氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

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胡群, 夏敏, 张洪程, 曹利强, 郭保卫, 魏海燕, 陈厚存, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 林昌明, 韩宝富. 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(11): 1666-1676
HU Qun, XIA Min, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, CAO Li-Qiang, GUO Bao-Wei, WEI Hai-Yan, CHEN Hou-Cun, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, LIN Chang-Ming, HAN Bao-Fu. Effect of Nitrogen Application Regime on Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice with Good Taste Quality. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(11): 1666-1676 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

胡群¹, 夏敏¹, 张洪程^1,^*, 曹利强¹, 郭保卫¹, 魏海燕¹, 陈厚存², 戴其根¹, 霍中洋¹, 许轲¹, 林昌明², 韩宝富³

¹扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

²海安县作物栽培技术指导站, 江苏海安 226600

³南通锦湖生态农业开发有限公司, 江苏海安 226600

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 707643578@qq.com

收稿日期:2016-02-05 接受日期:2016-07-11 网络出版日期:2016-08-11

基金:本研究由江苏省农业科技自主创新基金(CX[12]1003-9), 江苏省农业三新工程(SXGC[2015]325), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102), 国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300503), 扬州大学科技创新培育基金项目(2015CXJ042)和江苏省重点研发计划(BE2015340, BE2016351, BE2016344)资助

摘要

近年来, 长江中下游地区优质食味水稻的种植面积不断拓展, 新型的配套钵苗机插栽培技术增产增效显著。其中, 氮肥施用起着主要的调控作用。以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳9108和南粳5055为材料, 在总施纯氮量270 kg hm^-2大田氮肥常用量条件下, 设置10:0、9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5、4:6七种基蘖肥与穗肥比例的处理。比较研究不同处理对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、干物质积累、氮素吸收利用等方面的影响。结果表明, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4时产量最高, 因其在稳定穗数的基础上, 每穗粒数显著高于其他处理, 群体颖花量高, 同时能显著提高结实率和千粒重。群体茎蘖数随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减少, 穗肥比例较高的处理拔节之后茎蘖数下降平缓, 成熟期茎蘖成穗率明显高于穗肥比例较低的处理; 6:4处理生育中、后期群体叶面积指数和干物质积累量均较高, 尤其成熟期干物质重以及拔节至成熟期阶段干物质积累量显著大于其他处理。6:4处理拔节之前的氮素积累量较少, 拔节之后氮素积累量和成熟期总吸氮量显著高于其他处理, 氮肥表观利用率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力都显著高于其他处理。基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4的氮肥运筹方式, 利于在培育适宜穗数的同时, 培育大穗, 提高结实率和千粒重, 协调产量构成因素, 优化群体质量, 使钵苗机插优质食味水稻达到高产、高效的相互统一。

关键词: 氮肥运筹; 钵苗机插; 优质食味水稻; 产量; 氮素吸收利用

Effect of Nitrogen Application Regime on Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Mechanical Pot-Seedling Transplanting Rice with Good Taste Quality

HU Qun¹, XIA Min¹, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,^*, CAO Li-Qiang¹, GUO Bao-Wei¹, WEI Hai-Yan¹, CHEN Hou-Cun², DAI Qi-Gen¹, HUO Zhong-Yang¹, XU Ke¹, LIN Chang-Ming², HAN Bao-Fu³

¹ Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China

² Crop Cultivation Technology Guidence Station, Hai^’an County, Hai’an 226600, China

³ Nantong Kumho Ecological Agriculture Development Co., Ltd, Hai’an 226600, China

Fund:This work was financed by the Agricultural Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province (CX[12]1003-9), the Three New Agriculture Project of Jiangsu Province (SXGC[2015]325), the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102), China Key Research and Development Programs (2016YFD0300503), the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation Project of Yangzhou University (2015CXJ042), and the Important Research and Development Programs of Jiangsu Province (BE2015340, BE2016351, BE2016344)

Abstract

In recent years, the planting area of good taste quality rice in the Yangtze River region is continuously expanded. With developing the new matching technology of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice, the yield and efficiency of good taste quality rice were increased significantly. Nitrogen fertilizer plays a major role in rice production. Two representative rice cultivars with good taste quality grown in Jiangsu, named Nanjing 9108 and Nanjing 5055, were adopted in this study. The total amount of nitrogen applied in each treatment was 270 kg ha^-1 with different ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer, including 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6. The effects of the nitrogen application strategies on yield and its components, stems and tillers dynamic, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice were studied and the best method of nitrogen application was also accessed. It was found that the treatment with the ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer of 6:4 had the highest yield, due to its higher spikelets per panicle based on more and stable panicle number, higher seed-setting rate and 1000-gain weight than these of other treatments. The population number of stems and tillers gradually reduced with the ratio of basal-tillering fertilizer decreased and gently decreased after jointing stage in the treatments with more panicle-fertilizer. The percentage of productive tillers decreased with the ratio of panicle-fertilizer increased. During the middle and late growth stages, the treatment of 6:4 had significantly larger LAI and higher dry matter accumulation. The treatment of 6:4 had a litter nitrogen accumulation before jointing, but higher nitrogen accumulation after jointing and higher total nitrogen accumulation at mature stage than other treatments. Apparent nitrogen use efficiency, physiological nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen were higher in treatment of 6:4 than in other treatments too. In general, the treatment with the ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer of 6:4 is conducive to get suitable panicle number, large spike, increased filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight, coordinative yield components and optimized population quality, which is the best nitrogen application regime for mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality to achieve mutual unity of high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency.

Keyword: Nitrogen application; Mechanical transplanting with pot seedling; Good taste quality rice; Yield; Nitrogen absorption and utilization

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氮素是作物生长必需的三大元素之一, 对作物生长效果明显^[1]。一直以来, 氮肥运筹是水稻生产过程中的重要手段, 与稻谷产量^[2]、氮肥吸收利用和稻米品质等关系密切, 合理运筹不仅增加产量, 且能提高水稻对氮素的吸收利用^[3]。关于氮肥的合理运筹, 前人的研究很多, 赵峰等^[4]研究认为早稻两优287机械栽植, 在基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥中氮比例为5:3:2时有利于提高生育后期的根系活力、形成有效利用养分的根系特征、促进叶片光合能力的发挥, 最终取得较高产量。林忠成等^[5]研究认为当基蘖肥氮比例为60%~70%时, 双季早、晚稻的群体碳氮代谢比较协调, 产量和氮肥利用效率较高。吴文革等^[6]研究认为前氮后移增施穗肥, 能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应, 可促进氮素的吸收, 提高氮肥当季利用效率, 双季稻北缘地区早稻的合理施肥方式为基肥:蘖肥:穗肥 = 50:25:25。陈海飞等^[7]研究认为在湖北中低产水稻田氮肥配比处理中, 基、蘖、穗氮肥比例为40:30:30的处理氮素收获指数和氮肥偏生产力较高, 产量也较高。张祥明等^[8]认为产量、氮肥利用率与氮肥基施比例呈现抛物线关系, 抛栽方式基肥占42.97%、移栽方式为40.88%时氮肥利用率最高。由此可见, 前人关于氮肥运筹的研究多集中于以往的常规手插或毯苗机插, 同时所采用的品种多为常规或杂交稻, 针对钵苗机插条件下优质食味水稻的氮肥精确运筹研究尚未见系统报道。

水稻钵苗机插, 是采用新型插秧机将钵育壮秧按一定的行距和株距有序地无植伤地移植于大田的先进技术; 栽后, 缓苗期短, 早生快发, 高峰苗量适宜, 成穗率高, 生育中后期群体光合势、干物质积累以及群体生长率和净同化率都相对较高, 利于机插条件下获得较高的产量, 且能改善稻米品质^{[9, 10]}。随着国家对农业产业结构的调整, 在水稻生产上, 加快优质水稻生产进程已成为今后的发展方向^[11]。近年来, 苏、浙、皖、桂等许多地方开始重视优质食味水稻品种的选育和推广, 人们对优质稻米的要求越来越高, 需求越来越大, 对于影响其产量的氮肥运筹研究显得尤为重要。本研究旨在为钵苗机插优质食味水稻氮肥的合理施用提供理论依据和技术指导, 进一步完善钵苗机插优质食味水稻大田栽培管理技术, 形成具有钵苗机插优质食味水稻特色的高产和高效的栽培技术理论。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点与供试品种

