豆科-燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

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冯晓敏, 杨永, 任长忠, 胡跃高, 曾昭海. 豆科-燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41(9): 1426-1434
FENG Xiao-Min, YANG Yong, REN Chang-Zhong, HU Yue-Gao, ZENG Zhao-Hai. Effects of Legumes Intercropping with Oat on Photosynthesis Characteristics of and Grain Yield. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 41(9): 1426-1434 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

豆科-燕麦间作对作物光合特性及籽粒产量的影响

冯晓敏^1,^*, 杨永^1,^2,^*, 任长忠³, 胡跃高¹, 曾昭海^1,^*

¹ 中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 北京100193

²新疆农业科学院哈密瓜研究中心, 新疆乌鲁木齐830091

³吉林省白城市农业科学院, 吉林白城137000

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 曾昭海, E-mail:zengzhaohai@cau.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:fengxiaomin.1986@163.com; 553508458@qq.com ^**同等贡献(Contributed equally to this work)

收稿日期:2015-03-07 接受日期:2015-05-04 网络出版日期:2015-06-12

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-08-B-1), 国家自然科学基金项目(30871491, 31171509)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201103001)资助

摘要

为进一步揭示豆科燕麦间作体系中作物产量优势的光合机制, 设置燕麦单作、大豆单作、花生单作、大豆燕麦间作和花生燕麦间作试验, 在不施氮肥的条件下, 调查大豆、花生同燕麦的产量、功能叶片相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)及光合特性。结果表明, 与单作相比, 大豆-燕麦和花生-燕麦间作优势明显, 土地当量比(LER)分别为1.41~1.63和1.31~1.52。同大豆间作的燕麦除单株粒重及千粒重外, 其他各产量构成因子均增加; 同花生间作的燕麦各产量构成因子均高于单作燕麦, 其中小穗数、穗粒数、单株粒重与单作相比差异显著; 间作提高了大豆各产量构成因子, 但降低了花生的结荚数及单株粒重。间作提高了燕麦的叶绿素含量和净光合速率, 改变了叶绿素构成, 使燕麦衰老延缓; 间作对大豆的相对叶绿素含量及净光合速率均无显著影响; 在燕麦孕穗后期至抽穗期, 间作花生净光合速率显著高于单作。在不施氮肥的条件下, 间作体系均明显优于单作, 其中燕麦花生间作体系显著促进了燕麦的生长发育, 大豆燕麦间作体系对燕麦、大豆均有一定促进作用。

关键词: 燕麦; 大豆; 花生; 间作; 光合特性; 产量

Effects of Legumes Intercropping with Oat on Photosynthesis Characteristics of and Grain Yield

FENG Xiao-Min^1,^**, YANG Yong^1,^2,^**, REN Chang-Zhong³, HU Yue-Gao¹, ZENG Zhao-Hai^1,^*

¹College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

²Hami Melon Research Center, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China

³Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Jilin, Baicheng 137000, China

Abstract

Intercropping, a commonly used agronomic management by farmers in China for centuries can improve light, heat, water and nitrogen utilization efficiencies and significantly enhance crop yield. To reveal the mechanism of photosynthesis in soybean-oat and peanut-oat intercropping systems, we conducted a two-year (2011, 2012) field experiment in Baicheng, Jilin province. Under the nitrogen-free condition, crop yield, yield components and photosynthesis and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of functional leaves in crops were investigated during growth stage. The results showed that land equivalent ratio (LER) was from 1.41 to 1.63 and from 1.31 to 1.52 for soybean-oat and peanut-oat intercropping, respectively. Also, most yield components from oat (plant height, spike length and spikelet, grain number per spike) under intercropping with soybean were higher than those from mono-cropping oat, except for grain weight per plant and thousand seed weight. Under intercropping with peanut, all yield components of oat increased in comparison with those under mono-cropping oat and spikelet, grain number per spike and grain weight per plant showed significant difference. Moreover, all yield components of soybean intercropping with oat improved, whereas decreased peanut pod number and grain weight per plant. As for photosynthesis, intercropping enhanced chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of oat and altered chlorophyll composition which contributed to the slower process of oat aging. With regard to peanut, chlorophyll content slightly increased when intercropped with oat and net photosynthetic rate significantly improved during the late booting stage to heading stage of oat. In conclusion, under the condition of nitrogen-free, intercropping is demonstrably superior to monoculture. The peanut-oat intercropping system notably promotes the growth of oat, while the oat and soybean are both benefit from the soybean-oat intercropping system.

Keyword: Oat; Soybean; Peanut; Intercropping; Photosynthesis characteristics; Yield

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间套作是一种在时间和空间上实现种植集约化的种植方式, 合理的间套作能够高效利用光、热、水、肥、气等资源, 改善通风透光条件, 促进不同生态位作物和谐生长^{[1, 2, 3, 4]}。据粗略估计, 世界间套作面积在1亿公顷以上, 禾豆间作模式在我国广泛分布, 如东北及华北的玉米-大豆^[1]、玉米-花生^[2]、西北地区的小麦-大豆^[3]、小麦-蚕豆^{[5, 6]}、玉米-大豆^[7]等。

在没有扩大土地面积的前提下, 间作可显著提高粮食产量20%~50%^[8], 这可能是由于间作提高了籽粒灌浆过程中各作物功能叶片内相对叶绿素含量和光合速率^[9]。研究表明, 间作提高了光热资源的利用效率^[2], 张建华等^[10]研究玉米-大豆间作模式表明, 间作增加了玉米的光合能力, 间作后边行玉米的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及相对湿度都有所提高, 但空气CO₂浓度、胞间CO₂浓度及叶片温度有所降低。李植等^[11]研究表明, 与单作大豆相比, 玉米和大豆间作栽培模式使大豆的光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线, 弱化了大豆的光合午休现象; 焦念元等^[12]研究表明玉米花生间作提高了2种作物叶片的叶绿素含量。然而这些研究主要集中于C₄植物(如玉米), C₃与C₄作物的光合过程中固定CO₂的机制不同导致其光合生理差异, 同时间作中不同作物的生长特性不同, 对光等资源的需求也不尽相同, 间作中植物的光合特性也发生改变, 因而有必要研究不同种植方式和作物搭配组合中的光能利用效率。

吉林白城地区属于典型的农牧交错带, 广泛分布着各种杂粮杂豆, 由于豆科作物收获后残茬较少, 冬春季节农田地表缺少覆盖, 大风导致空气扬尘严重。燕麦成功引入后, 可以发挥残茬丰富的优势, 减少地表裸露。但该区域对燕麦的研究主要集中在种质资源评价、新品种培育、水肥生理、抗逆性、营养成分、饲用价值等方面^[13], 有关燕麦地表覆盖尤其是与豆科间作模式光合特性的研究国内外的报道较少。构建合理的豆科燕麦间作模式, 既可以满足燕麦生长需求, 又能增加地表残茬覆盖, 减少风蚀。本试验采用燕麦豆科2:2间作模式, 研究不施氮肥条件下, 大豆-燕麦、花生-燕麦对各参试作物籽粒产量及光合作用的影响, 探讨间作作物光合特性, 以期为进一步揭示间作光能利用机制, 降低农业生产成本, 保护农田生态环境, 构建可持续的间套作模式提供技术指导和理论支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验田概况

