晚冬早春田间阶段性覆膜增温促进冬小麦产量提高

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杜雄, 张维宏, 张永升, 曹彩云, 李科江. 晚冬早春田间阶段性覆膜增温促进冬小麦产量提高. 作物学报, 2016, 42(10): 1530-1540
DU Xiong, ZHANG Wei-Hong, ZHANG Yong-Sheng, CAO Cai-Yun, LI Ke-Jiang. Artificial Warming from Late Winter to Early Spring by Phased Plastic Mulching Increases Grain Yield of Winter Wheat. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(10): 1530-1540 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

晚冬早春田间阶段性覆膜增温促进冬小麦产量提高

杜雄^1,^*, 张维宏¹, 张永升¹, 曹彩云², 李科江²

¹ 河北农业大学 / 河北省作物生长调控重点实验室, 河北保定 071001

² 河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所, 河北衡水 053000

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 杜雄, E-mail: duxiong2002@163.com

收稿日期:2015-10-01 接受日期:2016-06-20 网络出版日期:2016-06-27

基金:本研究由河北省科技支撑计划项目(14226401D), 国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B05), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100)和河北省青年优秀拔尖人才专项基金资助

摘要

针对华北平原北部冬春温度变化与冬小麦生长发育所需适宜温度间的矛盾, 以及由此造成的冬小麦相对低产问题, 于2012—2013和2013—2014连续2个生长季, 通过大田试验研究了晚冬早春搭建棚室阶段性升高田间温度对小麦产量的影响。结果表明, 2月20日前后麦田塑膜覆盖每提前1周积温提高23.0~49.7℃, 1月下旬至3月上旬的整个升温阶段内可增加积温167.7~176.8℃, 从而小麦生长发育提前。塑膜揭除后形成的相对低温环境使后续各生育阶段持续时间延长4~10 d。与常规种植(对照)相比, 最早增温处理的开花期干物质产量提高18.8%, 叶面积指数提高14.7%, 花后光合势增加43.6%, 花后净光合速率高值持续期延长10 d以上; 返青后各生育阶段的延长促进了干物质积累和向籽粒转移, 有效穗数增加48~98万hm^-2、单穗粒数增加3.9~4.5粒、千粒重增加2.5~5.6 g。在全生长季积温较少的2012—2013年度, 最早增温处理的籽粒产量提高37.5%, 在积温较多的2013—2014年度增产18.2%, 并提前5 d成熟。晚冬早春农田阶段性覆膜增温是有效提高小麦籽粒产量的新型方法, 提前并延长了生长发育和干物质累积的时间是改善小麦产量构成因素和获得高产的原因。

关键词: 晚冬早春; 阶段性覆膜增温; 冬小麦; 产量; 华北平原北部

Artificial Warming from Late Winter to Early Spring by Phased Plastic Mulching Increases Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

DU Xiong^1,^*, ZHANG Wei-Hong¹, ZHANG Yong-Sheng¹, CAO Cai-Yun², LI Ke-Jiang²

¹ Agricultural University of Hebei / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Baoding 071001, China

² Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, China

Fund:This study was supported by the Key Technology R&D Program of Hebei Province (14226401D), the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2013BAD07B05), the National Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203100), and the Hebei Provincial Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars

Abstract

Low temperature from late winter to early spring is a main restraint to high yield in winter wheat production in the northern part of North China Plain. We attempted to artificially increase the temperature during this period through phased plastic film mulching. A field experiment was carried out in the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 growing seasons with several treatments differing from artificial warming period. Compared with the normal condition (control), mulching since January 25 or February 1 resulted in 167.7-176.8°C increment of accumulated temperature from late January to early March, and mulching one week earlier contributed to higher accumulated temperature by 23.0-49.7°C. Wheat seedlings under artificial warming showed earlier revival and growth than the control. And the subsequent growth stages were prolonged for 4-10 days because of the relative lower temperature after the plastic film was removed. The earliest warming treatment was most favorable to dry matter accumulation, translocation, and yield enhancement among all treatments. Compared with the control, the earliest warming treatment with mulching increased the dry matter weight and leaf area index at anthesis stage by 18.8% and 14.7%, respectively; as well as prolonged active photosynthetic duration by more than 10 days, and increased leaf area duration by 43.6%, spike number per hectare by 0.48-0.98 million, kernel number per spike by 3.9-4.5 kernels, and thousand-kernel weight by 2.5-5.6 g. The final yields of the earliest warming treatment were 37.5% and 18.9% higher than those of the control in the cool 2012-2013 and the warm 2013-2014 growing season, respectively, and the maturity date was five days earlier than that of control in the 2013-2014 growing season. Our results indicate that artificial warming by phased mulching with plastic film is an applicable technique in wheat production in North China Plain.

Keyword: Late-winter and early-spring; Artificial warming by phased plastic mulching; Winter wheat; Yield; Northern part of the North China Plain

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华北平原北部是中国重要的小麦产区, 也是中国气候变暖最显著的地区^{[1, 2, 3]}, 温度是影响区域小麦产量的主要环境因子之一^{[4, 5]}。华北平原北部因水资源稀缺^[6]和地理区位^[7]的原因, 地面热容量低导致冬季寒冷且漫长、春季升温迅速而短暂, 气候变暖的大环境和区域热容量低的小环境共同作用, 致使小麦在长时间休眠后生长发育又被高温所“ 驱使” , 严重偏离了适宜发育轨道^[8], 产量相对降低。对于全球气候变暖背景下小麦花后常遇高温影响, 业已开展了大量研究。花后高温导致小麦减产业已基本定论^{[9, 10, 11, 12]}, 原因在于花后初始阶段高温可导致不孕小穗增加和穗粒数减少^{[10, 13]}, 长时间高温又致使植株早衰和灌浆期缩短^{[14, 15]}、粒重降低^[16]。而全生育期增温, 在华北北部偏冷年型下弥补了低温对小麦的负面作用, 产量得以提高^[2], 而在偏暖年型下基于前述原因产量又显著下降^[2]。当前几乎都是采用花后或全生育期人工控制升温, 预测或探索未来气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响^{[17, 18, 19, 20]}。针对华北北部气候特征和未来变化, 如何主动采取有效应对措施来缓解对小麦生产的负面作用^{[21, 22, 23]}, 以及对采取措施下小麦增产效果的研究相对薄弱, 导致的相对低产问题至今依然无法有效缓解或解决。因此创造小麦早发环境和耦合热量供需, 在提前返青和生长发育的前提下, 延缓后续生育进程来增加穗粒数和延长灌浆时间以提高粒重, 成为规避热害和实现小麦增产的关键所在。本试验在小麦完成春化的晚冬早春季节, 通过农田搭建简易塑膜棚室实施阶段性升温而后揭膜相对降低温度, 研究温度变化对冬小麦生长发育和产量的效果, 以缓解区域气候原因对其生长发育消极影响, 为进一步提高籽粒产量提供理论和方法上的依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区域概况

实施田间试验的河北省农林科学院深州旱作节水农业试验站位于典型的黑龙港平原区(37° 54′ 12.50″ N, 115° 42′ 10.94″ E, 海拔20 m), 年降水量500 mm左右, 小麦生长季平均降水量60~120 mm, 年平均气温12.7℃, 地下水埋深10 m以下。研究用地土壤类型为壤质潮土, 耕层土壤含有机质12.53 g kg^-1、碱解氮65.8 mg kg^-1、速效磷15.3 mg kg^-1、速效钾121.9 mg kg^-1。其主要生态条件代表了华北北部平原。

1.2 试验设计

1.2.1 试验方法与田间管理 2012— 2013和2013— 2014连续实施两个生长季, 均以石麦18为试验品种, 采取随机区组排列, 3次重复, 小区面积为4 m × 4 m。播种前按纯氮 135 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅135 kg hm^-2、K₂O 180 kg hm^-2底施, 旋耕镇压后在每年10月10日使用Wintersteiger精量播种机播种, 行距15 cm, 播种量187.5 kg hm^-2。在拔节期、扬花期和灌浆期灌水3次, 每次定量灌溉75 mm, 保证整个生长季小麦不存在水分胁迫, 拔节期随灌水追氮 135 kg hm^-2。

1.2.2 增温处理小麦经过春化后, 以田间搭建简易塑膜棚室实现阶段性增温, 在小区四周和中部位置用砖搭建高30 cm的支架, 支架上放置竹竿做支撑, 而后在上面覆盖塑膜, 以覆盖时间的早晚和长短、以及不同的覆盖层数来获得不同积温数量和小麦生长起始时间。塑膜覆盖后在小区四周用砖将膜压实, 随着外界气温的回升, 通过减少塑膜层数来降低膜下温度, 每次揭膜后小区四周仍被压实。以常规种植为对照。

2012— 2013生长季设置4个增温处理。2013年2月1日同时覆盖3层塑膜, 在2月25日、3月5日和10日分3次逐层揭除(A1-3); 此后每隔7 d设置一个处理, 即在2月8日(B1-2)、15日(C1-2)和22日(D1-2)同时覆盖两层塑膜, 这3个处理的塑膜均在3月5日和10日分两次逐层揭除。

2013— 2014生长季设置5个增温处理。2014年1月25日布置2个处理, 一是同时覆盖3层塑膜, 并在2月10日、2月26日和3月4日分3次逐层揭除(A2-3); 二是同时覆盖2层塑膜, 并在2月20日和3月4日分2次逐层揭除(A2-2); 2月1日、8日各布置一个处理, 同时覆盖两层塑膜, 均在2月20日和3月4日分两次逐层揭除(B2-2和C2-2); 2月15日布置一个单层有孔膜覆盖处理, 3月4日揭除(D2-1)。

使用的塑膜厚度为0.03 mm且白色透明。多层覆盖处理的最内层和单层膜覆盖处理为有孔膜, 孔口直径1 cm, 孔口间距为2 cm左右, 孔口用电钻钻取而成。棚室搭建后, 露地和棚室内用MicroLite5008型U盘式温度记录仪测定温度, 温度记录仪放置于小百叶箱内, 每小时自动记录一次温度。计算日均温和积温。同时试验站内有自动气象站全年监测逐日温度(图1)。2个冬小麦生长季的积温分别为1866.2℃和2329.7℃。

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	图1 2012-2013和2013-2014年度小麦全生育期内逐日气温Fig. 1 Daily air temperature during winter wheat growing season of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014

1.3 小麦生长发育监测及产量测定

1.3.1 生育时期调查记录不同处理各生育时期的出现的日期。以伸长的节间伸出地面1.5~2.0 cm定为拔节的标准, 全田50%的主茎达到此标准视为拔节期; 50%的穗中部小穗上有小花开花为开花期; 扬花后15 d为灌浆期; 当籽粒含水量达到20%时为成熟的标准, 此时小麦整株全部枯黄, 籽粒变黄变硬。

1.3.2 叶面积指数和光合特性参数开花后每7 d从每处理同时取代表性小麦植株30株, 测量叶面积指数, 直至收获。用干重法测定和计算叶面积指数。

样叶面积(cm²) = ∑ (长× 宽)/1.2; 叶面积指数 = 样叶面积(cm²)/样叶重(g)× 绿叶总重(g)/30× 基本苗(株m^-2)/10 000; 光合势 = (阶段起始时叶面积+阶段结束时叶面积)/2× 阶段持续天数。

使用CI-340便携式光合测定系统(CID公司, USA), 从开花之日起各处理每10 d于自然光下测定旗叶的净光合速率(P_n), 自8:30开始至18:30每2 h测定一次。

1.3.3 产量相关性状的测定成熟后在每小区中心位置选取2行长度2 m的样本行计数有效穗数, 根据行距折算单位面积穗数, 而后拔取代表性样株30株并去除根部, 考察穗粒数后, 按籽粒和营养器官分样, 80℃烘至恒重并称重, 计算收获指数; 在各小区中心区域收取4 m²面积并脱粒, 当籽粒晾晒至含水量13%时, 测定千粒重。将样株籽粒合并于各小区后称取籽粒重量, 并换算各处理单位面积产量。