扬州大学校外试验基地江苏省海安县雅周镇。试验田前茬为小麦(产量约为6.7 t hm^-2), 土壤质地为沙壤土, 地力中等, 含有机质28.1 g kg^-1、全氮1.6 g kg^-1、碱解氮89.4 mg kg^-1、速效磷34.3 mg kg^-1、速效钾85.7 mg kg^-1。

供试品种为南粳9108和南粳5055, 前者原名“ 宁9108” , 由江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所以武香粳14/关东194杂交, 于2009年育成, 属迟熟中粳稻品种, 全生育期约为153 d, 整精米率约为72%, 垩白率约为18%, 垩白度约为3.1%, 胶稠度约为89 mm, 直链淀粉含量约为14.2%。后者由江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所于2005年育成, 属早熟晚粳稻品种, 全生育期为160 d左右, 整精米率约为72.1%, 垩白率约为15%, 垩白度约为2.1%, 胶稠度约为81 mm, 直链淀粉含量约为12.5%, 两者都属于半糯型品种, 食味品质极佳, 均为江苏省大面积栽培的优质食味水稻。育秧钵盘为D448P型水稻钵苗育秧盘, 规格为61.8 cm× 31.5 cm× 2.5 cm (长度× 宽度× 高度), 每盘448个钵孔, 上部孔径1.6 cm, 底部孔径1.3 cm; 配套育插秧机械为2BD-600 (LSPE-60AM)型水稻钵苗播种机和2ZB-6 (RX-60AM)型钵苗乘坐式高速插秧机。上述机具均由常州亚美柯机械设备有限公司制造。

1.2 试验设计

采用单因素随机区组试验方法, 试验因素为基蘖肥和穗肥比例。设置7个氮肥运筹方式即基蘖肥与穗肥比例为10:0、9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5、4:6。同时设置一个对照, 全生育期不施氮肥(CK), 磷、钾肥同比例施入。每处理重复3次, 小区面积15 m², 共48个小区, 随机排列。小区四周设保护行, 每小区之间筑35~40 cm土埂并用塑料薄膜包埂, 以减少各小区间的相互影响。

每公顷施纯氮270 kg, 基肥:蘖肥 = 5:5, N:P:K = 1.0:0.5:0.8。基肥在移栽前1 d施入; 分蘖肥分别于移栽后7 d和2周等量施入; 穗粒肥分别于倒四叶和倒三叶等量施入。另外, 钾肥(K₂O)按基肥和幼穗分化肥(倒四叶)等量施入; 磷肥等量(P₂O₅)作基肥一次施入。其中氮肥为尿素(含氮46.4%)、磷肥为过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 12.5%)、钾肥为氯化钾(含K₂O 57%)。根据养分含量计算肥料实物用量, 随称随施。

2014年5月16日和2015年5月17日采用448孔育秧硬盘培育健壮钵苗, 每孔4~5粒, 分别于6月20日和6月22日使用钵苗插秧机机插, 秧龄分别为34 d和35 d, 行距:株距 = 33.0 cm:12.0 cm, 每公顷基本苗105万株。栽后补缺去余, 精确穴苗数。机插时薄水移栽活棵, 分蘖期稳定浅水层灌溉; 在有效分蘖临界叶龄的前一个叶龄, 茎蘖数达到预期穗数的80%时, 开始排水搁田, 轻搁、多搁; 拔节至成熟期湿润灌溉, 干干湿湿; 收获前5~7 d断水。按当地大面积生产统一实施病虫草害防治。

1.3 测定内容与方法

1.3.1 茎蘖动态秧苗返青活棵后, 从每个小区选取2个观察点, 每点选取10穴定期调查, 拔节前每5 d观测一次, 统计茎蘖数, 拔节后每7 d观测一次, 统计茎蘖数, 记录4个重要时期有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期的茎蘖数和观察其茎蘖消长动态。

1.3.2 叶面积指数和干物质量分别于有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均数取代表性植株3穴, 用直尺量取叶片长与宽, 并采用比重法测定叶面积(从每株随机选取20张叶片, 统一剪取10 cm长度作为比重叶, 量出每张叶片宽度求取平均值w, 烘干称取比重叶干物质重和每株叶片总干物质重, 每株叶面积 = 每株叶片总干物质重× 0.1× w/比重叶干物质重), 从而计算出叶面积指数。植株105℃下杀青30 min, 75℃下烘干至恒重, 测定各器官干物质质量。

1.3.3 氮素积累量将样品粉碎后用H₂SO₄- H₂O₂消化, 以半微量凯氏定氮法测定各部分氮含量。

1.3.4 产量成熟期普查每小区50穴, 计算有效穗数, 取5穴调查每穗粒数、结实率, 以1000粒实粒样本(干种子)称重, 重复3次(误差不超过0.05 g)求取千粒重, 从而求取理论产量。成熟期从各小区割取50穴, 脱粒、去杂晒干后称重求取实际产量。

1.3.5 收获指数于成熟期按每小区茎蘖数的平均数取代表性植株3穴, 剪去根部, 于105℃下杀青30 min, 75℃下烘干至恒重, 测定其干物质质量, 计算出群体单位面积地上部总干物质积累量。成熟期从各小区割取50穴, 脱粒、去杂晒干至恒重后称取籽粒重量, 计算出群体单位面积经济产量, 计算收获指数。

1.4 数据计算与统计分析

氮肥表观利用率(%) = (施氮区植株氮素积累量-空白区植株氮素积累量) /施氮量× 100

氮肥农学利用率(kg kg^-1) = (施氮区水稻产量-空白区水稻产量) /施氮量

氮肥生理利用率(kg kg^-1) = (施氮区水稻产量-空白区水稻产量) / (施氮区植株氮素积累量-空白区植株氮素积累量)

百千克籽粒需氮量(kg) = 植株氮素积累量/产量× 100

收获指数(%) = 群体单位面积经济产量/群体单位面积地上部总干物质积累量× 100

采用Microsoft Excel 2003进行数据的录入和计算, 运用DPS软件进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其构成因素

基蘖肥与穗肥比例不同, 连续两年钵苗机插优质水稻的产量处理间差异达显著水平。由表1可知,

表1 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量及其构成因素 Table 1 Yield and its components of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	穗数 Panicle number (× 10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Grains per panicle (No. panicle^-1)	总颖花量 Total spikelet No. (× 10⁴ No. hm^-2)	结实率 Filled-grain percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	理论产量 Theoretical yield (kg hm^-2)	实际产量 Actual yield (kg hm^-2)
2014
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108	10:0	351.15 a	120.33 d	42255.06 bc	92.11 f	25.52 e	9930.71 d	9423.66 d
	9:1	348.60 a	122.47 d	42691.89 ab	93.23 e	25.62 e	10197.35 c	9524.72 d
	8:2	338.70 b	126.65 c	42897.35 a	93.36 de	25.89 d	10367.12 c	9853.16 c
	7:3	332.25 b	130.34 b	43305.22 a	94.41 c	26.23 c	10722.77 b	10318.02 b
	6:4	317.10 c	136.63 a	43326.12 a	95.77 b	26.53 b	11006.23 a	10515.08 a
	5:5	308.25 d	135.22 a	41681.18 c	93.85 d	26.16 c	10232.69 c	9792.52 c
	4:6	300.60 e	134.60 a	40459.32 d	93.65 de	26.15 c	9907.05 d	9736.94 c
	对照CK	199.62 f	112.19 e	22395.47 e	97.00 a	26.99 a	5862.92 e	5204.49 e
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	10:0	361.35 a	114.53 d	41385.42 d	94.65 e	25.47 e	9975.25 de	9398.39 e
	9:1	356.25 a	116.84 d	41624.25 cd	95.03 d	25.57 e	10115.67 cde	9499.45 de
	8:2	348.60 b	120.43 c	41980.89 bc	95.24 d	25.81 d	10320.69 c	9651.04 d
	7:3	343.65 b	123.00 c	42268.95 ab	95.90 c	26.19 bc	10615.69 b	10232.12 b
	6:4	329.70 c	129.67 a	42753.81 a	96.57 b	26.27 b	10847.64 a	10434.24 a
	5:5	318.30 d	127.59 ab	40611.95 e	96.03 c	26.13 c	10190.26 cd	9853.16 c
	4:6	315.15 d	126.20 b	39773.24 f	95.86 c	26.11 c	9955.26 e	9575.25 de
	对照CK	200.51 e	107.00 e	21454.04 g	97.05 a	26.97 a	5614.74 f	4901.31 f
2015
南粳9108 Nanjing 9108	10:0	338.54 a	123.33 e	41753.80 de	93.13 g	25.88 e	10061.42 e	9645.99 d
	9:1	336.02 ab	125.75 e	42254.24 cd	94.63 f	25.89 e	10350.64 de	9739.46 d
	8:2	330.96 b	129.88 d	42984.07 bc	95.76 d	25.92 e	10669.13 c	10134.60 c
	7:3	323.39 c	134.46 c	43482.93 ab	96.13 c	26.42 c	11043.03 b	10492.35 b
	6:4	313.28 d	141.68 a	44385.03 a	96.39 b	26.61 b	11382.83 a	10684.36 a
	5:5	303.17 e	139.69 ab	42351.08 cd	95.67 d	26.23 d	10626.90 cd	10017.37 c
	4:6	298.12 e	137.92 b	41117.78 e	95.28 e	26.19 d	10260.33 e	9807.68 d
	对照CK	197.06 f	117.93 f	23239.37 f	97.14 a	27.23 a	6145.77 f	5419.24 e
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	10:0	352.44 a	116.31 f	40991.46 d	94.15 e	25.92 g	10004.66 d	9504.50 e
	9:1	349.91 a	119.73 e	41895.39 bcd	94.17 de	26.14 f	10312.68 cd	9693.99 d
	8:2	344.86 b	122.46 d	42232.14 bc	94.29 de	26.19 ef	10426.65 c	9901.16 c
	7:3	332.23 c	128.96 c	42845.57 ab	95.78 c	26.47 c	10862.65 b	10463.55 b
	6:4	325.91 d	134.04 a	43683.85 a	96.44 b	26.67 b	11233.32 a	10608.56 a
	5:5	313.28 e	132.14 ab	41397.69 cd	95.81 c	26.38 cd	10464.80 c	10005.50 c
	4:6	312.02 e	131.50 b	41030.18 d	94.53 d	26.30 de	10198.92 cd	9741.99 d
	对照CK	199.59 f	110.11 g	21977.03 e	97.05 a	27.21 a	5804.01 e	5184.28 f

