改革开放30多年来,我国玉米生产发展迅猛,多项栽培技术对促进我国玉米生产发展发挥了重要的作用。本文从品种、种植方式、施肥、灌溉、病虫草害防治、生长调控等方面系统总结近30多年来我国玉米生产中应用和发展的20项主要栽培技术。

从8个方面介绍了美国玉米生产的关键技术与专业化服务体系.提出我国玉米生产管理技术转型的具体建议与措施.

以郑单958为供试品种,设 55 cm、65 cm两个行距水平以及种肥侧向、正向两种施用方式,研究不同行距和施肥方式对玉米生长发育、产量及机械化收获效率的影响。结果表明,55 cm、65 cm行距对玉米株高、茎粗、穗位高、叶面积指数和干重等生长指标均无显著影响,两个行距配置下玉米产量基本相同;种肥施用方式对玉米前期生长影响较大,种 肥侧施的肥效明显优于种肥正施。玉米三叶期至拔节期,种肥侧施的株高、叶面积指数、干重和根系数量较种肥正施均有不同程度的提高,但种肥正施和侧施对玉米 产量及其构成因素无明显影响。因此,在玉米生产中可以根据农机具设计和生产需求,规范行距,统一收获机械规格,从而降低生产成本,推进玉米生产全程机械化 进程。

Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is a high-value legume crop that has been grown successfully in China for many years. China leads in production of peanuts, having a share of about 41.5% of overall world production, followed by India (18.2%) and the United States of America (6.8%). Large scale production of peanut is concentrated in the major geographic areas of the China: Shandong, Henan and Hebei Province. Higher yields could be in store for peanut farmers, thanks to a new planting pattern designed by researchers, because spacing the plants in a uniform, staggered manner also promotes thicker, faster-spreading canopies that help keep the soil bed cool, moist and better protected from erosion, and moreover, improved weed control is another benefit. However, the actual optimum for any peanut will vary with variety, climate, soil, weed pressure, and equipment in use and will need to be adapted for each farm through observation and experiment. To address this issue, the influence of different planting patterns under a same density with 275, 000 plants/ha on field microclimate effect and yield of peanut ( Arachis hypogea L. cv. Huayu 22) were studied through a range of different row configurations under a high-yielding field experiment in Shandong Province. The results showed that: widening row spacing and wide-narrow row planting pattern were both beneficial to increase the field light transmittance, improve the canopy air temperature and soil surface temperature, decrease the field relative humidity, improve the field CO 2 concentration, raise the canopy apparent photosynthesis rate, and then increase pod yield. However, too large row spacing would results in the waste of field environmental resources, which will lead to a waste of the area and of solar energy. Higher production was obtained with the same plant density but arranged in wide-narrow rows compared to the other method of planting. Thus, it suggested that the optimum planting pattern was the wide-narrow (55-35cm) row spacing in the field cultivation. The information obtained in this study enabled important new insights into underlying mechanisms of row spacing-induced competition effects under a same population density on peanut growth and development. In practice, many considerations go into selecting row spacing, for instance, planting the seed in twin rows rather than single rows increases the distance between the crowns of the peanut plants and delays the spread of white mold from plant to plant. It should be useful for improving crop models' ability to predict crop response to row spacing more accurately and in a more functional manner. However, there are many factors that can be altered in peanut production which can cut costs, but the grower assumes certain risks depending on which and how many variables are changed. The improved understanding could highlight avenues for effective crop improvement (e.g. ideal canopy development sub-traits) and crop management (e.g. diseases, weed and water management).

在大田高产条件下,研究了同一密度下不同种植方式对花生田间小气候效应及产量的影响。结果表明:增大行距和采用大小行种植方式有利于增加田间透光率,提高冠层空气温度与地表温度,降低田间相对湿度,提高田间CO 2 浓度,提高群体光合速率,进而增加荚果产量。但是行距过大,导致各种环境资源的浪费。采用大行距55cm小行距35cm的大小行种植方式是比较合理的种植方式。

Improving plant density is an important measure to get high yield of summer maize. Two varieties of summer maize with different density tolerances, Zhengdan 958 and Nongda 108, were used to study the effect of plant density on structure of vascular bundles of the third internode and its characteristics of sap flow under three plant densities. The results showed that the cross sectional area of stem and the amount and area of big, small vascular bundles in stalks decreased significantly with the increase of plant density, which resulted in the total number and area of vascular bundle decreased. Nongda 108 was more sensitive to plant density than Zhengdan 958. The sap flow rate and amount of sap during 8:00–17:00 decreased significantly with the increase of plant density, while the transport efficiency of stalk vascular bundle increased. There was a positive correlation between area of big vascular bundles and amount of sap flow during 8:00–17:00. The structure and function of stalk vascular bundles in Zhengdan 958 were superior to these in Nongda 108, it might be one of the reason that Zhengdan 958 with better density tolerance could get high yield.

