干旱区滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花生长和产量性能的影响

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牛玉萍, 陈宗奎, 杨林川, 罗宏海, 张旺锋. 干旱区滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花生长和产量性能的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(10): 1506-1515
NIU Yu-Ping, CHEN Zong-Kui, YANG Lin-Chuan, LUO Hong-Hai, ZHANG Wang-Feng. Effect of Drip Irrigation Pattern and Planting Density on Growth and Yield Performance of Cotton in Arid Area. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(10): 1506-1515 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

干旱区滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花生长和产量性能的影响

牛玉萍, 陈宗奎, 杨林川, 罗宏海^*, 张旺锋

石河子大学农学院 / 新疆兵团绿洲生态农业重点实验室, 新疆石河子 832003

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 罗宏海, E-mail: luohonghai79@163.com, Tel: 0993-2058075

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 1054460258@qq.com, Tel: 13040548890

收稿日期:2015-12-25 接受日期:2016-06-20 网络出版日期:2016-06-27

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金联合基金重点项目(U1203283)和新疆生产建设兵团博士专项(2014BB009)资助

摘要

以高产棉花品种新陆早45为材料, 自初花至吐絮设置常规滴灌(I₅₀₀)和有限滴灌(I₄₂₅) 2种处理, 每种滴灌模式下设低(D₁₂)、中(D₂₄)和高(D₃₆) 3个种植密度, 分析棉花不同生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)、群体生长率(CGR)、棉铃生长率(BGR)、净同化率(NAR)以及产量、灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)等变化。结果表明, 与I₅₀₀相比, I₄₂₅将LAI到达顶峰的时间推迟至盛铃期并延缓了盛铃期以后的叶片衰老, 显著提高了盛花期至吐絮期NAR, 在不显著降低籽棉产量的前提下, 提高了IWUE。在I₅₀₀条件下, LAI、CGR、BGR、NAR、总生物量(TDW)、铃生物量(BDW)、总铃数(BN)、生殖器官与营养器官质量的比例(RVR)均以D₂₄较高, D₁₂最低; I₄₂₅条件下, 上述参数均以D₃₆最高。籽棉产量以I₅₀₀D₂₄、I₄₂₅D₃₆较高, IWUE则以I₄₂₅D₃₆较高。相关分析表明, 籽棉产量和IWUE与BN、RVR呈显著正相关, IWUE与NAR呈显著正相关。表明盛花期至盛铃期较快的群体生长速率、较强的物质生产能力以及较多的干物质持续向棉铃的供应, 是I₄₂₅D₃₆提高产量的重要原因。

关键词: 棉花; 滴灌模式; 种植密度; 生长参数; 产量

Effect of Drip Irrigation Pattern and Planting Density on Growth and Yield Performance of Cotton in Arid Area

NIU Yu-Ping, CHEN Zong-Kui, YANG Lin-Chuan, LUO Hong-Hai^*, ZHANG Wang-Feng

Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture of Xinjiang Production Construction Group / Agricultural College of Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China

Fund:This research was supported by the Stake Key Program of Joint Founds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1203283) and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (2014BB009)

Abstract

Water shortage is one of the major constraints in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L .) production in north-western China. A field experiment was conducted using high-yielding cotton cultivars Xinluzao 45, with two drip irrigation patterns including conventional drip irrigation (I₅₀₀) and limited drip irrigation (I₄₂₅), and three planting densities of 12×10⁴(D₁₂), 24×10⁴(D₂₄), 36×10⁴(D₃₆). Leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), boll growth rate (BGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) were determined. The results showed that, compared with I₅₀₀, I₄₂₅ postponed getting peak LAI and alleviated the leaf senescence after full boll stage, and increased the NAR from full flowering stage to boll opening stage significantly, which increased IWUE, on the premise of non-significant changes in seed yield. The effects of plant density on growth parameters, dry matter accumulation and yield components depended on irrigation patterns. In the treatment of I₅₀₀, LAI, CGR, BGR, total dry matter weight (TDW), boll dry matter weight (BDW), boll number per area (BN) and the mass ratio of reproductive organs and vegetative organs were the maximum observed under D₂₄, and the minimum under D₁₂. In the treatment of I₄₂₅, all of the above parameters significantly increased with increasing planting density, and achieved the maximum under D₃₆. Finally, I₄₂₅D₃₆ and I₅₀₀D₂₄ had the highest seed yield resulting from the increase of boll number per area. The seed yield and IWUE had significantly positive correlation with BN and RVR. There was a significantly positive correlation between IWUE and NAR. The reason that I₄₂₅D₃₆ enhanced the yield is the large crop growth rate, capability of dry matter production, and transportation to successive dry matter to boll from full flowering stage to full boll stage.

Keyword: Cotton; Drip irrigation pattern; Planting density; Growth parameters; Yield

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棉花是新疆最重要的经济作物, 水资源匮乏是限制新疆棉花可持续发展最主要的因素之一。虽然新疆实行了“ 膜下滴灌” 技术, 灌溉水分利用效率大幅度提高, 然而在严格的水资源管理制度下, 350万吨棉花生产目标将面临水资源紧缺的巨大压力^[1]。因此, 在膜下滴灌高效灌溉模式下, 如何利用棉花自身具有的较强抗旱能力, 通过农田水分调控, 挖掘棉花生物节水潜能已成为人们关注的焦点。

关于土壤水分对棉花生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响, 前人做了大量的研究^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]}, 普遍认为棉花苗期轻、中度水分亏缺, 蕾期轻度水分亏缺, 花铃期保证充足供水, 吐絮期中度水分亏缺的水分环境, 可以诱导根系下扎, 控制棉株营养体过旺生长, 使株型和根冠比更为理想, 同时可以促进生殖生长, 有利于光合产物向籽棉的分配和转运。课题组前期研究认为, 膜下滴灌条件下, 适度减少盛蕾至初花期、盛铃至吐絮期滴水量, 保证初花至盛铃期正常滴水量, 有利于发挥棉花缺水补偿效应, 提高水分利用效率, 但地上部总生物量显著降低导致籽棉产量降低^{[9, 10]}。因此, 在有限供水条件下, 如何维持较高的地上部生物量, 促进光合产物向生殖器官转运, 保证棉花不减产的前提下提高水分利用效率, 是实现膜下滴灌棉花高产高效的重要研究内容。

种植密度一直是栽培学家用于调节作物群体质量和提高产量的重要手段^[11]。与内地其他棉区相比, 新疆棉花栽培技术的最大特色是密植, 它是新疆棉花增产的主要途径^[12]。在有限供水条件下, 能否通过增加种植密度, 利用群体优势弥补有限供水造成的个体生长不足, 尚缺乏系统研究。深入研究这一问题, 对进一步阐明棉花有限灌溉增产机制和建立挖掘棉花生物节水潜能的技术途径有重要意义。因此, 本文研究滴灌模式和种植密度对生物量累积与分配及产量和水分利用效率的影响, 并系统分析不同生育时期叶面积指数(LAI)、群体生长率(CGR)、棉铃生长率(BGR)、净同化率(NAR)、生殖器官质量与营养器官质量的比例(RVR)等生长参数对滴灌模式和种植密度的响应, 以期为西北干旱区棉花实现精确灌溉提供理论与实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验点概况