Values followed by different lowercase letters in a column are significantly different at the 5% probability level. The “ Treatment” in table refers to the ratio of basal-tillering-fertilizer to panicle-fertilizer.

同一品种同列标注不同小写字母的数据处理间差异达5%显著水平, 表中“ 处理” 指基蘖肥与穗肥比例。

随着基蘖肥比例减少, 水稻产量先增加后减小, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4时产量最高, 显著高于其他处理, 如2014年, 南粳9108、南粳5055实际产量分别为10 515.08 kg hm^-2和10 434.24 kg hm^-2, 分别较两品种10:0处理时最低产量9423.66 kg hm^-2和9398.39 kg hm^-2增产10.38%和9.93%。

进一步分析产量构成因素, 不同处理的结实率和千粒重, 随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低, 呈现先增加后减小的趋势, 除不施氮的对照最高外, 均以6:4处理最高。群体颖花量构成因素的穗数随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低呈减少趋势, 而每穗粒数随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而增加, 而后又略有下降。从本试验结果可知, 钵苗机插优质食味水稻在基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4时产量最高, 其次是7:3, 可以看出6:4处理更有利于高产, 其在稳定穗数的基础上, 后期适量施用穗肥可以显著提高每穗粒数, 同时能够提高结实率和千粒重, 从而达到高产。

由于2年试验结果的规律基本一致, 下文以2015年的试验数据进行详细分析。

2.2 群体茎蘖动态和成穗率

由表2可知, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例对钵苗机插优质食味水稻不同生育期茎蘖数和最终成穗率影响较大。从有效分蘖临界叶龄期开始各处理茎蘖数差异显著, 表现为随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而减少, 各处理在拔节期均达高峰苗, 拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期穗数不同处理间的趋势表现为与有效分蘖临界叶龄期一致; 高峰苗之后, 前期施肥量较大的处理群体茎蘖数消亡较快, 到成熟期, 成穗率随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而提高, 说明减少前期基蘖肥的用量可以降低高峰苗的数量, 后期施用穗肥可以提高成穗率。

表2 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的茎蘖动态和成穗率 Table 2 Number of stem and tiller and percentage of productive tiller of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications

2.3 叶面积指数动态和结实期叶面积衰减率

由表3可以看出, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期, 随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低, 两品种叶面积指数逐渐减小, 处理间差异达显著水平; 拔节期的趋势与有效分蘖临界叶龄期一致; 抽穗期各处理叶面积指数均达最大值, 群体叶面积指数表现出随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而先增加后减小, 后期穗肥比例较大的处理叶面积指数多高于前期基蘖肥比例较大的处理; 抽穗后, 各处理叶面积指数均开始下降, 基蘖肥比例较大的处理下降较快, 到成熟期群体叶面积指数呈现抛物线趋势, 6:4处理的叶面积指数显著高于其他处理; 结实期叶面积衰减率随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低逐渐减少, 而后略有增加, 6:4和7:3处理可以减小叶面积衰减速度。

表3 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的叶面积指数和叶面积衰减率 Table 3 Leaf area index and decreasing rate of leaf area of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications

2.4 群体干物质积累

由表4可知, 拔节之前, 因为基蘖肥比例较高, 干物质积累速率较快, 拔节期两品种各处理的群体干物质积累量表现为随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而递减, 各处理之间达显著差异; 拔节之后, 6:4处理的干物质生产量明显增加, 到抽穗期各处理群体干物质积累量随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低先增加后减小; 成熟期, 各处理总干物质积累量呈现抛物线趋势, 6:4处理干物质积累量最高, 其次是7:3处理。收获指数表现出和成熟期干物质积累量相似的趋势, 先增后降, 同样以6:4处理最高, 说明氮肥适量后移能提高钵苗机插优质食味水稻的收获指数。

表4 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻干物质积累 Table 4 Dry matter accumulation of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications

2.5 阶段干物质积累及其比例

由表5可知, 移栽至拔节期, 两品种各处理干物质积累量随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而逐渐减少, 而拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期则呈先增后减趋势, 均以6:4处理最高, 且氮肥后移处理明显高于前期基蘖肥比例较高处理。从阶段干物质积累比例来看, 移栽至拔节期, 基蘖肥所占比例较大的处理干物质积累比例显著较高, 呈递减趋势; 拔节至抽穗期, 各处理干物质积累比例趋势相反, 呈递增趋势; 抽穗至成熟期, 各处理干物质积累比例无显著差异, 穗肥所占比例较大的处理略高。

表5 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻各生育期干物质积累及其比例 Table 5 Dry matter accumulation and its ratio of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications at different growth stages

2.6 各生育阶段氮素积累量及其比例

由表6可知, 拔节之前, 两品种的氮素积累量均以基蘖肥与穗肥比例为10:0的处理最高, 各处理随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而减少, 差异达显著水平; 拔节至抽穗期, 穗肥比例较高的处理氮素积累量明显大于穗肥比例较低的处理, 整体呈现出先增后减的趋势; 抽穗至成熟期, 氮素积累量与拔节至抽穗期的变化趋势一致。从阶段氮素积累比例来看, 拔节之前氮素积累量占全生育期总吸氮量的比例, 前面3个处理10:0、9:1、8:2显著高于其他处理, 其他处理间差异不显著; 拔节至抽穗期氮素积累量占全生育期总吸氮量比例, 随着基蘖肥所占比例的降低而逐渐增加; 然而抽穗至成熟期各处理之间的规律并不明显, 均以6:4处理略高。

表6 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻各生育阶段氮素吸收积累特点 Table 6 Nitrogen accumulation in each growth stages of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications

2.7 氮素吸收利用率

由表7可知, 两品种成熟期氮素积累总量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率以及氮肥偏生产力均随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而呈现先增后减的趋势。其中成熟期氮素积累总量、氮肥表观利用率均以6:4处理最高, 显著高于其他处理, 氮肥生理利用率、氮肥农学利用率以及氮肥偏生产力以6:4和7:3最高, 两处理之间无显著差异。百千克籽粒需氮量则随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低呈现先减少后增加的趋势, 其中6:4和7:3处理一样, 显著低于其他处理。

表7 不同氮肥运筹下钵苗机插优质食味水稻的氮素利用效率 Table 7 Nitrogen use efficiency of mechanical pot-seedling transplanting rice with good taste quality under different nitrogen applications