选用不同耐密型品种农大108和郑单958，设置3个种植密度，研究了种植密度对夏玉米基部第3茎节维管束显微结构和茎流速率的影响。结果表明，随种植密度增大，两品种基部茎节的横截面积、大小维管束数目和面积均显著减小，并导致总维管束数目和面积减小。两品种对种植密度的敏感度存在显著差异，农大108比郑单958受高密度影响更大。种植密度增加后，两品种茎流速率及8:00至17:00的总茎流量均显著减小，其中郑单958的降幅小于农大108；茎秆维管束的运输效率均有所提高，郑单958的升高幅度大于农大108。相关分析表明，两品种8:00至17:00的总茎流量与基部茎节的大维管束总面积呈显著正相关。郑单958具有在较高密度下较大幅度提高维管束运输效率的能力，表现出在维管束结构、茎流速率、总茎流量及运输效率上的优势，这可能是其具有较强耐密性，密植后仍能获得高产的原因之一。

With different plant population densities (6.75 ´ 10 4 , 9.00 ´ 10 4 , and 11.25 ´ 10 4 plants ha -1 ), the effects of the deneity and row spacing on grain yield and canopy apparent photosynthesis were studied in this article. The results were as follows: with the increase of planting density, grain yield, leaf area index (LAI) and capture efficiency of photosynthestically active radiation(PAR) in upper leaf layer, as well as canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) and canopy respiration (CR) and dry matter quantity increased accordantly; but, chlorophyll content and capture efficiency of PAR in the middle and lower layers of canopy decreased. Within different row spacing treatments, the wide-narrow row spacing were not superior to the uniform one significantly at 6.75 ´ 10 4 plants ha -1 . However, at 9.00 ´ 10 4 and 11.25 ´ 10 4 plants ha -1 , grain yield, LAI, chlorophyll content, capture efficiency of PAR in middle leaf layer and average rate of CAP after anthesis in row spacing of “80 cm+40 cm” were remarkably higher than those in other three row spacings (uniform, 70 cm + 50 cm, 90 cm + 30 cm); while CR/TCAP (ratio of canopy respiration to total canopy apparent photosynthesis) in row spacing of ’80 cm+40 cm’ was the lowest, compared to the others. From the above, it was suggested that at higher plant density the row spacing of ’80 cm+40 cm’ could enlarge photosynthetic area, enhance PAR in middle leaf layer, increase CAP, reduce CR and improve grain yield.

在67 500株 hm -2 、90 000株hm -2 和112 500株hm -2 等3个种植密度条件下，研究了密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米品种登海701产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明，随密度增加，籽粒产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)上层截获率、群体光合(CAP)和群体呼吸(CR)、干物质积累量均提高；而叶绿素含量、穗位叶层和下层PAR截获率则降低。在67 500株 hm -2 下，宽窄行与等行距处理相比无显著优势。但在90 000株 hm -2 和112 500株 hm -2 密度下，80 cm+40 cm行距处理的产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、穗位叶层的PAR截获率、花后群体光合速率(CAP)平均值均显著高于其他行距处理(等行距、70 cm+50 cm和90 cm+30 cm)；而群体呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(CR/TCAP)则显著低于其他行距处理。说明在较高密度条件下，80 cm+40 cm的宽窄行配置有助于扩大光合面积、增加穗位叶层的光合有效辐射、提高群体光合速率、减少群体呼吸消耗，从而提高籽粒产量。

The improved grain yield of modern maize hybrids is due to the increased plant population density. However, the high plant density makes the solar radiation intercepted by ear leaves decreased, and the growth rate of individual plant suppressed. Consequently, how to coordinate the relationship between canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) and individual leaf photosynthesis capacity under high plant density is an important problem we are facing. A field experiment was conducted using summer maize ( Zea mays L.) Zhengdan 958 (a compact cultivar) and Jinhai 5 (a semi-compact cultivar) grown at a plant density of 105 000 plants ha –1 , to research the impact of leaf removal on CAP, individual leaf photosynthetic characteristics and anti-oxidative metabolism, which will provide theoretical basis and technical supports for super-high-yield cultivation and breeding. At three days after anthesis (DAA), the defoliation treatments consisted of two (S 1 ), four (S 2 ) or six leaves (S 3 ) removal from the top of a plant were imposed, and no leaf removal as control (S 0 ). The results indicated that leaf removal could significantly improve light transmission ratio (LT) after anthesis, but decrease leaf area index (LAI) of S 2 and S 3 , resulting in the decrease of effective quantum yield of PSII ( Φ PSII ) and maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry ( F v / F m ) sharply because of light leakage losses. CAP was significantly affected by defoliation treatments: for S 1 , CAP increased and longer durations of CAP and LAI were maintained during grain filling, resulting in a higher grain yield, whereas CAP in S 2 and S 3 treatments was inhibited and drastically declined, indicating that CAP is closely related to changes in available leaf area. Compared with S 0 , the CAP in S 1 treatment increased by 12.49% for Zhengdan 958, and by 23.08% for Jinhai 5, indicating that effect of excising two leaves on CAP was more apparent for Jinhai5 than for Zhengdan 958. Moreover, an increase in net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( g s ) and the chlorophyll content (Chl) of ear leaf in S 2 and S 3 treatments was observed prior to 26 DAA, and S 1 treatment had the advantage of individual photosynthetic capacity, thereafter. A analysis of leaf senescence revealed that activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in S 2 and S 3 treatments were significantly suppressed since 13 DAA compared with control, whereas those in S 1 were markedly enhanced, indicating that leaf senescence was delayed by excising two leaves under high plant densities. However, the content of MDA in S 1 was decreased. Among all the defoliation treatments, maize plants under two-leaf removal condition had higher P n , LAI and anti-oxidative enzyme activity as well as lower MDA content during grain filling, leading to a higher CAP. The results indicated that excising two leaves made plants of both maize cultivars more tolerant to high plant density of 105 000 plants ha -1 due to the lesser damage and a better photosynthetic capacity in an ear leaf as well as a more efficient canopy structure, resulting in a better coordination between population and individuals. In addition, relative to Zhengdan 958, the effects of leaf removal on Jinhai 5 were more apparent.