石河子大学农学试验站(86º 03′ E, 45º 19′ N)土壤质地为中壤土, pH 7.5, 含有机质15.3 g kg^-1, 全氮1.1 g kg^-1、碱解氮54.9 mg kg^-1、速效磷19 mg kg^-1、速效钾194 mg kg^-1。2014— 2015年棉花生长期内(4月1日至10月31日)降雨量和温度变化如图1。

1.2 试验设计

以新疆目前生产中大面积推广的早熟棉品种新陆早45为试验材料, 设2种滴灌模式, 即常规滴灌(I₅₀₀)和有限滴灌(I₄₂₅), 前者为本地生产中普遍采用的滴灌方式^[13]; 后者为课题组前期研究提出的滴灌方式^{[9, 10]}。具体滴水量和滴水时间见表1。每种滴灌模式下设3个种植密度, 即低密度(D₁₂, 12万株 hm^-2, 株距20 cm; 稀植棉田的种植密度)、中密度(D₂₄, 24万株 hm^-2, 株距10 cm; 普遍采用的种植密度)、高密度(D₃₆, 36万株 hm^-2, 株距6.5 cm; 目前推广的超高种植密度)。采用裂区设计, 滴灌模式为主区, 种植密度为裂区, 重复4次, 其中第4重复用于破坏性取样; 小区面积为3.4 m× 7.6 m。

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	图1 石河子月平均气温和降雨量(2014-2015)Fig. 1 Monthly changes in precipitation and air temperature in Shihezi (2014-2015)

表1 不同滴灌模式灌水量 Table 1 Irrigation norm of different drip irrigation patterns (mm)

采用宽膜覆盖膜下滴灌栽培, 先铺膜后点播, 1膜4行, 行距为30 cm+50 cm+30 cm, 2条滴灌毛管置于窄行中间。播种前不灌水造墒。2014年4月17日播种, 4月19日补出苗水; 2015年4月20日播种, 4月22日补出苗水。严格按照试验设定株行距配置人工点播, 出苗后及时调查苗情, 对出苗率不足95%以上的处理立刻补种, 保证成苗率在90%以上。按公顷皮棉2250 kg以上棉田的施肥量和施用方式, 播种前每公顷深施油渣(N 13%、P₂O₅ 2%、K₂O 16%) 4500 kg、尿素(N 46%) 156 kg、三料磷肥(P₂O₅45%) 225 kg作基肥, 生育期每公顷随滴水施尿素(N 46%) 630 kg、磷酸二氢钾(P₂O₅ 52%、K₂O 34%) 188 kg。全生育期人工喷施缩节胺(含N, N-二甲基哌啶氯化物≥ 96%), 化学调控5次, 用量285 g hm^-2, 其中出苗期、现蕾期各喷施1次, 用量15 g hm^-2; 盛蕾期喷施1次, 用量30 g hm^-2; 初花期喷施1次, 用量90 g hm^-2; 盛花期喷施1次, 用量150 g hm^-2。于2014年7月10日、2015年7月14日人工打顶。其他田间管理措施同膜下滴灌高产棉田。

1.3 测定项目及方法

于盛蕾期(水分处理前)、初花期、盛花期、盛铃前期、盛铃期、盛铃后期、吐絮期, 相应为播种后59、73、89、105、119、133和143 d, 在第4重复区取样, 共6个处理, 每处理取6株, 每个时期共取36株。取样时, 先从子叶节处剪去植株地上部, 分成茎、叶、蕾铃壳等, 洗净后装袋, 带回实验室。先用LI-3000叶面积仪(LI-COR, Lincoln, USA)测定叶片鲜样叶面积, 再将叶片、茎、蕾铃壳等放入烘箱, 105℃杀青0.5 h, 80℃烘干至恒重后称重。

于收获期(2014年9月10日、2015年9月12日)调查各处理每小区单位面积株数, 并在每小区选择15株棉花, 先统计单株铃数, 再取上、中、下(按照株高由上至下的1/3为上部果枝, 2/3为中部果枝, 3/3为下部果枝)棉花各25朵, 分装入纸袋, 带回实验室分别称量, 以平均值计算单铃重; 以实际收获籽棉重计产量。

采用Wang等^[14]计算的方法: 叶面积指数(LAI)、群体生长率(CGR)、净同化率(NAR)和棉铃生长率(BGR); 采用Donald和Hamblin^[15]计算生殖器官质量与营养器官质量的比例(RVR); 采用Nagfelen等^[16]方法计算灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)。

LAI = LA/P

CGR = (W₂-W₁) / (T₂-T₁) × 1/P (mg dm^-2 d^-1)

NAR = [(W₂-W₁)× (lnLA₂-lnLA₁)] / [(T₂-T₁)×
(LA₂-LA₁)] (mg dm^-2 d^-1)

BGR = (BW₂-BW₁)/(T₂-T₁) × 1/P(mg dm^-2 d^-1)

RVR = BDW_max/(SDW_max+ LDW_max)

IWUE = 产量/灌溉水量(kg hm^-2 mm^-1)

式中, W₁(BW₁)和W₂(BW₂)分别为植株在T₁和T₂时的平均总干重(铃干重)。LA为总叶面积, LA₁和LA₂分别为植株在T₁和T₂时的总叶面积, P为土地面积。BDW、SDW和LDW分别为蕾铃干重、茎干重和叶干重, Max表示最大值。

1.4 数据分析

以方差分析(ANOVA)确定处理间的差异, Duncan’ s新复极差检验法(DMRT), 0.05水平下检验差异。用SigmaPlot 10.0作图, 用SPASS17.0统计分析软件检验差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花干物质积累和分配的影响

2014— 2015年不同处理棉蕾花铃、叶、茎干物质量的增长, 苗期缓慢, 蕾期逐渐加快, 进入盛花期至盛铃期达高峰, 盛铃期以后又趋于平缓, 至吐絮期单位面积植株总干重(TDW)和蕾铃干重(BDW)达最大(图2)。有限滴灌处理的TDW在初花期至盛铃期较常规滴灌处理平均降低10%, 而盛铃期以后仅低2%, 说明有限滴灌主要降低了初花期至盛铃期棉花干物质累积量。TDW随种植密度的增加而增大, 中、高密度的TDW显著高于低密度处理。滴灌模式和种植密度互作表现为, I₄₂₅D₃₆、I₅₀₀D₂₄处理的TDW最大, I₅₀₀D₃₆、I₄₂₅D₂₄处理次之, I₅₀₀D₁₂和I₄₂₅D₁₂处理最小, 说明常规滴灌下中密度、有限滴灌下高密度有利于增加群体生物量; 无论何种滴灌模式下, 密度过低均不利于棉花群体生物量累积。不同处理BDW的变化趋势与TDW基本一致(表3)。

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	图2 不同处理对棉花干物质积累与分配的影响(2014-2015)Fig. 2 Effects of different treatments on dry matter accumulation and distribution of cotton (2014-2015)

E: 出苗; FS: 盛蕾期; IF: 初花期; FF: 盛花期; EFB: 盛铃前期; FB: 盛铃期; LFB: 盛铃后期; BO: 吐絮期。

E: emergence; FS: full squaring stage; IF: initial flowering stage; FF: full flowering stage; EFB: early stage of full boll; FB: full boll stage; LFB: later full boll stage; BO: boll opening stage.