1.4 土壤水分含量测定及水分利用效率计算

在播种和收获后用土钻钻取0~200 cm土层土样, 每10 cm为一层, 采用烘干法测定土壤含水量。用自动气象站跟踪监测小麦全生育期内降水量, 2012— 2013和2013— 2014生长季降水量分别为122.2 mm和79.5 mm。依据下列公式计算小麦田间耗水量和水分利用效率^[24]: 土壤贮水量(mm) = 土层厚度(cm)× 土壤容重(g cm^-3)× 土壤重量含水量× 10; 土壤贮水消耗量(mm) = 播种时土壤贮水量– 收获时土壤贮水量; 田间水分蒸散量(mm) = 土壤贮水消耗量+降水量+灌水量+地下水补给量 - 径流量 - 渗漏量。水分利用效率(kg mm^-1 hm^-2) = 籽粒产量/田间水分蒸散量。

因试验地点的地下水埋深在10 m以下, 小麦生长季的单次降水和灌水量都不大于75 mm, 计算公式中的地下水补给量、渗漏量、径流量均以0计算。

1.5 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2003整理数据和绘图; 用SAS 8.12软件统计数据, 并用Duncan’ s新复极差法比较差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 增温效果与冬小麦生育进程

塑膜覆盖时间和层数决定着升温阶段积温的数量(图2和图3), 覆盖时间越长、层数越多积温就越多。2层塑膜条件下, 覆盖每提前1周积温提高23.0~ 49.7℃, 同期覆盖3层(A2-3)较2层(A2-2)积温提高24.4℃, 而单层有孔膜(D2-1)积温增加效果最差。综合来看, 升温时间最早的3层处理(A1-3和A2-3)在覆盖的40 d内较对照增加积温167.7~176.8℃。

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	图2 升温阶段不同处理的日均温动态Fig. 2 Dynamics of average daily temperature in different treatments during artificial warming

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	图3 升温阶段不同处理的积温比较Fig. 3 Comparison of accumulated temperature in different treatments under artificial warming

升温越早、时间越长, 冬小麦返青后的各生育时期越往前移。小麦提前生长发育后, 其各生育阶段日均温度较对照降低, 有效延长了各生育阶段的持续时间(表1), 这为小麦的穗发育、授粉和灌浆提供了充分的温度和(或)时间保障。升温处理每提前1周, 返青、拔节和扬花期分别提前4~7、3~5和2 d。2个年度升温最早的A1-3、A2-3较对照返青至拔节期延长5~10 d、拔节至扬花期延长5~7 d、扬花至收获期延长4~8 d, 因2012— 2013年度返青后长期持续低温的原因(图1), 各增温处理较对照未能提前成熟; 而在全生育期积温较多的2013— 2014年度, A2-3较对照提前5 d成熟。综上所述, 晚冬早春麦

表1 不同处理下冬小麦各生育阶段的经历时间及其积温数量 Table 1 Duration of each growing period and accumulated temperature in the growing period under different treatments

田阶段性升温有效提前并延长了冬小麦返青至成熟的生育进程, 为小麦干物质累积和增加产量准备了时间条件, 小麦提前灌浆和成熟又可有效规避生育后期高温热害对产量形成的负面作用。

2.2 籽粒产量及水分利用效率

晚冬早春麦田阶段性升温有效增加了小麦的单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, 产量显著增加(表2), 升温越早、时间越长对产量构成要素的增加作用就越大。在春季温度较低的2012— 2013年度, 田间升温后较对照最多可增产2263 kg hm^-2, 增幅为37.5%, 对产量的贡献为千粒重> 穗粒数> 单位面积穗数。在温度条件较好的2013— 2014年度, 增产效果较上年降低, 最多增产1592 kg hm^-2, 增幅为18.2%, 对产量的贡献为穗粒数≈ 单位面积穗数> 千粒重, 增产效果的降低在于对照的产量较上年大幅提升。两年结果对比表明, 在积温不足年份, 人工增加生长季积温, 产量可得到快速提高, 而在积温较多年份继续增加积温的增产效果降低, 这则是“ 最小因子定律” 和“ 报酬递减律” ^{[25, 26]}在温度方面的共同体现。

升温显著增产的同时, 也相应增加了小麦的田间耗水, 但田间耗水的增加幅度小于增产幅度, 2012— 2013年度全部升温处理、2013— 2014年度除D2-1 (覆盖最晚)外的其他升温处理的WUE均显著高于对照。对于两年度产量最高的A1-3和A2-3, 在增产37.5%和18.2%的情况下, 田间耗水仅增加5.5%和5.9%, 结果是WUE提高30.3%和11.6%, 说明晚冬早春麦田阶段性升温也是一种促进小麦高效用水的栽培方法。

表2 不同处理的冬小麦产量和水分利用效率 Table 2 Yield and water use efficiency of the winter wheat under different treatments in two growing seasons

2.3 开花后的光合性能

2.3.1 叶面积指数和光合势变化晚冬早春升温后冬小麦提前返青生长, 升温越早返青到扬花的时间就越长(表1), 花期叶面积指数(LAI)显著增加(图4); 阶段性增温也使开花提前并延缓了花后LAI下降。2012— 2013年度, 增温最早的A1-3开花时的LAI较对照提高14.7%, 花后28 d对照降至1.33, 仅为A1-3处理的25.6%, 2个年度LAI虽然增温处理与对照间的比值不同, 但变化趋势一致。同样, 适时升温后的花后光合势(LAD)也较对照显著增加, 覆盖日期越早且时间越长LAD增加就越多(图5)。2个年度花后LAD最大的A1-3和A2-3分别较对照提高46.3%和33.0%。两年对比表明, 阶段性增温处理的花后LAD不仅同升温早晚和持续时间有关, 还同全生育期温度条件有关。在温度较低的2012— 2013年度, 阶段性升温对增加花后LAD的效果好于翌年但总量较少, 这也是该年度增产幅度较大而产量较低的原因所在。

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	图4 开花后不同处理的叶面积指数图柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。Fig. 4 Leaf area index after anthesis in different treatments Different letters above columns indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level.

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	图5 开花后不同处理的光合势图柱上不同字母表示处理间在0.05水平上差异显著。Fig. 5 Leaf area duration after anthesis in different treatments Different letters above columns indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level.

2.3.2 净光合速率从4月26日至5月16日, 各处理全天净光合速率(P_n)呈单峰变化趋势, 5月6日前最高值出现在12:30, 随着生育进程的推进和环境温度的升高, 各处理全天P_n最高值提前至10:30, 进而转变为5月26日的双峰特征, 12:30— 14:30成为全天的低点, 在较高的温度下, 小麦P_n存在明显的“ 午休” 现象(图6)。在田间升温小麦开花提前条件下, 5月6日前全天P_n增温的A2-3和A2-2显著高于对照, 至5月16日, 各处理间的全天P_n除在10:30外均不存在显著差异。而5月26日对照和D2-1的P_n在10:30和12:30显著高于A2-3和A2-2, 说明对照和D2-1因开花时间较晚其耐受高温的能力相对强于A2-3和A2-2。花后各处理比较表明, A2-3和A2-2的P_n高值持续期较对照多10 d以上。对照虽然灌浆后期(5月26日)上午P_n显著高于其他处理, 但因总持续时间短而减少了光合产物的累积。P_n高值持续时间长且不存在“ 午休” 现象, 是较早升温处理的粒重显著高于对照的一个重要原因。

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图6 2014年不同处理相同日期的小麦旗叶净光合速率日变化
* 和NS分别表示折线上同一时刻的净光合速率不同处理间在0.05水平上差异显著和不显著。Fig. 6 Daily dynamic of net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf of the winter wheat in a whole day under different treatments in 2014
* and NS indicate significant difference and non-significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 probability level for the net
photosynthetic rate of the lines at the same time, respectively.

2.4 干物质转移与分配

晚冬早春阶段性升温因提早并延长了冬小麦返青至成熟(收获)的持续时间, 花期干物质重量显著提高, 两个年度较对照最大可提高11.7%~18.8%, 且2013— 2014年度干物质积累量高于2012— 2013年度(表3)。晚冬早春升温有效增加花期干物质的结果为其向籽粒转移提供了基本前提, 升温越早营养器官干物质转移量就越大, 两个年度干物质转移量最高比对照分别提高37.0%和57.6%。也正是2012— 2013年度因花期物质累积量相对不足, 导致产量较下生长季更多地依赖花后同化物的输送, 同样是升温越早且时间越长, 花后同化物向籽粒输送就越多; 但物质转移、花后同化物输送同籽粒产量的线性关系, 两种途径物质对籽粒的贡献率处理间不具显著差异。而在2013— 2014年度, 营养器官物质转移量、转移率及对籽粒贡献率均随升温时间提前而显著增加, 虽然花后同化物向籽粒的输送量较上年显著提高, 但对籽粒的贡献率较对照降低, 也由此提高了较早升温处理的收获期营养器官的重量。这表明晚冬早春阶段性升温是小麦累积较多干物质和获得高产的充分条件, 开花前后同化物均较充足时, 选用库容大的品种充分贮存花后同化物并提高对籽粒的贡献率, 则是进一步提高产量的必要条件。

表3 干物质在冬小麦营养器官和籽粒中的分配与转运 Table 3 Distribution and transportation of dry matter in vegetative organs and grains under different treatments

2.5 产量构成因素与温度的关系

返青至开花期的日平均气温越高, 小麦单位面积有效穗数就越少(图7-A), 在2012— 2013年度, 该阶段的日平均气温每升高1℃, 有效穗数将减少17.88万穗 hm^-2, 在翌年该阶段当日均温达到14.0℃时, 穗数将达到715.3万穗 hm^-2的最低值, 春季快速升温是造成小麦单位面积穗数减少的重要原因。返青至灌浆较高的环境温度, 也可导致单穗粒数下降, 当返青至灌浆阶段的日均温为12.7℃时, 可获得最多的穗粒数, 而该阶段的日均温在16.8℃时穗粒数降到最少(图6-B)。开花至收获阶段日均温度同小麦千粒重在2个年度均呈显著负相关(图6-C), 在2012— 2013年度开花时间较晚条件下, 日均温每提高1℃千粒重降低4.8 g, 在下个年度开花时间相对提前时, 日均温提高对千粒重的负面作用变小, 每提高1℃千粒重降低1.41 g, 在粒重较低时开花至收获阶段温度升高对粒重的负面作用就越大。升温阶段获得的积温越多籽粒产量就越高(图7-D), 回归分析表明该阶段最多可获得300℃的积温, 每增加1℃可提高产量10.3 kg hm^-2, 春化完成后延长晚冬早春的塑膜覆盖时间获得更多积温是华北北部进一步提高小麦产量的原因所在。综合分析表明, 晚冬早春麦田覆盖阶段性升温, 提前小麦生长发育后适时揭除塑膜, 相对降低了早发小麦生长的所处温度并延长了后续发育时间, 有效改善了单位面积有效穗数、单穗粒数和粒重等产量构成因素, 从而产量得以显著提高。

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	图7 不同生育阶段温度与小麦产量相关性状的关系 A: 返青至开花; B: 返青至灌浆; C: 开花至收获; D: 升温阶段。Fig. 7 Relationship between temperature of different growing phases and yield-related traits of wheat A: from reviving to anthesis stage; B: from reviving to filling stage; C: from anthesis to harvest; D: during artificial warming period.