当前玉米产量的提高部分归因于种植密度的增加，但过高的种植密度使冠层中下部叶片光照条件变差，致使单株生长速率降低。因此，如何缓解该条件下群体光合与单株光合性能的矛盾成为当前玉米高产栽培中急需解决的问题。为此，在种植密度为 105 000 株 hm -2 的大田试验条件下，研究了紧凑型玉米品种郑单 958 及半紧凑型玉米品种金海 5 号的群体光合速率 (CAP) 、叶面积指数 (LAI) 、穗位叶净光合速率 ( P n ) 及抗氧化酶活性等对不同程度去叶的响应，以期为高密度栽培条件下稳定或提高单株生产能力探讨新的技术途径，同时也为耐密高产品种选育提供借鉴。开花后 3 d 分别对两个品种做不同程度去叶处理，包括去除植株顶部两片叶 (S 1 ) 、四片叶 (S 2 ) 、六片叶 (S 3 ) ，以不去叶植株为对照 (S 0 ) 。结果表明，去叶可显著改善玉米生育后期群体透光率 (LT) ，然而由于 S 2 和 S 3 处理显著降低了 LAI ， 增加了生育后期的漏光损失，不利于光能利用率的提高，致使其实际光化学效率 ( Φ PSII ) 和最大光化学效率 ( F v / F m ) 较低；去除植株顶部两片叶 (S 1 ) 可显著提高籽粒灌浆期间 CAP 并延长 LAI 高值持续期 ，形成较高的籽粒产量，而过度去叶 (S 2 和 S 3 ) 则显著降低产量；花后 52 d ，郑单 958 S 1 处理 CAP 较对照升高 12.49% ，而金海 5 号则升高 23.08% ；随去叶程度的增强，花后 0 ~ 26 d 内各去叶处理穗位叶 P n 、气孔导度 ( g s ) 和叶绿素含量明显升高，均显著高于 S 0 ，但之后 S 1 处理表现出较优的单叶光合 特性。 S 1 处理穗位叶自花后 13 d 起保持较高的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 、过氧化物酶 (POD) 活性及较低的丙二醛 (MDA) 含量。可见，高密度种植条件下，去除植株顶部两片叶可有效调控两种株型玉米生育后期群体光合速率、穗位叶光合特性及活性氧清除能力，能较好地协调高密度群体与个体的关系，获得较高的籽粒产量，且对半紧凑型品种金海 5 号调控效果更明显。

Using two summer maize ( Zea mays  L.) varieties Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335, a field experiment was conducted to study the regulatory effects of row-spacing (equidistant row and narrow-wide row) and plant-spot spacing arrangement (1 plant per spot, 2 plants per spot, 3 plants per spot) on grain yield components, canopy structure and photosynthetic characteristics after anthesis under plant population density 7.5×10 4  plants·hm -2 . Moreover, the characters of grain-filling were simulated by Richards’model. The results suggested that yield, dry matter accumulated, crop growth rate, grainfilling rate, canopy photosynthesis capacity were higher under widenarrow row than under equidistant row, and were higher for 2 plants per spot than for 1 or 3 plants per spot. The highest maize yields (13.12 and 13.72 t·hm -2  for Zhengdan 958 and Xianyu 335, respectively) were observed under widenarrow row with 2 plants per spot. Under this pattern, internal illumination condition of the canopy, net photosynthetic rate and leaf area index were improved, and the contradiction between the plant individual and group was alleviated. Meanwhile, grainfilling capacity was promoted and accumulated amount of dry matter was elevated ultimately. It was concluded that widenarrow pattern with 2 plants per spot is an effective cultivation pattern to increase mai ze yield  in HuangHuaiHai Plain.