2.2 滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花各生长参数的影响

由表2可以看出, 叶面积指数(LAI)在两年的变化趋势相同, 随生育进程呈先升后减的趋势, 但不同滴灌模式到达最大值的生育时期有所不同, 其中常规滴灌处理LAI在盛铃前期到达最大值, 其值为2.8~4.3, 有限滴灌处理在盛铃期到达最大值, 其值为2.6~4.1。相比常规滴灌, 有限滴灌显著降低了棉花初花期至盛铃前期的LAI, 其他生育时期差异不显著。LAI随种植密度的增加而增大(常规滴灌下吐絮期除外)。滴灌模式与种植密度互作的LAI表现为, 盛铃前期以前I₅₀₀D₃₆> I₅₀₀D₂₄> I₄₂₅D₃₆> I₄₂₅D₂₄, 盛铃前期以后I₄₂₅D₃₆> I₅₀₀D₂₄> I₄₂₅D₂₄> I₅₀₀D₃₆, 说明I₄₂₅D₃₆和I₅₀₀D₂₄处理有利于棉花在盛铃前期以后保持较高LAI, 并延缓LAI衰减速度; 其中I₅₀₀D₁₂和I₄₂₅D₁₂处理在整个生育期一直处于较低水平, 说明无论何种滴灌模式下, 密度过低均不利于棉花合理LAI的形成。

表3表明, 不同滴灌模式处理间CGR、BGR、RVR无显著差异, 但有限滴灌处理的NAR显著高于常规滴灌处理。随种植密度增加, CGR、BGR均显著增大, 中、高密度处理间差异不显著, 但均显著高于低密度处理; 滴灌模式和种植密度互作表现为, 以I₄₂₅D₃₆、I₅₀₀D₂₄处理的CGR、BGR和RVR较高。

相关分析表明(表4), CGR与NAR、BGR在盛花期至吐絮期均呈显著正相关, LAI与CGR在盛花期至盛铃前期呈显著正相关、与NAR在盛花期至盛铃期呈显著正相关。BGR与RVR、BN、NAR在盛花期至盛铃期呈显著正相关(表5), 说明盛花期至盛铃期的棉铃生长率与净同化率、生殖器官质量与营养器官质量比例密切相关。

2.3 滴灌模式和种植密度对棉花产量及产量构成的影响

由表6可知, 不同滴灌模式间棉花籽棉产量无显著差异, 种植密度及滴灌模式与种植密度互作对籽棉产量有显著影响, 常规滴灌下籽棉产量随种植密度先增后减, 有限滴灌下籽棉产量随种植密度增加而增大, 最终以I₄₂₅D₃₆和I₅₀₀D₂₄处理的籽棉产量最大、I₄₂₅D₁₂处理最小。年际之间表现为, 2015年籽棉产量显著大于2014年。灌溉模式对IWUE有显著影响, 种植密度对IWUE影响不显著。滴灌模式与种植密度互作表现为, IWUE以I₄₂₅D₃₆处理较大、I₅₀₀D₁₂处理较小。

表2 不同处理棉花叶面积指数变化 Table 2 Changes in leaf area index of cotton in the different treatments

表3 不同处理棉花各生长参数变化 Table 3 Changes in growth parameters of cotton in the different treatments

表4 各生长参数之间的相关性 Table 4 Correlation coefficients among growth parameters

表5 棉铃生长率与生殖器官质量与营养器官质量的比例、净同化率、单位面积铃数和单铃重的相关性 Table 5 Correlation coefficients of BGR with RVR, NAR, boll number (BN), and boll weight (BW)

进一步分析产量构成因子可以看出(表6), 滴灌模式对单位面积铃数、单铃重无显著影响; 随种植密度增加, 单位面积铃数显著增加; 种植密度对单铃重无显著影响, 但随种植密度的增加, 单铃重呈减小趋势, 说明密度过大会造成单铃重的下降; 常规滴灌条件下, 单位面积铃数随种植密度先增后减, 以I₅₀₀D₂₄处理较大; 有限滴灌条件下, 单位面积铃数随种植密度增加而增加, 以I₄₂₅D₃₆处理较大。滴灌模式与种植密度互作对单铃重无显著影响, 但常规滴灌下单铃重比有限滴灌减少1%, 表明有限滴灌有利于促进同化物向生殖器官分配。

相关分析(表7)表明, 棉花籽棉产量和IWUE与单位面积铃数、RVR呈显著正相关, IWUE与NAR呈显著正相关。说明较高的单位面积铃数、NAR和RVR均有利于提高棉花的产量和IWUE。

3 讨论

作物不同生理过程和不同生育时期对水分亏缺的反应不同, 一定时期的有限水分亏缺能改善作物生长、提高产量和水分利用效率^{[17, 18]}, 关于有限水分亏缺对作物生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响, 前人已做了大量研究^{[19, 20, 21, 22]}。本研究表明, 相比常规滴灌的滴水量, 有限滴灌下盛蕾至初花期和盛铃后期至吐絮期滴水量分别减少40%和36%, 籽棉产量仅比常规滴灌降低2.1% (表6)。说明盛蕾至初花期、盛铃后期以后适当减少滴水量对籽棉产量的影响不大。常规滴灌条件下, 籽棉产量、单位面积铃数随种植密度呈先增后减的趋势, 以中密度处理较高, 这与张旺锋等研究结果一致^[23]; 有限滴灌条件下, 籽棉产量、单位面积铃数均随种植密度的增加而显著增加。相关分析表明, 单位面积铃数与产量呈正相关, 说明单位面积铃数较大是I₄₂₅D₃₆、I₅₀₀D₂₄处理获得较高产量的一个主要原因。此外, I₄₂₅D₃₆处理与I₅₀₀D₂₄处理的籽棉产量无显著差异, 但I₄₂₅D₃₆处理的IWUE显著大于I₅₀₀D₂₄处理, 且籽棉产量和IWUE与RVR呈显著正相关、IWUE与NAR呈显著正相关, 表明提高群体物质生产能力, 促进了较多的干物质分配到经济器官, 保证较高的单位面积铃数是实现棉花高产节水的关键。而I₄₂₅D₃₆处理产量增加的另外一个原因主要是显著提高了盛花期以后棉花群体干物质累积量(图2)。但有关有限滴灌下种植密度对干物质积累的影响及其生理机制尚未见报道。

表6 棉花产量及产量构成与灌溉水分利用效率 Table 6 Yield, yield components and IWUE of cotton

表7 棉花产量和灌溉水分利用效率与产量构成、净同化率和生殖器官质量与营养器官质量的比例的相关系数 Table 7 Correlation coefficients of yield and IWUE with yield components, NAR and RVR