吉林省白城市农业科学院试验地(45° 37' N, 122° 48' E)属温带大陆性季风气候区, 年均日照时数2919.4 h, 年均气温4.9℃, 无霜期157 d, 年均降水量407.9 mm, 分布不均, 秋冬和春季降雨较少。供试土壤为沙壤土, 耕层土壤含有机质14.30 g kg^-1、全氮1.85 g kg^-1、碱解氮117.40 mg kg^-1、有效磷95.90 mg kg^-1、有效钾93.30 mg kg^-1, 土壤pH 6.9。

1.2 试验设计

按完全随机区组设计, 设燕麦单作、大豆单作、花生单作、大豆燕麦间作、花生燕麦间作5个处理。小区面积28 m², 每个处理重复4次。大豆、花生种子均以根瘤菌(购自宁夏诺德曼公司)拌种, 保证充分结瘤固氮, 各处理均不施氮肥, 基施磷肥P₂O₅ 55 kg hm^-2、钾肥为(K₂O) 45 kg hm^-2、硫酸亚铁4.5 kg hm^-2、硼酸1.0 kg hm^-2、钼酸钠1.5 kg hm^-2。单作燕麦播种行距30 cm, 播种量150 kg hm^-2; 单作大豆行距为60 cm, 株距为10 cm; 单作花生行距为60 cm, 穴距为20 cm, 每穴2株。间作体系中种植比例为2:2即2行燕麦和2行豆科作物, 间作燕麦、大豆、花生行距、播量同单作, 燕麦豆科作物行间距为20 cm。供试的燕麦品种为白燕2号, 大豆为早熟品种96136品系, 花生为白院花1号, 均由白城农业科学院提供, 属于当地推广应用面积较大的品种。燕麦、大豆、花生同时播种, 播期为2011年为5月17日和2012年5月24日。2011年和2012年收获时间, 燕麦分别为8月12日和8月14日, 大豆、花生为9月7日和9月16日。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 籽粒产量燕麦、大豆、花生成熟期, 取每小区燕麦4行2 m样段, 齐地割起, 风干后测籽粒产量。取每小区大豆、花生2行2 m样段, 测大豆籽粒产量和花生荚果产量。

1.3.2 相对叶绿素含量分别在燕麦的拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期、乳熟期, 采用便携式相对叶绿素含量测定仪(日本产SPAD-502)测定叶片相对叶绿素含量, 测每个小区10株叶片取平均值。

1.3.3 光合作用指标用LI-6400XT便携式光合模式分别在燕麦的拔节期(2011)、孕穗期(2011; 2012)、抽穗期(2012)和灌浆期(2011; 2012)。选择晴朗无风天气10:00— 12:00, 设定CO₂浓度为400 μ mol mol^-1, 光强为1400 μ mol m^-2 s^-1, 测定各作物叶片净光合速率。

1.3.4 土地当量比(land equivalent ratio, LER)

土地当量比用于衡量间作优势。

LER =Y_oi/Y_os+ Y_li/Y_ls

式中: Y_oi和Y_li分别指在间作总面积上燕麦和豆科作物的籽粒产量(kg hm^-2); Y_os和Y_ls分别指单作燕麦和豆科作物的籽粒产量(kg hm^-2); 当LER> 1时, 表示有间作优势; 当LER< 1则无间作优势。

1.4 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007整理数据, OriginPro8 (利用Origin Lab, USA)绘制图形, SAS 9.0 (SAS Institute, USA)进行统计分析和多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 间作对作物籽粒产量的影响

在间作模式中, 单种作物的实播面积减少。由表1可知, 2011年和2012年同大豆间作燕麦的产量为单作的49%和57%, 同花生间作燕麦的产量为单作的71%和103%, 2012年不同间作模式中燕麦产量均提高, 且与花生间作燕麦增产幅度较大。2012年间作和单作大豆产量较2011年分别降低5%和18%。两年试验均表明, 间作花生受到明显抑制, 产量显著低于单作。

2.2 间作模式中间作优势

大豆-燕麦、花生-燕麦间作均具有产量优势。大豆-燕麦间作的LER为1.41 (2011)和1.63 (2012); 花生-燕麦间作的LER为1.31 (2011)和1.52 (2012)。但不同豆科作物同燕麦间作增产途径不同。在大豆-燕麦间作模式中, 2年试验Lb₁均大于La, 大豆是主要增产部分, 间作对燕麦的影响较小。而在花生-燕麦间作模式中, 2年试验La均大于Lb₂, 且2012年La约为Lb₂的2倍, 增产的部分主要是燕麦(表1)。

表1 间作对各作物籽粒产量和土地当量比的影响 Table 1 Effect of intercropping on yield and land equivalent ratios

2.3 收获指数

收获指数是指籽粒产量占作物地上部总生物量的比值。由图1可知, 间作提高了燕麦的收获指数, 且在燕麦-花生间作模式中, 间作燕麦比单作燕麦的收获指数提高15%~18%, 表明在间作模式中燕麦由营养生长的干物质积累向生殖生长的干物质积累的转化能力强于单作燕麦。间作提高了豆科作物的收获指数, 但增幅不高。

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图1 间作对作物收获指数的影响图柱上的小写字母的不同表示在0.05水平上显著差异。TS: 单作大豆; TOS-S: 间作大豆; TG: 单作花生; TOG-G: 间作花生; TO: 单作燕麦; TOS-O: 与大豆间作的燕麦; TOG-O: 与花生间作的燕麦。Fig. 1 Effect of intercropping on harvest indexBars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level. TO, TS, and TG mean monoculture oat, soybean, and peanut; TOS-S and TOG-G mean the soybean and the peanut in the intercropping system; TOG-O and TOS-O mean the oat in the intercropping system of oat-groundnut and oat-soybean.