在75000株·hm -2 种植密度下，选用郑单958和先玉335为试验材料，设置2种行距配置(等行距、宽窄行)和3种留苗方式(每穴1株、每穴2株、每穴3株)，研究了6种种植方式对黄淮海地区高产夏玉米产量构成、吐丝后冠层结构及光合性能的调控作用，并以Richards模型拟合籽粒灌浆过程.结果表明： 产量、干物质积累量、作物生长率、灌浆速率、冠层光合能力等均表现为宽窄行处理高于等行距处理，留苗方式以每穴2株最高.各种植方式中以宽窄行每穴2株种植产量最高，达13.12（郑单958）和13.72（先玉335） t·hm -2 .宽窄行每穴2株种植改善了冠层内部光照状况，净光合速率和叶面积指数均有所提高，同时缓解了植株个体与群体间的矛盾，籽粒灌浆能力增强，干物质积累量提高.因此，宽窄行每穴2株种植是黄淮海夏玉米高产条件下产量提高的有效栽培方式.

选用先玉335、郑单958和 512-4不同株型的夏玉米品种,设置60 000株/hm2和75 000株/hm2两个种植密度和50、60、70、80 cm等行距以及80+40 cm宽窄行5个行距处理,研究不同种植模式对夏玉米的生理生态效应和产量影响。结果表明,60 cm等行距处理下,群体光辐射分布较为合理,田间小气候的控制较为安全,有利于提高抗逆性,能够在不同的品种和密度条件下获得较高产量,是目前黄淮海区夏 玉米机械化生产较为适宜的播种行距。

The study of planting patterns is critical to improving maize yield. Based on a field experiment,we investigated the effect of three planting patterns (three ratio space, big ridge double line and equal line) on maize growth, photosynthetic characteristics and yield using two varieties suitable for high-density (Zhengdan 958) and middle-density (Shenyu 21). Our results indicated that the yield and growth of maize were dramatically influenced by various planting patterns. High-density variety was suitable for using the pattern of big ridge double line which promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency of maize. The yield averaged 8882.36 kg ha -1 for two years, with an increasing rate of 6.51% compared with the control. This increase in biomass was largely contributed by hundred-grain weight and number of lines per ear. But differently, middle-density variety, planted with both patterns of big ridge double line and three ratio spaces, showed a higher yield. These two planting patterns could also increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency in maize. The 2-year-averaged yields were 8294.58 kg ha -1 and 8188.30 kg ha -1 , for the two patterns of big ridge double line and equal line, respectively. An increasing rate of 21.36% for big ridge double line and 19.81% for equal line spacing were observed compared with the control, which mainly contributed by the high number of kernels per line. Our results indicated that big ridge double line is an optimal planting pattern to improve maize yield in the western Liaoning Province.

改变玉米田间种植模式是提高玉米单产的重要措施之一。 本文在大田试验条件下 , 以耐密品种 ( 郑单 958) 和中密品种 ( 沈玉 21) 研究了三比空密疏密、大垄双行和等行距 (CK) 3 种种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特征的影响。结果表明 , 田间种植形式的改变可以显著影响玉米群体产量及其生长发育特征。耐密品种以大垄双行种植模式为宜 , 可以增加玉米的株高、茎粗 , 提高叶面积和光能利用率 , 促进干物质积累 , 两年平均产量为 8882.36 kg hm -2 , 比对照增加 6.51% , 增产的原因是百粒重和穗行数的显著提高 ; 中密品种以大垄双行和三比空种植模式为宜 , 两种种植模式均可增加玉米的株高、茎粗 , 提高叶面积和光能利用率 , 促进干物质积累 , 且与耐密品种表现不同 , 两年平均产量分别为 8294.58 kg hm -2 和 8188.30 kg hm -2 , 比对照增加 21.36% 和 19.81% , 增产的原因是行粒数的显著增加。因此 , 笔者认为在辽西地区特定的自然条件下大垄双行是提高玉米单产的最佳种植模式。

在种植密度7万株/hm2条件下设置40、50、60、70 cm等行距和40+80 cm大小垄5种种植样式进行试验,以50 cm等行距种植产量最高,较60、70和40+80 cm处理增产5.15%～5.77%;40 cm等行距种植产量次之;40+80 cm大小垄与40、60、70 cm等行距种植产量无显著差异.高密度夏玉米最佳种植样式应为50 cm左右等行距,最优行株比约为1.82∶1.行距缩小,公顷粒数、千粒重和株高整齐度呈提高趋势,在一定程度上能弥补高密度种植对穗粒数和千粒重的负影响.5种种植样式的次生根层数与条数无显著差异.