3 讨论

3.1 钵苗机插优质食味水稻的氮肥运筹方式

水稻的氮肥运筹是在确定适宜施氮量的基础上, 合理分配各生育期施氮配比的一项栽培措施。合理的氮肥运筹能够高效地施用氮肥, 协调氮肥的农学效应、社会效益和环境效益, 减少氮肥的损失和对环境的不良影响^[12]。在生产上因施肥时期的不同, 氮肥可被分为基肥、返青肥、分蘖肥、长粗肥、促花肥、保花肥、破口肥与粒肥等^[13]。本课题组在综合分析与参考前人研究的基础上, 从大量高产实践中凝练出水稻一生氮肥总体运筹必须最有利于提高抽穗后群体干物质积累量的根本规律, 并把水稻一生不同生育时期名目繁多的施肥简化为基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥^{[14, 15, 16]}。水稻精确定量栽培技术的核心内容就是精确定量施氮, 对于氮肥运筹中基蘖肥与穗肥的比例, 以往的学者做了大量研究, 如凌启鸿等^[2]研究认为水稻中小苗移栽, 氮肥运筹基蘖肥与穗肥比例以6:4~5:5利于获得高产。苏祖芳等^[17]研究认为在适宜的总施氮量下基蘖肥的用量由以往的70%~80%, 降低为40%~60%, 增加穗粒肥施用量, 有利于协调穗数和大穗关系, 进一步提高产量。吴文革等^[18]研究认为杂交中籼水稻机插的氮肥运筹技术, 基蘖肥与穗肥适宜比例为6:4, 氮肥后移适当增加穗粒肥的比例有利于后期防早衰, 提高产量。在我国双季稻区, 氮肥施用一般习惯采用“ 一轰头” 的施肥方式, 即基蘖肥与穗肥比例为10:0, 其注重以增穗提高产量。目前对于钵苗机插优质食味水稻的氮肥运筹方式研究较少, 大多是沿用单季稻区常规机插粳稻施肥方法, 但是由于钵苗机插水稻的产量优势以及生理生态特点并不一样, 如何通过氮肥运筹充分发挥钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量优势, 有必要深入研究。本研究结果表明, 不同的氮肥运筹方式对钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量和氮素吸收利用有较大的影响, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4时, 其产量较高, 其次是7:3处理。本研究在高地力地区, 钵苗机插的氮肥运筹总施氮量可能有所降低, 但其合理的比例并不会变化, 而在低地力地区, 其总施氮量应该略有增加, 同时前期施肥量略有增加, 可能以7:3处理较好。

3.2 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

连续两年的试验结果表明, 不同基蘖肥与穗肥比例对钵苗机插优质食味水稻产量的影响有显著或极显著差异, 均以6:4处理产量较高, 其次是7:3处理。钵苗机插水稻有缓苗期短、早发快长优势, 所以前期基蘖肥施用量较多的处理有效茎蘖数明显较多, 但是群体茎蘖成穗率较低, 同时拔节之后氮素营养不足导致每穗粒数不足, 穗型偏小, 抽穗至成熟期群体光合生产量低, 结实率和千粒重均较低, 导致产量较低。基蘖肥与穗肥比例6:4处理可以获得稳定适宜的穗数, 保证较高的成穗率, 显著增加每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重, 从而获得高产。张洪程等^[19]研究得出水稻氮肥精确后移施用模式高产高效的机制, 即巩固有效分蘖, 以高成穗率争足穗; 攻取大穗, 优化中期群体结构, 至抽穗期既有足量干物质积累又具有较高粒叶比; 强化抽穗后光合物质生产与积累, 协调物质运转, 以强源畅流促充实。这与本研究结果所得出的基蘖肥与穗肥比例6:4处理获得高产的机制基本一致, 适当施用穗肥, 既可以巩固有效分蘖成穗, 又可以促进壮秆大穗。因此, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4的氮肥运筹方案能充分发挥钵苗机插水稻的高产优势, 提高钵苗机插水稻的效益。

3.3 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻氮素吸收利用的影响

孙永健等^[20]研究认为氮肥后移比例过高会显著加重转运贡献率的负效应, 只有当氮素基蘖肥与穗肥比例协调时才能提高氮素在抽穗前的累积, 促进结实期氮素向籽粒转运量, 才能尽可能地提高结实期各营养器官氮素的转运贡献率及收获指数。万靓军等^[21]研究认为氮肥利用率随着穗肥施氮比例的下降, 有先升后降的趋势, 以基蘖肥与穗肥比例6:4时氮素利用效率最高。何虎等^[22]研究认为等施氮量下, 氮素积累量随穗肥施用比例下降而降低, 氮素农学利用率和生理利用率以基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥= 5:2:3处理最高。上述研究是以双季稻或杂交稻为试验材料, 本研究以钵苗机插优质粳稻为材料, 试验结果表明随着基蘖肥所占比例的降低, 水稻成熟期总吸氮量和氮肥表观利用率、生理利用率、农学利用率以及氮素偏生产力均呈现先增加后降低趋势, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4时上述参数值最高, 百千克籽粒需氮量以6:4和7:3的处理最低。从试验结果还可以看出6:4处理在抽穗至成熟期的氮素积累量显著高于其他处理, 而基蘖肥所占比例较大的处理拔节后的氮素积累量显著小于其他处理, 氮肥利用率也较低, 这与丁艳锋等^[23]研究结果一致, 随氮素基蘖肥占总施氮量的比例增大, 提高了拔节前氮素基蘖肥利用率, 但降低了氮肥利用率。王维金等^[24]也指出, 基蘖肥氮在成熟过程中随稻株下、中部叶片和鞘的枯死部分而带出植株体外的量多于穗肥, 所以基蘖肥的利用率低而穗肥的利用率高。合理分期施氮肥能提高水稻吸氮量和氮素利用率^[25], 本研究结果初步明确了钵苗机插优质食味水稻的氮肥吸收利用特性, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4的处理作为合理的氮肥运筹, 可以显著提高水稻成熟期氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。

