<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="0496-3490-42-10-1560/img_1.png"/>周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响

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谢迎新, 靳海洋, 李梦达, 翟羽雪, 王永华, 谢耀丽, 李向东, 夏来坤, 王晨阳, 郭天财, 贺德先. 周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响 . 作物学报, 2016, 42(10): 1560-1568
XIE Ying-Xin, JIN Hai-Yang, LI Meng-Da, ZHAI Yu-Xue, WANG Yong-Hua, XIE Yao-Li, LI Xiang-Dong, XIA Lai-Kun, WANG Chen-Yang, GUO Tian-Cai, HE De-Xian. Effect of Annual Tillage Practices on Soil Nutrient and Crop Yield in Lime Concretion Black Soil Farmland. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(10): 1560-1568 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响

谢迎新¹, 靳海洋¹, 李梦达¹, 翟羽雪¹, 王永华¹, 谢耀丽², 李向东³, 夏来坤³, 王晨阳¹, 郭天财¹, 贺德先^1,^*

¹ 河南农业大学农学院 / 河南粮食作物协同创新中心, 河南郑州 450002

² 河南省西平县农业技术推广中心, 河南驻马店 463900

³ 河南省农业科学院, 河南郑州 450002

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 贺德先, E-mail: hedexian@126.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: xieyingxin@tom.com

收稿日期:2016-04-07 接受日期:2016-07-11 网络出版日期:2016-07-28

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD26B01), 国家粮食丰产科技工程项目河南省子课题(2013BAD07B07)和国家公益性行业科研专项(201303102)资助

摘要

为探明适宜于砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式, 提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量, 在冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下, 设置多年定位夏玉米季-冬小麦季免耕-旋耕(对照)、免耕-深耕、深松-旋耕、深松-免耕、免耕-免耕5种周年耕作方式田间试验, 在定位处理的第4个周年研究耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤有机碳含量、土壤养分及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明, 在秸秆全量还田条件下, 与试验开始前相比, 各处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量均有所增加。与对照相比, 其他处理均增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量。免耕-深耕、深松-旋耕、免耕-免耕处理显著增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 而深松-免耕处理显著增加冬小麦开花期和收获期0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 整个周年内对照在20~40 cm土层土壤的有效磷含量均最低。深松-免耕处理增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量, 而深松-免耕、免耕-免耕处理20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照处理。深松-旋耕和深松-免耕处理显著增加夏玉米-冬小麦周年籽粒产量, 增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%。综上所述, 在秸秆全量还田基础上, 深松-旋耕和深松-免耕能够改善土壤有机碳和养分状况, 显著提高周年作物产量, 可作为黄淮区砂姜黑土农田相对适宜的周年耕作方式。

关键词: 耕作方式; 砂姜黑土; 土壤养分; 有机碳; 籽粒产量

Effect of Annual Tillage Practices on Soil Nutrient and Crop Yield in Lime Concretion Black Soil Farmland

XIE Ying-Xin¹, JIN Hai-Yang¹, LI Meng-Da¹, ZHAI Yu-Xue¹, WANG Yong-Hua¹, XIE Yao-Li², LI Xiang-Dong³, XIA Lai-Kun³, WANG Chen-Yang¹, GUO Tian-Cai¹, HE De-Xian^1,^*

¹ College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University / Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Zhengzhou 450002, China

² Center of Xiping Agricultural Technology Extension, Zhumadian 463900, China

³ Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the 12th Five-year Plan Period (2015BAD26B01), the Henan-topic of the National Grain Bumper Science and Technology Project (2013BAD07B07), and the Special Fund for Scientific Research in the Public Interest of the Ministry of Agriculture

Abstract

In order to select the appropriate tillage practices, improving soil nutrient and grain yield of crop grown in lime concretion black soil farmland, the effects of five year winter wheat-summer maize annual tillage practices (no tillage-rotary tillage, no tillage-deep tillage, subsoiling tillage-rotary tillage, subsoiling tillage-no tillage, no tillage-no tillage) on soil organic carbon content, soil nutrient and crop yield were studied in the fourth year. Under the condition of returning total straw to field, compared with the beginning of the experiment, the content of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium in 0-20 cm soil layer were increased. Compared with no tillage-rotary tillage, other year treatments increased annual soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in 0-20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period. No tillage-deep tillage, subsoiling tillage-rotary tillage, and no tillage-no tillage significantly increase soil available phosphorus contents in 0-20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period, and subsoiling tillage-no tillage significantly increased 0-20 cm soil layer available phosphorus in anthesis and harvest period of winter wheat. In 20-40 cm soil layer, soil available phosphorus content of no tillage-rotary tillage was the lowest during the whole growth period. Subsoiling tillage-no tillage increased annual soil available potassium content in 0-20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period. In 20-40 cm soil layer, subsoiling tillage-no tillage and no tillage-no tillage significantly increased soil available potassium content in seedling, trumpeting, anthesis and filling stages of summer maize season. Subsoiling tillage-rotary tillage and subsoiling tillage-no tillage significantly increase annual grain yield by 7.67% and 10.21% respectively. To sum up, subsoiling tillage-rotary tillage and subsoiling tillage-no tillage could improve contents of soil organic carbon and nutrient, and increase grain yield of summer maize and winter wheat under the condition of returning total straw to field. Therefore, subsoiling tillage-rotary tillage and subsoiling tillage-no tillage should be selected as two appropriate tillage practices in lime concretion black soil farmland.

Keyword: Tillage practice; Lime concretion black soil; Soil nutrient; Organic carbon; Grain yield

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冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟是黄淮海平原农田的主要种植制度, 生产上玉米季免耕小麦季旋耕的耕作方式极为普遍。砂姜黑土在黄淮海平原南部分布广泛, 面积370万公顷左右, 是主要中低产土壤类型之一^[1]。砂姜黑土农田土壤质地黏重, 结构性差, 连年的玉米季免耕、小麦季旋耕操作导致农田土壤耕层变浅、犁底层变厚变硬、通气透水性差、土壤养分不均衡, 限制了作物产量的提高^[2]。随着人们生态环境保护意识的增强, 以少耕免耕为核心的保护性耕作研究和推广得到充分的重视。前人研究表明, 免耕覆盖能够提高土壤全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾含量, 提高土壤碳素含量和碳库管理指数^{[3, 4]}, 长期免耕有利于农田生态系统的固碳减排^[5], 而深松处理可打破犁底层, 降低深层土壤容重和土壤紧实度, 促进根系下扎, 增加根系纵深分布^{[6, 7]}。也有研究表明, 短期的免耕处理对0~ 30 cm土层土壤有机碳平均含量并无显著影响, 反而略有降低^[8]。由于免耕和深松不能打破耕层的原状土, 导致出苗率较低^{[9, 10]}, 而且免耕处理的冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累和籽粒产量均低于翻耕和旋耕处理^{[10, 11]}。王玉玲等^[12]研究指出, 免耕和深松耕等技术虽有很多优势, 却均存在一定的弊端, 生产中不宜单独连续使用, 应将其组合成一定的轮耕模式, 交换应用。前人研究表明, 周年轮耕模式中耕作强度的增加会降低土壤团聚体的含量和机械稳定性, 增加土壤有机碳的流失^[13]; 与小麦季旋耕玉米季免耕相比, 小麦季翻耕玉米季免耕、小麦季翻耕玉米季旋耕可显著提高夏玉米抗倒伏能力及籽粒产量^[14]。多年来, 前人对耕作方式的研究多集中在单一耕作方式对单季作物生长的影响, 对于冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟制农田的周年耕作方式研究较少, 且砂姜黑土农田适耕性差, 对于不同耕作方式的响应具有自身的特点。另外, 对于不同耕作方式下土壤养分状况的比较, 存在秸秆还田和秸秆移除的不同, 对比效果有很大差异, 而当前秸秆还田已成为大面积推广的实用技术, 在秸秆全量还田条件下研究不同耕作方式的效果更具现实意义。鉴于此, 本试验在秸秆还田条件下研究周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分状况和籽粒产量的影响, 探讨适宜砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式, 为该土壤类型农田地力提升和作物高产提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

河南省驻马店市西平县二郎乡张尧村(33° 19′ 48″ N, 114° 01′ 01″ E), 地处黄淮海平原南部, 平均海拔49 m, 年平均日照时数2 157.2 h, 年平均气温14.8℃, 无霜期221 d, 年平均降雨量852 mm, 正常年份的自然降水基本能满足周年作物生长发育需求, 一般不灌溉, 属典型雨养农业区。该区域常年实行冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟的种植制度, 玉米季免耕小麦季旋耕是当地的传统耕作方式。供试土壤属于砂姜黑土土类、砂姜黑土亚类、覆泥黑姜土土属, 土壤质地为黏土。

1.2 试验设计

以冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟的周年轮作种植制度为研究对象, 在两季秸秆全量粉碎(3~5 cm)还田条件下, 于2011年10月冬小麦季开始通过长期定位试验研究系列耕作方式。农田为河南省西平县土肥站多年统一供种、统一供肥以及统一农田管理的“ 全国新增千亿斤粮食生产能力西平县2010年耕地质量监测区域站土壤地力长期定位监测点(编号hnxpdljc2010-001)” , 耕层土壤基础养分为有机质14.83 g kg^-1、全氮1.07 g kg^-1、有效磷(P) 17.7 mg kg^-1、速效钾(K) 94 mg kg^-1、pH 6.62。设置5个周年耕作方式处理, 即玉米季免耕-小麦季旋耕(简称免耕-旋耕, No tillage-rotary tillage, NRT)、玉米季免耕-小麦季深耕(简称免耕-深耕, No tillage-deep tillage, NDT)、玉米季深松-小麦季旋耕(简称深松-旋耕, Subsoiling tillage-rotary tillage, SRT)、玉米季深松-小麦季免耕(简称深松-免耕, Subsoiling tillage-no tillage, SNT)和玉米季免耕-小麦季免耕(简称免耕-免耕, No tillage-no tillage, NNT), 并以黄淮农田实施面积最大的传统耕作方式— — 玉米季免耕-小麦季旋耕, 即免耕-旋耕(NRT)处理为对照。秸秆在前茬作物机械收获时全部粉碎覆盖地表, 在作物播种前进行相应耕作, 旋耕深度平均为15 cm, 深松、深耕深度平均为35 cm。各处理播种量一致(小麦、玉米播量分别为每公顷300 kg和45 kg), 进行机械播种。为了更接近农田实际情况和方便大型农机具田间农事操作, 采用各处理大区设置, 面积为60 m × 6 m = 360 m², 待玉米或小麦出苗后将大区均分为3个20 m× 6 m=120 m²的小区, 设为3 次重复。夏玉米季和冬小麦季各施氮225 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 90 kg hm^-2、K₂O 90 kg hm^-2, 夏玉米季种肥异位同播, 冬小麦季氮肥50%于整地时底施, 其余50%于拔节期追施。氮、磷、钾肥分别选用尿素、磷酸二铵和氯化钾。

本研究为2014年6月— 2015年6月夏玉米-冬小麦一个轮作周期的监测试验结果, 为长期定位试验的第4个周年。2014年选用夏玉米品种国审郑单958, 6月10日播种, 9月26日收获; 选用冬小麦品种郑麦7698, 10月10日播种, 2015年6月5日收获。

1.3 测定项目与方法

在夏玉米和冬小麦的关键生育时期(夏玉米苗期2014年6月27日、大口期2014年7月21日、开花期2014年8月1日、灌浆期2014年8月22日、收获期2014年9月26日; 冬小麦苗期2014年11月4日、越冬期2014年12月30日、起身期2015年3月5日、开花期2015年4月28日、收获期2015年6月5日), 从每个小区随机选5个样点, 用土钻取0~20 cm、20~40 cm土样, 去除石块和秸秆等杂物, 将每个小区的同一土层混匀成为该小区该土层的土壤样品, 带回实验室风干后过筛。测定土壤有机碳采用重铬酸钾容量法— — 外加热法, 测定土壤全氮半微量凯氏定氮法, 测定土壤有效磷碳酸氢钠浸提— — 钼锑抗比色法, 测定土壤速效钾乙酸铵浸提— 火焰光度法^[15]。

在夏玉米收获期从每个试验处理中间选取2行(长20.0 m, 平均行距0.6 m), 调查成穗数, 收获全部果穗晒干脱粒计产, 并随机选取20果穗调查穗粒数、测定百粒重; 在冬小麦收获期从各试验小区收获10 m²测产, 并调查1 m双行产量构成三因素— — 成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重。

1.4 数据统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2010和SPSS 19.0软件处理和分析试验数据, 采用LSD法进行多重比较, 显著性水平取P< 0.05。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳的影响

如表1所示, 在夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内, 0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量发生较大变化, 各处理变幅为6.12%~16.20%, 均以对照免耕-旋耕处理最低。与对照免耕-旋耕处理相比, 深松-免耕、免耕-免耕处理土壤有机碳增加量最高, 增幅分别达5.53%~17.41%和9.48%~ 15.75%。其中, 在冬小麦越冬期、起身期、开花期, 免耕-免耕处理土壤有机碳含量相对较高, 而深松-旋耕和深松-免耕处理相对较小, 深松-免耕处理土壤有机碳含量在两季作物收获期与对照处理差异均达显著水平。

在20~40 cm土层, 夏玉米生育期内深松-旋耕处理土壤有机碳含量高于其他处理, 与对照免耕-旋耕处理相比增幅为8.66%~29.89%, 且在两季作物收获期差异均达显著水平, 而免耕-旋耕、免耕-深耕、深松-免耕和免耕-免耕4个处理间无明显差异。在冬小麦生育期内, 免耕-深耕和深松-旋耕处理的土壤有机碳含量均高于免耕-旋耕、深松-免耕和免耕-免耕处理。在夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内, 免耕-深耕和深松-旋耕处理在冬小麦越冬期土壤有机碳含量相对较高, 而其他处理整个周年内变化较小。