【Objective】 Canopy structure and canopy functional characteristics of super-high yield spring maize populations were studied to reveal the physiological mechanism of formation of super-high yield, which provided a theoretical basis for cultivation of super-high yield spring maize.【Method】The Jinshan 27 was grown under super-high-yield cultivation (SHY) and normal high-yield cultivation (CK) condition in 2009 and 2010 to assess the indexes of canopy structure and physiological characteristics of super-high yield maize.【Result】Compared with normal high-yield cultivation, the super-high yield spring maize had higher leaf area index (LAI), and three-ear leaves was more obvious after silking stage. Leaf angle of different leaf locations was lower and the leaf direction value was higher than normal high-yield cultivation, and particularly in the three-ear. With the process of the growing period, the difference of photosynthetic potential between the super-high-yield cultivation and the normal high-yield cultivation increased. In the silking stage and milking stage, the difference of the net photosynthetic rate of two cultivation modes was not significant, but canopy photosynthetic ability of super-high cultivation was significantly higher than normal high-yield cultivation. From the silking stage to 40 days, SOD and POD activities were higher than the normal cultivation and MDA content lower than the normal cultivation.【Conclusion】The super-high yield spring maize has higher LAI and population photosynthetic potential, smaller leaf angle and higher leaf direction value, and canopy structure is reasonable. The super-high yield spring maize has stronger SOD and POD activities, lower the MDA content, higher net photosynthetic rate and stronger photosynthetic potential. So under the reasonable cultivation technique condition, collaborative gain can be obtained from super-high-yield spring maize community structure and individual function.

【目的】研究超高产春玉米群体冠层结构和功能特性，揭示超高产形成的生理机制，为春玉米超高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以金山27为供试品种，设超高产栽培（SHY）和普通高产栽培（CK）2个处理，于2009年和2010年连续2年的田间试验，测定超高产春玉米冠层结构及生理指标的变化规律。【结果】与普通高产栽培相比，超高产栽培春玉米叶面积指数大，在生育期上表现为吐丝之后更为明显，在叶位上表现为棒三叶最为突出；不同叶位的叶倾角超高产栽培均小于普通高产栽培，而叶向值均大于普通高产栽培，在棒三叶表现最为明显；随着生育时期的推移，超高产栽培与普通高产栽培光合势的差幅增大；吐丝期和乳熟期，两种栽培模式间净光合速率的差异不显著，但冠层光合能力的差异均达到极显著水平；吐丝后40 d内，超高产春玉米叶片SOD和POD酶活性总体上高于普通高产栽培，而MDA含量低于普通高产栽培。【结论】超高产栽培春玉米叶面积指数高，群体光合势大；叶倾角小、叶向值大，冠层结构合理；叶片SOD 和POD活性强，MDA含量低，衰老缓慢，净光合速率相对较高，冠层光合能力强。在合理的栽培技术调控下，超高产春玉米群体结构与个体功能实现了协同增益。

Two cold region japonica  rice varieties Longjing 20 (more tillers and curved panicle type, MCP) and Longjing 21 (few tillers and halferect panicle type, FEP) were used as materials to study the effect of rowspacing on canopy structure, morphological  traits and yield. The  productive tiller percentage reduced first and then increased as rowspacing widened   and followed  a quadratic regression. Leaf area index (LAI) at later tillering stage and the  highest stem number per unit area  followed a quadratic regression,  increasing first and then reducing. The effect of rowspacing on primary rachis  branch was larger than on  secondary  rachis branch    in Longjing 20 and the trend of Longjing 21 was reverse. The rowspacing showed a negative correlation with seed setting rates  of secondary  rachis branch and  panicle.  The correlation between rowspacing and yields of Longjing 20 and Longjing 21 was positive  and significantly negative, respectively. The morphological  traits of MCP were more easily affected by rowspacing and the rowspacing showed positive   correlation with flag leaf length, flag leaf width,  the 1st internode length from the top, the 2nd internode length from the top  and panicle length. Otherwise，the  morphological  traits of FEP were not significantly affected by rowspacing. The wide rowspacing was propitious to accumulate dry matter of panicle, stem and leaf and to form yield in MCP (the best rowspacing of Longjing 20 was 30 cm), the narrow rowspacing was suit to Longjing 21 which has few tillers and half erect panicle (the best rowspacing of Longjing 21 was 21 cm). It was suggested that wide rowspacing was benefitial  to improving population environment of MCP and narrow rowspacing   was favorable to increase space  utilization of FEP.