4 结论

不同氮肥运筹处理对钵苗机插优质食味水稻的产量及其构成因素有显著影响, 当基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4时, 水稻在保证稳定有效穗数和成穗率的基础上, 每穗粒数显著增加, 有利于形成大穗, 群体单位面积颖花量较大, 同时结实率和千粒重均较高, 产量较高; 成熟期氮素总积累量多, 氮素吸收利用率高, 百千克籽粒需氮量少。本研究结果得出的氮肥运筹方式基本可以保证钵苗机插优质食味水稻高产和高效, 但是关于氮肥运筹对其稻米品质的影响有待进一步探究。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[1]	郭立, 梁天锋, 唐茂艳, 何礼健, 李如平, 杨为芳, 夏瑜, 江立庚. 不同施肥和耕作方式下强化栽培水稻的生长与氮素利用. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(1): 185-188 Guo L, Liang T F, Tang M Y, He L J, Li R P, Yang W F, Xia Y, Jiang L G. Plant growth and nitrogen utilization of the system of rice intensification under different fertilization patterns and tillage ways. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2007, 23(1): 185-188 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[2]	凌启鸿, 张洪程, 戴其根, 丁艳锋, 凌励, 苏祖芳, 徐茂, 阙金华, 王绍华. 水稻精确定量施氮研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 2457-2467 Ling Q H, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Ding Y F, Ling L, Su Z F, Xu M, Que J H, Wang S H. Study on precise and quantitative N application in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 2457-2467 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
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[5]	林忠成, 李土明, 吴福观, 张洪程, 戴其根, 叶世超, 郭宏文. 基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季稻产量和碳氮比的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 269-275 Lin Z C, Li T M, Wu F G, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Ye S C, Guo H W. Effects of nitrogen application on yield and C/N of double- cropping rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 269-275 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[6]	吴文革, 张四海, 赵决建, 吴桂成, 李泽福, 夏加发. 氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13: 757-764 Wu W G, Zhang S H, Zhao J J, Wu G C, Li Z F, Xia J F. Nitrogen uptake, utilization and rice yield in the north rimland of double- cropping rice region as affected by different nitrogen management strategies. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2007, 13: 757-764 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[10]	张洪程, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 蒋晓鸿, 陈厚存, 高尚勤, 李德剑, 赵成美, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 Zhang H C, Zhu C C, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Jiang X H, Chen H C, Gao S Q, Li D J, Zhao C M, Dai Q G, Wei H Y, Guo B W. Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting. Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[11]	王才林, 张亚东, 朱镇, 姚姝, 赵庆勇, 陈涛, 周丽慧, 赵凌. 优良食味粳稻新品种南粳9108的选育与利用. 江苏农业科学, 2013, 41(9): 86-88 Wang C L, Zhang Y D, Zhu Z, Yao S, Zhao Q Y, Chen T, Zhou L H, Zhao L. Breeding and utilization of new japonica variety Nanjing 910with superior taste. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2013, 41(9): 86-88 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[12]	朱兆良, 金继运. 保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19: 259-273 Zhu Z L, Jin J Y. Fertilizer use and food security in China. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2013, 19: 259-273 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[15]	凌启鸿. 作物群体质量. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2000. pp 154-197 Ling Q H. The Quality of Crop Population. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2000. pp 154-197(in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[16]	凌启鸿. 水稻精确定量栽培理论与技术. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2007. pp 99-125 Ling Q H. Theory and Technology of Precise and Quantitative Cultivation in Rice. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2007. pp 99-125(in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[17]	苏祖芳, 张亚洁, 张娟, 张海泉, 姚志发, 沈富荣, 姚友全, 李本良. 基蘖肥与穗粒肥配比对水稻产量形成和群体质量的影响. 江苏农学院学报, 1995, 16(3): 21-30 Su Z F, Zhang Y J, Zhang J, Zhang H Q, Yao Z F, Shen F R, Yao Y Q, Li B L. Effect of the ration of base-tillering fertilizer and ear-grain fertilizer on the population quality and the establishment of rice yield. J Jiangsu Agric Coll, 1995, 16(3): 21-30 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	吴文革, 张玉海, 张健美, 许有尊, 何超波, 李霞红, 徐长斌, 李福军, 陈学英. 氮肥运筹对机插杂交中籼水稻群体质量及产量形成的影响. 安徽农业大学学报, 2011, 38(1): 1-5 Wu W G, Zhang Y H, Zhang J M, Xu Y Z, He C B, Li X H, Xu C B, Li F J, Chen X Y. Effects of nitrogen management on mass quality and yield formation of machine transplanted middle- season indica hybrid rice. J Anhui Agric Univ, 2011, 38(1): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	张洪程, 吴桂成, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 吕修涛, 万靓军, 黄银忠. 水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1837-1851 Zhang H C, Wu G C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Wei H Y, Lü X T, Wan L J, Huang Y Z. Precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1837-1851 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	孙永健, 孙园园, 刘树金, 杨志远, 程洪彪, 贾现文, 马均. 水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运及分配的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 2221-2232 Sun Y J, Sun Y Y, Liu S J, Yang Z Y, Cheng H B, Jia X W, Ma J. Effects of water management and nitrogen application strategies on nutrient absorption, transfer, and distribution in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 2221-2232 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	万靓军, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 林忠成, 戴其根, 许轲, 张军. 氮肥运筹对超级杂交粳稻产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 175-182 Wan L J, Zhang H C, Huo Z Y, Lin Z C, Dai Q G, Xu K, Zhang J. Effects of nitrogen application regimes on yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency of super japonica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 175-182 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	何虎, 吴建富, 曾研华, 胡凯, 黄山, 曾勇军, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 稻草全量还田下氮肥运筹对双季晚稻产量及其氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 811-820 He H, Wu J F, Zeng Y H, Hu K, Huang S, Zeng Y J, Pan X H, Shi Q H. Effects of nitrogen management on yield and nitrogen utilization of double cropping late rice under total rice straw incorporation. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 811-820 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[23]	丁艳锋, 刘胜环, 王绍华, 王强盛, 黄丕生, 凌启鸿. 氮素基、蘖肥用量对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 739-744 Ding Y F, Liu S H, Wang S H, Wang Q S, Huang P S, Ling Q H. Effects of the amount of basic and tillering nitrogen applied on absorption and utilization of nitrogen in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 739-744 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	王维金, 徐竹生. 重施穗肥对杂交水稻的产量和氮素营养的影响. 华中农业大学学报, 1993, 12(3): 209-214 Wang W J, Xu Z S. Effects of heavy spike fertilizer on yield and nitrogen nutrition in middle-season hybrid rice. J Huazhong Agric Univ, 1993, 12(3): 209-214 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	Peng S B, Huang J L, Zhong X H, Yang J C, Wang G H, Zou Y B, Zhang F S, Zhu Q S, Buresh R, Witt C. Challenge and opportunity improving fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China. Agric Sci China, 2002, 1: 776-785 [本文引用:1]

2007

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郭立, 梁天锋, 唐茂艳, 何礼健, 李如平, 杨为芳, 夏瑜, 江立庚. 不同施肥和耕作方式下强化栽培水稻的生长与氮素利用. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(1): 185-188

Guo

, Liang T

, Tang M

, He L

, Li R

, Yang W

, Xia

, Jiang L

. Plant growth and nitrogen utilization of the system of rice intensification under different fertilization patterns and tillage ways. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2007, 23(1): 185-188 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Experiment was conducted to compare plant growth and nitrogen utilization of the system of rice intensification (SRI) under different fertilization patterns and tillage at the late season in 2005. The results were as follows. Rice harvested the highest grain yield with urea plus pig muck fertilization and intensification cultivation under no-tillage, while the highest grain yield with only urea fertilization and conventional cultivation under conventional tillage, but the difference of yield were not significant at both tillage patterns. Rice plants accumulated more nitrogen with only application of urea and conventional cultivation than that with only pig muck application and intensification cultivation, but its nitrogen grain production efficiency and nitrogen harvest index decreased. Compared between tillage patterns, nitrogen transportation efficiency and nitrogen agronomy efficiency under no-tillage were higher significantly than those under conventional tillage, but nitrogen recovery efficiency under conventional tillage was 127.95% more than that under no-tillage, the difference was significant.

研究了不同施肥和耕作方式下强化栽培水稻的生长及氮素利用。结果表明，免耕条件下以尿素＋猪粪强化栽培水稻的产量最高，而常耕条件下以单施尿素常规栽培水稻的产量最高，但各处理的产量差异并不显著。无论是免耕还是常耕条件下，单施尿素常规栽培水稻比单施猪粪强化栽培水稻植株积累更多的氮素量，但其氮素稻谷生产效率、氮素收获指数下降。两种耕作方式比较，免耕条件下水稻的氮素运转效率、氮素农艺效率显著高于常耕，但常耕条件下的氮素回收效率比免耕的高127.95%，差异显著。

... 氮素是作物生长必需的三大元素之一, 对作物生长效果明显^[1] ...

2005

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凌启鸿, 张洪程, 戴其根, 丁艳锋, 凌励, 苏祖芳, 徐茂, 阙金华, 王绍华. 水稻精确定量施氮研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 2457-2467

Ling Q

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Ding Y

, Ling

, Su Z

, Xu

, Que J

, Wang S

. Study on precise and quantitative N application in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 2457-2467 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This study is based on the Stanford equation and aims at getting high yield and high quality rice. With the aid of stage and monomial method of quantitative determination, the three parameters of the precise and quantitative N application theory and technology were measured and validated. In the process of study new, methods and route were found preliminarily, such as a new method for determination of the amount of N requirement by grading the yield of a field, a new route to study by demarcating the N supplied by organic fertilizer to the N supply ability of a field and the great effect of the ratio of N applied as basal fertilizer and that as panicle fertilizer on the NUE was proposed. The research has solved the technology of precise and quantitative N application of total amount of N and its splitting application, thus enabling the application of this technology and supporting the application of "3S" technology.

江苏扬州大学农学院

以水稻高产优质为目标，以斯坦福方程为理论基础，配合现有阶段性的、单项的定量测试方法，对水稻精确定量施氮技术理论的3个参数进行测定及验证，初步找到了一些研究思路和方法。提出了按产量等级测定需氮量的新方法，形成把秸秆还田归为土壤氮素供应量的研究新思路，并发现氮素化肥前后分配比例对氮肥的当季利用率有巨大影响。研究解决了施氮总量及施氮量分配两个方面的精确定量技术问题，使精确定量施氮技术的应用成为可能，同时为"3S"技术的应用提供知识支持。

... 一直以来, 氮肥运筹是水稻生产过程中的重要手段, 与稻谷产量^[2]、氮肥吸收利用和稻米品质等关系密切, 合理运筹不仅增加产量, 且能提高水稻对氮素的吸收利用^[3] ...