表1 不同耕作方式0~40 cm土壤有机碳含量 Table 1 Soil organic carbon content in 0-40 cm soil layer under different tillage practices (g kg^-1)

2.2 不同耕作方式对土壤全氮的影响

由表2可知, 经过4年的周年耕作方式定位试验, 0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量在夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内均以对照免耕-旋耕处理最低。从夏玉米苗期到开花期, 深松-旋耕、深松-免耕和免耕-免耕处理均显著高于对照免耕-旋耕处理, 而免耕-深耕处理与对照免耕-旋耕处理无显著差异。从冬小麦越冬期到开花期, 免耕-免耕处理的土壤全氮含量最高, 其次为深松-免耕处理, 而免耕-深耕和深松-旋耕处理与对照免耕-旋耕处理差异不明显。

表2 不同耕作方式0~40 cm土壤全氮含量 Table 2 Soil total nitrogen content in 0-40 cm soil layer under different tillage practices (g kg^-1)

在20~40 cm土层, 在夏玉米季, 各时期均以深松-旋耕处理土壤全氮含量相对较高, 在收获期与对照处理差异达显著水平, 免耕-深耕和深松-免耕处理的土壤全氮含量仅在开花期显著高于对照免耕-旋耕处理, 其他时期无显著差异。在冬小麦季, 免耕-深耕和深松-旋耕处理土壤全氮含量相对较高, 分别较对照增加7.13%~21.68%和9.90%~14.79%, 而深松-免耕和免耕-免耕处理在整个冬小麦生育期内与对照免耕-旋耕处理差异不显著。

2.3 不同耕作方式对土壤有效磷的影响

经过4周年定位试验, 各耕作方式处理之间土壤有效磷含量表现出明显的差异(表3)。在0~20 cm土层, 在夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内土壤有效磷含量均表现出免耕-免耕处理> 免耕-深耕处理> 深松-旋耕处理, 其中, 免耕-深耕、深松-旋耕和免耕-免耕处理与对照免耕-旋耕处理相比增幅分别为39.04%~116.90%、20.63%~75.44%和85.06%~155.63%。深松-免耕处理在夏玉米季和冬小麦生育前期(苗期、越冬期、起身期)与对照免耕-旋耕处理无显著差异, 但在冬小麦开花期和收获期可显著增加土壤有效磷含量, 增幅为18.19%~38.90%。

在20~40 cm土层, 夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内, 免耕-免耕、免耕-深耕、深松-旋耕和深松-免耕处理均较对照免耕-旋耕处理提高土壤有效磷含量, 增幅分别为80.67%~318.71%、76.95%~243.42%、57.79%~177.68%和8.91%~130.56%。另外, 从表3还可以看出, 在冬小麦季, 各处理均以越冬期土壤有效磷含量最高。

2.4 不同耕作方式对土壤速效钾的影响

从表4可以看出, 在0~20 cm土层, 夏玉米生育后期(开花期、灌浆期和收获期)和整个冬小麦季各处理均以免耕-深耕和深松-旋耕处理速效钾含量最低, 在夏玉米灌浆期和冬小麦越冬期、起身期与对照免耕-旋耕处理差异达显著水平。深松-免耕处理在整个周年内土壤速效钾含量均较对照处理高, 增幅为0.95%~10.68%, 而免耕-免耕处理主要增加冬小麦越冬期后的土壤速效钾含量。在夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内, 免耕-旋耕、免耕-深耕、深松-旋耕、深松-免耕处理均以冬小麦苗期土壤速效钾含量最高, 而免耕-免耕处理在冬小麦起身期达到高峰。

在20~40 cm土层, 深松-免耕和免耕-免耕处理的土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照免耕-旋耕处理, 在夏玉米收获期各处理之间差异不显著, 免耕-深耕处理在整个周年内与对照免耕-旋耕处理无显著差异。另外, 在夏玉米-冬小麦整个周年内, 各个耕作方式处理土壤速效钾含量均在冬小麦越冬期最高。

表3 不同耕作方式0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量 Table 3 Soil available phosphorus content in 0-40 cm soil layer under different tillage practices (mg kg^-1)

表4 不同耕作方式0~40 cm土壤速效钾含量 Table 4 Soil available potassium content in 0-40 cm soil layer under different tillage practices (mg kg^-1)

2.5 不同耕作方式对作物产量的影响

由表5可以看出, 经过4年的耕作方式定位试验, 与对照免耕-旋耕处理相比, 深松-旋耕和深松-免耕处理显著增加夏玉米-冬小麦周年籽粒产量, 增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%; 免耕-深耕处理夏玉米产量降低而冬小麦籽粒产量增加, 最终周年籽粒产量较对照处理降低0.44%, 但与对照免耕-旋耕处理差异未达显著水平; 免耕-免耕处理夏玉米-冬小麦籽粒产量均较对照处理有所降低, 最终导致周年产量降低2.19%。从产量构成要素分析, 耕作方式主要是通过影响夏玉米穗粒数和冬小麦千粒重最终导致作物产量的不同。

3 讨论

3.1 耕作方式对土壤有机碳的影响

土壤有机质是土壤中营养元素的重要来源, 也是微生物生命活动的碳源和能源, 其含量是衡量农田土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一^[16]。前人通过17年的定位试验表明, 不同耕作方式显著影响土壤有机碳的垂直分布和稳定性, 而对0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳总储量无显著影响^[17]。秸秆还田是土壤有机碳的重要输入途径, 大量研究结果表明秸秆还田可增加土壤有机碳含量^{[18, 19, 20]}, 且秸秆还田的深度对不同土层土壤有机碳含量的影响显著^[20]。本研究中, 在秸秆还田条件下不同的耕作深度和强度会改变秸秆在不同土层的分布, 从而影响不同土层的土壤有机碳含量, 随着土层中秸秆的腐解和有机质的矿化, 土壤有机碳处于动态变化中。在秸秆全量还田条件下, 各耕作方式处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量均比试验开始前有所增加。各处理以深松-免耕和免耕-免耕处理土壤有机碳含量相对较高, 而免耕-旋耕处理相对较低, 可能是由于不同耕作方式造成了处理间秸秆腐解和土壤有机质矿化环境的不同, 而使秸秆腐解速率和有机质矿化速率产生差异^[19], 深松、免耕等保护性耕作对土壤的扰动程度较低, 避免土壤结构遭到破坏, 降低土壤有机质的矿化, 而旋耕处理土壤有机质矿化速率较高。深松-旋耕处理能够合理协调20~40 cm土层结构并增加周年内该层土壤有机碳含量, 由于冬小麦季的连年深耕操作, 免耕-深耕处理该季20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量增加。

表5 不同耕作方式夏玉米-冬小麦籽粒产量 Table 5 Grain yield of summer maize and winter wheat under different tillage practices

3.2 耕作方式对土壤氮含量的影响

研究表明, 在秸秆还田条件下, 小麦季深耕可增加深层土壤全氮含量^[21], 本试验结果表明, 与免耕-旋耕处理相比, 经过连续4周年的小麦季深耕处理, 免耕-深耕处理可以起到增加冬小麦季20~40 cm土层土壤全氮含量的作用, 这主要与冬小麦季深耕操作带到深层土壤中的秸秆和肥料有关, 这与前人研究结果相一致^[2]。有研究表明, 连续免耕增加表层土壤全氮含量而深层土壤全氮含量较低^[22], 本试验中, 多年定位处理后各处理0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量均比试验开始前有所增加, 与对照处理相比, 免耕-免耕处理显著增加冬小麦越冬期到开花期0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量, 且20~40 cm土层与对照处理无显著差异, 可能由于本试验处理年限仍相对较短(仅4周年), 还未出现文献报道的深层土壤贫化现象。在本试验中, 深松-旋耕处理能够显著增加夏玉米季苗期到开花期0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量和周年内20~40 cm土层的土壤全氮含量, 表明深松-旋耕不仅能够增加夏玉米季0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量, 还能通过打破犁底层, 促进上下土层间的物质交换, 增加20~40 cm土层的土壤全氮含量, 这与张俊丽等^[23]玉米季短期耕作方式试验中免耕处理0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量显著高于深松耕处理的研究结果不一致, 分析认为可能主要与其试验年限较短有关。

3.3 耕作方式对土壤有效磷含量的影响

耕作方式对土壤有效磷含量影响的研究大都集中在秸秆是否还田条件下传统耕作与秸秆覆盖保护性耕作的对比之中, 而秸秆还田能够提高土壤中磷素的有效性, 主要与有机物质分解的产物增加土壤的酸度有关^[24]。有研究表明, 免耕覆盖较传统耕作显著增加0~5 cm土层土壤有效磷含量^[24], 但也有试验结果表明, 连续11年和15年的免耕覆盖处理分别较传统耕作0~10 cm土层土壤有效磷含量降低56.1%和51.9%^[25]。本试验中, 在秸秆全量还田条件下, 周年两季均免耕的免耕-免耕处理与对照相比显著增加0~40 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 深松-免耕和深松-旋耕处理的土壤有效磷含量均低于两季免耕处理, 分析认为土壤有效磷含量除受有机质矿化分解的影响外, 还与作物的吸收有直接的联系, 免耕-免耕处理作物产量较低导致作物从土壤中吸收利用的有效磷素总量相对较少, 且通过田间径流等途径损失的磷素也相对较少, 而深松-免耕和深松-旋耕处理作物产量较高导致吸收利用的土壤有效磷素总量相对较高, 且深松处理对土壤的扰动相对较大有增加土壤磷素损失的风险。因此, 在本试验相同的秸秆还田量和磷肥投入量条件下最终引起不同耕作方式处理间土壤有效磷含量的差异。

3.4 耕作方式对土壤速效钾含量的影响

农田土壤钾素营养的来源主要是钾肥和秸秆, 在钾肥施用量和秸秆还田量相同的情况下, 耕作方式对秸秆在不同土层分布的影响直接导致不同土层速效钾含量的差异。前人研究表明, 在秸秆还田条件下, 旋耕较免耕处理显著增加0~10 cm土壤速效钾含量^[26], 免耕-深松处理较连续免耕处理显著增加0~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量^[12], 也有结果显示, 免耕覆盖较传统耕作0~30 cm土层的土壤速效钾含量略有增加, 但差异未达显著水平^[24], 深松与免耕处理冬小麦开花期和灌浆期的0~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量无显著差异^[27]。在本试验中, 各处理0~20 cm 土层土壤速效钾含量与试验开始前相比均有较大的增加幅度, 与对照免耕-旋耕处理相比, 整个夏玉米-冬小麦周年内深松-免耕处理增加0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量, 分析认为可能主要由于玉米季深松处理增加土壤通气性更有利于秸秆矿化并释放钾素营养; 免耕-免耕处理也能较对照处理显著增加冬小麦越冬期后0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量, 可能主要由于该处理秸秆还田后一直覆盖在土壤表层, 在该时期之后还田的秸秆开始逐渐矿化并释放钾素营养。另外, 本研究还发现, 在20~40 cm土层, 各耕作方式处理土壤速效钾含量在玉米季以收获期最高, 而在小麦季则以越冬期最高, 分析认为可能主要是作物对钾素营养的吸收能力大幅度降低以及还田的秸秆仍在矿化释放钾素营养所致。

3.5 耕作方式对作物产量的影响

有研究表明, 深耕和免耕较旋耕均显著增加冬小麦籽粒产量^[9], 而深松耕与免耕处理冬小麦产量无显著差异^{[9, 27]}, 夏玉米季旋耕和免耕处理间籽粒产量无显著差异, 但深松较旋耕和免耕分别增产4.3%和5.7%^[28]。另有研究表明, 与免耕覆盖相比, 深松还田显著增加冬小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, 最终籽粒产量增加^[29]。周年耕作方式试验结果表明, 与旋耕相比, 冬小麦免耕播种降低成穗数导致减产, 而后茬玉米籽粒产量无显著差异^[30], 而冬小麦深松处理可显著增加后茬玉米的籽粒产量^[31], 冬小麦夏玉米周年连续免耕处理的夏玉米籽粒产量与旋耕-免耕相比略有增加, 但差异未达显著水平^[32]。本试验条件下, 砂姜黑土土质黏重, 通气透水性差, 与免耕-旋耕处理相比, 连续免耕处理冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量均有所降低, 玉米季深松能够增加夏玉米-冬小麦的籽粒产量, 以深松-免耕处理效果最优, 可能是由于玉米季深松打破犁底层, 利于根系的生长, 提高作物对水肥的利用效率, 最终导致产量增加^{[33, 34]}。鉴于不同的土壤性质、气候特点以及耕作方式对作物产量不尽相同的影响^[35], 耕作措施的选择应因地制宜, 根据当地的实际生产条件选择最具应用价值的耕作模式^[36]。