为什么有限滴灌下增加种植密度可以显著提高盛花期以后棉花群体干物质累积量, 进而提高产量?本研究认为, 一个重要的原因在于有限滴灌高密度(I₄₂₅D₃₆)处理显著提高了盛铃前期以后的LAI, 并延缓了LAI的衰减速度, 充足的光合面积是实现干物质快速积累的关键因素。前人研究认为, 在轻干湿交替灌溉方式下, 生育后期保持较高的绿叶面积, 降低叶面积衰减, 可以提高群体生物量^[11]。Yang等^[24]研究认为棉花盛花期以前生物量大并不利于产量形成, 盛花期以后干物质积累对最终总生物量和产量的提高起关键作用。LAI与CGR、NAR在盛花期至吐絮期正相关, 尤其在盛花期至盛铃期显著正相关(表4), 说明盛花期以后LAI较高可以促进棉花群体干物质的生产。杨惠杰等研究也认为, 超高产水稻的干物质积累量高, 主要是由于中、后期具有较高的CGR和NAR^[25]。本试验中, CGR、BGR和NAR均以I₄₂₅D₃₆处理较高(表3), 且CGR与BGR在盛花期至吐絮期显著正相关(表4), BDW和TDW在盛花期至盛铃期快速增加(图2), 表明I₄₂₅D₃₆处理盛花期以后棉铃的快速增长是促使其棉花干物质快速增长的另一个重要原因。此外, 棉花盛花期至盛铃期BGR与BN、NAR呈显著正相关(表5), 表明盛花期至盛铃期适度增加成铃数、增强物质生产能力保证了较高的棉铃生长速率。

作物产量的高低不仅取决于干物质总量的积累, 也取决于干物质向生殖器官的分配。RVR是反映群体源库协调的重要指标, 其值越高, 光合物质向经济器官分配越多。本研究表明, 有限滴灌处理的RVR比常规滴灌处理高3.7%, 说明有限滴灌有助于促进同化物优先向生殖器官分配, 这与前人研究结果一致^{[4, 26]}。滴灌模式与种植密度互作表现为, I₄₂₅D₃₆、I₅₀₀D₂₄处理的RVR较高, 且在盛花期至盛铃期RVR与BGR呈显著正相关(表5), 吐絮期棉花的TDW和BDW也以I₄₂₅D₃₆、I₅₀₀D₂₄处理较高(表3), 表明盛花期至盛铃期棉花干物质积累量大且向生殖器官的分配比例大、棉铃生长就快, 从而有利于促进棉花最终总干物质和生殖器官干物质的提高。

作物生产是基于群体, 而非个体, 要获得高产节水, 就必须使个体、群体和环境相协调达到最优化^[27]。本试验结果表明, 要使棉花产量和水分利用效率得到同步提高, 首先要选择较高的群体密度, 扩大群体库容; 其次通过盛花期前控制供水控制单株叶面积, 增加生殖生长早期成铃数, 从而改善群体结构并提高群体物质生产能力, 并促进干物质持续向棉铃的供应, 是干旱区棉花节水高产栽培的基本技术原理。因此, 在新疆生长期较短且水资源相对紧张的特早熟和早熟棉区, 采用膜下滴灌高密度栽培, 通过适度减少盛蕾至初花期、盛铃后期以后的滴水量, 控制群体的发展, 保证生育中后期足够的群体总生物量, 可以实现棉花早熟高产节水。但将有限灌溉高密度栽培向新疆中早熟高产区推广, 还需要深入研究高密度栽培引起的一系列问题(化学调控、打顶等); 否则在现有栽培措施下, 仅通过增加种植密度和前期控制供水是难以实现棉花高产节水优质高效的。

4 结论

常规滴灌中密度、有限滴灌高密度处理有利于延缓棉花叶片衰老, 提高群体生长速率和物质生产能力, 增加干物质积累量的同时促进干物质持续向棉铃的供应, 保证了较高的单位面积铃数, 最终获得较高籽棉产量; 灌溉水分利用效率以有限滴灌高密度处理较高。该处理可作为促进早熟棉区棉花高产节水的一项调控技术。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2014

0.0

李雪源, 袁劲松, 王俊铎, 孙国清, 梁亚军, 龚照龙, 郑巨云, 艾先涛, 郭江平. 新疆棉花生产面临的环境压力. 科技视界, 2014, 25: 336-337

Li X

, Yuan J

, Wang J

, Sun G

, Liang Y

, Gong Z

, Zheng J

, Ai X

, Guo J

The environmental stress of cotton production confronted in Xinjiang.

Sci Tech Vision, 2014, 25: 336-337 (in Chinese)

本文从不同角度分析新疆棉花生产当前的形势、面临的环境压力,提出了新疆棉花生产环境目标与任务,为新疆棉花生产可持续发展、战略规划提供参考依据.

... 技术, 灌溉水分利用效率大幅度提高, 然而在严格的水资源管理制度下, 350万吨棉花生产目标将面临水资源紧缺的巨大压力^[1] ...

2007

0.0

杜太生, 康绍忠, 王振昌, 王锋, 杨秀英, 苏兴礼. 隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长、产量和水分利用效率的调控效应. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1982-1990

Du T

, Kang S

, Wang Z

, Wang

, Yang X

, Su X

Responses of cotton growth, yield, and water use efficiency to alternate furrow irrigation.

Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1982-1990 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To explore new high-efficient water-saving irrigation methods in arid areas, field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of alternate furrow irrigation in partial root zone on growth, yield and water use efficiency of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) in an oasis region of Shiyang River Basin, Gansu province in 2004–2006. Planting with mulching and in furrows was applied with three partial root zone irrigation methods, i.e. conventional furrow irrigation (CFI, all furrows watered), fixed furrow irrigation (FFI, fixed one of every two furrows watered), and alternate furrow irrigation (AFI, neighboring two furrows alternatively watered) under three irrigation levels (225, 300, 450 m 3 ha -1 in 2004; 225, 300, 375 m 3 ha -1 in 2005; and 240, 360, 480 m 3 ha -1 in 2006) for each method in the three years. The results indicated that AFI shortened the cotton plant height, had no significant effect on reproductive growth such as bud and boll, and maintained the balance between vegetative and reproductive growth with reducing redundant growth. It regulated the distribution of photosynthesis products and ratio between root and shoot. AFI reduced ‘luxury’ transpiration without much reduction in photosynthetic rate, resulting in higher water use efficiency. In the three years, AFI always achieved the highest seed cotton yield under the three irrigation levels. Higher yield and reduced water loss also resulted in a higher water use efficiency (WUE) for the AFI treatment. Furthermore, percentage of pre-frost seed cotton yield under AFI was higher which meant better lint quality. Seed cotton WUE was improved by 17.22% and 18.59% as compared with CFI and FFI at the same irrigation levels of 37.5 mm in 2005. The results suggest that AFI should be a useful water-saving irrigation method in the arid region where cotton production is heavily dependent on irrigation.

为了探讨旱区农业高效节水新途径，于2004—2006年在甘肃石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区田间，研究了常规沟灌、固定隔沟灌溉、隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长、产量和水分利用效率的调控效应，结果表明，隔沟交替灌溉对棉花株高抑制作用较明显，而对蕾铃等生殖生长的影响较小，该技术能够调整棉花营养生长与生殖生长的关系，有效控制作物生长冗余，调节光合产物在根冠间的比例和分配，优化根冠比；可以在保持相同光合速率水平下大大降低叶片蒸腾损失，提高叶片水分利用效率，使霜前花比例提高，产量水平的水分利用效率分别较常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌提高17.22%和18.59%。在西北旱区棉花上应用隔沟交替灌溉技术具有较大的节水增产潜力。

... 关于土壤水分对棉花生长发育、产量及水分利用效率的影响, 前人做了大量的研究^{[2,3,4,5,6,7,8]}, 普遍认为棉花苗期轻、中度水分亏缺, 蕾期轻度水分亏缺, 花铃期保证充足供水, 吐絮期中度水分亏缺的水分环境, 可以诱导根系下扎, 控制棉株营养体过旺生长, 使株型和根冠比更为理想, 同时可以促进生殖生长, 有利于光合产物向籽棉的分配和转运 ...