... 水稻精确定量栽培技术的核心内容就是精确定量施氮, 对于氮肥运筹中基蘖肥与穗肥的比例, 以往的学者做了大量研究, 如凌启鸿等^[2]研究认为水稻中小苗移栽, 氮肥运筹基蘖肥与穗肥比例以6:4~5:5利于获得高产 ...

2002

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2013

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赵峰, 程建平, 汪本福, 章秀福, 吴德军, 李亮, 游爱兵, 张旅峰, 章桃娟. 氮肥运筹对机械栽植早稻两优287根系特征和产量的影响. 湖北农业科学, 2013, (7): 1505-1509

Zhao

, Cheng J

, Wang B

, Zhang X

, Wu D

, Li

, You A

, Zhang L

, Zhang T

. Effect of nitrogen management patterns to root traits and yield of mechanical planting early rice variety Liangyou 287. Hubei Agric Sci, 2013, (7): 1505-1509 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了明确氮肥运筹对早稻两优287机械栽植产量形成的作用机制,在总施氮量(纯氮)为150 kg/hm2条件下,设置基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥比例分别为7:3:0(N1)、6:3:1(N2)、5:3:2(N3)、4:3:3(N4)和3:3:4(N5)5个氮肥运筹模式,分析水稻根系形态与伤流量、叶绿素、茎鞘干物质转运和产量构成因素等状况。结果表明,①各处理间产量及氮肥农学利用率均以N3最高,与其他处理间差异达显著水平;以N5最低,与其他处理间差异也均达显著水平。②随着氮肥的后移,水稻总根长和根比表面积呈降低趋势,根数和根干重以N3最大,其根系伤流量也最大。③N5水稻叶片SPAD值灌浆期和收获期相对较高,出现贪青现象。④N3和N4的茎鞘物质输出率和茎鞘物质转换率较低,叶片干物质输出率为负值。从而得知,早稻两优287机械栽植,在基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥中氮比例为5:3:2时有利于提高生育后期的根系活力、形成有效利用养分的根系特征、促进叶片光合能力的发挥,最终取得较高产量。

... 关于氮肥的合理运筹, 前人的研究很多, 赵峰等^[4]研究认为早稻两优287机械栽植, 在基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥中氮比例为5:3:2时有利于提高生育后期的根系活力、形成有效利用养分的根系特征、促进叶片光合能力的发挥, 最终取得较高产量 ...

2011

0.0

林忠成, 李土明, 吴福观, 张洪程, 戴其根, 叶世超, 郭宏文. 基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季稻产量和碳氮比的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 269-275

Lin Z

, Li T

, Wu F

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Ye S

, Guo H

. Effects of nitrogen application on yield and C/N of double- cropping rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 269-275 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The experiment was conducted to study effects of different ratios of basic and tillering, and panicle nitrogen fertilization on yield, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation and the ratio of carbon and nitrogen of doublecropping rice. The results show that when the total nitrogen rate is N 225 kg/ha, the yield is the highest under the treatment which the ratio of basic and tillering nitrogen amount to panicle nitrogen amount is about 7∶3, the followings are the treatments of ratios of 6∶4 and 8∶2, which are all higher than that of the conventional nitrogen application pattern (10∶0). When the ratio of basic and tillering nitrogen application to total nitrogen application amount is from 60% to 70% of doublecropping rice, the dry matter accumulation, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen utilization efficiency, N-agronomy efficiency are all increased under the ratio of 7∶3, the carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism are also in a good coordination. The usable carbohydrate including soluble sugars and starch of early rice leaf at booting stage is 17%-18%, C/N is 50-55, and the usable carbohydrate of late rice is 19%-21% and C/N is 50-60These would be the physiological base of getting higher rice yield when the ratios are 7∶3 and 6∶4In all, synthesizing the yield, nitrogen utilization efficiency and C/N of doublecropping rice, the ratio of nitrogen application at the panicle stage of rice to total nitrogen application amount is from 30% to 40%.

试验研究了基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例对双季早、晚稻产量,干物质积累量,氮素积累量和碳氮比的影响。结果表明，当总施氮量为N 225 kg/hm2时，基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例7∶3处理的产量最高，其次为6∶4、8∶2处理，均比当地习惯施肥法（10∶0）高产。同时，当基蘖肥占总施氮量60%70%时，双季早、晚稻具有较高的干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮素当季利用率、氮素农艺效率，群体的碳氮代谢也比较协调。早稻孕穗期叶片可用性糖（可溶性总糖＋淀粉）含量17%18%，碳氮比5055，晚稻孕穗期叶片可用性糖含量19%21%，碳氮比5060，这可能是基蘖肥与穗肥氮比例为7∶3和6∶4时双季水稻高产的生理基础。综合双季早、晚稻产量、氮素利用率及碳氮比值，穗肥施氮量占总施氮量的适宜比例为30%-40%。

... 林忠成等^[5]研究认为当基蘖肥氮比例为60%~70%时, 双季早、晚稻的群体碳氮代谢比较协调, 产量和氮肥利用效率较高 ...

2007

0.0

吴文革, 张四海, 赵决建, 吴桂成, 李泽福, 夏加发. 氮肥运筹模式对双季稻北缘水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13: 757-764

Wu W

, Zhang S

, Zhao J

, Wu G

, Li Z

, Xia J

. Nitrogen uptake, utilization and rice yield in the north rimland of double- cropping rice region as affected by different nitrogen management strategies. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2007, 13: 757-764 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Two early indica rice cultivars of Xiangliangyou 68 and Zaoxian 65 were used to study nitrogen uptake,utilization,yield and yield components as affected by different split N application strategies when the total nitrogen application amount was 150 kg/ha in the north rimland of double-cropping rice.Results showed that reducing N application before transplanting and at tillering stage but increasing N application at booting stage could increase rice yield and nitrogen uptake and utilization,by increasing leaf nitrogen content and SPAD in top 3 leaves during heading stage to mature stage,and increasing LAI and effective leaf area percentage.When nitrogen fertilizer was applied before transplanting(50%),tillering(25%),booting (25%),both hybrid and conventional rice cultivars had highest yield.The main benefit of postponing N fertilizer application time on yield formation was related to its improved splitting and timing of fertilizer N applications leading to a more balanced supply of N nutrition for rice growth than the common fertilizer practice,and to increase total amount of N-absorption(ANA).Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency(NUE) increased with the percentage of panicle fertilizer,but the agronomic use efficiency of N fertilizer had better relationship with yield. It is concluded that the split application of N before transplanting(50%),at tillering stage(25%) and at booting stage(25%) is a rational N application strategy in the north rimland of double-cropping rice.

在双季稻北缘地区,以常规品种早籼65和杂交组合香两优68为试验材料,在施氮量150.kg/hm 2 的条件下,研究了不同氮肥运筹模式对早稻产量及氮素吸收利用特性的影响。结果表明:减少基、蘖肥,提高穗肥比例可增加抽穗—成熟期的叶片含氮量,使SPAD值维持较高水平,提高齐穗后的绿叶面积和有效叶面积率,提高群体光合势,有利于促进干物质积累而提高产量和氮素吸收,常规稻和杂交稻均以基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25运筹模式产量最高;前氮后移增施穗肥因能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应,可促进氮素的吸收;氮肥当季利用效率随穗肥比例提高而增加,但氮肥的农学利用率与产量有更好的对应关系。基∶蘖∶穗=50∶25∶25的运筹模式是双季稻北缘地区早稻合理的施肥技术。

... 吴文革等^[6]研究认为前氮后移增施穗肥, 能为水稻整个生育期提供比较平衡的氮素供应, 可促进氮素的吸收, 提高氮肥当季利用效率, 双季稻北缘地区早稻的合理施肥方式为基肥:蘖肥:穗肥 = 50:25:25 ...