耕作方式对土壤养分和作物产量的影响规律与实施年限有关, 还需要进一步增加周年耕作方式试验的实施年限。另外, 各耕作方式的效果在不同年际间可能存在差异, 尚需进一步深入研究。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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[13]	王丽, 李军, 李娟, 柏炜霞. 轮耕与施肥对渭北旱作玉米田土壤团聚体和有机碳含量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25: 759-768 Wang L, Li J, Li J, Bai H X. Effects of tillage rotation and fertilization on soil aggregates and organic carbon content in corn field in Weibei Highland . Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25: 759-768 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[17]	Valboa G, Lagomarsino A, Brand i G, Agnelli A E, Simoncini S, Papini R, Vignozzi N, Pellegrini S. Long-term variations in soil organic matter under different tillage intensities. Soil Tillage Res, 2015, 154: 126-135 [本文引用:1]
[18]	南雄雄, 游东海, 田霄鸿, 李锦, 王淑娟, 崔娟, 刘廷. 关中平原农田作物秸秆还田对土壤有机碳和作物产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2011, 26(5): 222-229 Nan X X, You D H, Tian X H, Li J, Wang S J, Cui J, Liu T. Effect of returning of cropland straw to field on soil organic carbon and grain yield in Guanzhong Plain. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2011, 26(5): 222-229 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	田慎重, 宁堂原, 王瑜, 李洪杰, 仲惟磊, 李增嘉. 不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤有机碳含量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 373-378 Tian S C, Ning T Y, Wang Y, Li H J, Zhong W L, Li Z J. Effects of different tillage methods and straw-returning on soil organic carbon content in a winter wheat field. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 373-378 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[20]	矫丽娜, 李志洪, 殷程程, 王晓飞, 辛士颖, 于磊. 高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响. 土壤学报, 2015, 52: 665-672 Jiao L N, Li Z H, Yan C C, Wang X F, Xin S Y, Yu L. Effect of incorporation of crop straw on composition of soil organic matter and enzyme activity in black soil relative to depth and rate of the incorporation. Acta Pedol Sin, 2015, 52: 665-672 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[21]	冀保毅, 赵亚丽, 郭海斌, 李传保, 穆心愿, 李潮海. 深耕条件下秸秆还田对不同质地土壤肥力的影响. 玉米科学, 2015, 23(4): 104-109 Ji B Y, Zhao Y L, Guo H B, Li C B, Mu X Y, Li C H. The effect of straw retained on the fertility of deep tillaged soil. J Maize Sci, 2015, 23(4): 104-109 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	吕薇, 李军, 岳志芳, 陈宁宁, 王淑兰. 轮耕对渭北旱塬麦田土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 3186-3200. Lü W, Li J, Yue Z F, Chen N N, Wang S L. Effects of rotational tillage on soil organic matter and soil total nitrogen contents of continuous cropping wheat field in Weibei Highland . Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 3186-3200 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[23]	张俊丽, Tanveer S K, 温晓霞, 陈月星, 高明博, 刘杨, 廖允成. 不同耕作方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸及其影响因素. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(18): 192-199 Zhang J L, Tanveer S K, Wen X X, Chen Y X, Gao M B, Liu Y, Liao Y C. Soil respiration and its affecting factors in dry-land maize field under different tillage systems. Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(18): 192-199 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	罗珠珠, 黄高宝, Li G D, 张仁陟, 蔡立群. 保护性耕作对旱作农田耕层土壤肥力及酶活性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15: 1085-1092. Luo Z Z, Huang G B, Li G D, Zhang R Z, Cai L Q. Effects of conservation tillage on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in rainfed area. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2009, 15: 1085-1092 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3]
[25]	王改玲, 郝明德, 许继光, 洪坚平. 保护性耕作对黄土高原南部地区小麦产量及土壤理化性质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 539-544 Wang G L, Hao M D, Xu J G, Hong J P. Effect of conservation tillage on wheat yield and soil physicochemical properties in the South of Loess Plateau. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 539-544 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	杨培培, 杨明欣, 董文旭, 陈素英, 胡春胜. 保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19: 755-759 Yang P P, Yang M X, Dong W X, Chen S Y, Hu C S. Effect of conservation tillage on wheat and soil nutrient distribution and absorption. Chin J Eco-agric, 2011, 19: 755-759 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对旱作冬小麦旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20: 1355-1361 Huang M, Wu J Z, Li Y J, Yao Y Q, Zhang C J, Cai D X, Jin K. Effects of tillage pattern on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat under dry farming. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2009, 20: 1355-1361 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[28]	孔晓民, 韩成卫, 曾苏明, 吴秋平, 刘丽. 不同耕作方式对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响. 玉米科学, 2014, 22(1): 108-113 Kong X M, Han C W, Zeng S M, Wu Q P, Liu L. Effects of different tillage managements on soil physical properties and maize yield. J Maize Sci, 2014, 22(1): 108-113 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	王靖, 林琪, 倪永君, 刘义国, 王炳军. 旱地保护性耕作对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2009, 29: 480-483 Wang J, Lin Q, Ni Y J, Liu Y G, Wang B J. Effect of conservation tillage on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat in dry land . J Triticeae Crops, 2009, 29: 480-483 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	孔凡磊, 张海林, 翟云龙, 袁继超, 陈阜. 耕作方式对华北冬小麦-夏玉米周年产量和水分利用的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22: 749-756 Kong F L, Zhang H L, Zhai Y L, Yuan J C, Chen F. Effects of tillage methods on crop yield and water use characteristics in winter-wheat/summer-maize rotation system in the North China Plain. Chin J Eco-agric, 2014, 22: 749-756 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[31]	蔡丽君, 边大红, 田晓东, 曹立燕, 崔彦宏. 耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2014, 29(5): 232-238 Cai L J, Bian D H, Tian X D, Cao L Y, Cui Y H. Effect of tillage methods on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of summer maize. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2014, 29(5): 232-238 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[32]	金亚征, 谢瑞芝, 冯聚凯, 李少昆, 高世菊, 丁丽梅. 保护性耕作方式下华北平原夏玉米产量效应的研究. 玉米科学, 2008, 16(4): 143-146 Jin Y Z, Xie R Z, Feng J K, Li S K, Gao S J, Ding L M. Research on the effect of summer maize yield under conservation tillage pattern in North China Plain. J Maize Sci, 2008, 16(4): 143-146 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[33]	李霞, 汤明军, 张东兴, 王维新, 崔涛. 深松对土壤特性及玉米产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(23): 65-69 Li X, Tang M J, Zhang D X, Wang W X, Cui T. Effects of sub-soiling on soil physical quality and corn yield. Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(23): 65-69 (in English with Chinese abstract) [本文引用:1]
[34]	尹宝重, 甄文超, 冯悦. 海河低平原深松播种对夏玉米根系生理的影响及其节水增产效应. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 623-632 Yin B C, Zhen W C, Feng Y. Effects of subsoiling-seeding on root physiological indices, water-saving and yield-increasing behaviors in summer maize (Zea mays L. ) in haihe lowland plain of China. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 623-632 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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1998

0.0

... 砂姜黑土在黄淮海平原南部分布广泛, 面积370万公顷左右, 是主要中低产土壤类型之一^[1] ...

2015

0.0

谢迎新, 靳海洋, 孟庆阳, 王永华, 王晨阳, 贺德先, 郭天财. 深耕改善砂姜黑土理化性状提高小麦产量. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(10): 167-173

Xie Y

, Jin H

, Meng Q

, Wang Y

, Wang C

, He D

, Guo T

Deep tillage improving physical and chemical properties of soil and increasing grain yield of winter wheat in lime concretion black soil farmland .

Trans CSAE, 2015, 31(10): 167-173 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为探明砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式，进一步挖掘砂姜黑土生产潜力，发挥地域资源优势，以周麦27为试验材料，在大田条件下设置免耕、旋耕（15 cm）、深耕（30 cm）3种耕作方式，研究了耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、有机碳含量、无机氮含量以及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明，在小麦苗期和成熟期，3种耕作方式处理间0～10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著（P>0.05），但深耕处理显著降低>10～30 cm土层土壤容重（P 20～40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量；>20～40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量均为深耕>旋耕>免耕。与免耕处理相比，深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒质量，最终促使籽粒产量增加16.33%。综上所述，在该试验条件下，在秸秆还田的基础上，小麦季30 cm深耕处理可以降低土壤容重，增加土壤有机碳含量，进而提高小麦籽粒产量，可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。

... 砂姜黑土农田土壤质地黏重, 结构性差, 连年的玉米季免耕、小麦季旋耕操作导致农田土壤耕层变浅、犁底层变厚变硬、通气透水性差、土壤养分不均衡, 限制了作物产量的提高^[2] ...

... 2 耕作方式对土壤氮含量的影响研究表明, 在秸秆还田条件下, 小麦季深耕可增加深层土壤全氮含量^[21], 本试验结果表明, 与免耕-旋耕处理相比, 经过连续4周年的小麦季深耕处理, 免耕-深耕处理可以起到增加冬小麦季20~40 cm土层土壤全氮含量的作用, 这主要与冬小麦季深耕操作带到深层土壤中的秸秆和肥料有关, 这与前人研究结果相一致^[2] ...

2008

0.0

陈尚洪, 朱钟麟, 刘定辉, 舒丽, 王昌全. 秸秆还田和免耕对土壤养分及碳库管理指数的影响研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2008, 14: 806-809

Chen S

, Zhu Z

, Liu D

, Shu

, Wang C

Influence of straw mulching with no-till on soil nutrients and carbon pool management index.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2008, 14: 806-809 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment, designed for seven crops in four years, was conducted to examine the effect of straw mulching with no-till on soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), active carbon (C A ), microbial carbon (C MB ), mineralized carbon (C M ) and carbon pool management index (CPMI) on two soils developed from different parent materials in Sichuan Basin. Results showed that contents of soil organic matter, total N and K，available N and K were increased by straw mulching with no-till or with rotor till, but no clear patterns of change was observed for soil P among different treatments. Contents of all types of soil carbon and CPMI were improved when the straw was retuned to the soil. Straw-mulching with rotor till was superior to straw mulching with no till in improving quality of soil carbon pool, resulting in an increase of soil C A 、C MB 、C M and CPMI by 4.33%～52.88%, 8.69%～86.62%, 20.64%～60.79%and 18.41%～57.12%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that CPMI may be a better indicator than soil organic matter employed to reflect the dynamic changes of soil nutrients and soil carbon.

1 The Key Laboratory of MOA - Agricultural Resources and Environment in the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China; 2 College of Resources and Environmental, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’ an 625014, China

在四川盆地两种不同母质的土壤上，通过4年7季作物的田间试验研究了作物秸秆还田对稻田土壤NPK、土壤活性碳(C A )、微生物碳(C MB )、矿化碳(C M )和碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响。结果表明，与对照相比，秸秆还田免耕和旋耕均可提高土壤全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾，但各个处理间土壤磷素变化没有明显规律性。秸秆还田免耕、旋耕提高了土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数；秸秆还田旋耕比秸秆还田免耕更能改善土壤有效碳库质量，C A 、C MB 、C M 和CPMI分别提高4.33%～52.88%、8.69%～86.62%、20.64%～60.79%和18.41%～57.12%。相关性分析表明，运用土壤碳库管理指数表征土壤养份及碳素动态变化比土壤有机碳更具灵敏性。

... 前人研究表明, 免耕覆盖能够提高土壤全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效钾含量, 提高土壤碳素含量和碳库管理指数^[3,4], 长期免耕有利于农田生态系统的固碳减排^[5], 而深松处理可打破犁底层, 降低深层土壤容重和土壤紧实度, 促进根系下扎, 增加根系纵深分布^[6,7] ...

2015

0.0

Zhang S

, Chen X

, Jia S

, Liang A

, Zhang X

, Yang X

, Wei S

, Sun B

, Huang D

, Zhou G

The potential mechanism of long-term conservation tillage effects on maize yield in the black soil of Northeast China.

Soil Tillage Res, 2015, 154: 84-90.

2015

0.0

张恒恒, 严昌荣, 张燕卿, 王健波, 何文清, 陈保青, 刘恩科. 北方旱区免耕对农田生态系统固碳与碳平衡的影响. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(4): 240-247

Zhang H

, Yan C

, Zhang Y

, Wang J

, He W

, Chen B

, Liu E

Effect of no tillage on carbon sequestration and carbon balance in farming ecosystem in dryland area of northern China.

Trans CSAE, 2015, 31(4): 240-247 (in Chinese with English abstract)

农田系统对大气CO2库呈碳汇还是碳源效应取决于土壤有机碳的固定和温室气体释放之间的平衡，而耕作措施会改变土壤有机碳含量和储量，影响农田系统的碳循环与碳平衡。该研究以北方旱区山西临汾20 a长期保护性耕作定位试验为基础，田间原位测定土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳含量，确定各类农业投入碳排放参数，利用碳足迹方法综合分析不同耕作措施（传统耕作CT和免耕NT）下农田生态系统碳平衡。结果表明：在化肥、机械等农业投入产生的间接碳排放量方面，化肥投入碳排放量约占系统农业总投入碳排放量的73.5%～77.4%，是农业投入中主要的碳源。由于免耕减少了翻耕、旋耕和秸秆移除3道程序，NT比CT少排放约5.1%，NT产量显著提高28.9%，且碳生产力大于CT。0～60 cm土壤有机碳储量NT（50.86 Mg/hm2）比CT（46.00 Mg/hm2）高10.5%。与CT相比，在小麦休闲期和生育期NT土壤呼吸CO2释放总量高于CT。但根据农田系统碳平衡公式分析得出，NT更有利于农田生态系统固碳，呈碳汇效应，而CT表现为碳源。因此，长期免耕耕作能够提高农田土壤固碳量，减少大气温室气体排放，对于改善北方旱区土壤碳库和减排效果是一个良好的选择。

2015

0.0

张瑞富, 杨恒山, 高聚林, 张玉芹, 王志刚, 范秀艳, 毕文波. 深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(5): 78-84

Zhang R

, Yang H

, Gao J

, Zhang Y

, Wang Z

, Fan X

, Bi W

Effect of subsoiling on root morphological and physiological characteristics of spring maize.