2007

0.0

杜太生, 康绍忠, 张建华. 不同局部根区供水对棉花生长与水分利用过程的调控效应. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 2546-2555

Du T

, Kang S

, Zhang J

Response of cotton growth and water use to different partial root zone irrigation.

Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 2546-2555 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2002

0.0

张旺锋, 王振林, 余松烈, 李少昆, 曹连莆, 任丽彤. 膜下滴灌对新疆高产棉花群体光合作用冠层结构和产量形成的影响. 中国农业科学, 2002, 35: 632-637

Zhang W

, Wang Z

, Yu S

, Li S

, Cao L

, Ren L

Effect of under-mulch-drip irrigation on canopy apparent photosynthesis, canopy structure and yield formation in high-yield cotton of Xinjiang.

Sci Agric Sin, 2002, 35: 632-637 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过对新疆膜下滴灌棉花节水高产的机理探讨表明 ,限量滴灌 (为新疆目前大田膜下滴灌暂定 375m3 /ha滴水定额的 2 /3)棉田土壤水分亏缺 ,群体光合速率降低 ;群体呼吸速率及群体呼吸占群体总光合的比值在盛花期较高 ,进入盛铃期以后群体呼吸又显著低于适量滴灌棉花 ;叶面积指数低 ,叶片平均倾斜角度大 ,群体散射辐射透过系数和群体直射辐射透过系数增加 ,对光能的截获率降低 ;光合物质累积少 ,但分配到生殖器官中的比例上升快。不同品种对滴水量的反应差异较大 ,新陆早 6号对限量滴灌反应不敏感 ,籽棉产量与适量滴灌棉田差异不显著 ;而新陆早 8号对限量滴灌反应较敏感 ,籽棉产量明显低于适量滴灌棉田。因此 ,在限量滴灌条件下选择新陆早6号种植较适宜 ;在新疆开展抗旱品种选育 ,实行节水滴灌是有潜力的

... 7%, 说明有限滴灌有助于促进同化物优先向生殖器官分配, 这与前人研究结果一致^[4,26] ...

2002

0.0

李运生, 王菱, 刘士平, 王吉顺. 土壤-根系界面水分调控措施对冬小麦根系和产量的影响. 生态学报, 2002, 22: 1680-1687

Li Y

, Wang

, Liu S

, Wang J

The influence of different amounts of water supplied at different depths in soil-root interface on root distribution and yield of winter wheat.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2002, 22: 1680-1687 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2013

0.0

陈玉梁, 石有太, 罗俊杰, 李忠旺, 厚毅清, 王蒂. 干旱胁迫对彩色棉花农艺、品质性状和水分利用效率的影响, 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2074-2082

Chen Y

, Shi Y

, Luo J

, Li Z

, Hou Y

, Wang

Effect of drought stress on agronomic traits, quality, and WUE in different colored upland cotton varieties (lines).

Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2074-2082 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了探索干旱胁迫对彩色棉花主要性状的影响及其水分利用机制,选用7个不同色彩的棉花品种(系),在常规灌溉、胁迫灌溉和生育期不灌溉3种环境条件下,调查其农艺性状、品质性状、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量.结果表明,干旱胁迫下不同色彩棉花品种的单株成铃数、单铃重、株高、花铃期叶片数、有效果枝数、收获指数、果节数、籽指、茎粗和果茎节间长度减少,衣分增加;灌水量减少一半,参试棉花品种的产量均降低,不灌溉处理的籽棉产量与常规灌溉间差异显著(P＜0.05);籽棉产量的降低幅度品种间存在较大差异 (P＜0.05),棕色棉的减产幅度高于绿色棉.常规灌溉处理下,白色棉花水分利用效率高于棕色棉花和绿色棉花,而后二者差异不显著;干旱胁迫下,棕色棉花的水分利用效率高于绿色棉花.与水分利用效率相关的主要农艺性状、品质指标是:叶片数、单株成铃数、有效果枝数、果节数、株高、收获指数、单铃重、主茎节间长度、茎粗、籽指、衣分.

2002

0.0

Kang S

, Zhang

, Liang Y

, Hu Y

, Cai H

, Gu B

Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in the Loess Plateau of China.

Agric Water Manage, 2002, 55: 203-216

1999

0.0

Zhang H

, Wang

, Liu Y

Water-yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain.

Irrig Sci, 1999, 19: 37-45

2013

0.0

罗宏海, 韩焕勇, 张亚黎, 张旺锋. 干旱和复水对膜下滴灌棉花根系及叶片内源激素含量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 1009-1016

Luo H

, Han H

, Zhang Y

, Zhang W

Effects of drought and re-watering on endogenous hormone contents of cotton roots and leaves under drip irrigation with mulch.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 1009-1016 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 课题组前期研究认为, 膜下滴灌条件下, 适度减少盛蕾至初花期、盛铃至吐絮期滴水量, 保证初花至盛铃期正常滴水量, 有利于发挥棉花缺水补偿效应, 提高水分利用效率, 但地上部总生物量显著降低导致籽棉产量降低^[9,10] ...

... 后者为课题组前期研究提出的滴灌方式^[9,10] ...

2016

0.0

Luo H

, Zhang Y

, Zhang W

Effects of water stress and re-watering on photosynthesis, root activity, and yield of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch.

Photosynthetica, 2016, 54: 65-73

... 后者为课题组前期研究提出的滴灌方式^[9,10] ...

2015

0.0

赵黎明, 李明, 郑殿峰, 顾春梅, 那永光, 解保胜. 灌溉方式与种植密度对寒地水稻产量及光合物质生产特征的影响. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(6): 159-169

Zhao L

, Li

, Zheng D

, Gu C

, Na Y

, Xie B

Effects of irrigation methods and rice planting densities on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of matter production in cold area.

Trans CASE, 2015, 31: 159-169 (in Chinese with English abstract)

该研究旨在探讨灌溉方式与密度对水稻产量和光合物质生产特性的影响及其互作效应，这对指导水稻高产、高效栽培有重要意义。试验在大田条件下，以垦稻24为试验材料，设置重干湿交替灌溉（W1）、轻干湿交替灌溉（W2）和浅水灌溉（W3）3种灌溉处理及行株距为30 cm×10 cm（D1）、30 cm×12 cm（D2）和30 cm×14 cm（D3）3种密度水平，分析水密处理对寒地水稻产量形成和光合物质生产特性的影响。结果表明：各灌溉方式下，对干物质积累、光合物质生产、产量构成及产量的整体作用效果表现为W2＞W3＞W1，其中W2处理显著提高了水稻产量，增加了水稻千粒重和结实率，实际产量较W3和W1处理增幅分别为5.05%和27.89%；W2处理有效的控制了无效分蘖，明显提高成穗率，降低植株高度和倒3、4节间长度，但叶片生长速度慢于W3处理。各密度水平下，对抽穗后生物产量、茎鞘干物质运转以及最终籽粒产量的作用效果均以D2处理最佳；而D3处理的叶片生长快于D2和D1处理，并伴有增叶出现。灌溉方式与密度交互作用下，各水密处理对寒地水稻叶龄值、茎蘖数、成穗率、抽穗期粒叶比、干物质积累量、抽穗后茎鞘干物质转运和光合物质生产、产量构成及产量的影响均存在显著或极显著的互作效应，以轻干湿交替灌溉方式与行株距30 cm×10 cm密度组合（W2D1）效果最佳，与其它处理相比，实现了5.0～8.5%产量增幅，该处理组合的增产途径是粒叶比高，叶面积指数高，光合物质积累多，形成高质量群体；生育后期干物质积累量大，群体生长率和净同化率高，光合物质生产能力强，茎鞘物质输出与转运合理，具有较高的有效穗数、高结实率和高千粒重，最终籽粒产量高。综合分析表明，轻干湿交替灌溉方式与行株距30 cm×10 cm密度组合模式合模式更适合在目前寒地水稻高产、高效栽培中应用。

... 种植密度一直是栽培学家用于调节作物群体质量和提高产量的重要手段^[11] ...