2014

0.0

陈海飞, 冯洋, 徐芳森, 蔡红梅, 周卫, 刘芳, 庞再明, 李登荣. 秸秆还田下氮肥管理对中低产田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用影响的研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 517-524

Chen H

, Feng

, Xu F

, Cai H

, Zhou

, Liu

, Pang Z

, Li D

. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer managements on rice yield and nitrogen uptake in medium and low yield fields under the conditions of straw turnover. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 517-524 (in Chinese with English abstract)

探究氮肥运筹管理对湖北中低产田水稻产量及氮素利用率的影响，为中低产田水稻生产提供合理的施肥技术措施。本研究在秸秆还田和总氮（180 kg/hm2）控制的条件下，以水稻两优培九为材料，研究不同基、蘖、穗氮肥配比对中低产田水稻产量及其构成因子、不同时期叶片SPAD值、氮含量、地上部氮素累积量及其氮利用效率的影响。结果表明，在2011年和2012年两年大田试验的4个基、蘖、穗氮肥配比处理中，各试验点水稻产量均以 40-30-30的处理最高，其中在田块A与田块C中比80-0-20处理增产15.9％和8.6％，在田块B与田块D中比60-20-20处理增产 6.7％和5.5％。同时40-30-30处理的氮素收获指数（ NHI）和氮肥偏生产力（ PFPN ）也最高，优化基、蘖、穗肥比可以提高氮素收获指数（ NHI）和氮肥偏生产力（ PFPN ）。综上研究结果，各中低产田中不同基、蘖、穗氮肥配比处理的水稻产量依次为40-30-30＞50-20-30＞60-20-20＞80-0-20，结合产量构成因子、SPAD值、氮肥利用率等因素综合考虑，40-30-30是湖北中低产水稻田氮肥配比的合理运筹模式。

... 陈海飞等^[7]研究认为在湖北中低产水稻田氮肥配比处理中, 基、蘖、穗氮肥比例为40:30:30的处理氮素收获指数和氮肥偏生产力较高, 产量也较高 ...

2008

0.0

张祥明, 郭熙盛, 李泽福, 陈周前, 夏家发, 王元垒. 不同双季晚稻丰产栽培模式下的氮肥运筹技术研究. 土壤通报, 2008, 39: 1061-1066

Zhang X

, Guo X

, Li Z

, Chen Z

, Xia J

, Wang Y

. Study on nitrogen management technique under different high yield cultivation models for double-season late rice. Chin J Soil Sci, 2008, 39: 1061-1066 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在等氮量条件下,研究抛秧和移栽等栽培方式的氮肥运筹对晚稻生长发育和氮素利用率的影响.研究结果表明:不同栽培方式的氮肥运筹对晚稻茎蘖动态、干物质积累、产量、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥利用率与氮肥运筹方式间存在着一定相关关系,且相关的趋势基本一致.产量、氮肥利用率与氮肥基施比例呈抛物线关系,抛栽当氮肥基施比例为47.61%(南陵)和38.70%(池州),移栽为53.38%时,产量达到最高,氮肥利用率以抛栽当基肥施氮比例为42.97%,移栽为40.88%时,氮肥利用率最高.以目标产量相适宜的施总氮量条件下,抛秧为35～45%、分蘖肥为30%、穗肥为25%～35%,移栽晚稻基肥为45%～55%、分蘖肥为30%、穗肥为15%～25%,利于晚稻干物质积累,可保持较高的分蘖成穗率,使群体发展比较合理,增加抽穗后的物质积累与运转,以及适宜的每穗实粒数和千粒重,从而形成高产以及氮肥利用率的提高.

... 张祥明等^[8]认为产量、氮肥利用率与氮肥基施比例呈现抛物线关系, 抛栽方式基肥占42 ...

2014

0.0

胡雅杰, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 刘国涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超, 刘国林. 钵苗机插水稻群体动态特征及高产形成机制的探讨. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 865-879

Hu Y

, Xing Z

, Gong J

, Liu G

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

, Sha A

, Zhou Y

, Luo X

. Study on population characteristics and formation mechanisms for high yield of pot-seedling mechanical transplanting rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 865-879 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The characteristics of yield formation and population dynamics and mechanisms of high-yielding formation were identified in pot seedling of mechanical transplanting japonica rice.【Method】Twenty-four japonica rice cultivars which have different weights of single panicle were grown by unified high-yielding cultivation in 2010, and were divided into three panicle types by clustering analysis with average single panicle in maturity. Three panicle types of japonica rice cultivars including large panicle type (LPT, Yongyou 2640 and Yongyou 8) and medium panicle type (MPT, Wuyunjing 24 and Ningjing 3) and small panicle type (SPT, Huaidao 5 and Huaidao 10) were field-grown from 2011 to 2012 in Diaoyu town, Xinghua county, Jiangsu province, China. By setting carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting rice (CS) as CK, the yield and yield formation, number of population stem and tiller, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter accumulation of pot seedling of mechanical transplanting rice (PS) were investigated, and high-yielding formation mechanisms of PS were also explored in respect of seedling quality, matter accumulation after transplanting, plant type, staged photosynthetic matter production, photosynthetic potential (PP), crop growing rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR), matter transport in stem and sheath and root activity. 【Result】 Yield was significantly or very significantly higher in PS than CS. The range of increased yield was 8.71%-11.11% in large panicle-type variety, medium panicle-type variety was 6.85%-7.89%, and small panicle-type variety was 5.30%-6.34%. The increased yield was mainly attributed to higher total spikelets in PS, which owning to sufficient panicle and expanding spikelets per panicle. Compared with CS, PS had earlier tiller, suitable peak seedling tillers, slower reducing rate of tillers after jointing, enough effective panicles and higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers at maturity. Leaf area index and dry matter accumulation in PS was significantly higher at the critical stage for effective tiller and very significantly greater at and after booting stage, and higher 5.17%-11.00% and 5.36%-9.20% at maturity than CS. The mechanisms of high-yielding formation in PS was that: After transplanting, there had strong seedling, better population started quality, earlier seedling establishment, faster tiller, more tillers of low position and greater dry matter weight of aboveground and root; They formed higher photosynthetic efficiency and quality population at heading, which had tighter plant type, better canopy, bigger leaf area, higher specific leaf weight, stronger stem and sheath, greater grain-leaf ratio; At the late growing stage, there had stronger root activity, slower decreasing rate of leaf area, higher photosynthetic potential and crop growing rate and net assimilation rate, greater dry matter accumulation, more coordinated matter export and translocation of stem and sheath.【Conclusion】With better population started quality and earlier tiller, pot seedling of mechanical transplanting rice had obvious advantages, especially, higher photosynthetic matter production and greater dry matter accumulation at the middle and late growing stages, which the yield formation characteristics were sufficient panicle, larger panicle type and more spikelets per panicle

【目的】旨在阐明钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征和群体动态特征以及高产形成机制。【方法】2010年选用24个不同单穗重粳稻品种统一高产栽培，以成熟期平均单穗重聚类分析划分3种穗型，并每种穗型筛选2个具有代表性品种。2011—2012年采用大穗型品种甬优8号和甬优2640，中穗型品种武运粳24号和宁粳3号，小穗型品种淮稻5号和淮稻10号为试验材料，在江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行大田试验，以毯苗机插水稻为对照，系统研究钵苗机插水稻产量及其产量构成、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积指数动态和干物质积累动态特征，并从秧苗素质、栽后物质积累、阶段光合物质生产、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、株型特征、茎鞘物质输出与转运、根系活力等方面深入探讨钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制。【结果】钵苗机插水稻产量显著或极显著高于对照，大穗型品种增产8.71%—11.11%，中穗型品种增产6.85%—7.89%，小穗型品种增产5.30%—6.34%。钵苗机插水稻产量的提高主要原因是在足够穗数的基础上，显著或极显著增加每穗粒数，进而提高群体颖花量，同时保持稳定的结实率和千粒重。与对照相比，钵苗机插水稻群体茎蘖数栽后增长快，高峰苗适宜，拔节后群体茎蘖数消减缓慢，最终有效穗数足，成穗率高；群体叶面积指数和干物质积累量，有效分蘖临界叶龄期钵苗机插水稻显著高于对照，拔节期两者相当，孕穗后钵苗机插水稻显著或极显著高于对照，成熟期叶面积指数钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.17%—11.00%，干物质积累量钵苗机插水稻较对照高出5.36%—9.20%。钵苗机插水稻高产形成机制为带土带蘖栽插，秧苗素质高，群体起点质量优，活棵早，分蘖快，低位分蘖多，栽后地上和地下部物质积累多，为争足穗、促壮秆和攻大穗奠定生物学基础；抽穗期株型紧凑，叶系配置优，叶面积大，比叶重高，基部茎秆粗壮，粒叶比高，形成高光效高质量群体；生育后期根系活力强，叶面积衰减慢，光合势大，群体生长率和净同化率高，干物质积累多，灌浆充实量大，茎鞘物质输出与转运合理。【结论】钵苗机插水稻群体起点质量高，栽后分蘖早生发快，群体生长优势明显，特别是生育中后期光合生产能力强，物质积累多。钵苗机插水稻产量构成特征表现为“穗数足、穗型大、粒数多”。

... 栽后, 缓苗期短, 早生快发, 高峰苗量适宜, 成穗率高, 生育中后期群体光合势、干物质积累以及群体生长率和净同化率都相对较高, 利于机插条件下获得较高的产量, 且能改善稻米品质^[9,10] ...