Trans CSAE, 2015, 31(5): 78-84 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为研究深松对春玉米根系形态特征和生理特性的影响。以郑单958和先玉335为供试品种，设旋耕（R）、深松加旋耕（S+R）2个处理，于2012和2013年进行田间试验。结果表明，深松可以显著提高2个品种春玉米实测产量（P＜0.05）、春玉米乳熟期和完熟期根干质量（P＜0.05）且40 cm以下土层尤为明显。2个品种春玉米30 cm土层处的株、行间根幅均表现为S+R小于R处理，其中行间根幅的差异达到了显著水平（P＜0.05），单株根条数和比根长均表现为S+R显著高于R处理（P＜0.05）。乳熟期60 cm以下土层根系活力S+R高于R处理且随着土层的加深差异逐渐增大，超氧化物歧化酶和过氧物酶活性在吐丝期和乳熟期各土层S+R均高于R处理，而丙二醛含量低于旋耕处理。深松促进根系特别是下层根系干质量的增加，增加根系纵深分布，春玉米根系重心下移，并保持较高的生理活性，是其能够增产的重要原因。该文可为春玉米高产栽培提供依据。

2012

0.0

齐华, 刘明, 张卫建, 张振平, 李雪霏, 宋振伟, 于吉琳, 吴亚男. 深松方式对土壤物理性状及玉米根系分布的影响. 华北农学报, 2012, 27(4): 191-196

, Liu

, Zhang W

, Zhang Z

, Li X

, Song Z

, Yu J

, Wu Y

Effect of deep loosening mode on soil physical characteristics and maize root distribution.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2012, 27(4): 191-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Through analyzing the soil physical characteristics and maize root with different deep loosening mode, the result show that interleave row deep loosening（ T1 ） and each row deep loosening（ T2 ） can not only effec- tively break the soil plough pan,but also decrease the volume weight of soil and soil density in 10 -30 cm. T1 with the bigger effect to decrease the volume weight of soil and soil density than T2. Deep loosening can enhance soil wa- ter permeability and capacity on water depositing and holding. There is no notable difference among two deep loose- ning modes in soil water content. Due to the soil plough pan, the roots of no-deep loosening（CK） were concentrated in 0 - 20 cm depth of soil. The root dry matter,root length density and root surface in this soil layer was bigger than that of T1 and T2. But the root bleeding intensity of CK was lower than that of T1 and T2. The maize root in deep loosening treatment was not only to deep layer soil extend, but also expand the scope to plant two sides. In 20 - 50cm depth of soil,the root dry matter,root length density and root surface were bigger in T1 and T2 than in CK, and T1 was bigger than T2. Deep loosening can reduced the lodging rate and enhanced the yield to some extent. And there are no obvious yield differences between T1 and T2. The main reason for the increase of yield is deep loose- ning improved the 100-grain weight. But there are no obvious differences in kernel numbers per ear. Therefore, through interleave row deep loosening can structure well plough layer and make for maize root fasten and extend in the soil. So root could absorbed more water and nutrient. T1 decreased lodging rate and enhanced maize yield. Meanwhile,T1 decreased machine power consumption than that of T2.

1. Agronomy College, Agricultural University of Shenyang, Shenyang 110866, China; 2. Shenyang Academy of Agricultural sciences, Shenyang 110034, China; 3. Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

通过对不同深松方式土壤物理性状及玉米根系分布状况的分析，结果表明，隔行深松（T1）与行行深松（T2）不仅可有效打破犁底层，10～30cm土壤容重和土壤紧实度显著降低，且T2对土壤容重和紧实度的降低作用大于T1；深松增强了土壤的透水性和蓄水能力，2种深松方式土壤水分差异并不显著；由于犁底层的存在，不深松（CK）的根系大部分集中在0～20cm土层范围，且该土层的根干质量、根长密度和根系体积均明显大于T1和T2，而单株根系伤流强度则明显小于T1和T2；深松处理的根系不仅能更好地向深层土壤下扎，而且向植株两侧扩展的范围变大，20—50cm土层根干质量、根长密度和根系体积T1与T2均明显高于CK；并且T1〉T2。深松后倒伏率降低，对增产有一定的促进作用，T1与T2间产量差异并不显著。增产的主要原因是深松显著提高了百粒质量，但对穗粒数的影响并不显著。因此，通过垄间隔行深松可以构建良好的耕层结构，有利于根系的固定和下扎，使根系更好地吸收水分和养分，倒伏率降低、产量增加的同时，较行行深松减少了机械动力消耗。

2009

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梁爱珍, 杨学明, 张晓平, 申艳, 时秀焕, 范如芹, 方华军. 免耕对东北黑土水稳性团聚体中有机碳分配的短期效应. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 2801-2808

Liang A

, Yang X

, Zhang X

, Shen

, Shi X

, Fan R

, Fang H

Short-term impacts of no tillage on soil organic carbon associated with water-stable aggregates in black soil of Northeast China.

Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 2801-2808 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 In order to get a good indicator to evaluate the impacts of no tillage (NT) on soil structure and soil quality, the dynamics of total soil organic carbon (SOC) and SOC associated with aggregates, and the relationships between total SOC and aggregate-associated SOC in the plow layer (30 cm) in black soil in Northeast China under NT practice were sludied. 【Method】 The tillage experiment was established in Dehui County, Jilin Province in 2001. The total SOC and aggregate-associated SOC in 5-year tillage treatments were measured. 【Result】 NT practices did not lead to increase of average SOC content at 0-30 cm depth, but it did significantly increase SOC at the top soil (0-5 cm). In NT plot, the change trend of SOC in ＞1 000 μm aggregate was the same with that of total SOC, but the effect of NT on SOC in ＞1 000 μm aggregate was greater than the effect on total SOC, suggesting that ＞1 000 μm aggregate had more sensitive response to the impact of tillage practices. Significant positive correlation occurred between total SOC and SOC in ＞1 000 μm aggregate in black soil. 【Conclusion】 In the short term soil macroaggregate ＞1 000 μm could be used as an indicator to evaluate the impacts of tillage practices on soil structure and soil fertility in black soil in Northeast China.

（中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所）

【目的】探讨免耕措施下黑土总有机碳和水稳性团聚体中有机碳分配的动态变化,以及免耕对团聚体结合碳和总有机碳之间相关关系的影响,为筛选出免耕对黑土结构和质量影响的评价指标提供科学依据。【方法】以在吉林省德惠市中层黑土上进行了5年田间定位试验的小区土壤为研究对象,对免耕（NT）、秋翻（MP）和垄作（RT）3种耕作处理下耕层（0～30 cm）黑土有机碳和团聚体结合碳的动态变化及其相互关系进行分析。【结果】5年的NT处理并没有增加耕层有机碳（SOC）平均含量,但显著增加了表层（0～5 cm）的SOC含量,增加量为2001年的9.9%。NT试验前后,黑土总有机碳和＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳变化趋势一致,总有机碳除在表层（0～5 cm）变化显著外,其它土层变化均不明显,但＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳各层均有显著变化,说明＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳对耕作方式的响应较总有机碳更为敏感。相关分析表明,NT处理下黑土总有机碳与＞1 000 μm级团聚体结合碳之间存在显著的正相关关系。【结论】黑土＞1 000 μm级团聚体可以用于评价免耕对黑土结构和肥力的短期影响。

... 也有研究表明, 短期的免耕处理对0~ 30 cm土层土壤有机碳平均含量并无显著影响, 反而略有降低^[8] ...

2013

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刘义国, 林琪, 房清龙. 旱地秸秆还田对小麦花后光合特性及产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2013, 28(4): 110-114

Liu Y

, Lin

, Fang Q

Effects of dryland with straw return on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of wheat after flowering stage.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2013, 28(4): 110-114 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The photosynthetic rate， stomata conductance，intercellular CO 2 concentration，yield and some other photosynthetic characteristics were studied under five treatments of winter wheat in dryland．The five treatments are rotary tillage without straw return(CK)，rotary tillage with straw(RS)，no- tillage with straw(NS)，subsoil tillage with straw(SS)，deep plowing tillage with straw(DS)．The result showed that all the photosynthetic characteristics in flag leaf of tillage with straw return was greater than the tillage without straw return，this is due to the different soil moisture condition under tillage with straw return．The photosynthetic characteristics of tillage with straw return showed as SS ＞ NS ＞ DS ＞ RS，tillage with straw return in particularly slowing down the degradation of chlorophyll at later grain filling stage．Tillage with straw return reduced the emergence rate and spike number，emergence rate of SS and NS reduced 21．25% and 16．5% compared with CK treatment．The yield，1000- grain weight and Grains per spike of SS were much higher than the other treatments because of the higher photosynthetic rate．Integrated results of this trial， the SS treatment was recommended in dryland．

1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; 2. College of Agronomy and Plant Protect, Qingdao Agriculture University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Dry-land Farming Technology, Qingdao 266109, China

在旱地设置旋耕(CK)、旋耕还田(RS)、免耕还田(NS)、深松还田(SS)和深耕还田(DS)5个处理,研究了不同处理对小麦花后旗叶光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO 2 浓度等光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明,由于秸秆还田对土壤及水分环境的改变,小麦旗叶光合特性总效应为秸秆还田大于不还田。不同的秸秆还田模式光合特性表现为SS>NS>DS>RS,秸秆还田尤其减缓了灌浆中后期叶绿素的降解。秸秆还田在不同程度上降低了小麦出苗率,SS处理和NS处理出苗率最低,分别比CK低21.25%和16.5%,穗数较低,但由于光合能力较强,千粒质量最高,穗粒数也高于其他处理,SS处理产量显著高于其他还田处理,综合本试验结果,在旱地推荐深松还田的耕作模式。

... 由于免耕和深松不能打破耕层的原状土, 导致出苗率较低^[9,10], 而且免耕处理的冬小麦株高、叶面积指数、地上部干物质积累和籽粒产量均低于翻耕和旋耕处理^[10,11] ...

... 5 耕作方式对作物产量的影响有研究表明, 深耕和免耕较旋耕均显著增加冬小麦籽粒产量^[9], 而深松耕与免耕处理冬小麦产量无显著差异^[9,27], 夏玉米季旋耕和免耕处理间籽粒产量无显著差异, 但深松较旋耕和免耕分别增产4 ...

2008

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李素娟, 陈继康, 陈阜, 李琳, 张海林. 华北平原免耕冬小麦生长发育特征研究. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 290-296

Li S

, Chen J

, Chen

, Li

, Zhang H

Characteristics of growth and development of winter wheat under zero-tillage in North China Plain.

Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 290-296 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The agro-ecosystem in North China Plain is challenged by water shortage, environmental pollution with burning crop stalks and high cost. Practice of conservation tillage is very essential in North China Plain for saving water, reducing environment pollution and tillage cost, increasing the crop productivity and organic matter content of soil. With the extension of conservation techniques, zero-tillage arouses more and more attention in the area. Some investigators found yield increasing with zero-tillage, but some experiments indicated the weaker seedling and revival stage delaying of winter wheat under zero-tillage as compared with conventional tillage. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth and development of winter wheat under zero-tillage treatment in North China Plain and to explore the reason of the influence of zero-tillage. The experiment using the winter wheat cultivar “Kenong 9204” with three tillage treatments including conventional tillage with stubble incorporating (CT), rotary tillage with residue returning (RT), and zero-tillage with stubble direct drilling (ZT) was conducted in Luancheng Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences during 2004–2006 growth seasons. To keep similar rate of seedling emergence in all treatments, seeding rate was from 165.0 kg ha-1 (in CT and RT treatments) increased to 262.5 kg ha-1 in ZT treatment. In addition to the characteristics of growth and development of wheat, the plough layer temperature and soil water con-tent were measured. Soil temperature was measured by thermoelectric couple every day. Soil moisture was observed by TDR (plough layer soil) and neutron instrument (deeper than 20 cm) every 14 d during winter and every 7 d for the rest time. The basic seedling and tillers in three treatments ranked significantly as ZT

College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University /Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100094, China

2004—2006年在河北栾城中国科学院农业生态试验站开展了不同耕作方式下冬小麦生长发育特征及其影响因素的比较研究。冬小麦基本苗数和分蘖率在不同耕作方式间差异显著, 表现为免耕

2014

0.0

Arvidsson

, Etana

, Tomas

Crop yield in Swedish experiments with shallow tillage and no-tillage 1983-2012.