3 讨论

当前技术条件下, 水分、养分均不成为产量的限制因子, 小麦获得了相对的高产或超高产^[27], 若继续增加水分和养分的投入, 增产速率开始小于水肥投入增加速率, 甚至产量不再继续提高^{[28, 29]}, 资源利用效率降低从而出现“ 报酬递减” ^[27]。研究并确定当前作物进一步增产的限制因子并将其科学缓解或消除, 可视为持续提升产量的指导性策略。本研究在综合考量作物所需的光、热、水、肥、气等多种资源要素后, 确定了华北北部冬小麦不同生长发育阶段对热量(温度)的需求与环境温度实际供应间的矛盾, 即冬季小麦通过春化后需要较高温度来打破越冬休眠而发育, 春季需要较低温度而延长穗分化时间, 环境温度供应及变化同生长发育需求适宜温度间存在着以时序错位为特征的“ 剪刀差” , 导致小麦严重偏离最适发育轨道而致减产。依据“ 供需平衡” 原则, 本研究确定了晚冬早春麦田实施覆盖阶段性升温提早发育、而后揭膜降温延缓后续生长的方法, 某种程度上平衡了环境温度“ 供应” 与小麦对温度“ 需求” 间的矛盾, 缓解了温度因子“ 供需” 时序错位的限制, 实现了小麦提前发育, 有效延长了返青至成熟的生育时间, 促进了各产量构成要素的协同提高, 充分利用了原不能利用的光、水、肥、气等非限制性资源, 又可提前成熟避开干热风的危害。在热量紧张的华北北部冬小麦-夏玉米两熟种植区, 用此方法实现了冬小麦提早成熟收获又为夏玉米早播增产^[30]开辟了出路, 产生了两熟周年均衡增产的连锁反应, 深化了“ 双抢两晚” 的技术实践^{[31, 32, 33]}, 探索出“ 夏玉米生长短季问题由冬小麦提早成熟来解决” 的系统学新途径。

研究表明, 通过人工增温越冬前≥ 0℃积温增加超过60℃, 幼穗分化进程加快, 在早春极易造成小花受冻败育甚或小穗冻死, 结果是穗粒数和千粒重降低^[34]。本研究采用的晚冬早春阶段性升温的策略, 在环境温度较低时小麦有塑膜覆盖的保护并提前发育, 外界温度升高后才揭膜降温, 这可避免小麦因早发遭遇冻害的危险。模拟气候变暖全生育期增温条件下, 华北平原的小麦越冬期缩短, 冬后生育期前移, 全生育期缩短^{[2, 12]}, 且有利于形成大穗, 本研究采用的阶段性增温也得到了同样结果。但全生育期或花后增温, 因灌浆中期热害致使产量显著降低^[2]。本研究中, 晚冬早春阶段性升温下小麦开花提前8~9 d, 相对降低了灌浆期的温度且显著延长了灌浆时间, 有效缓解了灌浆期热害的问题, 这则是主动应对气候变暖的一种有效措施。在华东地区, 全生育期增温显著提高了小麦产量^{[17, 19]}, 而花后增温导致产量显著降低^[9], 相对于全生育期增温, 开花时间未提前条件下的花后增温热害在该地区也是造成产量降低的重要原因, 全生育期增温与华北不一致的结果说明增温后的产量效果同地域条件、温度升高的多少和快慢直接相关。也有研究表明, 花后增温在显著降低小麦产量的同时却提高了其品质^{[9, 20]}, 晚冬早春阶段性升温下增产后小麦品质的变化也是一个值得深入研究的问题。本研究中, 棚室搭建与盖揭塑膜的操作都是由人工实施的, 本方法如何在实际生产中形成应用技术, 膜棚一体化的研制、棚室放置及撤离的机械开发可视为下一步重点解决的技术问题。

本研究中, 2012— 2013年度A1-3产量获得了与2013— 2014年度对照相近的结果, 原因在于人工措施在2013年春季创造了一个类似2014年春季的温度条件, 说明春季温度是产量能否有效提高的限制性环境因子。已有研究表明, 高温和弱光都能够降低小麦净光合速率, 导致千粒重下降^[35]。而本研究采用的晚冬早春麦田阶段性升温的方法, 揭膜降温后使提前生长发育的小麦处在一个相对适宜的温度环境中, 有效延长了光合作用的时间。在2013年春季雾霾严重、光照不足^[36]条件下, 麦田阶段性升温通过延长光合作用时间弥补了光照不足, 显著提高了千粒重。在本试验中, 通过对阶段性升温早晚和时间长短的控制, 获得了相同时间点上小麦具有不同发育进程的结果。我们观测到2014年5月16日前不同灌浆进程全部处理的光合作用均未出现“ 午休” 现象, 而在5月26日光合作用的“ 午休” 现象则全部出现, 这表明小麦“ 午休” 现象在本试验条件下主要由环境温度所决定, 而与生育进程或开花后日数关系不大; 而较高的温度加快了小麦旗叶的衰老速度^[35], 高温条件下即使开花较晚的处理也会出现光合速率的“ 午休” 现象, 而晚冬早春麦田阶段性升温, 揭膜后的相对低温环境延缓了小麦叶片衰老、维持了较高的光合速率和较长的持续时间, 这些都是小麦显著增产的重要原因。

4 结论

华北平原北部麦田晚冬早春塑膜覆盖增温促进了小麦提前生长发育, 塑膜揭除后相对较低的环境温度又延长了后续各生育阶段的持续时间, 显著提高了小麦的单位面积穗数和单穗粒数; 并由于花后叶面积指数下降的延缓和光合速率高值持续期的延长, 促进了花后干物质积累和营养器官干物质向籽粒的转移, 千粒重得以显著提高。晚冬早春农田适时阶段性覆膜升温有效缓解了冬小麦生长发育与温度匹配时序错位的矛盾, 取得了积温较少年份籽粒增产37.5%、积温较多年份增产18.2%且提前5 d成熟的显著效果。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[23]	高丽娜, 陈素英, 张喜英, 孙宏勇, 王彦梅, 邵立威. 华北平原冬小麦麦田覆盖对土壤温度和生育进程的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(1): 107-113 Gao L N, Chen S Y, Zhang X Y, Sun H Y, Wang Y M, Shao L W. Effect of mulching on soil temperature and crop growth of winter wheat in plain of North China. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2009, 27(1): 107-113 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	何立谦, 张维宏, 张永升, 曹彩云, 李科江, 杜雄. 土下微膜覆盖与灌水管理对冬小麦水分利用与物质生产效果的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1980-1989 He L Q, Zhang W H, Zhang Y S, Cao C Y, Li K J, Du X. Water utilization and matter production in winter wheat under soil- coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching and irrigation management. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1980-1989 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	陈伦寿. 报酬递减率与合理施肥. 北京农业大学学报, 1982, 8(1): 69-76 Chen L S. The rational application of fertilizer and the law of diminishing return. Acta Agric Univ Pekinensis, 1982, 8(1): 69-76 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	褚清河, 强彦珍. 经济学与肥料学中报酬递减律的同一性及其问题. 山西农业科学, 2011, 39(1): 33-37 Chu Q H, Qiang Y Z. The identity and problem of the diminishing rate of return in the economics and the fertilizer sciences. J Shanxi Agric Sci, 2011, 39(1): 33-37 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	张法全, 王小燕, 于振文, 王西芝, 白洪立. 公顷产10000 kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 1086-1096 Zhang F Q, Wang X Y, Yu Z W, Wang X Z, Bai H L. Characteristics of accumulation and distribution of nitrogen and dry matter in wheat at yield level of ten thousand kilograms per hectare. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 1086-1096 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[28]	同延安, 赵营, 赵护兵, 樊红柱. 施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13: 64-69 Tong Y A, Zhao Y, Zhao H B, Fan H Z. Effect of N rates on N uptake, transformation and the yield of winter wheat. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2007, 13: 64-69 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	Zhang X Y, Wang Y Z, Sun H Y, Chen S Y, Shao L W. Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply. Irrig Sci, 2013, 31: 1103-1112 [本文引用:1]
[30]	张宁, 杜雄, 江东岭, 崔彦宏. 播期对夏玉米生长发育及产量影响的研究. 河北农业大学学报, 2009, 32(5): 7-11 Zhang N, Du X, Jiang D L, Cui Y H. Effect of sowing date on growth and yield of summer corn (Zea mays L. ). J Agric Univ Hebei, 2009, 32(5): 7-11 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[31]	Sun H Y, Zhang X Y, Chen S Y, Pei D, Liu C M. Effects of harvest and sowing time on the performance of the rotation of winter wheat-summer maize in the North China Plain. Ind Crop Prod, 2007, 25: 239-247 [本文引用:1]
[32]	刘月娥, 谢瑞芝, 张厚宝, 李少昆, 高世菊. 不同生态区玉米适时晚收增产效果. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2820-2828 Liu Y E, Xie R Z, Zhang H B, Li S K, Gao S J. Study on increasing rate of maize yield after putting off harvest time in different ecoregions. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2820-2828 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[33]	李向岭, 李从锋, 侯玉虹, 侯海鹏, 葛均筑, 赵明. 不同播期夏玉米产量性能动态指标及其生态效应. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 1074-1083 Li X L, Li C F, Hou Y H, Hou H P, Ge J Z, Zhao M. Dynamic characteristics of summer maize yield performance in different planting dates and its effect of ecological factors. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 1074-1083 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[34]	李向东, 张德奇, 王汉芳, 邵运辉, 方保停, 吕风荣, 岳俊芹, 马富举. 越冬前增温对小麦生长发育和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26: 839-846 Li X D, Zhang D Q, Wang H F, Shao Y H, Fang B T, Lü F R, Yue J Q, Ma F J. Impact of temperature increment before the over-wintering period on growth and development and grain yield of winter wheat. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2015, 26: 839-846 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[36]	高小宽, 马光, 吕亚慈. 浅析衡水市雾霾天气成因及治理措施. 农村经济与科技, 2014, 25(10): 21-22 Gao X K, Ma G, Lü Y C. Causes and countermeasures of haze weather in Hengshui Zone. Rural Econ Sci-technol, 2014, 25(10): 21-22 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

2007

0.0

柳艳香, 吴统文, 郭裕福, 颜京辉. 华北地区未来30年气候变化趋势模拟研究. 气象学报, 2007, 65(1): 45-51

Liu Y

, Wu T

, Guo Y

, Yan J

Prediction research of climate change treads over North China in the future 30 years.

Acta Meteorol Sin, 2007, 65(1): 45-51 (in Chinese with English abstract)

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG研发的全球海洋-大气-陆面系统模式(GOALS 4.0),引入了大气中真实的温室气体浓度变化,对华北地区的气候变化进行了模拟研究.为了检验GOALS 4.0模式对于未来30年华北地区气候变化趋势模拟结果的可信度,分析评估了GOALS 4.0模式对当代气候变化的模拟能力.模拟结果基本再现了20世纪60-70年代末的全球和北半球温度偏低以及80年代开始的增温现象,也较好地模拟了华北地区近50年来的两个重要气候冷(1950-1976年)、暖(1977-2000年)时期,模拟结果与实际观测相关为0.34(达到了0.05信度),华北地区的冬季温度变化幅度介于中国大陆东、西部之间.模式对华北地区夏季降水在20世纪80年代前后经历的丰枯时期转变模拟也比较理想.在此基础上,根据IPCC提供的大气温室气体未来排放情景,进一步模拟预估了华北地区未来30年的气候变化趋势.结果发现,在未来的30年中,中国大陆冬季温度将会呈现出不断上升趋势,华北是中国大陆增温最显著、增温幅度最大的地区,到2030年华北地区冬季的增温幅度相对多年平均(1961-1990年)上升2.5 ℃左右.未来30年的夏季,由于华北地区处于明显的水汽辐合区,偏南气流较强,大气中的可降水量增加,使得中国大陆的降水格局也会发生相应变化,呈现出南少北多的分布型态,华北地区夏季降水会明显增多,南方地区降水则有所减少.

... 华北平原北部是中国重要的小麦产区, 也是中国气候变暖最显著的地区^[1,2,3], 温度是影响区域小麦产量的主要环境因子之一^[4,5] ...

2012

0.0

谭凯炎, 房世波, 任三学. 增温对华北冬小麦生产影响的试验研究. 气象学报, 2012, 70: 902-908

Tan K

, Fang S

, Ren S

Experiment study of winter wheat growth and yield response to climate warming.