2.4 间作对产量因子的影响

2.4.1 间作对燕麦各产量因子的影响由表2可知, 2011年除千粒重外, 同花生间作燕麦各产量因子与单作相比差异显著, 同大豆间作燕麦除单株粒重、千粒重外均高于单作燕麦, 但差异不显著。2012年TOG、TOS与TO相比, 除株高、穗长外差异显著, 同大豆间作燕麦小穗数、穗粒数显著高于单作燕麦, 但千粒重显著低于单作燕麦。由于后期间作大豆因雨水过多, 出现倒伏, 影响间作燕麦的灌浆, 籽粒较不饱满。总体来看, 间作明显增加燕麦穗长、小穗数、穗粒数, 这是间作燕麦产量增加的原因之一。

表2 间作对燕麦各产量因子的影响 Table 2 Effect of intercropping on oat yield components

2.4.2 间作对大豆、花生产量构成因子的影响

由表3可知, 间作对大豆各产量构成因子影响较小, 而对花生影响较大。间作大豆各产量因子均略高于单作大豆, 差异不显著。间作花生有效荚数及单株粒重显著低于单作花生, 是造成间作花生产量降低的主要因素。与2011年相比, 2012年大豆株高、有效荚数及单株粒重明显减少, 而单荚粒重、百粒重略有增加; 2012年花生有效荚数、单荚粒数也有所减少, 但单荚粒重、单株粒重及百粒重均有所增加, 由于播期及连作影响豆科作物的结荚数, 进而影响到产量, 同时作物本身具有一定的调控机制, 能够使荚果更饱满以弥补因有效荚数减少带来的产量下降。

表3 间作对大豆、花生产量构成因子的影响 Table 3 Effect of intercropping on yield components of soybean and peanut

2.5 间作对作物功能叶片相对叶绿素含量及光合作用的影响

2.5.1 相对叶绿素含量由图2和图3可知, 间作对燕麦相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)影响显著。两年数据均显示, 无论是与大豆间作, 还是与花生间作的燕麦, 其SPAD值在整个生育期(除拔节期)均显著高于单作燕麦, 增加幅度为8%~38%, 而间作燕麦间差异不显著。2年试验均表明间作对大豆和花生的相对叶绿素含量几乎无影响, 整个生育期, 间作处理与单作相比均未达到显著水平。2011年孕穗期, 间作大豆与间作花生表现一致, 均为间作处理的相对叶绿素含量小于单作处理。

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图2 间作对各作物相对叶绿素含量的影响(2011)图中数据的小写字母的不同表示其差异在0.05水平上显著(Fisher test)。TS: 单作大豆; TOS-S: 间作大豆; TG: 单作花生; TOG-G: 间作花生; TO: 单作燕麦; TOS-O: 与大豆间作的燕麦; TOG-O: 与花生间作的燕麦。Fig. 2 Effect of intercropping on relative chlorophyll contents of crops in 2011Relative chlorophyll content values with different small letters for the crops in the same stage are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level according to Fisher test. TO, TS, and TG mean monoculture oat, soybean, and peanut; TOS-S and TOG-G mean the soybean and the peanut in the intercropping system; TOG-O and TOS-O mean the oat in the intercropping system of oat-groundnut and oat-soybean.

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图3 间作对各作物相对叶绿素含量的影响(2012)图中数据的小写字母的不同表示其差异在0.05水平上显著(Fisher test)。TS: 单作大豆; TOS-S: 间作大豆; TG: 单作花生; TOG-G: 间作花生; TO: 单作燕麦; TOS-O: 与大豆间作的燕麦; TOG-O: 与花生间作的燕麦。Fig. 3 Effect of intercropping on crops relative chlorophyll content in 2012Relative chlorophyll content values with different small letters for the crops in the same stage are significant different at the 0.05 probability level according to Fisher test. TO, TS, and TG mean monoculture oat, soybean, and peanut; TOS-S and TOG-G mean the soybean and the peanut in the intercropping system; TOG-O and TOS-O mean the oat in the intercropping system of oat-groundnut and oat-soybean.

2.5.2 间作对作物光合特性的影响 2011年因受阴雨天气影响, 分别在燕麦拔节期、孕穗末期和灌浆初期测定了各作物功能叶片光合特性相关指标。如表4所示, 间作燕麦净光合速率均显著高于单作, 提高幅度为21%~43%。随着生育期的推进, 燕麦旗叶光合能力有逐渐增强的趋势, 变化幅度表现为TOS-O> TOG-O> TO。间作燕麦旗叶胞间二氧化碳浓度和气孔导度同单作相比差异不显著。灌浆期, 间作燕麦旗叶蒸腾速率与单作相比有显著性差异。间作对大豆、花生功能叶片光合特性影响较小, 气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度及蒸腾速率亦无显著性差异。在燕麦拔节期, 间作豆科作物的净光合速率均低于单作, 在燕麦孕穗期, 间作花生净光合速率显著高于单作燕麦, 而间作大豆净光合速率低于单作大豆。

表4 间作对各作物光合作用的影响 Table 4 Effect of intercropping on photosynthesis of crops

2012年间作燕麦的净光合速率表现为同花生间作时最强。在孕穗期和抽穗期, 间作燕麦旗叶胞间二氧化碳浓度均低于单作燕麦, 与花生间作的燕麦与单作相比差异显著。在灌浆期, 间作燕麦旗叶胞间二氧化碳浓度均显著高于单作燕麦。间作对大豆、花生功能叶片光合特性的影响同2011年基本一致。间作大豆的光合特性指标同单作大豆无显著性差异。在孕穗期, 间作花生净光合速率显著低于单作花生。抽穗期, 间作花生净光合速率显著高于单作, 而在灌浆期基本等同于单作花生。

3 讨论

间作作物生态位在时间、空间上的差异, 是间作充分利用自然资源, 获取产量优势的重要原因之一。本研究显示, 间作模式的LER分别是1.41~1.63和1.31~1.52, 表现出明显的间作优势和土地利用效率。Dhima等^[14]豌豆与禾本科(小麦、黑麦和燕麦)间作LER为1.05~1.09, 焦念元等^[15]玉米花生间作体系LER达到1.30~1.38, 均与本研究结果一致。

收获指数能代表植物光合作用产物转化为籽粒产量的比率, 间作燕麦的收获指数高于单作, 表明在间作模式中燕麦由营养生长向生殖生长的干物质积累转化能力强于单作燕麦。主要是由于间作有利于改善高位作物生育后期冠层光照条件, 使叶绿素含量增加, 提高了功能叶片净光合速率, 光合产物的合成和积累增加, 促进籽粒灌浆和光合物质向籽粒运输与分配, 因此, 间作燕麦具有较高的收获指数, 这与多数研究结论一致^[15]。

叶绿素在植物体内负责光能的吸收、传递和转化, 遮阴有利于提高植物叶绿素含量, 增强对光能的捕获能力, 提高弱光时的光能利用效率^[16], 在花生间作模式中, 两种作物共生期中, 燕麦株高一直高于花生, 受燕麦遮阴影响严重, 花生(约占其总生育期的80%)一直处于生态位劣势, 间作花生结荚数显著低于单作, 产量较低, 而同花生间作燕麦生长环境优越, 具有明显边行优势, 长势比同大豆间作燕麦、单作燕麦都好, 其功能叶片相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率及其各产量因子均显著高于单作燕麦, 与沈其荣等^[17]有关间作的研究结论一致。焦念元等^[15]和左元梅等^[18]研究均表明, 玉米同花生间作提高高秆作物玉米叶绿素含量, 延缓其衰老。唐秀梅等^[19]研究显示间作花生受木薯遮阴影响, 其叶绿素含量及净光合速率均较单作降低。大豆燕麦间作体系中, 从燕麦出苗至其灌浆初期, 燕麦株高高于间作大豆, 使得间作大豆在光照等方面较单作处于劣势, 其生长发育受到一定程度影响。在燕麦灌浆中后期, 间作大豆地上部的光气等资源以及地下部水肥资源较单作更为充足, 间作大豆前期的生长抑制受到补偿。同大豆间作燕麦相对叶绿素含量及光合作用能力在拔节期至灌浆初期优于单作, 但在其灌浆中后期, 受大豆遮阴影响, 光合速率降低, 灌浆不足, 籽粒较瘪, 千粒重低于单作燕麦。Kumar等^[20]也证明, 玉米同豆科作物间作, 其产量及各产量因子均有一定提高。由此可见, 燕麦-花生间作模式促使花生对光能的利用向阴性植物特点转化, 而使燕麦的阳性植物光合特性增强, 实现了对光能的分层、立体高效利用, 这与朱文旭等^[21]研究结果一致, 间作提高高位作物的光合能力, 但对间作条件下作物功能叶片的叶绿体超微结构、光合酶活性和光合基因表达发生的适应性变化还需进一步研究。而在大豆-燕麦间作模式中, 燕麦和大豆株高此消彼长, 使得作物受光发生变化, 前期受抑制作物得到有效补偿, 将使得整个间作体系产量优势更为明显。