Eur J Agron, 2014, 52(B): 307-315

2014

0.0

王玉玲, 李军. 利于小麦-玉米轮作田土壤理化性状和作物产量的耕作方式研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 1139-1150

Wang Y

, Li

Study of tillage patterns suitable for soil physicochemical properties and crop yields in wheat/maize fields.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 1139-1150 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】 The Sichuan Basin is hot but short of sunlight resources, so the intercropping systems are popular in this area. Wheat/maize/soybean system is a typical efficient relay intercropping for the recycling use of the natural resources and sustainable development of agriculture. In this paper, the characteristics of nitrogen accumulation, distribution and translocation after anthesis stage of crops in the relay intercropping system were studied, so providing a base for the reasonable fertilization and high yield and high profitable production.【Methods】A field experiment was carried out in 2011 and 2012, and different nitrogen application rates in wheat (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg/hm2, marked as WN1,WN2,WN3,WN4 and WN5), maize (0, 97.5, 195, 292.5 and 390 kg/hm2, marked as MN1,MN2,MN3,MN4 and MN5) and soybean (non-fertilized, marked as SN1, SN2, SN3, SN4 and SN5) were designed. The nitrogen contents were analyzed.【Results】1) The nitrogen accumulation in different parts of wheat are all increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Of the averaged 218.6 kg/hm2 of total N accumulation, 71.5% in grains, 12.2% in stems and sheaths, 9.2% in leaves and 7.1% in spike axes and kernel husks. Since anthesis, more nitrogen transfers from vegetative organs to grains with an average transform of 61.5%, but there is no significant difference among the N rate treatments. With the increase of nitrogen use, the proportions of N in wheat grains are reduced gradually, increased in other parts. The N application improves the yield of wheat, but there is no significant difference among WN3~WN5. 2) The amounts of nitrogen accumulation in different parts of maize are all increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application. Of the average total N accumulation of 108.1 kg/hm2, 67.2% in grains, 3.9% in leaves, 11.8% in stems and sheaths, and 7.0% in husks and cobs. The largest nitrogen translocation from vegetative organs to grains and transfer rate are in treatment MN3, the highest nitrogen accumulation proportion in leaves, stems and sheaths are in treatment MN1. Significantly high proportion of N accumulates in maize grain are showed in the nitrogen treatments than in control, but there are no significant differences among the nitrogen treatments. The N application improves the yield of maize, and there is no significant difference between MN4 and MN5. 3) With the increase of nitrogen application, more N accumulates in the grains, stems and hulls of soybean in the harvest stage, and those of SN4 and SN5 are significantly higher than those of the other three treatments, and there are no significant differences among SN1~SN3 and between SN4 and SN5. The nitrogen accumulation rates in seeds, stems and hulls of soybean are not significantly different among all the treatments, with the averages of 82.2%, 5.2% and 12.6% respectively. The nitrogen transfer rates from vegetative organs to grains after the flowering is significantly reduced first and then increased in SN1~SN5, and the contribution rates and the transfer rates are not significantly different in all treatments, with the averages of 80.8% and 26.6% respectively. The soybean yields of SN4 and SN5 are significantly higher than those of the other three, and there are no significant differences among SN1~SN3 and between SN4 and SN5.【Conclusions】The low nitrogen treatments influence yields and nitrogen accumulations of wheat, maize and soybean in relay intercropping system, high nitrogen input hinder the shift of accumulated N from vegetative organs to grains. The suitable N rates for the annual wheat/maize/soybean relay intercropping system is 255~382.5 kg/hm2, 120~180 kg/hm2 for wheat, 195~292.5 kg/hm2 for maize and no fertilizer for soybean.

【目的】四川盆地特殊的高温寡照气候，使得作物间套作十分广泛。“麦/玉/豆”体系有利于资源循环高效利用和农业可持续发展。本项目研究了“麦/玉/豆”周年套作体系中各作物的氮素积累分配和花后氮素转运特征，旨在明确体系各作物的氮素营养吸收特性，为该体系的氮肥合理施用及高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】通过2011、2012连续两年田间定位试验，研究了“小麦/玉米/大豆”套作体系在不同N用量下（小麦，0、60、120、180、240 kg/hm2，记为WN1、WN2、WN3、WN4、WN5；玉米，0、97.5、195、292.5、390 kg N/hm2，记为MN1、MN2、MN3、MN4、MN5；大豆，不施肥，依前作的施氮处理依次记为SN1、SN2、SN3、SN4、SN5）对各作物的氮素积累分配、花后氮素转运的影响。分析植株氮含量。【结果】1）小麦各部位氮积累量都随氮用量增加而增大，籽粒、茎鞘、叶片和颖壳穗轴分别占地上部总氮积累量（平均为218.6 kg/hm2）的71.5%、12.2%、9.2%和7.1%；小麦花后从营养器官向籽粒转移的氮量及其贡献率随施氮量增加而增大，但转移率在不同氮处理下变化不显著，平均为61.5%；随氮用量增加，籽粒的氮分配比例逐渐减少，而非籽粒部分的氮分配比例则随之增大；小麦籽粒产量随施氮量增加而增大，但WN3～WN5处理间差异不显著。2）玉米各部位氮积累量随氮用量增加而增大，籽粒、叶片、茎鞘和苞叶芯分别占地上部总氮积累量（平均为108.1 kg/hm2）的67.2%、3.9%、11.8%和7.0%；玉米花后从营养器官向籽粒的氮素转移量、转移率和贡献率均随施氮量的增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势，都以MN3处理最大；玉米各部位的氮积累比例在叶片、茎鞘中以MN1处理最大，MN2～MN5处理明显变低，在苞叶芯中不同氮处理间无明显变化，在籽粒中表现为施氮处理显著高于不施氮处理，而施氮处理间差异不显著；玉米籽粒产量随施氮量增加而增大，但MN4、MN5处理间差异不显著。3）大豆收获期茎秆、荚皮、籽粒的氮积累量都有随施氮量增加而逐渐增大的趋势，以SN4和SN5两个处理显著高于另外三个处理，而在SN1～SN3、SN4与SN5间无显著性差异；籽粒、茎秆、荚皮的氮积累比例在5个处理间无显著变化，平均分别为82.2%、5.2%、12.6%；大豆花后从营养器官向籽粒转移的氮量从SN1～SN5处理有先显著降低后又逐渐升高的变化趋势，而氮素转移率和转移氮素的贡献率在各处理之间无显著差异，平均分别为80.8%和26.6%；大豆籽粒产量以SN4和SN5两个处理显著高于另外三个处理，而在SN1～SN3、SN4与SN5间无显著性差异。【结论】低氮处理显著影响套作小麦、玉米、大豆3种作物的产量及氮素的积累，高氮投入会促使氮素滞留在营养器官中，阻碍其花后向籽粒中转移；体系全年施N量在255～382.5kg/hm2为宜，其中小麦120～180 kg/hm2，玉米195～292.5 kg/hm2，大豆不施或依苗情适当追施氮肥。

... 王玉玲等^[12]研究指出, 免耕和深松耕等技术虽有很多优势, 却均存在一定的弊端, 生产中不宜单独连续使用, 应将其组合成一定的轮耕模式, 交换应用 ...

... 前人研究表明, 在秸秆还田条件下, 旋耕较免耕处理显著增加0~10 cm土壤速效钾含量^[26], 免耕-深松处理较连续免耕处理显著增加0~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量^[12], 也有结果显示, 免耕覆盖较传统耕作0~30 cm土层的土壤速效钾含量略有增加, 但差异未达显著水平^[24], 深松与免耕处理冬小麦开花期和灌浆期的0~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量无显著差异^[27] ...

2014

0.0

王丽, 李军, 李娟, 柏炜霞. 轮耕与施肥对渭北旱作玉米田土壤团聚体和有机碳含量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25: 759-768

Wang

, Li

, Bai H

Effects of tillage rotation and fertilization on soil aggregates and organic carbon content in corn field in Weibei Highland .

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25: 759-768 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment on effects of tillage rotation and fertilization on corn continuous cropping-practiced lands was carried out in Heyang of Shaanxi in 2007-2012. The tillage types included annual rotation of notillage and subsoiling (NT-ST), subsoiling and conventional tillage (ST-CT), or conventional tillage and no-tillage (CT-NT), and yearly practice of no-tillage (NT-NT), subsoiling (ST-ST) or conventional tillage (CT-CT). The fertilization treatments included balanced fertilization, low-rate fertilization and conventional fertilization, which were separately practiced against the different tillage types. The experiment investigated compositions, mean mass diameters (MWD), geometrical mean diameters (GMD) and fraction dimension numbers (D) of soil aggregates in 0-40 cm soil and contents of organic carbon in 0-60 cm soil. The results indicated that: 1) The increased tillage intensity caused the reduced mechanical stability and content of soil aggregates and increased soil organic carbon loss. No-tillage or tillage rotation increased the MWD, GMD and contents of soil organic carbon and soil aggregates with diameters of more than 0.25 mm, but decreased D. Under the same fertilization treatment, the contents of soil aggregates with diameters of more than 0.25 mm were ranked in the order of NT-NT>NT-ST>NT-CT>ST-ST>CT-ST>CT-CT, and under the same tillage rotations, the soil aggregates were more stable with the balanced or low-rate fertilization than with the conventional fertilization. 2) Mathematical fractal dimension fitting of soil aggregates indicated that the fractal dimension numbers of soil aggregates ranged within 2.247-2.681 by dry sieving and 2.897-2.976 by wet sieving. In 0-30 cm soil, the fractal dimension numbers of soil aggregates were significantly lower under no-tillage or tillage rotation than under conventional tillage, and in 0-40 cm soil, the fractal dimensions of soil aggregates increased with soil depth, and tended to stabilize at the soil depth of 40 cm. 3) The different fertilization treatments exerted significantly different influences on the contents of soil organic carbon ( P P

( 1 College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;  2 College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China)

2007—2012年在陕西合阳连作玉米田进行保护性轮耕与施肥长期定位试验,设置免耕/深松(NT-ST)、深松/翻耕(ST-CT)和翻耕/免耕(CT-NT)3种隔年交替轮耕处理和连续免耕(NT-NT)、连续深松(ST-ST)、连续翻耕(CT-CT)3种连耕处理及平衡施肥、低肥和常规施肥3种施肥处理,分析了0～40 cm土壤团聚体分布、平均质量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、分形维数( D )及0～60 cm土壤有机碳(SOC)含量.结果表明: 随着耕作强度的增加,土壤团聚体总含量减小,稳定性降低,有机碳损失增大;连续免耕和轮耕增大了土壤团聚体MWD和GMD,减小分形维数,增加了粒径大于0.25 mm团聚体( R 0.25 )和SOC含量.在相同施肥处理下,团聚体 R 0.25 表现为NT-NT>NT-ST>NT-CT>ST-ST>CT-ST>CT-CT;在相同耕作方式下,平衡施肥和低肥处理下土壤团聚体比常规施肥更稳定.通过对土壤团聚体分形维数进行数学拟合,干筛法和湿筛法所测土壤团聚体的分形维数分别为2.247～2.681和2.897～2.976. 0～30 cm土层土壤团聚体分形维数均表现为连续免耕和轮耕显著低于连续翻耕(CT-CT),随土层加深分形维数增大,在40 cm处趋于稳定.施肥对不同土层有机碳含量的影响差异显著( P P R 2 为0.848.

... 前人研究表明, 周年轮耕模式中耕作强度的增加会降低土壤团聚体的含量和机械稳定性, 增加土壤有机碳的流失^[13] ...

2014

0.0

李霞, 张吉旺, 任佰朝, 范霞, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌. 小麦玉米周年生产中耕作对夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1093-1101

, Zhang J

, Ren B

, Fan

, Dong S

, Liu

, Zhao

Yield and lodging resistance of summer maize under different winter wheat-summer maize tillage systems.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1093-1101 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The objective of his study was to explore the effects of different tillage systems in winter wheat-summer maize cropping on yield and lodging resistance of summer maize. Maize hybrid Zhengdan958 was used as experimental material. Three tillage treatments were designed, including rotary tillage before winter wheat seeding and no-tillage before maize seeding (RN), moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding and no-tillage before maize seeding (MN), and moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding and rotary tillage before maize seeding (MR). The results showed that plant height and ear height were higher in MR than in RN, the third internode diameter of MN and MR was greater than that of RN, and the ratio of length to diameter in MN was the lowest and the stem diameter coefficients of MN was the highest. Rind penetrometer resistance of summer maize enhanced at the tasselling stage (VT) and reduced at the milk stage (R3) in the treatment of moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding, density of the vascular and area of the vascular bundle were increased, and bleeding sap in stalk increased under MR and MN. Bleeding sap of stalks under MR and MN was 60.62% and 46.70% greater than under RN respectively. Root and shoot dry matter, the ratio of root and shoot dry matter, and brace root numbers of summer maize in MN and MR were higher than these in RN. Grain yield of MR and MN was 26.33% and 39.21% greater than that of RN, respectively. In conclusion, moldboard tillage before winter wheat seeding has good effects on yield and lodging-resistant capability in summer maize.

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

针对黄淮海平原冬小麦夏玉米周年生产的特点，将冬小麦夏玉米播前耕作统筹结合，以期为冬小麦夏玉米周年生产体系耕作方式的改良提供依据。以郑单958为验材，设冬小麦播前旋耕夏玉米播前免耕(RN)、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前免耕( MN) 、冬小麦播前翻耕夏玉米播前旋耕(MR) 3个处理，探讨冬小麦夏玉米周年生产条件下不同耕作方式对夏玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响。2年研究结果表明，MR处理夏玉米的株高、穗位高增加，MN与MR处理的地上第3茎节变粗，MN处理的地上第3节间茎粗系数最大。MR与MN处理间抽雄期的基部茎节穿刺强度无显著差异，但较RN均显著增强，茎秆皮层厚度和维管束密度及维管束鞘面积较RN也显著增大，茎秆伤流速率较 RN分别提高60.60%和46.70%，茎秆质量显著提高。此外， MN与MR的根重和根冠比较RN显著提高，地上节根根条数与干重也显著提高。MN与MR较RN处理分别增产26.33%与39.21%。冬小麦播前翻耕可显著提高夏玉米产量及抗倒伏能力。

... 与小麦季旋耕玉米季免耕相比, 小麦季翻耕玉米季免耕、小麦季翻耕玉米季旋耕可显著提高夏玉米抗倒伏能力及籽粒产量^[14] ...

2000

0.0

... 火焰光度法^[15] ...

2010

0.0

... 1 耕作方式对土壤有机碳的影响土壤有机质是土壤中营养元素的重要来源, 也是微生物生命活动的碳源和能源, 其含量是衡量农田土壤肥力高低的重要指标之一^[16] ...

2015

0.0

Valboa

, Lagomarsino

, Brand i

, Agnelli A

, Simoncini

, Papini

, Vignozzi

, Pellegrini

Long-term variations in soil organic matter under different tillage intensities.

Soil Tillage Res, 2015, 154: 126-135

... 前人通过17年的定位试验表明, 不同耕作方式显著影响土壤有机碳的垂直分布和稳定性, 而对0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳总储量无显著影响^[17] ...