Acta Meteorol Sin, 2012, 70: 902-908 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to explore and validate the impact of further climate warming on winter wheat growth and yield, and to obtain basic features of winter wheat’s response to temperature increase, the experiments with temperature increase on all day (TI) during the whole growing season of winter wheat were carried out by using the technique of Free Air Temperature Increase （FATI） in the field. The impacts of TI on yield, growth and water consumption of winter wheat were also analyzed. The results showed: (1) Compared with control treatment (CK), phenological phase of return green was earlier significantly in TI, and all phenological phases after wintering period were earlier more than 10 d. The duration of vegetative growth was increased, the duration from flowering to milky was prolonged, and the duration from milky to maturity was shortened in TI. In the relatively colder years, temperature increase could safeguard normal tiller and growth of winter wheat against low-temperature, and TI could significantly increase plant height, produce more panicles (by 24.7% than CK), and enhance grain yield. In relatively warmer years, TI caused the duration of spike differentiation extend, kernels per panicle increase, and 1000 grain weight decreased owing to heat injury in the late period of grain filling and yield. Besides, the water consumption of wheat increased. For winter wheat in north China, a certain level of warming in the winter and early spring would be beneficial to wheat production, but if the temperature increased is too high it might lead to adverse results. The temperature increase in spring and early summer would be disadvantageous to wheat production.

为了探索和验证未来地表气温升高对中国冬小麦生产的影响，了解冬小麦生长发育和产量对增温响应的基本特征，在田间条件下采用红外辐射器增温的方法（FATI）对冬小麦全生育期进行昼夜增温处理，分析了增温对冬小麦生长发育和产量构成及其耗水量的影响。结果表明，全生育期增温使冬小麦返青期显著提前，冬后生育阶段整体前移10 d以上，全生育期天数减少，但营养生长时间大幅增加，开花至乳熟时间延长，乳熟至成熟时间缩短；在偏冷年份，增温处理保障了小麦的正常分蘖和生长，株高显著提高，有效穗数比对照增加27.4%，籽粒产量比对照大幅增加；在偏暖年份，增温导致小麦穗分化时间延长，穗粒数增加，灌浆中后期遭受高温危害，千粒重显著降低，产量下降；增温致使冬小麦生产耗水量增加。就华北冬小麦而言，冬季及早春一定幅度的升温有利于小麦生产，但增幅过大可能会导致不利结果；而春末夏初升温对小麦生产是不利的。

... 华北平原北部是中国重要的小麦产区, 也是中国气候变暖最显著的地区^[1,2,3], 温度是影响区域小麦产量的主要环境因子之一^[4,5] ...

... 而全生育期增温, 在华北北部偏冷年型下弥补了低温对小麦的负面作用, 产量得以提高^[2], 而在偏暖年型下基于前述原因产量又显著下降^[2] ...

... 模拟气候变暖全生育期增温条件下, 华北平原的小麦越冬期缩短, 冬后生育期前移, 全生育期缩短^[2,12], 且有利于形成大穗, 本研究采用的阶段性增温也得到了同样结果 ...

... 但全生育期或花后增温, 因灌浆中期热害致使产量显著降低^[2] ...

2010

0.0

李克南, 杨晓光, 刘志娟, 王文峰, 陈阜. 全球气候变化对中国种植制度可能影响分析: III. 中国北方地区气候资源变化特征及其对种植制度界限的可能影响. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2088-2097

Li K

, Yang X

, Liu Z

, Wang W

, Chen

Analysis of the potential influence of global climate change on cropping systems in China: III. The change characteristics of climatic resources in northern China and its potential influence on cropping systems.

Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2088-2097 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Under the background of global climate change, the obvious changes that had taken place in heat and precipitation resources in northern China were studied. Furthermore, the possible effects of climate warming on the agro-climatic resources and cropping systems in northern China were analyzed. 【Method】 Based on 308 meteorological observations stations from 14 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in northern China, the inter-decadal and spatial variation trends of heat and precipitation resource were analyzed. According to the climatic regionalization indicators of cropping systems in China, the spatial displacement of planting north boundary during 1950s—1980 and 1981—2007 was analyzed. The major method used was choosing typical stations in the sensitive zone of cultivation northern boundary, and crop potential productivity step correction method to calculate the potential yield change due to cropping pattern shift between one crop (spring maize, spring wheat, winter wheat) a year and two crops (winter-summer maize) a year. 【Result】 Temperatures in northern China had generally increased, ≥0℃ accumulated temperature zone showed a north shift and a west spread, the cumulative effects of temperature rising were significant, the climatic tendency of cumulative temperature was 65.5 ℃ &# 8226;d/10a. Distribution of annual precipitation had presented a regional difference and reduced from southeast to northwest. Along to this, in the whole region it also showed a decreasing trend, the climatic tendency of precipitation varied from -90.0 mm/10a to 23.0 mm/10a, with an average level of -10.6 mm/10a. Under the combined effect of heat and precipitation, in the research area, the area of one-crop of cool-warm plants in semi-arid medium plateau in north (Ⅱ) declined, in area of one-crop of warm-cool plants in semi-arid low plateau in northeast and northwest (Ⅲ) increased in northeast China, and declined in North China and northwest China. The area of one-crop of warm-cool plants in semi-humid plain or hilly in northeast (Ⅳ) increased and the north boundary moved north in area of two-crops in irrigated land and two/one-crop in dry land in Huanghuaihai region (Ⅵ). Generally speaking, the northeast area boundary had a remarkable change, but was gradual and insignificant in southwest. In the sensitive areas which showed planting system’s north boundary changes, crop potential productivity increased significantly, from the area of one-crop of warm-cool plants in semi-humid plain or hilly areas in northeast (Ⅳ) to the area of two-crops a year, the yield increased by 1 979 kg &# 8226;hm-2, which means that the annual production per unit area increased by 15.3%; from the area of one-crop of warm-cool plants in semi-arid low plateau in northeast and northwest (Ⅲ) to the area of two-crops a year, the yield increased by 7 912 kg &# 8226;hm-2, which means that the annual production per unit area increased by 155.2%; in the area of one-crop of warm-cool plants in semi-arid low plateau in northeast and northwest (Ⅲ) where the spring wheat is changed to spring maize, the yield increased by 2 873 kg &# 8226;hm-2, which means that the annual production per unit area increased by 51.7%. 【Conclusion】 In the context of global climate change, the≥0℃ accumulated temperature increased while the precipitation showed a decreasing trend in the research region. All of these caused a northwest movement of the north boundary line in sensitive zones of planting boundaries and the cropping system changes resulted in the increase of annual production per unit area.

(中国农业大学资源与环境学院)

【目的】在全球气候变化背景下,分析中国北方地区的热量和降水资源变化特征,以及北方地区农业气候资源和种植制度界限变动情况。【方法】基于中国北方地区14个省(市、自治区)308个气象台站地面观测资料,综合分析热量和降水资源的年际和空间变化趋势。结合中国种植制度气候区划指标,分析从1950s—1980年和1981—2007年种植北界的空间位移情况。在种植制度北界变化敏感地带选择典型站点,运用作物生产潜力逐级订正法计算由一年一熟春玉米、春小麦及冬小麦种植模式改变为一年两熟冬小麦-夏玉米种植模式导致的作物生产潜力变化。【结果】(1)中国北方地区气温普遍升高,≥0℃积温带北移西扩,温度上升的累积效应十分明显,≥0℃积温为每10年升高65.5℃。年降水量呈带状分布,由东南向西北减少,全区年降水量呈减小的趋势,年降水量每10年变化-90—23 mm,平均为每10年减少10.6 mm。(2)在热量和降水共同影响下,北部中高原半干旱凉温作物一熟区(Ⅱ)面积减少,东北西北低高原半干旱温凉作物一熟区(Ⅲ)在东北地区面积增加,而在西北和华北地区面积减少,东北平原丘陵半湿润温凉作物一熟区(Ⅳ)面积增加,黄淮海水浇地二熟旱地二熟一熟区(Ⅵ)向北移动,总体而言北方地区东北部种植界限空间位移显著,而西南部变化不明显。(3)在种植制度北界变动的敏感地带,作物生产潜力明显改变：在东北平原丘陵半湿润温凉作物一熟区变化为一年二熟区,作物生产潜力增加1 979 kg &# 8226;hm-2,相当于单位面积土地周年产量增加15.3%;在东北西北低高原半干旱温凉作物一熟区改变为一年二熟区,作物生产潜力增加7 912 kg &# 8226;hm-2,相当于单位面积土地周年产量增加155.2%;在东北西北低高原半干旱温凉作物一熟区春小麦种植改变为春玉米,作物生产潜力增加2 873 kg &# 8226;hm-2,相当于单位面积土地周年产量增加51.7%。【结论】全球气候变化背景下,研究区域内≥0℃积温增加,年降水量呈减少的趋势,种植界限敏感区域种植北界明显北移西扩,种植界限变化敏感区域内因种植模式改变带来单位土地面积周年作物产量增加。

... 华北平原北部是中国重要的小麦产区, 也是中国气候变暖最显著的地区^[1,2,3], 温度是影响区域小麦产量的主要环境因子之一^[4,5] ...

1996

0.0

Rosenzweig

, Tubiello F

Effects of changes in minimum and maximum temperature on wheat yields in the central USA simulation study.

Agric For Meteorol, 1996, 80: 215-230

... 华北平原北部是中国重要的小麦产区, 也是中国气候变暖最显著的地区^[1,2,3], 温度是影响区域小麦产量的主要环境因子之一^[4,5] ...

1997

0.0

Batts G

, Morison J K L, Ellis R H. Effects of CO₂ and temperature on growth and yield of crops of winter wheat over four seasons. Eur J Agron, 1997, 7: 43-52

... 华北平原北部是中国重要的小麦产区, 也是中国气候变暖最显著的地区^[1,2,3], 温度是影响区域小麦产量的主要环境因子之一^[4,5] ...

2013

0.0

Yuan Z

, Shen Y

Estimation of agricultural water consumption from meteorological and yield data: a case study of Hebei, North China.

PLoS One, 2013, 8: e58685

Over-exploitation of groundwater resources for irrigated grain production in Hebei province threatens national grain food security. The objective of this study was to quantify agricultural water consumption (AWC) and irrigation water consumption in this region. A methodology to estimate AWC was developed based on Penman-Monteith method using meteorological station data (1984–2008) and existing actual ET (2002–2008) data which estimated from MODIS satellite data through a remote sensing ET model. The validation of the model using the experimental plots (50 m 2 ) data observed from the Luancheng Agro-ecosystem Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, showed the average deviation of the model was −3.7% for non-rainfed plots. The total AWC and irrigation water (mainly groundwater) consumption for Hebei province from 1984–2008 were then estimated as 864 km 3 and 139 km 3 , respectively. In addition, we found the AWC has significantly increased during the past 25 years except for a few counties located in mountainous regions. Estimations of net groundwater consumption for grain food production within the plain area of Hebei province in the past 25 years accounted for 113 km 3 which could cause average groundwater decrease of 7.4 m over the plain. The integration of meteorological and satellite data allows us to extend estimation of actual ET beyond the record available from satellite data, and the approach could be applicable in other regions globally where similar data are available.

... 华北平原北部因水资源稀缺^[6]和地理区位^[7]的原因, 地面热容量低导致冬季寒冷且漫长、春季升温迅速而短暂, 气候变暖的大环境和区域热容量低的小环境共同作用, 致使小麦在长时间休眠后生长发育又被高温所#cod#x0201c ...

2008

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2007

0.0

... , 严重偏离了适宜发育轨道^[8], 产量相对降低 ...

2012

0.0

卞晓波, 陈丹丹, 王强盛, 王绍华. 花后开放式增温对小麦产量及品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 1489-1498

Bian X

, Chen D

, Wang Q

, Wang S

Effects of different day and night temperature enhancements on wheat grain yield and quality after anthesis under free air controlled condition.

Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 1489-1498 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The study is to explore the effects of free air temperature enhancement on wheat grain yield and quality after anthesis and provides a theoretical basis for global warming affecting on wheat of Jianghuai region.【Method】Field experiments of Yangmai 16 under the warming treatments with different times (all day time, daytime and nighttime warming) and different ranges (1.5 and 3℃) by using free-air temperature enhancement (FATE) technique were conducted in Danyang to simulate the effects of warming climate on the yield and quality including protein and starch in 2010 and 2011. 【Result】 Although the actual temperatures were below the anticipated ones, compared to the control, the results showed that a downturn of yield resulted from the decrease of grain number per spike and grain weigh, the former and latter were sensitive to night and day warming, respectively. The decrease amplitude aggravated accompanied with the increasing warming levels. The result also showed that yields of all-day warming treatment lost most at different warming levels among the three warming scenarios. If the mean daily temperature increased by about 1.8℃ on the basis of mean temperature of all-day time, daytime and nighttime at about 20.8, 23.7, 16.9℃, yield losses could be up to 22.3%. Temperature enhancement after anthesis increased the content of crude protein and wet gluten, compared to other treatments, the treatment 6 (night warming 3℃) increased most of two years results and the increasing ranges were respectively 7.9%(2010) and 13.2%(2011). The effect of warming on components of protein was complex. But that on glutenin was greater than that on albumin, globulin and gliadin, the synthesize and accumulation of glutenin could be easily controlled by the temperature. Meanwhile, temperature enhancement after anthesis had no significantly effect on the content of starch. 【Conclusion】 Temperature enhancement resulted in yield reduction of the wheat without changing the growing process before anthesis, meanwhile, the constitution of grain would also be significantly changed, which led to poor quality.

1.南京农业大学农学院/农业部南方作物生理生态重点开放实验室，南京 210095

【目的】采用开放式红外增温技术，研究花后开放条件下温度升高对小麦产量及品质的影响，为评估未来气候变暖对江淮地区冬小麦的影响提供理论依据。【方法】以扬麦16为材料，采用开放式红外增温技术，于2009—2011年通过设计不同的增温时间（全天增温、白天增温、夜间增温）和不同的增温幅度（1.5、3℃）来模拟未来气候变暖不同情景和不同增温程度下气温升高对小麦产量及其构成因素和品质（主要是淀粉和蛋白质）的影响。【结果】该增温系统实际增温值低于设计值，在本试验条件下，花后不同增温处理的小麦产量、穗粒数和千粒重均呈现下降趋势，并随增温幅度提高下降的幅度增大，而且小麦产量在不同增温水平下，都以全天增温处理的产量损失最大，花后小麦冠层在全天、白天和夜间的平均温度分别为20.8、23.7和16.9℃的基础上升高1.8℃左右，产量损失可达22.3%；花后增温增加了小麦籽粒粗蛋白和湿面筋的含量，两年试验中粗蛋白和湿面筋含量均以处理6（夜间增温3℃）增加最多，增幅分别为7.9%和13.2%；蛋白组分方面，增温处理对蛋白组分的影响较为复杂，但两年结果显示谷蛋白显著提高，因此谷蛋白的合成和积累易受温度的控制；另外增温处理对淀粉及其组分的影响较小。【结论】在其它生育进程不变的情况下，花后增温将会导致小麦减产，同时小麦籽粒物质组成也将发生复杂的变化，从而影响到小麦的品质。

... 花后高温导致小麦减产业已基本定论^[9,10,11,12], 原因在于花后初始阶段高温可导致不孕小穗增加和穗粒数减少^[10,13], 长时间高温又致使植株早衰和灌浆期缩短^[14,15]、粒重降低^[16] ...

... 在华东地区, 全生育期增温显著提高了小麦产量^[17,19], 而花后增温导致产量显著降低^[9], 相对于全生育期增温, 开花时间未提前条件下的花后增温热害在该地区也是造成产量降低的重要原因, 全生育期增温与华北不一致的结果说明增温后的产量效果同地域条件、温度升高的多少和快慢直接相关 ...

... 也有研究表明, 花后增温在显著降低小麦产量的同时却提高了其品质^[9,20], 晚冬早春阶段性升温下增产后小麦品质的变化也是一个值得深入研究的问题 ...

2010

0.0

房世波, 谭凯炎, 任三学. 夜间增温对冬小麦生长和产量影响的实验研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 3251-3258

Fang S

, Tan K

, Ren S

Winter wheat yield decline with spring higher night temperature by controlled experiments.

Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 3251-3258 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The experiment aims to study how the winter wheat growth and yield response to the higher night temperature. 【Method】 Using winter wheat as experimental material, higher night temperature treatment (HNT) of a 2.5℃ increase was set with infrared heaters (HNT from April 3 at the jointing stage to June 15 at the wheat harvest), relative to normal night temperature treatment (control), to determine the effects of HNT on winter wheat growth and yield. 【Result】 Compared to the control, when winter wheat planted at 2.5℃ HNT, the growth duration was shorter, the phenological phases were earlier and yields were decreased significantly. In earlier phenological phase of winter wheat in HNT, the milk ripe stage was 4 days earlier than those in the control, the mature date was 5 days earlier, other phenological dates were 1-2 days earlier than those in the control, and the milking processes of wheat in HNT were shorter 5 days. Compared to the control, the winter wheat yields in higher night temperature (HNT) treatment were reduced by 26.6% as HNT caused a significant increase in infertile tillers, fewer spikelet number, fewer grains per spike, and lower 1000-grain weight. 【Conclusion】 The winter wheat yields with spring nocturnal warming were decreased significantly. The important reasons for yield decrease include a decreased growth duration, shorter milking processes, and earlier phenological date. As the growth duration become shorter, the yield compositions of wheat in HNT changed. The significant decrease in infertile tillers, non-productive panicles, and fewer grains per spike were the main reasons for the yield decline of wheat in HNT. Another reason for yield decline was that HNT could make a higher evapotranspiration which would induce soil moisture decrease. Soil moisture decrease due to a higher evapotranspiration in HNT may be another contributor to yield decline. As expected, the adaptation measures should be considered to cope with the impacts of global warming on crops, and further researches and assessments need to be conducted.

(中国气象科学研究院生态环境与农业气象研究所)

【目的】探讨夜间增温对冬小麦生长及其产量的影响及其影响机制。【方法】以冬小麦超优-626(冬性)为试材,利用红外辐射器模拟大田条件下的夜间增温环境(增温从4月3日小麦起身开始,到6月15日小麦收割结束),研究夜间增温对冬小麦生长、产量及其构成的影响。【结果】红外辐射器增温设施增温稳定,使小麦冠层增温2.5℃。夜间增温导致冬小麦生育期缩短,各物候期提前,产量显著降低。夜间增温导致冬小麦乳熟期提前4 d,成熟期提前达5 d,其它各物候期提前1—2 d,灌浆过程缩短5 d;春季夜间冠层增温2.5℃导致冬小麦无效穗数显著增加,小穗数、穗粒数和千粒重显著减小,冬小麦减产达26.6%。【结论】春季夜间增温可导致冬小麦大幅度减产。从生长发育角度分析得出,物候期提前使生育期缩短、灌浆过程缩短使千粒重下降是夜间增温导致冬小麦减产的重要原因;从产量构成分析得出,生育期缩短相应产生的无效穗数大幅度增加、穗粒数大幅度减少是产量降低的最重要影响因子。同时,增温导致蒸散增加,土壤水分降低可能是导致产量下降的另一因子。建议在全球变暖背景下,采取适宜措施应对夜间气温升高,以确保冬小麦稳产高产。

2006

0.0

张建平, 赵艳霞, 王春乙, 何勇. 气候变化对我国华北地区冬小麦发育和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 1179-1184

Zhang J

, Zhao Y

, Wang C

, He

Effects of climate change on winter wheat growth and yield in North China.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 1179-1184 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With the combination of crop model and climate mode, this paper simulated and predicted the effects of climate change on the winter wheat production of North China in future 100 years. The results showed that from 2000 to 2004, the variation trend of simulated winter wheat production in North China was accordant with the measured one, and the difference of winter wheat’s lifecycle and yield was not obvious. In the future 100 years, the lifecycle of winter wheat would be shortened by 8.4 days, and its yield would be decreased to different extent, with 10.1% as the average. If proper measures such as adjusting crop parameters and management measures were adopted, the decline of winter wheat yield could be mitigated effectively.

1 Chongqing Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China; 2 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; 3 National Climate Center, Beijing 100081, China

验证作物模型在我国华北冬小麦主产区是否适应的基础上，采用作物模型与气候模式相结合的研究方法，定量化地模拟预测了未来100年气候变化对华北冬小麦生产的影响.结果表明，从2000～2004年，华北地区冬小麦产量的模拟值与实测值的变化趋势基本一致，且生育期和产量变化不大.未来100年内华北地区冬小麦的生长期可能会有所缩短，平均缩短8.4 d；产量也会有不同程度的下降，平均减产10.1％.适当采取应对措施可以有效降低冬小麦的减产趋势.

2006

0.0

Sadras V

, Monzon J

Modelled wheat phenology captures rising temperature trends: shortened time to flowering and maturity in Australia and Argentina.

Field Crops Res, 2006, 99: 136-146

1998

0.0

郭天财, 王晨阳, 朱云集, 王化岑, 李九星, 周继泽. 后期高温对冬小麦根系及地上部衰老的影响. 作物学报, 1998, 24: 957-962

Guo T

, Wang C

, Zhu Y

, Wang H

, Li J

, Zhou J

Effects of high temperature on senescence of root and top-partial of wheat plant in the later stage.

Acta Agron Sin, 1998, 24: 957-962 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The National Engineering Research Center For Wheat

1991

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1994

0.0

1995

0.0

2014

0.0

耿婷, 陈摇金, 张卫建, 陈长青. 全天增温对不同年代冬小麦品种生长发育及产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25: 1357-1365

Geng

, Chen Y

, Zhang W

, Chen C

Effects of all day warming on growth, development and yield of winter wheat cultivars bred in different periods.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25: 1357-1365 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of all-day warming on the growth, development and yield of winter wheat cultivars bred in different periods under free air temperature increase (FATI) in Xuzhou and Danyang, Jiangsu Province. Warming decreased the effective tillers by 5.2% and 9.6%, and the ineffective tillers by 15.6% and 9.7% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively. Plant height under FATI was higher in Xuzhou, but lower in Danyang than that of the control. Plant heights of the late cultivars were lower than that of the early cultivars. Warming increased the leaf area index for all cultivars. Warming increased the net photosynthetic rates of the winter wheat cultivars except for those bred in 1950-1960s and 1980s in Xuzhou and 1950-1960s and 1990s in Danyang. There were different changing tendencies of the night respiration rate among the winter wheat cultivars bred in different periods. Aboveground biomass and harvest index of all cultivars increased under FATI. Harvest index of late cultivars was higher than that of early cultivars in Xuzhou and Danyang. Growth period of different cultivars under FATI was all shortened, averagely by 3.2 and 4.1 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively, mainly due to shortening the preheading stage (averagely by 7.5 and 8.5 d in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively) and prolonging the filling stage (by average 4.3 d). Except for 1950-1960s cultivars in Xuzhou, the grain yields increased under FATI, averagely by 21.0% and 14.1% in Xuzhou and Danyang, respectively. Statistical analysis of variance showed that the warming-induced wheat yield changes were due to the changes in grain number per spike and effective spikes in Xuzhou and the change in 1000-grain mass in Danyang, respectively.