以寒地粳稻龙粳20(多蘖弯穗型)和龙粳21(少蘖半直立穗型)为试材，研究了行距对两个不同类型水稻品种冠层结构、形态和产量的影响。结果表明，行距与两种类型水稻成穗率呈先降后升的二次回归关系，与分蘖末期叶面积指数和单位面积最大茎蘖数呈先升后降的二次回归关系。行距对龙粳20一次枝梗的影响大于二次枝梗，而龙粳21则相反；行距与参试品种的二次枝梗结实率和穗结实率均呈负相关，其中与龙粳20二次枝梗结实率呈极显著负相关。行距与龙粳20产量呈正相关，但相关不显著，与龙粳21的产量呈极显著负相关。多蘖弯穗型品种的株型性状更易受到行距的影响，其中行距与龙粳20的剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒1节间长、倒2节间长和穗长均呈显著或极显著正相关，而与龙粳21的各株型性状相关均不显著。较宽行距有利于多蘖弯穗型品种穗、茎、叶干物质积累和产量的形成，龙粳20的最佳行距处理为30 cm，而少蘖半直立穗型品种龙粳21，窄行距更佳，最佳行距为21 cm。分析认为宽行距移栽有利于改善多蘖弯穗型品种的群体生态环境，窄行距有利于提高少蘖半直立穗型品种的空间利用。

Differences in spatial arrangement of plant organs strongly affect the interception of light within the canopy. Modelling light interception by maize leaves usually assumes a random distribution of leaf azimuth. Three-dimensional (3D) digitizing technology allows spatial data on plant architecture to be collected non-destructively and the movement of plant organs to be monitored dynamically. In order to simulate the course of possible changes in the plant geometrical structure during maize growth more accurately, some results were analyzed with circular data statistics using data from 3D digitizing. Field measurements were conducted at the China Agricultural University (39º50’ N, 116º25’ E). Maize ( Zea mays L. cv. ND108) was planted in north-south rows on June 29, 2003. There were two plant spacing treatments, both with rows spaced 0.6 m apart. Plant spacing of 0.3 m was used in the high plant density treatment and 0.6 m in the low plant density treatment. From the five-leaf stage to silking, measurements were carried out every 1–2 d since July 13, 2003 in the first experiment. Sixteen plants were selected for the study of the time course of leaf azimuthal movement and possible adaptive re-positioning of the successive leaves during and after their growth. At grain filling stage (75 d after sowing date), the second experiment (36 plants per plot) was conducted to assess the plant spacing effects on the distribution of the plant azimuthal planes and the deviation of leaves from the plane along the row. An electromagnetic digitizer (3Space Fastrak Long Ranger, Polhemus) was used to measure the 3D coordinates of leaf midrib in situ for the taken plants in the field with two experiments. Data were collected when the plants were not affected by wind. Measurement points were selected to delineate the curve of midrib for each maize leaf. Then the azimuth of each leaf with respect to that of the row was computed according to collected 3D coordinates. Azimuths of maize leaf were statistically analyzed with von Mises distribution which has two parameters (μ, k). The equation is , and in which . The parameter μ defines the reference direction of the distribution and k defines the deviation from that direction which k =0 represents the uniformity and the increasing k indicates the increasing concentration near that reference direction. Fisher test were used to compare the concentration parameters of the two circular distributions. Rayleigh test was used to test the uniformity of azimuthal plane of each individual plant amongst two treatments. The statistical results are as follows: For any individual maize plant, there was an azimuthal shift from the bottom to the top. The parameter k tended to decrease with the rising of leaf position. The maximum azimuthal angle changed for a given leaf was about 150°. The final azimuth was fixed for 83% of the plant leaves about 3 d before the leaf fully expanded. Plant azimuthal plane is essential to the study of the probability distribution of plant azimuth in field. The distributions of plant azimuthal plane for the two treatments were uniform. The plant spacing had an effect on dispersions of maize leaves from the plant azimuthal plane. From graphical inspection, a general trend of increasing dispersion with the rising of leaf position took place in both plant spacing treatments. For leaves ranked from 9 to 13, the distribution tended to be normal, with a rather low dispersion. For leaves 14 to 17, the dispersion was increased. For leaves 18 to 21, the angular distribution tended to be uniform. But for a single leaf, the concentration parameters were always higher in low density treatment than in high density treatment. The difference between treatments was significant at the 5% probability level for the leaves 9 to 13. This study provided a method of quantitative analysis and a description of the architecture in maize.

采用三维数字化仪在田间原位测量了玉米(品种为农大108)植株生长过程中每个叶片中脉在空间坐标系中的位置，据此计算出植株每个叶片的方位角，应用对方向数据的统计分析方法对植株叶片的空间伸展方向规律进行了研究，并分析了单个叶片在生长过程中方位角的变化规律。结果表明，(1) 单株叶位越高叶片偏离植株方位平面的程度越大。叶片方位角从露尖到完全展开前3 d变化较大，最大可达150°，此后基本不变。(2) 种植行向与行距相同(0.6 m)而株距不同(分别为0.3 m和0.6 m)的2个处理的玉米群体中各植株方位平面取向分布均匀，但株距影响叶片在植株方位平面附近的分散程度，株距小的植株叶片方向对植株方位平面的偏离大，其第9~13片叶分散程度与宽株距处理对应叶片差异显著，但没有发现上层叶片有明显转向行间的趋势。