2011

0.0

南雄雄, 游东海, 田霄鸿, 李锦, 王淑娟, 崔娟, 刘廷. 关中平原农田作物秸秆还田对土壤有机碳和作物产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2011, 26(5): 222-229

Nan X

, You D

, Tian X

, Li

, Wang S

, Cui

, Liu

Effect of returning of cropland straw to field on soil organic carbon and grain yield in Guanzhong Plain.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2011, 26(5): 222-229 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effect of straw returning in field scale on soil organic carbon(SOC) and grain yield was studied to explore more reasonable farming management models,which was helpful to provide a theoretical basis for soil cultivation and sustainable agricultural development in Guanzhong Plain.With the actual situation of agricultural production in test area,the trends of SOC,active organic carbon(AC) content and grain yield in different treatments were examined to clear the effect of straw returning through a comprehensive comparison.After the returning of wheat straw to cropland,the summer maize was grown.The result showed that SOC in topsoil(0-40 cm) have been improved in straw application,and that soil AC and carbon pool management index(CPMI) of 0-20 cm soil layer were slightly lowered in high stubble in field,while soil AC and CPMI were increased through smashing the wheat straw into field,which didn't make their mutation change.Subsequently,the result showed that maize stalks were returned to the field in three models,and that,after the wheat growing season,SOC content in the topsoil has increased significantly through the straw returning treatment,and that,through smashing straw into field twice the SOC content can increase by 1.86 g/kg in 0-20 cm soil and 1.69 g/kg in 20-40 cm soil respectively.And also,the returning of crops stalk to the cropland can increase the AC content in the topsoil strikingly-especially,when wheat straw is smashed into the field,the AC content in the topsoil can increase more strikingly,that is,a average AC content can increase by 0.90 g/kg respectively in 0-20 cm and 0.85 g/kg in 20-40 cm soil;And straw returning significantly increased CPMI,especially through smashing straw into field treatments.Under the conditions of climate in Guanzhong Plain,soil organic carbon condition could be improved significantly through returning straw to field scale,especially,the SOC quality can be improved.Therefore,in the short run,smashing and returning the straw to the field can change the SOC more obviously.For there easily appear seasonal drought in the study area,it was useful to improve water use efficiency in maize growth period effectively to ensure the stable or higher yield trough high-stubble of wheat straw in field.It was the optimal model combination of high stubble of wheat with maize straw smashed into field in a whole rotation period for productive and efficient agriculture in this region,which can make a full use of water and heat resources in Guanzhong Plain.

College of Resource and Environment, Key Lab for Agricultural Resources and Environmental Remediation in Loess Plateau of Agriculture Ministry of China, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China

结合关中平原农业生产现状,通过对不同秸秆还田模式组合下土壤有机碳、活性有机碳含量和作物产量变化趋势的研究,揭示秸秆还田效应,为研究区筛选合理的还田模式以及农田土壤培肥和农业可持续发展提供理论依据。结果表明,小麦秸秆还田后经过一季夏玉米生长,能使耕层土壤(0～40 cm)有机碳有所提升;高留茬还田使0～20 cm土层土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数呈现降低趋势,而粉碎直接还田使其有所提高,但差异均未达到显著水平。随后对玉米秸秆进行还田,再经过一季小麦生长后,使得耕层土壤有机碳含量有所提高,其中连续两季进行秸秆粉碎直接还田使有机碳含量提高幅度最大,0～20,20～40 cm土层有机碳分别提高1.86,1.69 g/kg;同时显著增加了耕层土壤活性有机碳含量,其中小麦秸秆进行粉碎直接还田增加趋势更为明显,0～20,20～40 cm土层中分别平均提高0.90,0.85 g/kg;且秸秆还田显著增加了碳库管理指数,秸秆粉碎还田条件下增加趋势更明显。在关中平原的雨热条件下,通过田块尺度上秸秆还田能有效改善土壤有机质状况,尤其使有机碳质量明显提升,就短期效果而言秸秆粉碎直接还田对土壤有机碳的调节作用更为明显;针对研究区域容易出现的季节性干旱现象,在小麦秸秆还田时采用高留茬还田能有效提高夏玉米生长期内水分利用率,保证其稳产高产;轮作期内实施小麦高留茬-玉米粉碎直接还田模式组合,是实现该区域水热资源高效利用,农业高效高产的最优耕作模式组合。

... 秸秆还田是土壤有机碳的重要输入途径, 大量研究结果表明秸秆还田可增加土壤有机碳含量^[18,19,20], 且秸秆还田的深度对不同土层土壤有机碳含量的影响显著^[20] ...

2010

0.0

田慎重, 宁堂原, 王瑜, 李洪杰, 仲惟磊, 李增嘉. 不同耕作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤有机碳含量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 373-378

Tian S

, Ning T

, Wang

, Li H

, Zhong W

, Li Z

Effects of different tillage methods and straw-returning on soil organic carbon content in a winter wheat field.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 373-378 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A two growth seasons experiment was conducted to study the effects of different tillage methods, straw-returning, and their interaction on the dynamic change of organic carbon content in 0-20 cm soil layer during the whole growth period of winter wheat. An obvious change was observed in the soil organic carbon content. Treatments with straw-returning had higher soil organic carbon content than treatments with no straw-returning, and conservation tillage induced higher soil organic carbon content than conventional tillage. In all treatments except conventional tillage, the organic carbon content in 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that in 10-20 cm soil layer. In treatments with straw-returning, the organic carbon content in 0-10 cm soil layer decreased in order of deep soiling (PS)＞rotary tillage (PR)＞no tillage (PZ)＞normal ploughing (PH)＞conventional tillage (PC), while that in 10-20 cm soil layer was PC＞PS＞PR＞PH＞PZ, suggesting that conservation tillage could improve the organic carbon content in 0-10 cm soil layer. Multi factor variance analysis showed that tillage method, straw-returning, and their interaction had significant effects on the organic carbon content in 0-20 cm soil layer at various growth stages of winter wheat.

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China

通过两个生长季试验，研究了不同耕作方式和秸秆还田及其交互效应对小麦全生育期0～20 cm土壤有机碳含量的影响.结果表明：小麦不同生育时期0～20 cm土层有机碳含量呈明显的动态变化；秸秆还田各处理的有机碳含量都高于无秸秆还田处理；保护性耕作措施土壤有机碳增加量显著高于传统翻耕.除传统翻耕处理外，各处理0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量都高于10～20 cm土层，秸秆还田各处理0～10 cm土层有机碳含量表现为深松(PS)＞旋耕(PR)＞免耕(PZ)＞耙耕(PH)＞传统翻耕(PC)，而10～20 cm土层表现为传统翻耕(PC)＞深松(PS)＞旋耕(PR)＞耙耕(PH)＞免耕(PZ)，说明保护性耕作措施能提高0～10 cm土层的有机碳含量.多因素方差分析表明：耕作因素、秸秆因素和两者交互效应在不同生育期对0～20 cm土层的有机碳含量都有显著影响.

... 各处理以深松-免耕和免耕-免耕处理土壤有机碳含量相对较高, 而免耕-旋耕处理相对较低, 可能是由于不同耕作方式造成了处理间秸秆腐解和土壤有机质矿化环境的不同, 而使秸秆腐解速率和有机质矿化速率产生差异^[19], 深松、免耕等保护性耕作对土壤的扰动程度较低, 避免土壤结构遭到破坏, 降低土壤有机质的矿化, 而旋耕处理土壤有机质矿化速率较高 ...

2015

0.0

2015

0.0

2015

0.0

... 有研究表明, 连续免耕增加表层土壤全氮含量而深层土壤全氮含量较低^[22], 本试验中, 多年定位处理后各处理0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量均比试验开始前有所增加, 与对照处理相比, 免耕-免耕处理显著增加冬小麦越冬期到开花期0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量, 且20~40 cm土层与对照处理无显著差异, 可能由于本试验处理年限仍相对较短(仅4周年), 还未出现文献报道的深层土壤贫化现象 ...

2012

0.0

张俊丽, Tanveer S

, 温晓霞, 陈月星, 高明博, 刘杨, 廖允成. 不同耕作方式下旱作玉米田土壤呼吸及其影响因素. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(18): 192-199

Zhang J

, Tanveer S

, Wen X

, Chen Y

, Gao M

, Liu

, Liao Y

Soil respiration and its affecting factors in dry-land maize field under different tillage systems.

Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(18): 192-199 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To explore the effects of different tillage systems on soil reparation during the summer maize crop growing season, the tillage systems included deep tillage (DT), no tillage (NT), rotary tillage (RT) and plow tillage (PT) was designed. The soil respiration, its affecting factors and the relationship of soil respiration rate with soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and soil pH was elucidated. The results indicated that soil respiration rate was first increased then decreased during the whole crop period in all kinds of tillage systems. The maximum of soil respiration rate was DT, followed by PT, RT, NT. Soil temperature of PT was the highest, followed by DT, RT, NT from seeding to jointing stage; that of NT was the highest, followed by RT, DT, PT from tasseling to maturity stage. Soil organic matter, and Total nitrogen were gradually increased from planting to flowering stage, those of PT.was higher than those of NT. Soil pH value were significantly different during the growth stages, that of PT was the maximum, followed by RT, NT, DT. Soil moisture and soil temperature were significant correlated with soil respiration (P>0.05). DT and PT were significantly correlated with soil moisture and soil temperature; soil organic matter were negatively correlated with soil respiration rate, and similarly significantly negative correlation was recorded between soil organic matter contents of DT and soil respiration rate. The negative correlations (P>0.05) were recorded between total nitrogen and soil pH value for soil respiration under DT, RT, PT. The study provides a guideline for the complement of soil respiration and emission mechanism, the assessment of regional carbon input and output balance, and the establishment of feasible soil carbon regulation.

为揭示不同耕作方式对旱作玉米田土壤呼吸的影响，对比研究深松耕、免耕、旋耕和翻耕4种耕作方式下土壤呼吸速率的动态变化及其与土壤水分、温度、有机质、全氮、pH值等的关系。结果表明，夏玉米生长季，4种耕作方式下土壤呼吸速率随生育时期均呈先增加后降低的趋势，平均土壤呼吸速率为深松耕＞翻耕＞旋耕＞免耕；播种前至拔节期土壤温度为翻耕＞深松耕＞旋耕＞免耕，抽雄期至成熟收获期为免耕＞旋耕＞深松耕＞翻耕；各耕作方式下0～20 cm层土壤有机质、全氮均逐渐增加，与免耕比较，翻耕有机质和全氮均降低；生育前期土壤pH值波动明显，抽雄期后趋于平缓，土壤pH值平均值为翻耕＞旋耕＞免耕＞深松耕。各影响因素与土壤呼吸速率相关分析表明，深松耕和翻耕土壤水分、温度与土壤呼吸速率呈显著或极显著正相关；有机质与土壤呼吸速率呈负相关，且与深松耕措施下土壤呼吸速率呈显著负相关；除免耕外，其他耕作方式下土壤全氮、pH值与土壤呼吸呈负相关。该研究可为补充完善土壤呼吸排放机理、评估区域碳收支平衡及制定科学有效的土壤碳调控管理措施提供依据。

... 在本试验中, 深松-旋耕处理能够显著增加夏玉米季苗期到开花期0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量和周年内20~40 cm土层的土壤全氮含量, 表明深松-旋耕不仅能够增加夏玉米季0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量, 还能通过打破犁底层, 促进上下土层间的物质交换, 增加20~40 cm土层的土壤全氮含量, 这与张俊丽等^[23]玉米季短期耕作方式试验中免耕处理0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量显著高于深松耕处理的研究结果不一致, 分析认为可能主要与其试验年限较短有关 ...

2009

0.0

罗珠珠, 黄高宝, Li G

, 张仁陟, 蔡立群. 保护性耕作对旱作农田耕层土壤肥力及酶活性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15: 1085-1092.

Luo Z

, Huang G

, Li G

, Zhang R

, Cai L

Effects of conservation tillage on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in rainfed area.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2009, 15: 1085-1092 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the field experiments conducted in Dingxi of the western Loess Plateau, effects of the conventional tillage and five conservation agricultural patterns, namely conventional tillage, conventional tillage with stubble incorporating, no tillage with no stubble, no tillage with stubble retention, conventional tillage with plastic mulching and no tillage with plastic mulching on soil nutrients and enzyme activities in a rainfed farming system were studied. The results show that contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, NH 4 + -N, available P and K, soil urease, alkaline phosphates and invertase activities at the 0–5 and 5–10 cm layers are increased in the two stubble retention systems. Moreover, in the two stubble retention systems, soil organic matter, total K and available K are improved greatly at the 10–30 cm depth of soil. Soil catalase activity is improved at the 0–30cm depth of soil in the three no-tillage systems, while NO 3 - -N content is decreased. There are significant correlations between soil organic matter, contents of the nutrients, alkaline phosphatase and inverstase activities. Principal component analysis indicates that soil organic matter, nutrients and hydrolases could be used to evaluate soil fertility in rainfed areas of Loess Plateau.

1 Resources and Environment Faculty of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 2 Agronomy Faculty of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia

通过田间定位试验，研究了不同耕作方式对黄土高原西部旱农区耕层土壤肥力和酶活性的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田可以显著提高 0—5和5—10 cm土层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾和3种水解酶活性； 10—30 cm 土层仅提高了有机质、全钾和速效钾含量，对其余各养分含量和水解酶活性并无明显影响。免耕降低了0—5、5—10和10—30 cm土层硝态氮含量，但对过氧化氢酶活性有明显促进作用。相关分析表明，土壤有机质、养分和碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性之间呈极显著相关关系。进一步应用主成分分析表明，土壤有机质、养分和水解酶活性共同反映着黄土高原雨养农区土壤肥力水平的高低。

... 3 耕作方式对土壤有效磷含量的影响耕作方式对土壤有效磷含量影响的研究大都集中在秸秆是否还田条件下传统耕作与秸秆覆盖保护性耕作的对比之中, 而秸秆还田能够提高土壤中磷素的有效性, 主要与有机物质分解的产物增加土壤的酸度有关^[24] ...