另外, 间作比例的差异会引起植物地上部分对光的争夺和土地利用的不同, 最终导致产量的差异, 如燕麦、箭筈豌豆在不同间作比例下的群体截光率和产量是不同的^[22]。本研究是在2:2间作模式下研究燕麦不同间作组合对光能的利用, 而对于不同间作组合的间作比例还需要深入研究, 为田间管理及机械化作业提供科学依据。

4 结论

在燕麦、大豆和燕麦、花生2:2间作模式下, 与单作相比, 分别增产41%~63%和31%~52%, 间作能够更好地利用资源。在燕麦-大豆和燕麦-花生间作模式中, 净光合速率分别提高0.9%~42.9%和3.4%~ 37.2%, 同时间作燕麦的相对叶绿素含量显著高于单作(增幅为8%~38%), 但对豆科相对叶绿素含量无影响。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2015

0.0

1.681

... 间套作是一种在时间和空间上实现种植集约化的种植方式, 合理的间套作能够高效利用光、热、水、肥、气等资源, 改善通风透光条件, 促进不同生态位作物和谐生长^[1,2,3,4] ...

... 据粗略估计, 世界间套作面积在1亿公顷以上, 禾豆间作模式在我国广泛分布, 如东北及华北的玉米-大豆^[1]、玉米-花生^[2]、西北地区的小麦-大豆^[3]、小麦-蚕豆^[5,6]、玉米-大豆^[7]等 ...

2008

0.0

1.904

焦念元, 赵春, 宁堂原, 侯连涛, 付国占, 李增嘉, 陈明灿. 玉米花生间作对作物产量和光合作用光响应的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 981-985

Jiao N

, Zhao

, Ning T

, Hou L

, Fu G

, Li Z

, Chen M

Effect of maize-peanut intercropping on economic yield and light response of photosynthesis.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 981-985 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of maize-peanut intercropping on the economic yield of the two crops and the light response of their functional leaves’ photosynthesis. The results showed that maize-peanut intercropping had an obvious yield advantage, with the total economic yield being 2 896 kg·hm -2 in 2004 and 2 894 kg·hm -2 in 2005, and enhanced th e land utilization rate by 14%-17%. For maize’s functional leaves, the intercropping enhanced their light saturation point, compensation poin t, and photosynthetic rate under strong light; while for peanut’s functional lea ves, it reduced their light saturation point and compensation point but nhanced the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis and photosynthetic rate under weak light, indicating that maize-peanut intercropping enhanced the utilization efficiency of strong light by maize and that of weak light by peanut, making this intercropping system present an obvious yield advantage.

1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Ag ricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China; 2 College of Agrono my, Henan University of Science & Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China; 3 Dongying Vocation College, Dongying 257091, Shandong, China; 4Shandong College of Light Industry, Jinan 250100, China

研究了玉米-花生间作对玉米、花生经济产量及功能叶片光合作用光响应的影响.结果表明：间作体系总体表现出明显的产量优势，2004和2005年分别为2 896和2 894 kg· hm -2 ，土地利用率提高了14%～17%；玉米-花生间作提高了玉米功能叶片的光饱和点、光补偿点和强光时的光合速率，降低了花生功能叶片的光补偿点和光饱和点，但提高了花生表观量子效率和弱光时的光合速率.表明间作提高了玉米对强光和花生对弱光的利用能力，从而使间作体系表现出明显的产量优势.

... 研究表明, 间作提高了光热资源的利用效率^[2], 张建华等^[10]研究玉米-大豆间作模式表明, 间作增加了玉米的光合能力, 间作后边行玉米的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及相对湿度都有所提高, 但空气CO₂浓度、胞间CO₂浓度及叶片温度有所降低 ...

2000

0.0

1.707

李隆, 李晓林, 张福锁, 孙建好, 杨思存, 芦满济. 小麦大豆间作条件下作物养分吸收利用对间作优势的贡献. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2000, 6: 140-146

, Li X

, Zhang F

, Sun J

, Yang S

, Lu M

Uptake and utilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as related to yield advantage in wheat/soybean intercropping.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2000, 6: 140-146 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorption efficiency and utilization efficiency in the intercropping or sole cropping of wheat and soybean were investigated by field plot and microplot experiments. The results showed that nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptakes by intercropped species were higher than the weighted means of uptakes by sole cropping species; Increases in N, P and K uptake by intercropped species over sole cropping species were 24%～29%, 6%～27% and 24%～26%, respectively. However, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency (kg biomass per kg nutrient uptake) were reduced due to intercropping. The reductions in the N, P and K utilization efficiency of intercropping ranged from 5% to 20%, from 5% to 7% and from 6% to 32%, respectively. Land equivalent ratio(LER) analysis in term of N, P and K utilization efficiency showed that the increase in LER over unity was due largely to a higher total uptake of nutrients by the component crops in the intercropping than by the sole crops. The greater nutrient harvest index of intercropped soybean than that of sole soybean also contributed to the yield advantage. Interspecific root partition experiment demonstrated that interspecific root intermingle also affected nutrient utilization efficiency in intercropping.

1.Institute of Soil and Fertilizer;Gansu AAS;Lanzhou730070; 2.Dept. of Plant Nutrition CAU;Beijing100094

采用田间小区试验和田间微区根系分隔试验 ,通过间作与相应单作成熟期氮磷钾养分吸收量和利用效率 (单位养分吸收量所能生产的干物质量 )的比较研究了小麦大豆间作中养分吸收和利用效率的变化。结果表明 ,间作作物氮、磷、钾养分吸收总量分别高出相应单作 24%～39% ,6%～27%和24%～64% ;而间作氮、磷和钾的利用效率分别比单作低5%～20%、5%～7%和 6%～32%。间作优势主要表现在养分吸收量的增加。间作大豆养分收获指数的提高使间作子粒产量优势比生物学产量优势更明显。种间根系分隔微区试验表明 ,间作作物养分利用效率的降低与两作物根系相互作用有关

2002

0.0

2005

0.0

1.4

肖焱波, 李隆, 张福锁. 小麦-蚕豆间作体系中的种间相互作用及氮转移研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 965-973

Xiao Y

, Li

, Zhang F

The interspecific nitrogen facilitation and the subsequent nitrogen transfer between the intercropped wheat and faba bean.

Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 965-973 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the interspecific nitrogen facilitation between the intercropped wheat and fababean. The results from the isotope dilution method showed that wheat competed more fertilizer N than fababean, and fababean depended more on biological nitrogen fixation. 15N recovery rate of wheat with solid barrier, mesh barrier and no barrier was 58%, 73% and 52%, respectively. Nevertheless, 15N recovery rate of fababean was 30%, 20% and 3%, respectively. The results in the mesh barrier also showed that due to competition from wheat for the soil available N, the percentage of fixed N in fababean was enhanced. The percentage of N absorbed by fababean from pots with solid barrier, mesh barrier and no barrier was 58%, 80% and 91%, respectively. Therefore, the complementary N use did exist in wheat-fababean intercropping, and both the interspecific nitrogen competition and facilitation occurred in wheat-fababean intercropping. At last but not the least, the isotope dilution method showed nitrogen transfer occurred from fababean to the associate wheat, and 5% of total N of fababean was transferred to wheat.

中国农业大学植物营养系

在小麦/蚕豆间作体系中通过根系分隔和标记15N的盆栽试验研究表明，小麦相对于蚕豆对土壤氮和肥料氮的依赖更强，蚕豆则更多依赖于空气中的氮。在根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔和根系不分隔处理中小麦对15N的回收率分别为58%、73%和52%，而蚕豆则分别为30%、20%和3%。小麦对肥料氮的竞争促进了蚕豆的固氮作用，在根系完全分隔、尼龙网分隔和根系不分隔时，蚕豆来源于固氮的百分数（%Ndfa）分别为58%、80%和91%。因此，小麦/蚕豆中存在对氮的互补利用，该体系中氮营养竞争和促进作用同时存在。在小麦/蚕豆间作体系中应用土壤标记同位素稀释法表明蚕豆固氮向间作小麦发生了转移，转移的量相当于蚕豆吸氮总量的5%。

2007

0.0

1.707

肖焱波, 段宗颜, 金航, 胡万里, 陈拾华, 魏朝富. 小麦-蚕豆间作体系中的氮节约效应及产量优势. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13: 267-271

Xiao Y

, Duan Z

, Jin

, Hu W

, Chen S

, Wei C

Spared N response and yields advantage of intercropped wheat and faba bean.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2007, 13: 267-271 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the yield advantage of intercropped wheat and faba bean,and on nitrate accumulation in soil profile at different N application rates.The results showed that compound yields in intercropping were increased by 6%—33% comparing to sole cropping,and wheat was the advantage part in yield contribution.Without N application,the yield of wheat in intercropping was 84% higher than that in sole cropping.Neither N application nor cropping pattern had significantly effect on yields of fababean.For nitrate accumulation in soil profile,soil under sole fababean was the highest,followed by that under intercropped wheat and fababean,and soil under sole wheat was the lowest.Nitrate accumulation in soil under sole fababean were increased by 25.4,63.5,50.9,and 93.4 kg/ha comparing to that under sole wheat with N application at the rate of 0,20,40,60 kg/ha,respectively.Nitrate accumulation was decreased in intercropping compared to that under sole fababean.Yield advantage in intercropping could be attributed to the change of interspecific nutrient niche.In wheat/fababean intercropped system,fababean depend more on biological N fixation,which spared nitrate in soil to meet N demand of followed wheat.

1 Post Doctor Research Station of Agricultural Resources and Utilization;South West Agricultural University;Chongqing 400716;China;2 School of Chemistry and Biotechnology;Yunnan Nationalities University;Kunming 650031;China;3 Institute of Agriculture Reso

通过田间小区试验,研究了小麦/蚕豆间作条件下作物的产量优势及不同施氮水平和种植方式中土壤硝酸盐累积。研究表明,间作可以提高作物单位面积复合产量,增产幅度在6%3～3%之间,不施氮处理间作小麦产量比单作增加达84%;间作和施氮对蚕豆产量没有显著影响。不同种植方式下土壤剖面中硝酸盐累积量趋势表现为蚕豆单作>小麦、蚕豆间作>小麦单作。不施氮、施氮量为20、406、0.kg/hm 2 条件下,种蚕豆的土壤硝酸盐累积量分别比种小麦的土壤增加了25.4、63.5、50.9、93.4.kg/hm 2 ,间作降低了土壤中硝酸盐累积。小麦、蚕豆间作体系中的产量优势主要是种间氮营养生态位发生了分化,蚕豆通过固定空气氮而减少对土壤有效氮的吸收,把土壤中的有效氮节约供给与之相伴的作物小麦利用。

2010

0.0

0.567

2007

0.0

宁堂原, 焦念元, 安艳艳, 赵春, 申加祥, 李增嘉. 间套作资源集约利用及对产量品质影响研究进展. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(4): 159-162

Ning T

, Jiao N

, An Y

, Zhao

, Shen J

, Li Z

Advances in resources intensive utilization, yield and quality in intercropping or relay cropping systems.

Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2007, 23(4): 159-162 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In the paper, the importance of intercropping and relay system to the foodstuff safety was briefly reviewed. And then the authors discussed the key progress in the studies of intercropping and relay system. First, the characteristic of solar radiation utilization of intercropping or relay cropping compound colony was reviewed, which indicated that intercropping and relay cropping system could increase the use efficiency of solar radiation by improving the photosynthesis ability, light capture and transformation. Second, the competition and complementation of nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and water and the mechanisms of higher use efficiency on resources were discussed. Finally, the effects on the yield and quality of each crop in intercropping or relay systems were summarized. Intercropping or relay cropping could increase the total yield by 20%~50%, which was achieved by reasonable planting density and compound colony structure. And the effects of different types intercropping and relay cropping system on qualities, such as the yield and content of protein, crude fiber, crude fat, crude ash and nitrogen free extract of organs and grain, were quite different. It also gave some suggestions to further studies on resources utilization, yield and quality of intercropping and relay cropping system, based on the argumentations above.

（1The Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Shandong, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018; 2Qufu No.2 Middle School, Qufu 273100; 3Rizhao Agricultural School, Rizhao 276800）

简要介绍了间套作对世界粮食安全的重要性，并对间套作领域当前主要的研究进展进行了综述与讨论。首先，综述了间套作复合群体在光能利用特性，指出了间套作可通过增强叶片光合性能和提高光的截获率与转化效率显著提高光能利用率。其次，综述了不同间套作复合群体在氮、磷、钾养分及水分利用等方面存在的竞争和互补利用现象，讨论了各种间套作类型资源高效利用的可能机制。最后，综述了间套作对产量和品质的影响。间套作可以使产量提高20%~50%，合理的种植密度和复合群体结构是高产的关键。不同间套作类型对秸秆和籽粒粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分及无氮浸出物等营养物质含量和产量的影响。通过以上几个方面的讨论，指出了间套作研究在资源集约利用、产量和品质等方面存在的不足和需进一步研究的问题。

... 在没有扩大土地面积的前提下, 间作可显著提高粮食产量20%~50%^[8], 这可能是由于间作提高了籽粒灌浆过程中各作物功能叶片内相对叶绿素含量和光合速率^[9] ...