Taking the super-high yielding cotton fields (lint yield ≥4000 kg·hm -2 ) in Xinjiang as the objects, this paper studied the canopy light distribution, photosynthetic rate, and dry matter accumulation at different growth stages, as well as the relationships between the characteristics of canopy light environment and the photosynthetic production. From full flowering stage to late full bolling stage, the light absorption proportion in the upper, middle and lower canopy layers in the superhigh yielding cotton fields was 2:2:1, and the canopy transmission coefficients for radiation penetration and diffuse penetration were 0.20-0.55 and 0.22-0.56, respectively, being at reasonable level. The leaves in the middle and lower canopy layers could well accept light, and the leaf photosynthetic rate had little difference among different canopy layers. Compared with high yielding (3500 kg·hm -2 ) and generally high yielding (3000 kg·hm -2 ) cotton fields, superhigh yielding cotton field had higher leaf area index and the highest canopy photosynthesis rate at early full bolling stage, and slowly decreased leaf area index, higher canopy photosynthesis rate, increased contribution of nonfoliar organs to photosynthetic production, and larger dry matter accumulation from early boll-opening stage to full boll-opening stage. In cotton cultivation, to adjust the canopy structure for the equidistribution of light and canopy photosynthesis capacity in vertical direction could be the important strategy for the efficient utilization of absorbed light energy and the realization of superhigh yielding.

以新疆超高产棉田(皮棉产量在4000 kg·hm -2 以上)为研究对象，分析不同生育时期棉花冠层光分布、群体光合速率和干物质积累量的变化，研究不同产量水平棉田冠层的光环境变化特征及其与群体光合生产的关系.结果表明： 超高产田盛花期到盛铃后期冠层上、中、下层光吸收率的比例为2∶2∶1，呈均匀分布，群体散射辐射和直射辐射透过系数分别为0.20～0.55和0.22～0.56，处于较适宜范围，中、下层叶片受光良好，冠层各层次叶片群体光合速率差异较小.与高产(3500 kg·hm -2 )和一般高产(3000 kg·hm -2 )棉田相比，超高产田在盛铃前期具有较高的叶面积指数和群体光合速率峰值，在初絮期和盛絮期的叶面积指数下降缓慢，群体光合速率峰值仍保持较高值，非叶绿色器官对产量形成的光合贡献增大，群体干物质积累量较高.在栽培过程中，调节冠层结构，使垂直方向上光辐射和群体光合能力分布均匀是确保棉花高效利用光能、实现超高产的重要途径.

以两优培九和武香粳14号水稻 品种为材料,在不同栽插密度和施氮水平下进行2年田间试验,研究水稻冠层光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率、光能利用率与水稻产量的关系.结果表明:分蘖期至 成熟期,各处理水稻冠层平均PAR反射率为3.45%,其中,分蘖期至抽穗期的冠层反射PAR占冠层总PAR损失的10.90%,显著小于抽穗期至成熟期 的22.06%.分蘖期至成熟期的冠层PAR转化率随栽插密度的增加而减少,随施氮量的增加而增大;分蘖期至抽穗期的冠层PAR转化率高于抽穗期至成熟 期.在分蘖期至成熟期,冠层PAR利用率随栽插密度和施氮量的增加而增大,各处理中两优培九的平均PAR利用率(1.83g.MJ-1)显著高于武香粳 14(1.42g.MJ-1);武香粳14因生育期较长,分蘖期至成熟期的入射PAR及中、高栽插密度处理的PAR截获量均高于两优培九.水稻不同生长阶 段冠层PAR截获率和利用率与产量呈显著正相关,PAR转化率与产量也呈正相关,但相关性不显著.因此,在保持较高PAR截获率的基础上提高冠层PAR转 化率,进而提高冠层PAR利用率,有利于水稻高产.

摘　要： 玉米倒伏是当前科研和生产中面临的重要问题。本文从自然条件、栽培管理、病虫害、茎秆性状、遗传改良等方面对玉米倒伏问题对前人的研究成果进行总结,并对今后抗倒性研究进行展望。

以郑单958、丰玉4两个紧凑型品种为试验材料,研究高密度条件 下行距配置对夏玉米抗倒能力及产量的影响.结果表明,株高随行距的增大而增加；基部节间茎粗随行距的增大而减小.随行距的缩小,茎秆硬度、抗拉力和抗折力 显著增加,有利于提高茎秆抗倒伏能力；通过缩小行距可使产量构成因素实现最佳配置,从而获得较高产量.研究结果表明,高密度条件下河北省夏玉米最佳行距为 50 cm.