... 有研究表明, 免耕覆盖较传统耕作显著增加0~5 cm土层土壤有效磷含量^[24], 但也有试验结果表明, 连续11年和15年的免耕覆盖处理分别较传统耕作0~10 cm土层土壤有效磷含量降低56 ...

2011

0.0

王改玲, 郝明德, 许继光, 洪坚平. 保护性耕作对黄土高原南部地区小麦产量及土壤理化性质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 539-544

Wang G

, Hao M

, Xu J

, Hong J

Effect of conservation tillage on wheat yield and soil physicochemical properties in the South of Loess Plateau.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 539-544 (in Chinese with English abstract)

On basis of the longterm conservation tillage experiment located in Yaodu Distract, Linfen City of Shanxi Province from 1992, effects of the conservation tillage on wheat yield of rainfed land, soil physicochemical properties and soil water storage were studied. The results show that compared with traditional cultivation (TC), the average yields of wheat are increased by 192% and 276% in the 11yearno tillage land with stubble incorporating treatment (11y-NTS) and the 15yearno tillage land with stubble incorporating (15y-NTS) respectively, and the yields are increased by 52% and 117% in abundant precipitation year, while the yields are increased by 850% and 976% in dryyear. These results indicate that the effects of the conservation tillage on wheat yield are increased with the decrease of annual precipitation and the prolongation of implementing time; Soil bulk density is decreased, and soil total porosity, soil water content and water storage in the whole soil profile are increased under the conservation tillage. The contents of soil organic matter, alkalihydro N and available K in 0-10 cm soil layer are increased under the conservation tillage as well. However, the conservation tillage is not favor for the increase of available P, the contents of available P are decreased by 68 mg/kg and 63 mg/kg in the treatments of 11y-NTS and 15y-NTS, decreasing 561% and 519%, respectively, thus it is necessary to fertilize P properly.

1 Institute of Resource and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China; 2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 3 Bureau of Agricultural Machinery of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030002, China

以1992年设置于山西省临汾市尧都区的保护性耕作试验基地为基础，研究了长期保护性耕作对旱地小麦产量、土壤理化性质及剖面水分含量的影响。结果表明，11年免耕覆盖和15年免耕覆盖分别比传统耕作平均增产192%和276%; 丰水年份增产率为52%和117%，而干旱年份增产率高达850%和976%，表现为实施保护性耕作年限越长、越是干旱，保护性耕作的增产效果越显著。保护性耕作能降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度，提高土壤剖面水分含量和土壤贮水量，提高表层0—10 cm土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾含量，但不利于有效磷含量的提高。11年免耕覆盖和15年免耕覆盖，表层0—10 cm土壤有效磷含量比传统耕作降低68和63 mg/kg，降低了561%和519%，应注意磷肥的施用。

... 9%^[25] ...

2011

0.0

杨培培, 杨明欣, 董文旭, 陈素英, 胡春胜. 保护性耕作对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19: 755-759

Yang P

, Yang M

, Dong W

, Chen S

, Hu C

Effect of conservation tillage on wheat and soil nutrient distribution and absorption.

Chin J Eco-agric, 2011, 19: 755-759 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Conservation tillage technology improves soil environment, reduces wind and water erosion, and mitigates sandstorm. As a mode of agricultural technology, conservation tillage is drawing more and more global attention. Agricultural soils are increasingly managed through conservation or no-tillage. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of different conservation tillage patterns on N, P, K distribution in both soil and wheat, and also on their absorption of wheat in the North China Plain. The investigated tillage patterns included no-tillage with crushed straw (NC), no-tillage with entire straw (NW), traditional tillage with crushed straw (MC) and rotary tillage with crushed straw (X). The 6-year experiment showed significant differences in soil nutrient distribution and absorption, and also in wheat distribution among different tillage patterns. Rotary tillage significantly increased organic matter, total nitrogen and available N, P, K contents in the 0~5 cm surface soil. The contents of these nutrients gradually decreased with increasing soil depth. Soil organic matter, total and available N contents were lower under rotary tillage than NC in the 20~30 cm soil layer. The contents of total N, P and K in plants under the two modes of no-tillage (NC and NW) were significantly lower than that under traditional tillage (MC) and rotary tillage (X) at seedling stage. The differences among these modes of tillage were most significant at reviving stage. At jointing and flowering stages, the differences in total N, P, K contents of plants between the non-tillage (NC and NW) and tillage (MC and X) treatments gradually dropped; and finally significantly influenced grain nutrient content.

通过田间试验研究了华北平原山前平原区不同耕作方式下土壤氮、磷、钾等养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配变化和对产量的影响。试验设深翻耕秸秆还田(MC)、秸秆还田旋耕(X)、秸秆粉碎免耕(NC)和整秸覆盖免耕(NW) 4 种冬小麦播前土壤耕作方式。试验结果表明, 6 年的不同耕作处理对土壤养分分布及冬小麦吸收与分配有显著影响。秸秆还田旋耕可显著提高土壤表层(0~5 cm)有机质、全氮以及碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,但随土壤深度增加, 提高效果呈逐渐下降趋势; 20~30 cm 土层土壤有机质、全氮和速效氮含量显著低于秸秆粉碎免耕处理。两种免耕模式(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在苗期明显低于翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)模式,在返青期差异最为显著。到拔节和扬花期, 免耕(NC、NW)植株的全氮、全磷、全钾含量与翻耕(MC)和旋耕(X)之间的差异逐渐减少, 并最终影响到籽粒养分的积累。

2009

0.0

黄明, 吴金芝, 李友军, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对旱作冬小麦旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20: 1355-1361

Huang

, Wu J

, Li Y

, Yao Y

, Zhang C

, Cai D

, Jin

Effects of tillage pattern on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat under dry farming.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2009, 20: 1355-1361 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different tillage patterns, i.e., deep plowing once, no-tillage, subsoiling, and conventional tillage, on the flag leaf senescence and grain yield of winter wheat, as well as the soil moisture and nutrient status under dry farming. No-tillage and subsoiling increased the SOD and POD activities and the chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, decreased the MDA and O〖SX（B-*3〗-〖〗·〖SX）〗2 contents, and postponed the senescence of flag leaf. Under non-tillage and subsoiling, the moisture content in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer at anthesis and grain-filling stages was decreased by 413% and 623% and by 550% and 927%, respectively, and the contents of alkali-hydrolysable N, available P, and available K in this soil layer also increased significantly, compared with those under conventional tillage. Deep plowing once decreased the moisture content and increased the nutrients contents in 0〖KG-*2〗-〖KG-*7〗40 cm soil layer, but the decrement and increment were not significant. The post-anthesis biomass, post-anthesis dry matter translocation rate, and grain yield under no-tillage and subsoiling were 434% and 476%, 1556% and 1351%, and 1022% and 926% higher than those under conventional tillage, respectively. It could be concluded that no-tillage and subsoiling provided better soil conditions for the post-anthesis growth of winter wheat, under which, the flag leaf senescence postponed, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and translocation accelerated, and grain yield increased significantly, being the feasible tillage practices in dry farming winter wheat areas.

1 College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, Henan, China; 2 Luoyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luoyang 471022, Henan, China; 3 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

在旱作条件下研究了一次深翻、免耕、深松和传统耕作4种耕作方式对冬小麦花后旗叶衰老、小麦籽粒产量及土壤水分和养分状况的影响.结果表明：免耕和深松提高了小麦旗叶SOD和POD活性及可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量，降低了MDA和O 2 - ·含量，延缓了小麦叶片的衰老进程;同时，免耕、深松在开花期和灌浆期0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量分别比传统耕作提高了4.13％、6.23％和5.50％、9.27％，土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于传统耕作.一次深翻0～40 cm土层土壤水分含量低于传统耕作，土壤养分含量高于传统耕作，但两处理间差异不显著.与传统耕作相比，免耕和深松花后干物质生产量分别提高4.34％和4.76％，花后干物质转运率分别提高15.56％和13.51％，产量分别提高10.22％和9.26%.免耕和深松为冬小麦花后生长发育提供了良好的环境，延缓了小麦叶片衰老，促进了花后干物质积累及干物质向籽粒的转运，从而使籽粒产量显著提高，是旱作麦区适宜的耕作方式.

2014

0.0

... 7%^[28] ...

2009

0.0

... 另有研究表明, 与免耕覆盖相比, 深松还田显著增加冬小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, 最终籽粒产量增加^[29] ...

2014

0.0

孔凡磊, 张海林, 翟云龙, 袁继超, 陈阜. 耕作方式对华北冬小麦-夏玉米周年产量和水分利用的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22: 749-756

Kong F

, Zhang H

, Zhai Y

, Yuan J

, Chen

Effects of tillage methods on crop yield and water use characteristics in winter-wheat/summer-maize rotation system in the North China Plain.

Chin J Eco-agric, 2014, 22: 749-756 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Four tillage methods - conventional tillage without straw (CT), conventional tillage with straw incorporation (CTS), rotary tillage with straw incorporation (RTS) and no-tillage with straw mulch (NTS) - were used to study the effects of tillage on annual yield and water use efficiency in winter-wheat/summer-maize cultivation system in the North China Plain. Results showed that different tillage methods significantly influenced winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. Different tillage methods did not significantly influence yield and water use of summer maize, tillage with straw incorporation increased yield of summer maize. Although differences in winter wheat yield under RTS, CTS and CT were not significant, fewer effective panicles of winter wheat yield under NTS led to significantly lower yield, compared with other treatments. Compared with CT, NTS decreased annual yield by 5.13%, while RTS, CTS increased annual yield by 2.69% and 2.33%. The tillage methods had significant effects on soil water content in winter-wheat season, but had no impact on soil water content in summer-maize season. Also NTS improved soil water content and water storage in winter-wheat season. Compared with CT, NTS increased soil water storage by 39.07 mm and 26.65 mm in two consecutive years. In terms of crop water use, soil water accounted for the largest proportion of winter-wheat water use, followed by irrigation and precipitation. While precipitation accounted for the largest proportion of summer-maize water use, some precipitation contributed to soil water storage. NTS improved soil water storage in winter-wheat and also limited soil water use, implying that water use was lowest under NTS during winter-wheat season. Compared with CT, NTS saved 22.40 mm of soil water in winter-wheat season and NTS also had the lowest annual crop water use. There was lower winter-wheat yield under NTS, the annual water use efficiency was also lower than the other treatments. In terms of annual yield and water use efficiency, there was the need to increase winter-wheat yield under NTS thereby increasing annual production. This is critical because of the high water-saving capacity of NTS, which is a key crop cultivation issue in the North China Plain.

在冬小麦季设置秸秆不还田翻耕(CT)、秸秆还田翻耕(CTS)、秸秆还田旋耕(RTS)和免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4 种处理, 研究耕作方式对华北小麦.玉米两熟区作物周年产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明: 耕作方式对当季冬小麦产量和水分利用影响显著, 对夏玉米产量和水分利用影响不大, 但秸秆还田提高了夏玉米产量。RTS、CTS、CT 3 个处理小麦季产量差异不显著, 而NTS 由于有效穗数不足, 产量显著低于其他处理; 与CT相比, NTS 周年产量平均减产5.13%, RTS 增产2.69%, CTS 增产2.33%。耕作方式对当季小麦土壤水分含量影响大, 而对后茬夏玉米土壤水分含量的影响较小。NTS 提高了小麦季土壤水分含量, 增加了土壤储水量, 与CT 相比, 0~60 cm 土壤储水量2010 年和2011 年分别增加39.07 mm 和26.65 mm。从耗水构成来看, 土壤水在冬小麦耗水中所占比例最大, 其次为灌水和降水; 而夏玉米耗水以降水为主, 且降水中有一部分转化为土壤水储存起来。NTS 提高了冬小麦季土壤储水量, 降低了土壤水分的消耗, 冬小麦季耗水最少。与CT 相比, NTS小麦季平均节水22.40 mm, 周年耗水量也以NTS 最少; 但NTS 冬小麦产量降低导致其小麦季和周年水分利用效率均最低。从作物周年产量和水分利用的角度来看, 如何提高免耕秸秆覆盖小麦季产量, 进而提高周年产量,发挥其节水优势, 是该耕作模式在华北地区冬小麦.夏玉米两熟区推广应用亟需解决的关键问题。

... 周年耕作方式试验结果表明, 与旋耕相比, 冬小麦免耕播种降低成穗数导致减产, 而后茬玉米籽粒产量无显著差异^[30], 而冬小麦深松处理可显著增加后茬玉米的籽粒产量^[31], 冬小麦夏玉米周年连续免耕处理的夏玉米籽粒产量与旋耕-免耕相比略有增加, 但差异未达显著水平^[32] ...