2003

0.0

1.904

2006

0.0

1.125

2010

0.0

0.567

... 李植等^[11]研究表明, 与单作大豆相比, 玉米和大豆间作栽培模式使大豆的光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线, 弱化了大豆的光合午休现象 ...

2006

0.0

1.681

焦念元, 宁堂原, 赵春, 王芸, 史忠强, 侯连涛, 付国占, 江晓东. 玉米花生间作复合体系光合特性的研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 917-923

Jiao N

, Ning T

, Zhao

, Wang

, Shi Z

, Hou L

, Fu G

, Jiang X

Characters of photosynthesis in intercropping system of maize and peanut.

Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 917-923 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Intercropping is popular cropping system in high-yielding production of food and feed in the world, which is more productive than monocropping because of the intensive utilization of natural resources, such as light, heat, water and fertilizer. Maize-peanut intercropping as an importance cultivated pattern is extended rapidly. Although many researches on intercropping pattern, field microclimate, yield benefit and amelioration of peanut iron nutrition in maize-peanut intercropping system have been conducted. There are a few researches on the use efficiency of light in the photosynthesis characteristic of compound population. The experiment was carried out to investigate the diurnal changes of photosynthetic rate, actual photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ(Φ PSⅡ ), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystemⅡ(F v /F m ) and chlorophyll content in the intercropping system of maize-peanut. The results showed that the chlorophyll content was enhanced by intercropping and the diurnal change of photosynthetic rate in intercropped maize-peanut was in a single-peak curve, which reached the maximum value at noon. The photosynthetic rate of intercropped maize (the east leaf by spike in the east row) was higher (the east leaf of spike in a row) in the morning and lower in the afternoon than that of sole cropped maize (Fig.1, Fig.3). In sunshine and cloudy days, the photosynthetic rate was obviously enhanced in maize, but decreased in peanut by intercropping. In sunshine days, the diurnal changes of F v /F m and Φ PSⅡ of intercropped maize-peanut were like a converse parabola, the F v /F m and Φ PSⅡ of intercropped maize were much higher than those of sole cropped maize in the morning and on the contrary in the afternoon.(Fig.4, Fig.7), the F v /F m of peanut was markedly enhanced by intercropping(Fig.5), the Φ PSⅡ of intercropped peanut was higher than that of sole cropped peanut in a whole day except at noon(Fig.8). In cloudy days, the F v /F m , Φ PSⅡ of maize were much lower in intercropping than in sole cropping in a whole day except at noon, but the F v /F m , Φ PSⅡ of intercropped peanut were much higher than those of sole cropped peanut(Fig.6, Fig.9). The results suggested that the absorption and utilization weak light in peanut is improved by maize-peanut intercropping.

1 College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong; 2 College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science &Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China

以单作玉米和单作花生为对照，研究了间作玉米花生功能叶片的光合速率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F v /F m ）和PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ PSⅡ ）的日变化以及叶绿素含量。结果表明，间作提高了玉米、花生叶绿素含量，其光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线，中午达到最大值；玉米东西行向种植东侧功能叶片的光合速率，上午间作明显大于单作，下午相反；间作明显提高了玉米阴天和晴天的光合速率，却明显降低了花生光合速率；在晴天，间作玉米花生的F v /F m 、Φ PSⅡ 日变化均呈倒抛物线，上午间作玉米明显大于单作的，下午相反，间作明显提高了花生的F v /F m ，中午花生的Φ PSⅡ 间作低于单作，上午和下午反之；阴天的F v /F m 、Φ PSⅡ ，间作玉米除中午小于外，上午和下午均大于单作玉米，间作花生全天均高于单作花生，说明玉米花生间作提高了花生对弱光的吸收利用效率。

... 焦念元等^[12]研究表明玉米花生间作提高了2种作物叶片的叶绿素含量 ...

2010

0.0

... 但该区域对燕麦的研究主要集中在种质资源评价、新品种培育、水肥生理、抗逆性、营养成分、饲用价值等方面^[13], 有关燕麦地表覆盖尤其是与豆科间作模式光合特性的研究国内外的报道较少 ...

2007

2.608

0.0

... Dhima等^[14]豌豆与禾本科(小麦、黑麦和燕麦)间作LER为1 ...

2013

0.0

焦念元, 杨萌珂, 宁堂原, 尹飞, 徐国伟, 付国占, 李友军. 玉米花生间作和磷肥对间作花生光合特性及产量的影响. 植物生态学报, 2013, 37: 1010-1017

Jiao N

, Yang M

, Ning T

, Yin

, Xu G

, Fu G

, Li Y

Effects of maize-peanut intercropping and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of intercropped peanut plants.

Chin J Plan Ecol, 2013, 37: 1010-1017 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Aims Our objective was to determine the enhanced utilization of weak light in intercropped peanut plants ( Arachis hypogaea ) and the regulatory effects of phosphate (P) fertilizer in maize-peanut intercropping system, which is of great significance to elucidate photosynthetic adaptation mechanism of intercropped peanut plants and to increase the yield. Methods Chlorophyll (Chl) content and composition, photosynthetic light response curves, photosynthetic CO 2 response curves, and fluorescence parameters in the functional leaves of intercropped peanut plants were studied at the experimental farm of Henan University of Science and Technology in 2011 and 2012. Important findings The Chl b content was higher, and the Chl a/b ratio was lower, in the functional leaves of intercropped peanut plants than in those of single cropped peanut plants with or without P fertilizer application. There were higher values of maximum photochemical efficiency ( F v / F m ), actual photochemical efficiency ( Φ PSII ), photochemical quenching coefficient ( q P ) of photosystem II, apparent quantum yield ( AQY ), and photosynthetic rate, but lower values of stomatal conductance, RuBP carboxylation rate ( V cmax ), electron transport rate ( J max ), and triose-phosphate utilization rate ( TPU ) in the functional leaves of intercropped peanut plants than in those of single cropped peanut plants. Application of P fertilizer was beneficial to improving chlorophyll content, Φ PSII and q P of photosystem II, V cmax , J max , and TPU in the functional leaves of intercropped peanut plants. It suggested that intercropped peanut plants could make more efficient use of weak light because of the higher F v / F m , Φ PSII and q P of photosystem II resulting from higher Chl b content and changes chlorophyll composition of functional leaves, which strengthened the capacity of light absorption and transformation, but not because of the higher CO 2 rate of fixation and improved carboxylation efficiency. Application of P fertilizer was beneficial to improving the utilization of weak light and to increasing the yield of intercropped peanut, resulting in an increase in the land equivalent ratio of the maize-peanut intercropping system by 6.2%–9.3%.