... 前人研究认为, 在轻干湿交替灌溉方式下, 生育后期保持较高的绿叶面积, 降低叶面积衰减, 可以提高群体生物量^[11] ...

2005

0.0

胡兆璋. 再谈棉花高密度高产栽培技术. 中国棉花, 2005, (增刊1): 7-8

Hu Z

The discussion of cotton high density and high yield cultivation techniques again.

Chin Cotton, 2005, (S1): 7-8 (in Chinese)

2003年是兵团大面积推广棉花高密度高产栽培技术的第4年,也是棉花高密度高产栽培技术推广面积最大,取得显著成效的一年.时近年末,为了广大植棉职工和干部加深对棉花高密度高产栽培技术的理解,为了进一步加快棉花高密度高产栽培技术推广力度,为了加快兵团棉花高产、优质、高效步伐,本文对棉花高密度高产栽培技术的形成、高密度优质高产栽培技术要点、增产机理、技术支撑、发展前景等问题讲些意见,以飨读者.

... 与内地其他棉区相比, 新疆棉花栽培技术的最大特色是密植, 它是新疆棉花增产的主要途径^[12] ...

2009

0.0

罗宏海, 李俊华, 张宏芝, 何在菊, 勾玲, 张旺锋. 源库调节对新疆高产棉花产量形成期光合产物生产与分配的影响. 棉花学报, 2009, 21: 371-377

Luo H

, Li J

, Zhang H

, He Z

, Gou

, Zhang W

Effects of source and sink manipulation on transportation and allocation of leaf photosynthetic products during flowering and boll setting stage in high yield cotton of Xinjiang.

Cotton Sci, 2009, 21: 371-377 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 2 试验设计以新疆目前生产中大面积推广的早熟棉品种新陆早45为试验材料, 设2种滴灌模式, 即常规滴灌(I₅₀₀)和有限滴灌(I₄₂₅), 前者为本地生产中普遍采用的滴灌方式^[13] ...

2003

0.0

... 采用Wang等^[14]计算的方法: 叶面积指数(LAI)、群体生长率(CGR)、净同化率(NAR)和棉铃生长率(BGR) ...

1976

0.0

Donald C

, Hamblin

The biological yield and harvest index of cereals as agronomic and plant breeding criteria.

Adv Agron, 1976, 28: 361-405

... 采用Donald和Hamblin^[15]计算生殖器官质量与营养器官质量的比例(RVR) ...

2009

0.0

Dagdelen

, Basal

, Yilmaz

, Gurbuz

, Akcay

Different drip irrigation regimes affect cotton yield, water use efficiency and fiber quality in western turkey.

Agric Water Manage, 2009, 96: 111-120

... 采用Nagfelen等^[16]方法计算灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE) ...

2011

0.0

骆兰平, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽, 石玉. 土壤水分和种植密度对小麦旗叶光合性能和干物质积累和分配的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1049-1059

Luo L

, Yu Z

, Wang

, Zhang Y

, Shi

Effects of planting density and soil moisture on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1049-1059 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water shortage is one of the major problems in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in northern plain in China. Water-saving technique is most important in wheat cultivation. In this study, we adopted water-controlled irrigation based on measuring soil moisture to improve the fixed-amount irrigation strategy in previous studies. Using wheat cultivar Jimai 22, we measured the photosynthetic performance of flag leaf and dry matter accumulation and distribution in plant under two plant densities and three irrigation treatments. In the 2008–2009 growing season, the plant densities were 150 (M1) and 225 (M2) seedlings per square meter, and the irrigation treatments were designed as relative soil moisture (SM) of 65% at jointing and 60% at anthesis (W0), SM of 75% at jointing and 75% at anthesis (W1), and SM of 75% at 7 d after jointing and 75% at 7 d after anthesis (W2). In the 2009–2010 growing season, only one plant density (M1) was adopted, which showed better performance in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the 2008–2009 growing season. Besides, the irrigation treatments were adjusted to SM of 75% at jointing and of 60% at anthesis (W’0), SM of 85% at jointing and 75% at anthesis (W’1), and SM of 85% at 7 d after jointing and SM 75% at 7 d after anthesis (W’2). Under the same irrigation treatment, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII ( F v / F m ) and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ) under M1 density were higher than those under M2 density from middle to late grain-filling stage, and dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and dry matter translocation amount tograins in M1 treatment were significantly higher than those in M2 treatment. Compared with W1 treatment, F v / F m and Φ PSII of W2 treatment were significantly higher from middle to late grain-filling stage, and photosynthetic rate ( P n ), evapotranspiration ( T r ), leaf water use efficiency ( WUE L ), and stomatal conductance ( G s ) were also higher in W’2. Under the M1 plant density, the dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grains were higher in W2 than in W1 treatment, whereas the grain yield and WUE of W2 treatment were significantly higher than those in W1 treatment. The changing tendency of dry matter accumulation and distribution, grain yield, and WUE were similar in both growing seasons. In wheat growing environment similar to the condition of this experiment, we propose the best plant density is 150 seedlings per square meter and the best irrigating both at jointing and anthesis is SM (0–140 cm soil layer) of 75% at 7 d after both stages.

2008—2010年连续2个小麦生长季，选用高产小麦品种济麦22，采用测墒补灌的方法，研究土壤水分对不同密度小麦旗叶光合性能、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。第一年在150株 m −2 (M1)和225株 m −2 (M2)两个密度下设置3个土壤含水量处理，即拔节期65%+开花期60%(W0)、拔节期75%+开花期75%(W1)和拔节后7 d 75%+开花后7 d 75%(W2)；第二年选用第一年的节水高产密度处理M1，但土壤含水量调整为拔节期75%+开花期60% (W’0)、拔节期85%+开花期75%(W’1)和拔节后7 d 85%+开花后7 d 75%(W’2)。两种基本苗密度相比较，M1处理灌浆中后期的旗叶最大光化学效率( F v / F m )、实际光化学效率( Φ PSII )和开花后干物质积累量和干物质向籽粒转运量显著高于M2处理。W2处理灌浆中后期的旗叶 F v / F m 和 Φ PSII 显著高于W1处理，而W’2处理灌浆中后期的旗叶光合速率( P n )、蒸腾速率( T r )、单叶水分利用效率( WUE L )和气孔导度( G s )均显著高于W’1处理。在M1密度下，W2处理的干物质向籽粒的转运量，开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于W1处理，获得了较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率，且干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量和水分利用效率在两年中结果趋势一致。在150株m −2 密度下，0~140 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节后7 d和开花后7 d均为75%和75%，是本试验条件下节水高产的最佳处理。

... 3 讨论作物不同生理过程和不同生育时期对水分亏缺的反应不同, 一定时期的有限水分亏缺能改善作物生长、提高产量和水分利用效率^[17,18], 关于有限水分亏缺对作物生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响, 前人已做了大量研究^{[19,20,21,22]} ...