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to screen an optimum plant and row space allocation pattern for mechanical strip sown wheat with high yield and lodging resistance in hilly regions of Sichuan.【Method】Two-factor split-plot design was applied in an experiment. The main-plot was two plant-type wheat cultivars, Chuannong 27 of compact-short and Mianmai 367 of intermediate type, and the sub-plot was seven plant and row allocation patterns with different numbers of rows and row spacing under 2 m wide strip type and 150×104 hm-2 planting density unchanged condition. The traditional double-three-zero strip planting pattern, planting five rows with row spacing of 20 cm+20 cm+20 cm+20 cm in a strip, as the CK. F3-1, F3-2 and F3-3 indicated planting three rows with row spacing of 30 cm+30 cm, 35 cm+35 cm and 40 cm+40 cm, respectively. F4-1, F4-2 and F4-3 indicated planting four rows with row spacing of 20 cm+20 cm+20 cm, 20 cm+30 cm+20 cm and 20 cm+40 cm+20 cm in a strip, respectively. The effects of reducing the number of planting rows and widening row spacing on light transmission rate, lodging resistance and yield were investigated, and the correlation of light transmission rate with lodging resistance was analyzed.【Result】Two wheat cultivars demonstrated consistently. Lodging resistance of edge row was significantly higher than that of inner row, and lodging resistance of inner row was positively correlated with light transmission rate. After reducing the number of planting rows from 5 to 4 or 3 and widening row spacing, light transmission rate was significantly improved, and lodging-resistance of edge row and inner row were enhanced, too, especial for the inner row. The related lodging resistance index of inner row indicated that plant height and height of gravity centre decreased, and the second basal culm internode became shorter and thicker, meanwhile, dry weight per stem, wall-thickness, mechanical strength, culm dry density, culm filling degree, the cellulose and lignin content increased, while lodging index decreased. Furthermore, the border advantage was cut down, and the expression of lodging resistance showed well in field test. Besides, spike number and yield increased. The edge row of CK had the best culm quality and the strongest lodging resistance, but the light transmission rate was the lowest, and culm quality of inner row showed serious deterioration, especial for the middle row. What’s more, CK demonstrated the strongest border advantage and the highest lodging odds in field test. In addition, the yield of CK was lower than that of F3-3 and F4-3, and was equivalent to that of F3-2 and F4-2.【Conclusion】Therefore, the allocation pattern, planting three rows with row spacing of 40 cm+40 cm or planting four rows with row spacing of 20 cm+40 cm+20 cm in a strip, is the optimum plant and row allocation pattern for mechanical sowing strip wheat with high yield and lodging resistance in hilly regions of Sichuan, and the allocation pattern, planting three rows with row spacing of 35 cm+35 cm or planting four rows with row spacing of 20 cm+30 cm+20 cm in a strip, is the second. On the whole, the above four patterns can replace the traditional double-three-zero strip planting pattern.

【目的】旨在筛选四川丘陵带状机播小麦高产抗倒的株行配置方式。【方法】采用二因素裂区设计，主区为品种，选用紧凑型川农27和半紧凑型绵麦367，副区为带宽2 m和种植密度150×104 hm-2固定情况下的7种行数和行距配置方式，即每带种植5行和行距20 cm + 20 cm + 20 cm + 20 cm（CK，传统“双三零”模式）、每带3行和行距30 cm + 30 cm（F3-1）、每带3行和行距35 cm + 35 cm（F3-2）、每带3行和行距40 cm + 40 cm（F3-3）、每带4行和行距20 cm + 20 cm + 20 cm（F4-1）、每带4行和行距20 cm + 30 cm + 20 cm（F4-2）以及每带4行和行距20 cm + 40 cm + 20 cm（F4-3），研究减少种植行数和扩大行距对带状条播小麦群体透光率、抗倒伏性能及产量的影响，并探讨了透光率与抗倒伏性能间的关系。【结果】两品种表现一致，带状小麦边行抗倒伏性能显著高于内行，内行抗倒伏性能与群体透光率呈显著正相关。种植行数由5行减少为3或4行，再增大行距后，群体透光率显著提高，边行与内行的抗倒伏性能均得到改善，内行优化效果尤为显著，表现为株高和重心高度降低，单茎干物质积累量增多，基部第二节间缩短变粗，茎壁加厚，机械强度、节间充实度、节间干密度、纤维素及木质素含量提高，倒伏指数减小，边行优势减弱，群体更为均衡，田间不易发生倒伏，且成穗数及产量增加。CK的边行茎秆质量最优，抗倒伏能力最强，但内部透光率最低，内行茎秆质量严重劣化，以中间行最为显著，边行优势最强，田间倒伏率高，且产量低于F3-3和F4-3，仅与F3-2和F4-2相当。【结论】四川丘区带状机播小麦高产抗倒最佳株行配置方式为种植3行行距40 cm+40 cm或种植4行行距20 cm+40 cm+20 cm，其次为种植3行行距35 cm+35 cm或种植4行行距20 cm+30 cm+20 cm，以上均可替代传统“双三零”模式。