1 College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China

揭示玉米( Zea mays )和花生( Arachis hypogaea )间作提高花生对弱光利用能力的光合特点及磷(P)肥效应, 对阐明间作花生适应弱光的光合机理和提高间作花生的产量具有重要意义。该试验于2011–2012年在河南科技大学试验农场分析了间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量与构成、光响应曲线和CO 2 响应曲线特点和荧光参数。结果表明: 与单作花生相比, 施P与不施P条件下玉米和花生间作显著( p F v / F m )、实际光化学效率( Φ PSII )、光化学猝灭系数( q P )、表观量子效率( AQY )和弱光时的光合速率, 显著降低了气孔导度、二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶羧化速率( V cmax )、电子传递速率( J max )和磷酸丙糖利用速率( TPU ); 与不施P相比, 施P有利于提高间作花生功能叶的叶绿素含量, 显著提高了 Φ PSII 、 q P 、 V cmax 、 J max 和 TPU , 说明间作花生通过提高功能叶的叶绿素b含量, 改变叶绿素构成, 提高了光系统II的 F v / F m 、 Φ PSII 和 q P , 增强了对光能的捕获和转化能力, 提高了对弱光的利用能力, 而并非提高了对CO 2 的羧化固定能力; 施P有利于提高间作花生对弱光的利用能力和产量, 土地当量比提高了6.2%–9.3%。

... 09, 焦念元等^[15]玉米花生间作体系LER达到1 ...

... 主要是由于间作有利于改善高位作物生育后期冠层光照条件, 使叶绿素含量增加, 提高了功能叶片净光合速率, 光合产物的合成和积累增加, 促进籽粒灌浆和光合物质向籽粒运输与分配, 因此, 间作燕麦具有较高的收获指数, 这与多数研究结论一致^[15] ...

... 焦念元等^[15]和左元梅等^[18]研究均表明, 玉米同花生间作提高高秆作物玉米叶绿素含量, 延缓其衰老 ...

2009

0.0

王凯, 朱教君, 于立忠, 孙一荣, 陈光华. 遮荫对黄波罗幼苗的光合特性及光能利用效率的影响. 植物生态学, 2009, 33: 1003-1012

Wang

, Zhu J

, Yu L

, Sun Y

, Chen G

Effect of shading on the photosynthetic characteristics and light use efficiency of phellodendron Amurense seedings.

Chin J Plan Ecol, 2009, 33: 1003-1012 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Aims Although Phellodendron amurense is generally recognized as a shade-intolerant tree species, it has been reported to have some shade tolerance and be able to regenerate in both full sunshine and shade in New York, USA, where it is invasive. Our objective was to investigate shade tolerance of P. amurense . Methods We planted 2-year-old P. amurense seedlings in two plantation plots, one with full natural light and the other with 15% of full natural light. After one year we observed the parameters of gas ex-chang, including maximum net photosynthetic rate ( P max ), apparent quantum yield ( AQY ), dark respira-tion rate ( R d ), light compensation point ( LCP ) and light use efficiency ( LUE ), using a Li-6400 (Li-Cor, USA). We also determined chlorophyll ( Chl ) contents per unit leaf area and per unit mass and specific leaf weight ( SLW ). Important findings There were no significant differences ( p >0.05) between sun and shade treatments for P max , AQY and R d . However, plants in the shade treatment had significantly lower LCP and SLW , but higher Chl content per unit mass and leaf area. These results indicated that P. amurense seedlings effectively used weak light by decreasing LCP and R d , and enhanced the ability of capturing light by de-creasing SLW and increasing leaf area and relative content of chlorophyll b, which made LUE increase in weak light condition. Therefore, P. amurense seedlings are shade tolerant.

1Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; 2Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3Forestry Bureau of Qingyuan Manzhu Autonomous County, Qingyuan, Liaoning 113300, China

一直以来黄波罗( Phellodendron amurense )被认为是不耐阴树种, 然而引入美国纽约后, 发现它具有一定的耐阴性, 在全光和林下均能更新, 在纽约已经成为生物入侵种。为了探讨黄波罗的耐阴性问题, 通过设置自然光与遮阴(15%自然光)两种光环境, 观测了三年生黄波罗幼苗(遮阴1 a后)光合生理参数、光能利用效率、叶绿素和比叶重的变化。结果表明, 与自然光处理相比, 遮阴处理的黄波罗幼苗最大光合速率、表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率略有下降, 但差异不显著( p >0.05), 光补偿点下降显著( p p >0.05), 而单位干重叶绿素含量显著升高, 比叶重显著下降, 叶面积显著增大( p <0.05)。上述结果说明: 遮阴的黄波罗幼苗通过降低光补偿点和暗呼吸速率利用环境中的弱光, 同时通过减小比叶重、增大叶面积和提高叶绿素b相对含量来增强对光的捕获, 使其在弱光时的光能利用效率提高。由此推断, 黄波罗幼苗能适应一定程度的遮阴。

... 叶绿素在植物体内负责光能的吸收、传递和转化, 遮阴有利于提高植物叶绿素含量, 增强对光能的捕获能力, 提高弱光时的光能利用效率^[16], 在花生间作模式中, 两种作物共生期中, 燕麦株高一直高于花生, 受燕麦遮阴影响严重, 花生(约占其总生育期的80%)一直处于生态位劣势, 间作花生结荚数显著低于单作, 产量较低, 而同花生间作燕麦生长环境优越, 具有明显边行优势, 长势比同大豆间作燕麦、单作燕麦都好, 其功能叶片相对叶绿素含量、净光合速率及其各产量因子均显著高于单作燕麦, 与沈其荣等^[17]有关间作的研究结论一致 ...

2004

0.0

1.4

沈其荣, 褚贵新, 曹金留, 曹云, 殷晓燕. 从氮素营养的角度分析旱作水稻与花生间作模式的产量优势. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 1177-1182

Shen Q

, Chu G

, Cao J

, Cao

, Yin X

Yield advantage of groundnut intercropped with rice cultivated in Aerobic soil in the viewpoint of plant nitrogen nutrition.

Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 1177-1182 (in Chinese with English abstract)

@沈其荣$南京农业大学资源与环境学院!南京 210095 @褚贵新$南京农业大学资源与环境学院!南京 210095 石河子大学农学院,石河子 832000 @曹金留$南京农业大学资源与环境学院!南京 210095 @曹云$南京农业大学资源与环境学院!南京 210095 @殷晓燕$南京农业大学资源与环境学院!南京 210095

在网室条件下对旱作水稻与花生间作的产量效益进行了2年试验研究,从氮素营养的角度对其产量优势进行了分析。结果表明,水稻/花生间作具有显著的产量优势,间作产量可以提高18％～41％(LER)。间作系统中起增产作用的主要作物是水稻,在水稻/花生为3:3和4:2的2种间作方式下,间作水稻分别比单作水稻产量提高58.9％和31.8％,间作对花生产量的影响不显著。水稻与花生间作可明显提高水稻叶片的含氮量,如在水稻单作、水稻/花生为3:3和4:2间作方式,水稻叶片的含氮量分别为21.2、24.9、22.8 g·kg-1,

1997

0.0

1.707

... 焦念元等^[15]和左元梅等^[18]研究均表明, 玉米同花生间作提高高秆作物玉米叶绿素含量, 延缓其衰老 ...