2010

0.0

韩占江, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽. 测墒补灌对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 457-465

Han Z

, Yu Z

, Wang

, Zhang Y

Effects of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on dry matter accumulation and distribution and water use efficiency in winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 457-465 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water shortage is a serious problem threatening sustainable agricultural development in the North China Plain (NCP), where winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water-consuming crop. Water-saving technique is one of the most important components in wheat cultivation system in this area. The purpose of this study was to optimize irrigation scheduling for high yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat. Unlike earlier studies in which fixed irrigation amounts were given, we designed a ladder of relative soil moisture content at critical growth stages of wheat. The results are expected to provide general and valuable guidelines to farmers and irrigation managers in high-yielding wheat production in the NCP. The field experiments was conducted with the cultivar of Jimai 22 in Shiwang village (35.41°N, 116.41°E) , Yanzhou, Shandong, China in 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009 growing seasons. The irrigation treatments were designed based on the contents of relative soil moisture at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages which were 80%, 65%, and 65% for treatment W0 ; 80%, 70%, and 70% for treatment W1 ; 80%, 80%, and 80% for treatment W2 ; 90%, 80%, and 80% for treatment W3, respectively. The accumulation and distribution of dry matter and water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat plants were investigated subject to soil moisture and supplemental irrigation. The results showed that dry matter accumulation amount in treatment W0 was the lowest whereas that in treatment W1 was the highest at maturity stage. The grain dry matter ratio was significantly higher in treatment W1 than in treatments W2 and W3. After anthesis, the redistribution amount and the ratio of dry matter that stored in vegetative organs before anthesis were presented as W0>W3>W2>W1, and the contribution of dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis to grains as W1>W2>W3>W0. Under the W1 condition, the filling rate and net photosynthetic rate maintained a relative high level at the end of filling stage, which was favorable for increasing the accumulation and distribution ratio of dry matter and the grain weight at maturity. The WUE in treatment W0 was higher than that in other treatments. However, the grain yield was the lowest in treatment W0. In both growing seasons, the grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency (WUE I ), precipitation use efficiency (WUE P ), and irrigation benefit (IB) in the three irrigation treatments decreased significantly as more water was supplied. Under the experimental condition, the W1 regime was considered as the optimal irrigation treatment, whose re lative soil moisture content 80% at sowing, 70% at jointing, and 70% at anthesis stage. When 43.8 and 13.8 mm of water was supplied in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons, the final grain yield reached the highest level of 8 837.8 kg ha - 1 for 2007–2008 and 9 040.9 kg ha - 1 for 2008–2009 with the highest WUE I and WUE P . s in the 0–140 cm soil layer were

于 2007—2008 和 2008—2009 小麦生长季 , 以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦 22 为材料 , 在山东兖州小孟镇史王村 (35.41°N, 116.41°E) 采用大田试验 , 研究了 4 种灌水处理对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明 , 不灌水的 W0 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 80% + 拔节期 65% + 开花期 65%) 成熟期干物质积累量最低 , W1 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 80% + 拔节期 70% + 开花期 70%) 成熟期干物质积累量最高 , 籽粒干物质分配量显著高于 W2 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 80% + 拔节期 80% + 开花期 80%) 和 W3 处理 ( 土壤相对含水量为播种期 90% + 拔节期 80% + 开花期 80%) ；开花前贮藏在营养器官中的干物质开花后向籽粒的再分配量和再分配率均为 W0>W3>W2>W1, 开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率为 W1>W2>W3>W0 ； W1 处理在灌浆末期保持较高灌浆速率和净光合速率 , 提高了开花后干物质的积累量和向籽粒的分配比例 , 有利于增加粒重； W0 处理水分利用效率较高 , 但产量最低；灌水处理的籽粒产量、灌溉水利用效率、降水利用效率和灌溉效益两生长季均随测墒补灌量的增加而显著降低。综合两年结果 , W1 是本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌溉处理 , 其播种期、拔节期和开花期设计 0~140 cm 土层土壤平均相对含水量分别为 80% 、 70% 和 70%, 在两个小麦生长季中 , 通过测墒 , 分别补充灌水 43.8 mm 和 13.8 mm, 灌溉水和降水的利用效率最高 , 并获得了最高籽粒产量 , 分别为 8837.8 kg hm - 2 和 9040.9 kg hm - 2 。

2010

0.0

褚丽丽, 张忠学. 氮素营养与水分胁迫对大豆产量补偿效应的影响. 生态学报, 2010, 30: 2665-2670

Chu L

, Zhang Z

Effects of nitrogen nutrition and water stress on compensation effect of the yield of soybean.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2010, 30: 2665-2670 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2010

0.0

张俊鹏, 孙景生, 刘祖贵, 高阳. 不同水分条件和覆盖处理对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18: 501-506

Zhang J

, Sun J

, Liu Z

, Gao

Effect of moisture and mulching on filling characteristics and yield of summer maize.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2010, 18: 501-506 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2011

0.0

谭念童, 林琪, 姜雯, 刘义国, 李玲燕. 限量灌溉对旱地小麦旗叶光合特性日变化和产量的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19: 805-811

Tan N

, Lin

, Jiang

, Liu Y

, Li L

Effect of limited irrigation on diurnal variation in flag-leaf photosynthesis and yield of dry land wheat.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2011, 19: 805-811 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2010

0.0

申孝军, 陈红梅, 孙景生, 李明思, 张寄阳. 调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌棉花生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响. 灌溉排水学报, 2010, 29(1): 40-43

Shen X

, Chen H

, Sun J

, Li M

, Zhang J

Response of different water deficit on cotton growth and water use efficiency and yield under mulched drip irrigation.

J Irrig Drain, 2010, 29(1): 40-43 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在干旱的新疆乌鲁木齐采用人工控水试验,研究了调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌棉花生长发育和最终产量以及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,要获得较高的产量和水分利用效率,膜下滴灌棉花全生育期内的灌水量应控制在450 mm左右;适时适度的水分亏缺虽然降低了总生物量,但由于作物的亏水补偿效应不但提高了生殖器官在总生物量中的分配比例,而且有利于光合产物向经济产量的转移,水分利用效率明显提高;适时适度的亏水处理1,其最终收获产量和水分利用效率比充分供水的对照处理提高了1.7%和17.0%.实现了以农田水分管理来调控光合产物的分配,减少作物的生长冗余,提高了农业水资源的利用效率. Abstract： Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) on growth,yield and water use efficiency of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch were tested through artificial water control experiment in Urumqi,Xinjiang province.The results showed that want to obtain both high cotton yield and high water use efficiency will need irrigated about 450 mm.Although the proper time and moderate water deficit reduce the total biomass,it not only improved reproductive organs growing but beneficial to distributed from photosynthate to economic yield of cotton,water ues efficiency was improved too; the yield and water use efficiency increased 1.7% and 17.0% by appropriate amount of water deficit at some growing stages than adequate water supply at full gowing stage of mulched-cotton by drip irrigation.The experiment show that RDI can regulate the ratio of vegetative and nutrient growth,with reducing the redundance and saving much water,the purpose of water saving and yield increase can be reached.