（ 1 Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;  2 Soil and Fertilizer & Resource and Environment Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China;  3 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China）

采用全天开放式增温方式，在江苏徐州和丹阳地区分别进行田间试验，研究了全生育期增温对不同年代冬小麦品种生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明：增温处理下不同年代冬小麦品种的有效分蘖在徐州和丹阳分别平均减少5.2%和9.6%，无效分蘖分别减少15.6%和9.7%.增温处理下徐州冬小麦的株高比对照高，丹阳比对照低，近期品种的株高矮于早期品种.增温处理下不同年代品种的叶面积指数均呈增加趋势.除徐州1950s—1960s、1980s、丹阳1950s—1960s和1990s品种的净光合速率在增温处理降低外，其他品种均增加，但夜间呼吸速率增减趋势不同.两试验地冬小麦地上部分生物量和收获指数均为增温处理高于对照，近代品种的收获指数比早期品种高.徐州和丹阳两地增温处理下不同年代品种的生育期均缩短，分别平均缩短3.2和4.1 d，主要是抽穗期前缩短明显，平均缩短7.5和8.5 d，而灌浆期延长，平均延长4.3 d.增温处理下，除徐州1950s—1960s品种减产外，其他年代的品种均表现为增产，增产幅度徐州和丹阳分别平均为21.0%和14.1%.统计分析表明，增温改变了产量构成因素对产量的贡献作用，且存在地域差异，在徐州增温处理主要影响实粒数和有效穗数，而在丹阳主要影响千粒重.

... 当前几乎都是采用花后或全生育期人工控制升温, 预测或探索未来气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响^{[17,18,19,20]} ...

2010

0.0

张彬, 郑建初, 田云录, 董文军, 陈金, 杨飞, 张卫建. 农田开放式夜间增温系统的设计及其在稻麦上的试验效果. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 620-628

Zhang

, Zheng J

, Tian Y

, Dong W

, Chen

, Yang

, Zhang W

System design of free air temperature increased (FATI) for field nighttime warming experiment and its effects on rice-wheat cropping system.

Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 620-628 (in Chinese with English abstract)

There is evident asymmetry in climate warming between daytime and nighttime with the highest warming rate occurring at nighttime. Si nce there are high uncertainties in the projecting of climate warming effects on crop production using crop models, it is essential to design a reliable field warming system to study the responses of crop production system to nighttime warming in field. Therefore, based on existing field warming facilities in the world, we designed a rice-wheat warming system in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, the first facility of Free Air Temperature Increased (FATI) for crop production in China, to study the effects of nighttime warming on crop growing duration and yields during 2006–2009. The results showed that the warming effect of this facility was significant and well-distributed within 2 m × 2 m area. In sunny, rainy and cloudy days, the night temperatures on the field surface within the 4 m 2 warming area were increased by 2.4℃, 2.3℃, 2.1℃ on average on the tested turfgrass land. At the vertical dimension, the night temperatures of 5 cm underground, ground surface, 40 cm aboveground, and 90 cm aboveground were enhanced by 1.2℃, 2.3℃, 0.7℃, 2.2℃ on average. In the rice growing period, the night temperatures of 5 cm underground, field surface, the middle part of crop community and the canopy were 0.7 ℃ , 0.6 ℃ , 1.0 ℃ , and 1.6℃ higher compared to the un-warming plots, respectively. In the winter-wheat growing period, the increments were 1.2℃, 1.5℃, 1.8℃, and 1.9℃, respectively. During the whole crop growing period, the trends of diurnal change of the above temperatures in warming plots were all similar with those in the un-warming plots. The distributed characteristics of soil moisture in wheat field were not significantly changed under this warming facility but with a slightly decreasing trend. The decrements of soil moisture in the 0–25 cm soil layers were all within the scale of 0.99–1.62 percentage points with no significant difference compared to the un-warming control. Under this warming facility, rice and wheat growing stages were significantly changed, and the durations of rice and wheat from the sowing date to the initial heading date were shortened by 2.5 d and 11.5 d respectively. Nighttime warming reduced rice yield by 4.51 % , but increased wheat yield by 18.30% on average. Although, there existed significant differences in the warming rates among different stages of crop growing by using the warming facility, evident seasonal discrepancy of warming rates also often occurred in the real fields under climate warming situation. Therefore, the above results suggest that this night warming facility meets with the temperature characteristics of climate warming and can be used for studies on the responses of crop production system to nighttime warming.

1Institute of Applied Ecology,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China;2Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,ecology & Production,Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing 100081,China;3Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210095,China

气候变暖存在明显的昼夜不对称性，夜间增温显著高于白天。设计可靠的田间增温设施，研究作物系统对夜间增温的响应与适应意义显著。为此，笔者参考国际相关增温系统，于 2006 — 2009 年在江苏南京设计并运行了我国首个农田开放式夜间增温系统 ( FATI : Free Air Temperature Increased) ，对稻麦进行夜间主动增温试验，监测系统温度、麦田土壤水分和作物生育进程和产量，以评价该系统的可行性和对稻麦的增温效果。结果表明，该系统有效且均匀的增温范围为 4 m 2 ，增温效果明显。在测试用的人工草坪上，晴天、阴天和雨天 3 种天气情况下，该系统 4 m 2 有效增温范围内地表的夜温平均升高 2.4 ℃ 、 2.3 ℃ 和 2.1 ℃ 。在草坪的垂直层面上，该系统可以使距地下 5 cm 、地表、地上 40 cm 和 90 cm 4 个层次的夜温平均分别提高 1.2 ℃ 、 2.3 ℃ 、 0.7 ℃ 和 2.2 ℃ 。在稻麦两熟农田中，稻季全生育期地下 5 cm 、地表、植株中部和冠层的夜温平均分别提高 0.7 ℃ 、 0.6 ℃ 、 1.0 ℃ 和 1.6 ℃ ，麦季相应层次可升高 1.2 ℃ 、 1.5 ℃ 、 1.8 ℃ 和 1.9 ℃ 。在稻麦全生育期内，增温小区各层温度的变化动态与未增温区的一致。另外，该系统未改变麦田耕层土壤水分分布特征，尽管耕层土壤含水量略有降低， 0 ~ 25 cm 内各层土壤含水量的降幅均在 0.99 ~ 1.62 个百分点以内，与未增温区差异不显著。夜间增温可以显著缩短作物前期生育期，使稻麦始穗期分别提早 2.5 d 和 11.5 d ；同时，夜间增温使水稻平均减产 4.51% ，但小麦增产 18.30% 。尽管在作物的不同生育期，该设施的增温幅度有所差异，但这与田间实际情况下不同季节气候变暖幅度不同之特征是一致的。因此，该开放式夜间增温系统符合气候变暖的温度变化特征，可以满足水稻和小麦所代表的典型作物系统对夜间增温的响应与适应的试验研究要求。

... 当前几乎都是采用花后或全生育期人工控制升温, 预测或探索未来气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响^{[17,18,19,20]} ...

2011

0.0

田云录, 陈摇金, 邓艾兴, 郑建初, 张卫建. 开放式增温下非对称性增温对冬小麦生长特征及产量构成的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 681-686

Tian Y

, Chen Y

, Deng A

, Zheng J

, Zhang W

Effects of asymmetric warming on the growth characteristics and yield components of winter wheat under free air temperature increased.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22: 681-686 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In 2007-2009, a field warming experiment was performed in Nanjing of Jiangsu Province, China to investigate the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 6:00 to 18:00, DW; and nighttime warming from 18:00 to 6:00, NW) on the growth and development of winter wheat under free air temperature increase (FATI). Asymmetric warming increased the effective tillers and decreased the ineffective tillers. In CK plot, the ineffective tillers were 2.6, 1.7 and 3.5 times of those in AW, DW and NW plots, while the effective tillers were decreased by 13.7%, 3.2%, and 0.5%, respectively. Asymmetric warming also increased the plant height, flag leaf area, and the total green leaf area and green leaf ratio at flowing stage. In treatments AW, DW, and NW, the plant height was increased by 5.6%, 4.5%, and 1.3%, flag leaf area increased by 45.7%, 39.4% and 26.1%, total green leaf area increased by 25.1%, 29.8%, and 17.3%, and green leaf ratio increased by 37.7%, 43.3%, and 38.7%, respectively, compared with CK. As for the yield components, the spikelet number per panicle and the filled grain number per panicle in treatments AW, DW and NW were increased by 4.1%, 5.7%, and 1.7%, and by 2.2%, 5.3%, and 2.6 %, respectively. Though the grain/leaf ratio in treatments AW, DW, and NW was decreased by 15.3%, 8.5%, and 11.3%, the thousand-grain mass in the treatments was increased by 6.9%, 6.2% and 11.8%, and thus, the yield per unit was increased by 27.0%, 40.1%, and 18.3%, respectively, compared to the CK. Our results suggested that under anticipated warming, the winter wheat productivity in eastern China would be further enhanced.

1Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China|2Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology &|Production, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China|3Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China

在江苏南京（2007-2009年）设置了全天增温（AW）、白天增温(DW)和夜间增温(NW)3种处理，研究冬小麦生长及产量构成的响应差异.结果表明：非对称性增温条件下，冬小麦的无效分蘖减少，有效分蘖增加.对照（CK）处理的无效分蘖分别是AW、DW和NW处理的2.6、1.7和3.5倍，但有效分蘖却比3个增温处理分别减少13.7%、3.2%和0.5%.AW、DW和NW处理小麦株高分别较CK提高了5.6%、4.5%和1.3%.旗叶面积分别提高了45.7%、39.4%和26.1%，开花期总绿叶面积分别提高了25.1%、29.8%和17.3%，同期绿叶比分别提高了37.7%、43.3%和38.7%.穗部性状中，AW、DW和NW处理的每穗颖花数平均比CK提高了4.1%、5.7%和1.7%，每穗实粒数分别提高了2.2%、5.3%和2.6%.AW、DW和NW处理冬小麦的粒叶比平均分别较CK降低了15.3%、8.5%和11.3%，但千粒重平均分别提高了6.9%、6.2%和11.8%，单位面积产量平均分别提高了27.0%、40.1%和18.3%.表明预期增温条件下华东地区冬小麦生产力将可能进一步提高.

... 当前几乎都是采用花后或全生育期人工控制升温, 预测或探索未来气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响^{[17,18,19,20]} ...

2015

0.0

... 当前几乎都是采用花后或全生育期人工控制升温, 预测或探索未来气温变化对冬小麦产量的影响^{[17,18,19,20]} ...

2011

0.0

... 针对华北北部气候特征和未来变化, 如何主动采取有效应对措施来缓解对小麦生产的负面作用^[21,22,23], 以及对采取措施下小麦增产效果的研究相对薄弱, 导致的相对低产问题至今依然无法有效缓解或解决 ...

2007

0.0

Xiong

, Lin E

, Ju

Climate change and critical thresholds in China’s food security.

Clim Change, 2007, 81: 205-221

2009

0.0

2014

0.0

何立谦, 张维宏, 张永升, 曹彩云, 李科江, 杜雄. 土下微膜覆盖与灌水管理对冬小麦水分利用与物质生产效果的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1980-1989

He L

, Zhang W

, Zhang Y

, Cao C

, Li K

, Du

Water utilization and matter production in winter wheat under soil- coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching and irrigation management.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1980-1989 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Serious deficiency of water resource is one of the biggest problems in winter wheat production in North China Plain. We conducted a field experiment in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons to study the effect of soil-coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching (SCUPFM) in combination with controlled irrigation on water use efficiency and matter production of winter wheat. Compared to traditional planting practice (control), SCUPFM plus zero (rainfed) or small -amount irrigation produced wheat yield more than 7500 kg ha -1 , and consumed 2/3 to 3/4 of water. The yield-based water use efficiency of SCUPFM treatments was 24.8–26.5 kg mm -1 ha- 1, which was 28.3–41.0% higher than that of the control. Under SCUPFM condition, the biomass-based water use efficiency in the whole growing period was 1.3–2.7 folds of the control, with an earlier peak from heading to jointing stage. Meanwhile, the harvest index also increased under SCIPFM with no or small irrigation. SCUPFM resulted in slow consumption of soil water , and 600 mm of moisture content in 2 m soil profile at seeding stage could provide enough water for the whole growing period of wheat. Water supply from 2 m soil layer was 212.2 mm in loam at Xinji site and 230.0 mm in clay at Shenzhou site. SCUPFM with irrigation or small irrigation before anthesis could significantly enhance net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and decrease transpiration rate ( T r ) within 20 days after anthesis. As a result, the leaf-based water use efficiency increased significantly. However, late irrigation at mid-filling stage had no such effect. Therefore, SCUPFM in combination with no or small irrigation at proper stage is effective to maintain wheat yield and increase water use efficiency greatly in North China Plain .