2014

0.0

蔡丽君, 边大红, 田晓东, 曹立燕, 崔彦宏. 耕作方式对土壤理化性状及夏玉米生长发育和产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2014, 29(5): 232-238

Cai L

, Bian D

, Tian X

, Cao L

, Cui Y

Effect of tillage methods on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of summer maize.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2014, 29(5): 232-238 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of soil tillage methods on soil physical and chemical properties,summer maize growth and grain yield,and to provide a scientific basis for improving soil structure and grain yield in northern areas of Huang-Huai-Hai region.This experiment contained four tillage styles which were sub-soiling,plowing tillage,alternate year sub-soiling and rotary tillage.The results showed that sub-soiling,alternate year sub-soiling and plowing tillage could significantly reduce the soil compactness at 10 cm underground and deeper;improved the soil moisture content at different growth stages,the effect was most prominent between 20 cm to 40 cm soil layer; increased the soil potassium content's availability between 20 cm to 60 cm soil layer;helped to maintain leaf area index at middle and later filling stages and dry matter accumulation increased 7.79%-18.09%;and increased maximum and average filling rate,grain yield per hectare increased 4.1%-9.3%.Sub-soiling and alternate year sub-soiling had no significant difference between them.As far as high-yield and energy saving were concerned in the experiment,the most appropriate treatment for recommendation was the alternate year sub-soiling.

College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Crop Morphologic Anatomy Laboratory, Baoding 071001, China

研究耕作方式对土壤理化性状、夏玉米生长发育及籽粒产量的影响,为黄淮海北部地区土壤结构改善和籽粒产量提高提出有利的科学依据。试验设夏玉米前茬深松、翻耕、隔年深松和传统耕作旋耕4个处理。研究结果表明,深松、隔年深松、翻耕能够显著降低10 cm以下土层的土壤紧实度;提高各生育时期土壤含水量,尤其以20~40 cm土层表现最为明显;增加20~60 cm土层速效钾含量;有利于维持夏玉米灌浆中后期叶面积指数,干物质的积累量增加7.79%~18.09%;提高籽粒最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率,每公顷产量提高4.1%~9.3%。各处理间以深松和隔年深松处理表现最好,且两处理无显著差异。本试验条件下,隔年深松是兼顾高产节能高效的耕作方式。

2008

0.0

2014

0.0

李霞, 汤明军, 张东兴, 王维新, 崔涛. 深松对土壤特性及玉米产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(23): 65-69

, Tang M

, Zhang D

, Wang W

, Cui

Effects of sub-soiling on soil physical quality and corn yield.

Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(23): 65-69 (in English with Chinese abstract)

土壤压实和缺水成为制约华北平原作物产量的2个重要因素，为了提高半干旱地区旱地对自然降水的利用率，打破犁底层，达到节约用水、提高作物产量的目的，该文于2011年至2013年，在济宁进行了深松和当地旋耕2种耕作方式对土壤物理性质和玉米产量影响的试验研究。试验采用随机化完全区组设计，并采用方差分析评价不同耕作方式的耕作效果。试验结果表明，除了表层土（0～15 cm），在作物的所有生长时期，深松耕作下的土壤容重和紧实度明显小于旋耕，尤其是玉米吐丝期。另外，在玉米吐丝期，深松下的25～35 cm土层含水量比旋耕高出9.45%（2012年）和8.64%（2013年）。深松能显著提高玉米产量达6.08%～7.23%，但2种耕作方式对玉米的千粒质量影响相差不大。该研究对为华北平原提供一种更可持续的耕作方式-深松耕作具有重要意义。

... 本试验条件下, 砂姜黑土土质黏重, 通气透水性差, 与免耕-旋耕处理相比, 连续免耕处理冬小麦和夏玉米籽粒产量均有所降低, 玉米季深松能够增加夏玉米-冬小麦的籽粒产量, 以深松-免耕处理效果最优, 可能是由于玉米季深松打破犁底层, 利于根系的生长, 提高作物对水肥的利用效率, 最终导致产量增加^[33,34] ...

2015

0.0

尹宝重, 甄文超, 冯悦. 海河低平原深松播种对夏玉米根系生理的影响及其节水增产效应. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 623-632

Yin B

, Zhen W

, Feng

Effects of subsoiling-seeding on root physiological indices, water-saving and yield-increasing behaviors in summer maize (Zea mays L. ) in haihe lowland plain of China.

Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 623-632 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The study was carried out in Shenzhou Experimental Station, Arid Farming Research Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences in 2012–2013. The maize variety Zhengdan 958 was used in this experiment with two treatments including sub-soiling seeding (SRT) and no-tillage seeding(NT). From seedling emergence to maturity, the root morphology, physiological parameters and microstructure, canopy photosynthetic characteristics, and leaf area index were regularly measured. At maturity, the yields and the water use efficiency and water storage in 2 m soil layer were investigated. The results showed that SRT increased the root dry mass, surface area, length and active absoiling area ratio in 0–60 cm soil layer, with the increase of 30.5%, 24.6%, 29.7%, and 56.3%,respectively, in comparison with NT. In addition, SRT also increased the proline content, nitrate reductase activity and activity of roots compared with NT in this soil layer, with the increase of 140%, 37%, and 36.5%, respectively. The total root bleeding sap in SRT increased by 15.2% compared with NT in the whole growth stage. In 0–40 cm soil layer, the hydraulic conductivity in single root and the roots per plant around whole growth stage in SRT increased by 15.8% and 17% respectively, in comparison with NT. In SRT, the diameter of stele vessel was increased, cell walls of pericycle and stele parenchyma were thickened, and the number of pith cells were increased, but its section area ratio in stale decreased compared with NT. Moreover, the numbers and diameter of xylem vessel in SRT increased, but the cortical thickness in roots decreased. In 0–20cm soil layer, although the middle cortical cells of root in SRT were larger than those of NT, but there number was only 86.2% of NT. SRT also increased the LAI and photosynthetic rate. The grain-filling rate in SRT treatment was also increased, with 5% higher than in NT. In two growth seasons, compared with NT, the spike kernels, 1000-grain weight, and yield in SRT treatment were increased by 2.4%, 3.9% and 8.2%, respectively, whereas the water consumption was reduced by 9.1%, the water use efficiency was increased by 14.4%, and the water storage amount in 2 m soil layer was increased by 31.7%.

1College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei/.Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China; 2Information Engineering School of Hebei Province, Baoding 071001, China

于2012—2013年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站, 以郑单958为供试品种, 设置夏玉米深松播种和免耕播种两个处理, 从玉米出苗开始, 根据生育进程定期观察玉米根系形态、生理指标及微观结构、玉米冠层光合特性和叶面积指数, 成熟期测定产量, 计算水分利用效率和2 m土体水分储蓄情况。结果表明, 0~60 cm土层, 深松播种处理可提高玉米根系干物质积累、表面积、根长和活跃吸收面积比例, 全生育期分别比免耕播种处理提高30.5%、24.6%、29.7%和56.3%。0~60 cm土层, 深松播种处理玉米根系脯氨酸含量、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力分别比免耕处理高140%、37%和36.5%。全生育期, 深松播种处理根系伤流液总量比免耕播种处理提高15.2%。0~40 cm土层, 深松播种处理单根和整株根系导水率分别提高15.8%和17%。0~40 cm土层, 深松播种处理玉米根系中柱导管直径增大, 中柱鞘细胞壁及中柱内薄壁细胞的细胞壁增厚栓化, 髓细胞数量增多但整体在髓腔横切面积中所占比例偏小, 后生木质部导管直径增大、数量增多, 皮层厚度降低；0~20 cm土层, 深松播种处理根系皮层中部细胞虽也较大但层数较少, 相当于免耕处理的86.2%。深松播种处理可提高玉米叶面积指数, 全生育期平均比免耕处理高12.5%；深松播种处理还可提高叶片光合速率和光合势。深松播种处理玉米籽粒灌浆速率全生育期平均比免耕播种处理高5%。与免耕处理相比, 深松播种处理2年平均穗粒数、千粒重和产量分别比免耕播种处理提高2.4%、3.9%和8.2%, 耗水量降低9.1%, 产量和水分利用效率分别比免耕处理高8.2%和14.4%, 2 m土体贮水量提高31.7%。

2014

0.0

姬强, 孙汉印, Taraqqi A

, 王旭东. 不同耕作措施对冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作系统土壤有机碳和水分利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25: 1029-1035

, Sun H

, Taraqqi A

, Wang X

Impact of different tillage practices on soil organic carbon and water use efficiency under continuous wheat-maize binary cropping system.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2014, 25: 1029-1035 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Base on an 8year field experiment, the effects of tillage practices coupled with or without straw return on the soil organic carbon (SOC) and water use efficiency (WUE) were investigated in Guanzhong Plain during the growing seasons from 2008 to 2009. The results showed that conservation tillage practices (sub-soiling, SS; rotary tillage, RT; notill, NT) improved the SOC, WUE and crop yield compared with conventional tillage (CT), among which, SS coupled with straw return had the highest increment, with increase in SOC content of the 0-30 cm soil layer, WUE and crop yield by 19.5%, 16.9% and 20.5%, respectively. The NT practice effectively increased the SOC content of the 0-10 cm soil layer. Conclusively, under the current soil and climatic conditions in Guanzhong Plain, subsoiling coupled with straw return is the most efficient tillage practice for promoting SOC accumulation, increasing water-use efficiency and yield.

( 1 College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;  2 Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agroenvironment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China)

在连续8年田间定位试验的基础上,分析了关中平原冬小麦夏玉米复种连作系统2008—2009年连续两个生长季期间不同耕作措施(结合秸秆还田和不还田)对土壤有机碳和水分利用率的影响.结果表明: 相对于传统耕作,保护性耕作有利于土壤有机碳、水分利用效率和作物产量的提高,其中在“深松+秸秆还田”耕作模式下的增幅最高,土壤有机碳含量在0～30 cm土层增幅达到19.5%,水分利用效率和作物产量提高了16.9%和20.5%,而免耕模式则有效提高了0～10 cm土层有机碳含量.在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松结合秸秆粉碎还田是最理想的耕作模式,最有利于土壤有机碳累积,并提高水分利用效率和作物产量.

... 鉴于不同的土壤性质、气候特点以及耕作方式对作物产量不尽相同的影响^[35], 耕作措施的选择应因地制宜, 根据当地的实际生产条件选择最具应用价值的耕作模式^[36] ...

2008

0.0

谢瑞芝, 李少昆, 金亚征, 李小君, 汤秋香, 王克如, 高世菊. 中国保护性耕作试验研究的产量效应分析. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 397-404

Xie R

, Li S

, Jin Y

, Li X

, Tang Q

, Wang K

, Gao S

The trends of crop yield responses to conservation tillage in China.

Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 397-404 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Conservation tillage (CT) also be referred to as resource-efficient / resource effective agriculture, have become the most important measures of sustainable agriculture development, it is a relatively new concept but widely adopted in china and had considerable benefits. This paper reviewed the historical development and the current situation of conservation tillage research in China, with special reference to their effects on crop yield, especially reduction of output. Many crucial points for successfully adopting conservation tillage systems were emphasized.【Method】Research advances in the conservation tillage of china on recent years were reviewed in this paper. Based on papers published, the current researches progress on conservation tillage (CT) of crop production in china were summarized and analyzed. All these aspects are reviewed but detailed information of conservation tillage is spares and disparate from China studies.【Result】It is discovered that the tract characteristic of conservation tillage research in china was distinct: reduced tillage was predominantly in northeast of china, no-tillage was centralize in backward position of Yangtse rive and southeast of china, and a large proportion of research in northwest was straw mulching and composition treatment. Most of report was increase production with CT, only 10% was reduction of output but distributing all region of china. There were more higher probability reduction of output in Huanghuaihai plain and northwest of china to apply conservation tillage, treatment of reduced tillage and no-tillage had more higher probability than others, wheat had the highest probability than rice and maize when plant with conservation tillage. The responses to CT were different: the wheat yield which planted in Huanghuaihai plain or northwest of china and adopted reduced tillage or no-tillage reduce frequency, but the yield was stably which planted in southwest of china; the rice yield which planted in southwest of china had more higher probability to reduce, however the yield which planted in backward position of Yangtse rive and southeast of china was stably, straw mulching had more higher probability reduction of output. There was a very interesting thing about composition treatment which reduced or no-tillage and straw mulching , it was worth investigating since it’s prominence represent on crop yield stably.【Conclusion】Conservation tillage is the key technique of sustainable agriculture, carrying out the research of application and extension of conservation tillage in China is profound significance. It is necessary to strengthen the study of key techniques, to enhance research strength and level for improving and promoting sustainable agricultural, and change the traditional idea of farmers so as to accelerate the application of conservation tillage in china.

中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/国家农作物基因资源与基因改良重大科学工程

【目的】明确中国目前开展的保护性耕作研究的产量效应以及具体分布情况。【方法】收集公开发表的涉及保护性耕作的研究论文，对有关数据进行整理和分析。【结果】研究发现，中国保护性耕作研究具有明显的地域特色：少耕研究集中在东北地区，免耕研究集中在长江下游及东南地区，秸秆处理和综合型措施的研究以西北地区最多。中国保护性耕作的产量研究结果多为增产，但也有10.92%的减产数据见诸于各地的报道，其中黄淮海、华北平原、西北内陆、青藏高原、黄土高原区的减产概率比较高；少耕和免耕处理的减产概率较高；小麦减产概率最高，玉米减产概率最小。不同区域、不同作物对保护性耕作措施的反应不同：小麦在黄淮海、华北平原及西北地区的减产发生频率较高，少耕处理的减产概率最大，但在西南地区的稳产性能较好；水稻在西南地区减产概率高，在长江中下游和东南地区的稳产性能较好，秸秆处理减产概率高，而免耕稳产性能较好。少、免耕和秸秆处理相结合的综合型保护性耕作措施减产概率很低，且在所有区域对所有作物的表现相同，值得重点研究。【结论】保护性耕作是实现农业可持续发展的重要手段，但保护性耕作措施的选择应因地制宜，根据生产条件采用最具生产价值的耕作模式。本研究的结果能够为我国保护性耕作的稳产丰产研究和推广应用提供指导。