2004

0.0

张旺锋, 王振林, 余松烈, 李少昆, 房建, 童文崧. 种植密度对新疆高产棉花群体光合作用、冠层结构及产量形成的影响. 植物生态学报, 2004, 28: 164-171

Zhang W

, Wang Z

, Yu S

, Li S

, Fang

, Tong W

Effect of planting density on canopy photosynthesis, canopy structure and yield formation of high-yield cotton in Xinjiang, China.

Chin J Plant Ecol, 2004, 28: 164-171 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is an important crop in the Xinjiang Province in Northwest China, and high yields of high quality cotton can be produced under irrigation in the arid, continental climate of this region. In order to increase cotton yields in Xinjiang, we studied the effects of planting density (three treatments: 60 000 plants·hm-2, 180 000 plants·hm-2 and 300 000 plants·hm-2) on canopy photosynthetic rate, canopy structure and yield formation in two cotton varieties, `Xinluzao 6' and `Xinluzao 7'. Our results showed that canopy photosynthetic rates increased with planting density before full boll stage. Canopy photosynthetic rates of `Xinluzao 6' and `Xinluzao 7' at a planting density of 300 000 plants·hm-2 were 29.58 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 and 26.16 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 respectively, which was 10.4% and 6.5% higher than that of the medium density treatment of 180 000 plant·hm-2. In later growth periods after full boll stage, the canopy photosynthetic rate was maintained at a relatively high level in the medium density treatment, remained low in the low density treatment, but decreased rapidly in the high density treatment due to the decline of the leaf area index (LAI). LAI increased with planting density before full boll stage and attained maximum LAI at full boll stage. Generally, the canopy photosynthetic rate at each growth stage was significantly correlated with LAI (R=0.935*-0.998*, n=5) except for the `Xinluzao 6' in later full boll stage. The mean foliage angle of inclination, an important index for describing canopy structure, increased with planting density, whereas two other indices of canopy structure, the canopy transmission coefficient for radiation penetration and canopy transmission coefficient for diffuse penetration, decreased with planting density.Very high planting densities negatively impacted the canopy structure, resulting in a rapid decline of canopy photosynthetic rate. The accumulation of colonial photosynthetic product increased with an increase in planting density during the growth period. In the high density treatment, colonial photosynthetic product accumulation of `Xinluzao 6' and `Xinluzao 7' was 13 700 kg·hm-2 and 13 153 kg·hm-2, respectively, which was 1.5% and 2.0% higher than that of the medium density treatment, and 34.3% and 54.6% higher than that of the low density treatment. The allocation of photosynthetic product to flower buds and bolls was enhanced from full flower stage to later full boll stage in the medium and high density treatments. Total boll number per unit area increased with planting density. Weight per boll in the medium density planting was 5.61 g and 5.48 g in the two varieties, which was 2.6% and 11.5% heavier than in the high density treatment for the two varieties and 8.7% and 13.5% heavier than in the low density treatments. The canopy photosynthetic rate at full flower stage and boll opening stage were significantly correlated with lint yield. Therefore, the enhancement of the canopy photosynthetic rates during the full boll and opening boll stage could lead to increased of yields of lint.

在新疆气候生态条件下，研究了种植密度对棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）群体光合作用、冠层结构和产量形成的影响，探讨了新疆棉花高产的生理机理及进一步提高产量的途径。结果表明：群体光合速率在盛铃期以前随密度增加明显增强，盛铃期以后，低密度6万株·hm-2的群体光合速率仍为最低，高密度30万株·hm-2群体光合速率迅速下降，中密度18万株·hm-2则保持较高水平。叶面积指数的变化与群体光合速率的变化相似，其峰值出现在盛铃期。冠层结构各指标的变化表现为，随密度增加平均叶簇倾角变大，株型变紧凑，但密度过大，群体散射辐射与直射辐射透过系数小，冠层结构不良，造成生育后期群体光合速率较快下降。增加密度能增加单位面积总铃数，但密度过高削弱了棉株个体发育，生育后期群体光合速率下降早，造成单铃重降低。群体总光合物质累积与群体光合速率在各生育时期呈显著正相关，籽棉产量与群体光合速率仅在盛铃期和吐絮期呈显著正相关；生产上要实现棉花高产及超高产，应使棉花生育前期群体光合速率稳定上升，至盛铃期达到高峰值，吐絮期群体光合速率保持较高水平

... 常规滴灌条件下, 籽棉产量、单位面积铃数随种植密度呈先增后减的趋势, 以中密度处理较高, 这与张旺锋等研究结果一致^[23] ...

2011

0.0

Yang G

, Tang H

, Nie Y

, Zhang X

Responses of cotton growth, yield, and biomass to nitrogen split application ratio.

Eur J Agron, 2011, 35, 164-170

... Yang等^[24]研究认为棉花盛花期以前生物量大并不利于产量形成, 盛花期以后干物质积累对最终总生物量和产量的提高起关键作用 ...

2002

0.0

杨惠杰, 杨仁崔, 李义珍, 郑景生, 姜照伟. 水稻高产的决定因素. 福建农业学报, 2002, 17(4): 199-203

Yang H

, Yang R

, Li Y

, Zheng J

, Jiang Z

Determination factor for super-high yield of rice.

Fujian J Agric Sci, 2002, 17(4): 199-203 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 杨惠杰等研究也认为, 超高产水稻的干物质积累量高, 主要是由于中、后期具有较高的CGR和NAR^[25] ...

2001

0.0

陈晓远, 罗远培. 开花期复水对受旱冬小麦的补偿效应研究. 作物学报, 2001, 27: 513-516

Chen X

, Luo Y

Study on the compensatory effect of re-watering during the flowering stage after previous water stress in winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2001, 27: 513-516 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 7%, 说明有限滴灌有助于促进同化物优先向生殖器官分配, 这与前人研究结果一致^[4,26] ...

1997

0.0

赵松岭, 李凤民, 张大勇, 段舜山. 作物生产是一个种群过程. 生态学报, 1997, 17: 100-104

Zhao S

, Li F

, Zhang D

, Duan S

Crop production is a population process.

Acta Ecol Sin, 1997, 17: 100-104 (in Chinese with English abstract)

As we know, crop production is a colony process. But how to research crop production as a colony process is still unsolved. Through analysing the orientation and results between natural selection and artificial selection, this paper indicated that both selections result in competition for the existence of the natural population, and in improving economic yield of the artificial population, respectively, and orientations of both selections are colony superority for artifical popula tion, and individual supe...

从分析自然选择和人工选择在目标和方向上的重大差异入手，指出自然选择的核心是生存竞争，其结果产生个体优势；人工选择的方向是群体优势，其目标是获得较高的经济产量。作物是典型的人工选择的产物，研究作物的生产过程就应当以降低个体的竞争能力和提高繁殖分配为主。据此，对小麦植株高度、根系特征以及种群生态学在农业中的应用进行了讨论。

... 作物生产是基于群体, 而非个体, 要获得高产节水, 就必须使个体、群体和环境相协调达到最优化^[27] ...