xu C

, Wang J

, Gao

, Xu L

Impacts of soil water controlling on grain yield and water use efficiency of spring wheat under drip irrigation.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2013, 28(3): 127-132 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the impacts of different water controlling on wheat yield and water use under drip irrigation，water control experiments were carried out during three key growth stages: Ⅰ( seedling emergence - jointing) ，Ⅱ( jointing - athesis) and Ⅲ ( athesis - milk maturation stage) for spring wheat Xinchun 22 and Xinchun 19．The results showed thatⅡstage was sensitive and key to water controlling． The grain yield and water use efficiency of Xinchun 22 were significantly higher than other treatments when soil water content reached 75% - 80%of field relative capacity during Ⅱstage and 65% - 70% duringⅠand Ⅲstage，and the highest grain yield and water use efficiency reached 6 894． 2 kg /ha and 15． 824 kg /( mm·ha) respectively． While for spring wheat 19 the highest yield and water use efficiency were achieved when soil water content reached 75% - 80% of field relative capacity during every stage，which were 7 409． 1 kg /ha and 14． 586 kg /( mm·ha) ． According to soil water consumption，Xinchun 22 with short stature was a water-saving variety which consumped less water than Xinchun 19 under different water treatments． In addition， the regression analysis of Xinchun 22 and Xinchun 19 presented extremely significant logarithmic relationships between water consumption and yield，and significant linear relationships between water use efficiency and yield with determination coefficient reaching 0．85 and 0.97 respectively．

College of Plant Science,Tarim University, Alar 843300,China

为了解滴灌条件下水分调控对春小麦产量及水分利用的影响,以新春22和新春19为试验材料,在其关键生育期:Ⅰ期(出苗-拔节期)、Ⅱ期(拔节-扬花期)、Ⅲ期(扬花-乳熟期)内进行土壤水分控制。结果表明,Ⅱ期是小麦水分调控最为关键和敏感的时期。新春22在Ⅱ期采用75%～80%、Ⅰ期和Ⅲ期采用65%～70%的土壤水分下限处理时产量和水分利用效率均显著高于其他处理,分别达6 894.2 kg/hm 2 和15.824 kg/(mm.hm 2 );而新春19在各期下限均为75%～80%时,产量和水分利用效率最高,达7 409.1 kg/hm2和14.586 kg/(mm.hm 2 );就整个生育期的耗水情况来看,矮秆品种新春22在不同土壤水分处理下的耗水量均低于高秆品种新春19,是个节水型品种;新春22和新春19的耗水量、水分利用效率与产量之间均呈极显著的对数关系(r 2 =0.85)和直线关系(r 2 =0.97)。

... 对新疆南疆地区的滴灌春小麦产量和水分利用的研究表明^[24], 在拔节至开花期滴灌对春小麦新春22产量的提高极为重要, 平均增产45%, 水分利用效率提高35% ...

2007

0.0

0.418

任杰, 温新明, 王振华, 安俊波. 地下滴灌毛管适宜埋深及间距研究进展. 水资源与水工程学报, 2007, 18(6): 48-51

Ren

, Wen X

, Wang Z

, An J

Research progress on appropriate depth and interval of lateral pipes in subsurface drip irriagation.

J Water Resour Water Eng, 2007, 18(6): 48-51 (in Chinese with English abstract)

随着全球水资源的日益短缺,节水灌溉越来越引起人们的重视.地下滴灌是一种节水效率很高的节水灌溉技术,具有诸多优点.本文分析了地下滴灌毛管埋深和间距对作物生长和发育的影响,重点介绍了国内外地下滴灌毛管埋深和间距的研究进展及应用现状,对其发展历史、经济与环境效益、毛管埋深、毛管间距、作物的生长和发育及系统的投资等方面进行了综述,并对毛管埋深5 cm、15 cm和35 cm进行了土壤水分运移试验分析,以便为地下滴灌系统的合理设计提供理论依据.

... 滴灌管埋设深度显著影响粒重, 因其直接影响水分、养分在土壤中的运移, 而土壤中水分和养分的分布状况极大影响植物根系生长分布及其对水分养分的吸收, 从而影响植物整体生长发育, 最终影响产量^[25] ...

2005

0.491

0.0

1985

0.0

... 玉米出苗到拔节期间, 植株生长中心是根系, 为使根系发育良好, 并向纵深伸展, 需保持表土疏松干燥和下层土比较湿润的状况^[27] ...

2003

0.0

0.947

何华, 康绍忠, 曹红霞. 灌溉施肥部位对玉米同化物分配和水分利用的影响. 西北植物学报, 2003, 23: 1458-1461

, Kang S

, Cao H

Effect of fertigation depth on dry matter partition and water use efficiency of corn.

Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2003, 23: 1458-1461 (in Chinese with English abstract)

用土柱管栽试验方法研究了不同灌溉施肥深度对夏玉米生长发育、地上地下部分同化物分配、产量和水分利用效率的影响.试验结果表明:土表下灌施抑制了玉米生育早期的地上部分生长,使根系向土壤中下层的分布加强,从而保证了作物中后期对水分养分的吸收利用,提高了水分利用效率.在本试验条件下,玉米生长的最佳灌施深度为30 cm.

... NDI-5和NDI-10处理能够满足幼苗期玉米生长的水分需要, 通过控制土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布, 有利于根系在中后期充分利用深层次土层的水分与养分^[28] ...