2011

0.0

0.978

... 唐秀梅等^[19]研究显示间作花生受木薯遮阴影响, 其叶绿素含量及净光合速率均较单作降低 ...

2005

0.036

0.0

... Kumar等^[20]也证明, 玉米同豆科作物间作, 其产量及各产量因子均有一定提高 ...

2012

0.0

1.904

朱文旭, 张会慧, 许楠, 王鹏, 王师丹, 牟世南, 梁明, 孙广玉. 间作对桑树和谷子生长和光合日变化的影响. 应用生态学报, 2012, 23: 1817-1824

Zhu W

, Zhang H

, Xu

, Wang

, Wang S

, Mou S

, Liang

, Sun G

Effects of Morus alba and Setaria italica intercropping on their plant growth and diurnal variation of photosynthesis.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2012, 23: 1817-1824 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field investigation was conducted to study the effects of intercropping  Morus alba  and  Setaria italica  on their dry matter production, land use efficiency, and diurnal variation of leaf photosynthesis. Under intercropping, the plant height, basal diameter, root length, and branch number of  M. alba  increased by 6.0%, 13.7%, 6.8%, and 14.8%, respectively, and the leaf yield of  M. alba  was increased by 31.3%, as compared with monoculture  M. alba . In contrast, the plant height and root length of intercropped  S. italica  had no significant difference with those of monoculture S. italica . Intercropping enhanced the equivalent ratio and use efficiency of arable land. For both  M. alba  and  S. italica  in monoculture or intercropping, their leaf photosynthetic depression all occurred at midday (12:00), but the leaf photosynthetic depression of monoculture  M. alba  was heavier than that of intercropped  M. alba . Intercropping promoted the leaf stomatal conductance ( g s ) and water use efficiency (WUE)of  M. alba  at midday, increased the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of  M. alba , and inhibited the decline of  M. alba  leaf actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ ( Φ PSⅡ ), photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR), and the maximal photochemical of PSⅡ ( F v / F m ), which might contribute to alleviate the leaf photosynthetic depression of M. alba at midday. It was concluded that  M. alba  and  S. italica  intercropping could obviously improve the leaf photosynthetic capacity of  M. alba .

(College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China)

以桑树和谷子为研究材料，探讨了大田条件下，桑树-谷子间作对桑树和谷子的干物质生产、土地利用率和光合日变化的影响.结果表明：桑树-谷子间作条件下，间作桑树的株高、地茎、根长和枝条数分别比单作桑树增加了6.0%、13.7%、6.8%和14.8%，且间作桑树的产叶量比单作桑树增加了31.3%；间作谷子与单作比较，其株高和根长的变化不大.桑树-谷子间作增加了土地当量比，提高了土地利用率.单作、间作桑树和谷子叶片在12:00时均表现出明显的光合午休现象，且单作桑树的光合午休现象比间作桑树严重.桑树-谷子间作提高了中午时桑树叶片气孔导度和水分利用率，增加了桑树光合碳同化能力，抑制了桑树叶片实际光化学效率、电子传递速率和最大光化学效率的下降，从而减缓了桑树的“光合午休”现象.桑树谷子间作能明显提高桑树叶片的光合生产能力.

... 由此可见, 燕麦-花生间作模式促使花生对光能的利用向阴性植物特点转化, 而使燕麦的阳性植物光合特性增强, 实现了对光能的分层、立体高效利用, 这与朱文旭等^[21]研究结果一致, 间作提高高位作物的光合能力, 但对间作条件下作物功能叶片的叶绿体超微结构、光合酶活性和光合基因表达发生的适应性变化还需进一步研究 ...

2014

0.0

蒋海亮, 张清平, 沈禹颖. 黄土高原旱塬区间作比例对燕麦/箭筈豌豆模式的影响. 草业科学, 2014, 31: 272-277

Jiang H

, Zhang Q

, Shen Y

Effect of intercropping ratio on autumn-sowing oats/common vetch system on the Loss Plateau.

Pratac Sci, 2014, 31: 272-277 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Autumn sowed oats were intercropped with common vetch at different ratios in the rain-fed Loess Plateau, so that the effects on yield, leaf area index (LAI), light interception and soil nitrate content could be evaluated. Intercropping of oats with common vetch was carried out at ratios of 1∶0, 4∶1, 2∶1, 1∶1, 1∶2, 1∶4 and 0∶1. Results indicate that the ideal cutting time is between flowering and harvesting, and that the best mixture rate is 2∶1 or 1∶1. At vetch flowering, The highest yield of 3 264 kg·ha -1 occurring at a mixture rate of 2∶1, followed by 2 828 kg·ha -1 at a mixture rate of 1∶1, producing 30% and 13% more yield than monocultured oat respectively. The highest yields at harvesting were 5 942 kg·ha -1 under mixture rate of 1∶1 and 4 980 kg·ha -1 under mixture rate of 2∶1, which respectively produced 50% and 30% more yield than monocultured vetch. The highest relative total yield at flowering was 1.39 (2∶1 mixture rate), followed by 1.24 (1∶1), which indicates that the land use efficiency under this intercropping program was improved by 24%~69% when compared with monocultured oats. There was no significant difference observed in canopy leaf area index, light interception and soil nitrate content between intercropping mixture rates, which suggests that there was no competition for light and that the nitrogen fixation ability of legumes was not demonstrated during the intercropping experiment. This result may be related to “nitrogen repression” caused by a large amount of fertilizer applied at sowing.

State Key Laboratory of Agro-ecosystems, College of Pastoral and Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China

在黄土高原旱塬区, 研究了5个间作比例下秋播燕麦( Avena sativa)/箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa )系统的产量、叶面积指数、截光率和土壤硝态氮含量动态。结果表明, 燕麦间作箭筈豌豆的适宜刈割时间在箭筈豌豆的盛花期到收获期, 燕麦间作箭筈豌豆在2∶1或1∶1的比例下, 群体总产量在箭筈豌豆盛花期分别比燕麦单播产量提高30%和13%, 在收获期则分别提高30%和50%;总相对产量在箭筈豌豆盛花期大于收获期。燕麦间作箭筈豌豆土地利用率较燕麦单播提高了24%~69%, 各间作比例下群落叶面积指数、截光率以及土壤硝态氮含量无显著差异。

... 另外, 间作比例的差异会引起植物地上部分对光的争夺和土地利用的不同, 最终导致产量的差异, 如燕麦、箭筈豌豆在不同间作比例下的群体截光率和产量是不同的^[22] ...