1 Agricultural University of Hebei / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Baoding 071001, China; 2 Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, China

针对华北平原小麦生产水资源高耗与存量极度稀缺的问题，通过河北省两地大田试验，研究了全田土下微膜覆盖与不同灌水管理对冬小麦水分利用和物质生产效果的作用。结果表明，土下微膜覆盖条件下，冬小麦雨养或少量灌水消耗了占常规生产(对照) 2/3~3/4的耗水量，生产了不少于7500 kg hm -2 的籽粒产量；籽粒产量水分利用效率达到24.8~26.5 kg mm -1 hm -2 ，较对照提高28.3%~41.0%。与对照相比，生物产量水分利用效率高峰由抽穗扬花期提前至拔节期，且提高1.3~2.7倍，雨养或少量灌水还可有效提高小麦收获指数。土下微膜覆盖下的土壤贮水消耗速度变缓，2 m土体贮水量播种时不小于600 mm就可满足小麦的全生育期耗水，壤质土壤供水量为212.2 mm，黏质土壤供水量为230.0 mm。土下微膜覆盖下，雨养或扬花前少量灌水能够显著促进花后20 d内的光合速率，蒸腾速率减小同步显著提高光合水分利用效率，但在灌浆中期灌水则对提高光合速率及光合水分利用效率无意义。在华北平原，全田土下微膜覆盖雨养或适时少量灌水是大幅降低小麦耗水和提高水分利用效率，保证小麦产量的有效方法。

... 依据下列公式计算小麦田间耗水量和水分利用效率^[24]: 土壤贮水量(mm) = 土层厚度(cm)#cod#x000D7 ...

1982

0.0

... ^[25,26]在温度方面的共同体现 ...

2011

0.0

... ^[25,26]在温度方面的共同体现 ...

2009

0.0

张法全, 王小燕, 于振文, 王西芝, 白洪立. 公顷产10000 kg小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配特性. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 1086-1096

Zhang F

, Wang X

, Yu Z

, Wang X

, Bai H

Characteristics of accumulation and distribution of nitrogen and dry matter in wheat at yield level of ten thousand kilograms per hectare.

Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 1086-1096 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is one of the most important cultivated measures to increase wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield in production. However, abuse of N fertilizer will not only reduce grain yield and economic profit but also cause environmental problems. The proper amount of N fertilizer applied in high-yielding production of winter wheat has been studied at the yield level of 9000 kg ha - 1 . The objective of this study was to determine the effects of several N fertilizer rates on uptake, distribution, and translocation of nitrogen as well as grain yield, therefore, to suggest a reasonable application rate of N fertilizer in wheat production. Three rates of N fertilizer application (0, 180, and 240 kg ha - 1 ) without manure before sowing were designed in Experiment I in 2005–2006, only one treatment of N fertilizer (260 kg ha - 1 ) with 3 750 kg ha - 1 manure before sowing in Experiment II in 2005–2006, and six N fertilizer rates (0, 210, 240, 270, 300, and 330 kg ha - 1 ) with 3 750 kg ha - 1 manure in 2006–2007. Two wheat cultivars with medium protein content, Taishan 23 and Jimai 22, were used in the three experiments, i.e., Taishan 23 in Experiment I, Jimai 22 in the other two experiments. The results showed that the application of manure before sowing had minor effect in this study, and three experiments showed similar changing trends in N accumulation and translocation among various organs and growth stages as well as the grain yield. Take the example of Experiment III, with more input of N fertilizer, the grain yield first increased and later decreased during growth period compared with the control (no N fertilizer treatment), and the grain yields of N240 (240 kg ha - 1 ) and N270 (270 kg ha - 1 ) treatments were 9 954.73 and 10 647.02 kg ha - 1 , respectively, by the increase percentages of 11.20% and 18.93%. Compared with the control, the nitrogen accumulation amount in plant and grain and the nitrogen translocation amount (nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at anthesis stage minus the nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at maturity, NTA) from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis significantly increased in treatments with N fertilizer application. With the increase of N fertilizer rate, the nitrogen accumulation amount in wheat plant showed a changing trend of first up and then down. The N270 treatment had the highest nitrogen accumulation amount at maturity. The NTA and nitrogen translocation efficiency (NTA/ nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs at anthesis stage, TE) from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis also increased at first and then decreased. The N270 treatment had the highest nitrogen translocation amount, which was 213.78 kg ha - 1 . The N 240 treatment had the highest TE of 67.98%. Similarly, the dry matter accumulation amount in various vegetative organs of wheat at maturity, the dry matter redistribution amount from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis, and the dry matter redistribution efficiency after anthesis were all largest in N270 treatment. Among the six N fertilizer treatments, the contribution of dry matter accumulation amount from vegetative organs to grains after anthesis was the largest in N240 treatment. The results of this study suggested that N fertilizer supplied at 240–270 kg ha - 1 is optimal in wheat production under similar conditions to those of the experiments to obtain the high-yielding level of 10 000 kg ha - 1 .

1Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation,Ministry of Agriculture,Shandong Agricultural University,Tai'an 271018,China;2College of Agriculture, Yangtze University,Jingzhou 434100,China;3Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Yanzhou City, Yanzhou 272000,China

以泰山 23 和济麦 22 为试验品种，通过连续 2 年的田间试验，对单产高达 10 000 kg hm - 2 的小麦进行了施氮量和氮素吸收转运和分配特性的研究。在 2006 — 2007 年生长季，随着施氮量的增加，小麦籽粒产量先增加后降低，施纯氮 240 kg hm - 2 (N240) 和 270 kg hm - 2 (N270) 处理的产量分别达 9 954.73 kg hm - 2 和 10 647.02 kg hm - 2 ，比不施氮肥处理 (N0) 分别增加 11.20% 和 18.93% 。与 N0 处理相比，施氮处理显著增加了小麦植株氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量和开花后营养器官氮素向籽粒的转运量；随着施氮量的增加，成熟期小麦植株氮素积累量呈先增后降趋势，以 N270 处理最高；开花后营养器官氮素向小麦籽粒转运量和转运率先升后降，转运量以 N270 处理最大，为 213.78 kg hm - 2 ；而转运率以 N240 处理最高，为 67.98% 。随施氮量的增加，小麦成熟期各器官干物质积累量、花后营养器官干物质再分配量和再分配率先增后降，均以 N270 处理最高；开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率亦呈先增后降的趋势，以 N240 处理最高。 2005 — 2006 年的试验结果呈相同变化趋势。在本试验条件下，小麦产量水平达 10 000 kg hm - 2 时的适宜施氮量为 240~270 kg hm - 2 ，可供生产中参考。

... 3 讨论当前技术条件下, 水分、养分均不成为产量的限制因子, 小麦获得了相对的高产或超高产^[27], 若继续增加水分和养分的投入, 增产速率开始小于水肥投入增加速率, 甚至产量不再继续提高^[28,29], 资源利用效率降低从而出现#cod#x0201c ...

... ^[27] ...

2007

0.0

同延安, 赵营, 赵护兵, 樊红柱. 施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13: 64-69

Tong Y

, Zhao

, Zhao H

, Fan H

Effect of N rates on N uptake, transformation and the yield of winter wheat.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2007, 13: 64-69 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A two years field experiment was carried out to study the effects of N application on N uptake and accumulation,N transformation,yield and apparent N recovery in winter wheat(Xiao Yan 22) in high productivity field in Guanzhong Plain of Shaanxi province.Four N rates were employed(0,105,210,and 315 kg/hm 2 ).The experiment design was the randomized complete block with four replications,the area each plot was 33.6 m 2 (6 m×5.6 m).70% of N fertilizer and total P(P 2 O 5 96 kg/hm 2 ) and K(K 2 O 208 kg/hm 2 ) was used as basal fertilizer,and 30% of N fertilizer used as topdressing fertilizer during the growth stage of regreening.The results showed that N fertilization expect over(application) significantly increased grain,straw yield and total N uptake of shoot of winter wheat in maturity.The apparent N recovery of all N treatments was ranged from 34.2% to 38.3%,which decreased slightly with increasing of N application rates.N content in plant was decreased with the growth stages of winter wheat,but N accumulation in the tissue showed an upward tendency.N application rates influenced N uptake of wheat plant significantly,both N content and N accumulation was increased with N rates increasing in the same growth stage.N application promoted N accumulation in grain significantly,among which.69%～87% of N in grain was transferred from vegetative organs.N fertilization also affected N transfer efficiency,which decreased with N rates increasing.The recommendatory N rate for winter wheat should be controlled from 105 to 210 kg/hm 2 under the experimental condition.

1 College of Resource and Environment Science;Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forest;Yangling;Shaanxi 712100;China;2 Institute of Resource and Environmental Science;NingXia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences;Yinchuan 750002;3 In

2004至2005年在田间条件下,研究了施氮量0、105、2103、15.kg/hm 2 对冬小麦氮素吸收、累积、转运、产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥可显著提高冬小麦的子粒、秸秆产量及成熟期地上部总吸氮量,但过量施用氮肥对子粒和秸秆增产不显著;各施氮处理的氮肥利用率在34.2%～38.3%之间,随施氮量增加而略有降低。植株中氮素含量随生育期的延长而降低,氮素累积量总体呈增加趋势。施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收有显著影响,同一生育时期,氮素含量和累积量都随着施氮量增加而提高。施氮可显著地促进氮素在子粒中累积,其中69%～87%的氮素是靠营养体的转运而来的。施氮量影响氮素的转运效率,随施氮量增加,转运效率降低。本试验条件下,冬小麦的合理施氮量应控制在105～210.kg/hm 2 之间。

2013

0.0

Zhang X

, Wang Y

, Sun H

, Chen S

, Shao L

Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply.

Irrig Sci, 2013, 31: 1103-1112

2009

0.0

... 在热量紧张的华北北部冬小麦-夏玉米两熟种植区, 用此方法实现了冬小麦提早成熟收获又为夏玉米早播增产^[30]开辟了出路, 产生了两熟周年均衡增产的连锁反应, 深化了#cod#x0201c ...

2007

0.0

Sun H

, Zhang X

, Chen S

, Pei

, Liu C

Effects of harvest and sowing time on the performance of the rotation of winter wheat-summer maize in the North China Plain.

Ind Crop Prod, 2007, 25: 239-247

... 的技术实践^[31,32,33], 探索出#cod#x0201c ...

2010

0.0

刘月娥, 谢瑞芝, 张厚宝, 李少昆, 高世菊. 不同生态区玉米适时晚收增产效果. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 2820-2828

Liu Y

, Xie R

, Zhang H

, Li S

, Gao S

Study on increasing rate of maize yield after putting off harvest time in different ecoregions.

Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 2820-2828 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of this experiment was to study the yield increasing effects and ecological adaption of the maize of timely late harvest technology on a large regional scale, and to provide a theoretical basis for maize production. 【Method】 41 experiment sites were set up in the main maize producing areas (Northeast China, North China and Huanghuaihai area ) in 2007 and 2008 to study the yield increasing effects of the maize of timely late harvest . This experiment was set up with two treatments of putting off 7 days’ harvest and putting off 14 days’ harvest. 【Result】 Timely late harvest had significant increasing effects on maize yield and 1000-grain-weight. With putting off 7 days’ harvest, the maize yield increased by 4.20% and 4.94% compared to CK in 2007 and 2008. With putting off 14 days’ harvest , the yield increased by 7.79% and 7.92% compared to CK. The yield increasing effects of the maize of timely late harvest increased with latitude decreasing (Northeast China＜North China＜Huanghuaihai area). The yield increasing range of putting off 7 days’ harvest were 0.08%?d-1 and 0.06%?d-1 in 2007 and 2008 with 1 degree decreasing in latitude. The yield increase range of putting off 14 days’ harvest were 0.06%?d-1 and 0.07%?d-1 in 2007 and 2008 with 1 degree decreasing in latitude. Maize timely late harvest improved the utilization efficiency of light and temperature. The ≥10℃ accumulated temperature were increased by 109.5℃ and 194.5℃ compared to CK when put off 7 days and 14 days harvest. At the same time, the sunshine duration were increased by 44.55 h and 83.38 h. 【Conclusion】 Timely late harvest has significant increasing effects on maize yield and the range increases with latitude decreasing. Appropriate late harvest time are related to local ecological conditions.

（中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/国家农作物基因资源与基因改良重大科学工程/农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室）

【目的】研究不同生态类型区玉米适时晚收技术的增产效果和适应性,为玉米适时晚收技术在生产上的应用提供理论依据。【方法】2007年和2008年分别在中国主要玉米产区（东北、华北和黄淮海地区）的41个试验点,设置推迟7 d和14 d 两个时间收获,分析适时晚收对玉米产量的影响。【结果】调查数据显示,适时晚收,玉米产量和千粒重显著增加。推迟7 d收获,两年各试点的平均产量分别比对照增产4.20%和4.94%;推迟14 d收获,两年各试点的平均产量分别比对照增产7.79%和7.92%。玉米晚收增产效果随着纬度的降低而增加（东北地区＜华北地区＜黄淮海地区）,推迟7 d收获时,纬度每降低一度,2007年和2008年的增产幅度分别为0.08%?d-1和0.06%?d-1;推迟14 d收获时,纬度每降低一度,2007年和2008年的增产幅度分别为0.06%?d-1和0.07%?d-1。玉米适时晚收提高了对光温资源的有效利用,推迟7 d和14 d收获,有效积温分别增加了109.5℃和194.5℃,日照时数分别增加了44.55 h和83.38 h。【结论】玉米适时晚收具有明显的增产效果,但增产幅度随着纬度的降低而增加,适宜的晚收时间与当地生态条件也密切相关。

... 的技术实践^[31,32,33], 探索出#cod#x0201c ...

2012

0.0

李向岭, 李从锋, 侯玉虹, 侯海鹏, 葛均筑, 赵明. 不同播期夏玉米产量性能动态指标及其生态效应. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 1074-1083

Li X

, Li C

, Hou Y

, Hou H

, Ge J

, Zhao

Dynamic characteristics of summer maize yield performance in different planting dates and its effect of ecological factors.

Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 1074-1083 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Ecological factors play an important role in maize yield. In order to clarify the relationship between light, temperature, water in the growing period and yield performance of maize, provide a reference to the high yield of maize in the North China Plain. 【Method】 Three types of cultivars (YN 103, XY335, ZD 958 and DH 661) were used as materials, and three sowing dates (May 3rd, May 28th, and June 22nd) and four density treatments (45 000, 60 000, 75 000 and 90 000 plants/hm2) were designed. The dynamic of leaf area index, grain yield were measured and the growing period and ecological factors were recorded. 【Result】 Yield showed an order of XY335>ZD958> DH661>YN103, early sowing date>medium sowing date >late sowing date. Ecological factors had a regulatory effect on yield and yield performance indexes, effective temperature after silking affected the average leaf area index and mean net assimilation rate, daily average temperature affected the growth days and harvest index, total rainfall and sunshine hours affected grains number per spike and grain weight. Effective temperature of whole growth period, especially after silking was the most important ecological factors affecting grain yield. The order of correlation coefficient was that ，the effective temperature of whole growth period(0.64**)，the effective temperature after silking(0.55**), the daily average temperature after silking (0.51**), the daily average temperature of whole growth period(-0.49*), the rainfall after silking(-0.47*), the sunshine and silking(0.42*). The effective temperature was the main effective factor on yield. 【Conclusion】 Two-crop a year system is practiced in Huanghuaihai area, so medium maturing cultivars, such as ZD 958, should be selected, optimum early sowing should be practiced to ensure adequate and effective accumulated temperature of grain sufficient filling time for further enhancing corn yield in this area.

1.中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室，北京100081 2.农业部规划设计研究院，北京100125 3.山东农业大学农学院，山东泰安271000

【目的】黄淮海区域不同播期玉米生态因子存在较大差异，光、温、水等生态因子对玉米高产具有重要影响。明确该区域光、温、水等生态因子与玉米产量性能参数的内在关系，可以为该区域玉米高产的实现提供有益的借鉴。【方法】选用早、中、晚3类不同熟期的玉米品种（益农103、先玉335、郑单958和登海661）为材料, 设早播（5/3）、中播（5/28）、晚播（6/22） 3个播期和4个种植密度（4.5、6.0、7.5和9.0万株/hm2）,测定叶面积指数、籽粒产量及其产量构成等指标和记录生育期及田间生态因子。【结果】（1）品种间产量表现为先玉335>郑单958>登海661>益农103；播期间产量表现为早播>中播>晚播。（2）生态因子对不同玉米产量性能指标的影响作用不同，吐丝后有效积温主要影响平均叶面积指数和平均净同化率，生育期日均温主要影响生长天数；降雨量和日照时数主要影响穗粒数和千粒重；生态因子与玉米产量的相关系数大小依次为，生育期有效积温（0.64**）、吐丝后有效积温（0.55**）、吐丝后日均温度（0.51**）、生育期日均温度（-0.49*）、吐丝后降雨量（-0.47*）及吐丝后日照时数（0.42*）；对生态因子与产量进行回归分析，表明生育期有效积温和吐丝后期有效积温对玉米产量的影响最大。【结论】黄淮海区域作物是一年两熟，该区域玉米产量提升的有效途径可通过适期早播、选用中熟品种，增加吐丝后期的有效积温，以保证玉米生育后期充足的有效积温和籽粒充足的灌浆时间。

... 的技术实践^[31,32,33], 探索出#cod#x0201c ...

2015

0.0

李向东, 张德奇, 王汉芳, 邵运辉, 方保停, 吕风荣, 岳俊芹, 马富举. 越冬前增温对小麦生长发育和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26: 839-846

Li X

, Zhang D

, Wang H

, Shao Y

, Fang B

, Lü F

, Yue J

, Ma F

Impact of temperature increment before the over-wintering period on growth and development and grain yield of winter wheat.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2015, 26: 839-846 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effect of temperature increment before the over-wintering period on winter wheat development and grain yield was evaluated in an artificial climate chamber (TPG 1260, Australia) from 2010 to 2011. Winter wheat cultivar ‘Zhengmai 7698’ was used in this study. Three temperature increment treatments were involved in this study,  i.e ., temperature increment last 40, 50 and 60 days, respectively, before the over-wintering period. Control was not treated by temperature increment. The results showed that temperature increment before the over-wintering period had no significant effect on earlier phase spike differentiation. But an apparent effect on later phase spike differentiation was observed. High temperature effect on spike differentiation disappeared when the difference of effective accumulated temperature between the temperature increment treatment and the control was lower than 25 ℃. However, the foliar age at the jointing stage was enhanced more than 0.8, heading and physiological ripening were advanced 1 day each, when the effective accumulated temperature before the over-wintering period increased 60 ℃. Higher effective accumulated temperature before the over-wintering period accelerated winter wheat growth and development, which resulted in a short spike differentiation period. Winter wheat was easy to suffer freeze damage, which lead to floret abortion and spikelet death in spring under this situation. Meanwhile, higher effective accumulated temperature before the over-wintering period also reduced photosynthetic capacity of flag leaf, shortened the grain filling period, and led to wheat grain yield reduction.

(Wheat Research Institute of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Laboratory of Wheat Engineering/Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology and Genetic Breeding in Central HuangHuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture/Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wheat Biology, Zhengzhou 450002, China)

为了揭示越冬前积温增加对冬小麦生长发育进程和产量的影响，于2010—2012年在设施内进行人为控制增温模拟试验.以试验期室外环境实测温度值为对照，设置越冬前增温40、50、60 d，研究越冬前不同积温(≥0 ℃)对小麦物候期、幼穗发育进程、开花期和成熟期叶片光合生理特性及产量构成要素的影响.结果表明：设施内越冬前增加积温在越冬前对幼穗发育进程有一定影响，对拔节期幼穗发育进程和育性影响明显，孕穗后随着发育进程的加快影响减小，成熟期大部分处理间的生物学性状差异不显著.越冬前积温增加不超过25 ℃对幼穗影响很小；积温增加大于60 ℃幼穗发育进程明显加快，积温越高变化越明显.冬前积温增加到一定幅度将导致冬小麦物候期提前，积温增加超过60 ℃，拔节期叶龄提高0.8以上，抽穗期和成熟期分别提前1 d左右.物候期的提前和幼穗发育进程的加快使小麦整个发育期缩短，容易遭受春季低温危害，造成小花败育甚至小穗冻死；冬前积温过高还导致后期旗叶光合能力下降，灌浆期缩短，并造成减产.

... 0℃积温增加超过60℃, 幼穗分化进程加快, 在早春极易造成小花受冻败育甚或小穗冻死, 结果是穗粒数和千粒重降低^[34] ...

2008

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张黎萍, 荆奇, 戴廷波, 姜东, 曹卫星. 温度和光照强度对不同品质类型小麦旗叶光合特性和衰老的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 311-316

Zhang L

, Jing

, Dai T

, Jiang

, Cao W

Effects of temperature and illumination on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and senescence of wheat cultivars with different grain quality.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 311-316 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Taking wheat cultivars Yumai 34 (high protein content in grain) and Yangmai 9 (low protein content in grain) as test materials, and by the method of growth chamber, this paper studied the effects of different combinations of temperature and illumination on the photosynthetic characteristics and senescence of their flag leaves at grain-filling stage. The results showed that both high temperature and low illumination had negative effects on the photosynthesis. They decreased the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), photochemical efficiency ( F v / F m ), and actual photochemical efficiency ( Φ PSⅡ ) significantly, but their action mechanisms were differed. High temperature mainly decreased the chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and  P n , while low illumination mainly decreased the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F v / F m and Φ PSⅡ , and thus, inhibited the activity of PSⅡ. High temperature increased the MDA content and decreased the soluble protein content and SOD activity, resulting in the acceleration of senescence, while low illumination increased the SOD activity and slowed down the senescence. Yumai 34 was more sensitive to high temperature and low illumination than Yangmai 9.

Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Agriculture Ministry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

以两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种豫麦34（高蛋白）和扬麦9号（低蛋白）为材料，研究不同温光条件对小麦灌浆期旗叶光合特性和衰老的影响.结果表明：高温、弱光处理显著降低了小麦旗叶净光合速率（ P n ）及叶绿素荧光参数 F v / F m 和 Φ PSⅡ ，但高温和弱光对小麦旗叶造成伤害的生理机制不同，高温主要降低了叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和 P n ，灌浆后期 P n 下降幅度达50％;而弱光主要降低了叶绿素荧光参数，抑制了光合系统PSⅡ的活性.高温使小麦旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量升高，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量下降，加速了植株衰老；而弱光下SOD活性较高，小麦衰老进程较高温缓慢，植株对弱光的耐受性较强.豫麦34对高温、弱光逆境的反应比扬麦9号敏感.

... 已有研究表明, 高温和弱光都能够降低小麦净光合速率, 导致千粒重下降^[35] ...

... 而较高的温度加快了小麦旗叶的衰老速度^[35], 高温条件下即使开花较晚的处理也会出现光合速率的#cod#x0201c ...

2014

0.0

... 在2013年春季雾霾严重、光照不足^[36]条件下, 麦田阶段性升温通过延长光合作用时间弥补了光照不足, 显著提高了千粒重 ...