2013

0.0

张洪程, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 蒋晓鸿, 陈厚存, 高尚勤, 李德剑, 赵成美, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及主要生理生态特点. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(21): 50-59

Zhang H

, Zhu C

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Jiang X

, Chen H

, Gao S

, Li D

, Zhao C

, Dai Q

, Wei H

, Guo B

. Advantages of yield formation and main characteristics of physiological and ecological in rice with nutrition bowl mechanical transplanting. Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(21): 50-59 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: In different ecological regions of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, representative cultivars which were widely planted in the local areas were used as the materials by setting the high-yield demonstration field and special plot comparison test of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting, with conventional blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting for CK. The yield and its structure, various indicators of population growth, and development dynamic under two kinds of mechanical-transplanting methods were compared systematically, in order to study the advantages of yield formation and physiological and ecological characteristics of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The results showed that, comparing with blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting, bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting stopped growing in the first week after transplanting. The averaged daily increment of the height of a seedling, leaf area, dry matter, and root traits of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting in the second week after transplanting were all significantly better than the CK from beginning to end. The procedure of establishment and sprouting of bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice came earlier, of which the maximum number of stems and tillers were less and the dynamic change of stems and tills presented the characteristics of rising steadily and dropping slowly, as well as the ratio of productive tillers to total tillers being 9.3% higher than that of CK. The leaf area of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice degraded more slowly after heading, of which the effective leaf area index and the efficient leaf area index were 2.0%, 2.5% higher respectively. In addition, the photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were relatively higher than that of CK. The growth rate of population and the amount of accumulation of bowl seeding mechanical-transplanting rice were both significantly higher than that of blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice from heading to maturity stage. The bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice still not only kept the root activity rather higher in the late period of rice growth, but also the lodging index of basal internodes was slightly lower so its lodging resistant capability was stronger, compared with the blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice. The comparison test from 2011 to 2012 under different ecological regions show that bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had an approximately 6.0 to 12.6 percent higher yield than blanket seedling mechanical-transplanting rice, possessing a significant advantage of increasing yield. The average percentage of increased output at all the experimental sites was significantly improved by 9.0%. The main advantage of yield formation for it was large panicles with more grains: There exists no significant difference among the two mechanical-transplanting methods in terms of filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight. While the bowl seedling mechanical-transplanting rice had slightly lower number of panicle, it had more spikelets per panicle. Consequently, due to the above factors, they commonly promoted increased yield.

为研究钵苗机插水稻产量形成优势及生理生态特点，在长江中下游不同生态区选用当地大面积种植的代表性品种淮稻8号、甬尤8号、常优5号、皖稻68、镇稻11、武运粳24为材料，设置钵苗机插高产示范田和专题对比小区试验，并以常规盘育毯苗机插为对照（CK），就产量及其结构、群体生长发育动态各项指标进行系统比较。结果表明，与水稻毯状小苗机插相比，机插钵苗秧苗素质高，活棵发苗快，高峰苗数较小，成穗率高7个百分点；钵苗机插水稻生育中、后期群体生长率和净同化率相对较高，其中抽穗至成熟期群体生长率高出8.7%~15.1%。抽穗后群体光合势、干物质积累等光合物质生产指标均显著或极显著高于毯苗机插，其中抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量增加8.7%；钵苗机插水稻抽穗后根系活力各项指标均较优，乳熟期颖花根活量提高14.2%，且抗倒伏能力较强，基部节间倒伏指数小7%～16.8%。钵苗机插水稻具有显著的增产优势，比毯苗机插增产6.0%～12.6%，其产量形成优势的主要特征是"穗大粒多"。

2013

0.0

王才林, 张亚东, 朱镇, 姚姝, 赵庆勇, 陈涛, 周丽慧, 赵凌. 优良食味粳稻新品种南粳9108的选育与利用. 江苏农业科学, 2013, 41(9): 86-88

Wang C

, Zhang Y

, Zhu

, Yao

, Zhao Q

, Chen

, Zhou L

, Zhao

. Breeding and utilization of new japonica variety Nanjing 910with superior taste. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2013, 41(9): 86-88 (in Chinese with English abstract)

南粳9108是江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所以日本优质粳稻关东194为父本,与江苏优质高产粳稻武香粳14杂交,经数代条纹叶枯病抗性基因与半糯性基因的分子标记辅助选择以及外观与食味品质筛选培育而成的又一个优良食味粳稻新品种。南粳9108全生育期150 d左右,株高95~100 cm,株型紧凑,长势较旺,分蘖力较强,叶色淡绿,叶姿较挺,抗倒性强,后期转色好;一般产量9 000 kg/hm2左右,有效穗300万/hm2左右,每穗总粒130~140粒,结实率90%以上,千粒重26~27 g;抗条纹叶枯病,中感白叶枯病,感穗颈瘟,高感纹枯病。其突出优点是稻米品质优良,直链淀粉含量低,属半糯性品种,米饭晶莹剔透,口感柔软滑润,富有弹性,冷而不硬,食味品质极佳,特别适合于高档优质米开发。2013年通过江苏省品种审定,适宜在江苏省苏中及宁镇扬丘陵地区种植。

... 随着国家对农业产业结构的调整, 在水稻生产上, 加快优质水稻生产进程已成为今后的发展方向^[11] ...

2013

0.0

朱兆良, 金继运. 保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2013, 19: 259-273

Zhu Z

, Jin J

. Fertilizer use and food security in China. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2013, 19: 259-273 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Fertilizer use plays an important role in crop production to ensure food security in China. At the same time, the relatively low nutrient use efficiency resulted in negative impact on environment quality. Therefore, scientific use of nutrient resources and improvement in fertilizer use efficiency is an important scientific issue rated to national food security and environment quality. This review paper discussed China’s basic situation with large population, limited arable land, relatively low land productivity and fragile ecosystem, analyzed fertilizer demand to meet the rapid increase in crop production, overviewed current use of organic and inorganic nutrient resources, and revealed N loss from chemical fertilizer application and its impact on environment. Based on deep understanding of the existing problems and great challenge China is facing, the authors proposed a new fertilizer recommendation strategy-“regional fertilizer rate control with adjustment at field level”, developed regionalized nutrient management for small size farm operation system and precision fertilization for large scale farm operation. The current situation and existing problems in slow/controlled release fertilizers and in organic nutrient resources were also discussed. For sustained increase in crop production to support food security and to protect the environment, the technic strategy was proposed, including increase of land productivity, improvement of all nutrient resources using advanced science and technology, realization of regionalized fertilizer recommendation based on land productivity. Favorable policies and continuous financial support to fertilizer related science and technology development was also suggested.

肥料在保障我国粮食安全中起着不可替代的支撑作用，同时化肥养分利用率低又产生了对环境的不良影响。因此用好肥料资源、提高肥料利用效率是关系到国家粮食安全和环境质量的重大科技问题。本文实事求是地分析了我国人多、地少、耕地质量差、农田生态环境脆弱的基本国情和肥料领域面临的严重挑战；对国家种植业发展对肥料的需求，有机养分和化肥利用现状和问题、农田中化学氮肥的损失及其对环境的影响等问题进行了较为全面地综述；提出了“区域用量控制与田块微调相结合”的推荐施肥的理念和技术路线；形成和发展了适合分散经营和规模经营的分区养分管理和精准施肥技术体系；同时对新型肥料和有机养分资源在我国研究应用的现状和存在的问题进行了分析评述。在此基础上，提出了提高耕地综合生产能力、依靠科技进步高效利用肥料资源、按照增产潜力做好施肥区域布局等技术政策，建议针对肥料科学技术的发展形成稳定的政策支持和保障。

... 合理的氮肥运筹能够高效地施用氮肥, 协调氮肥的农学效应、社会效益和环境效益, 减少氮肥的损失和对环境的不良影响^[12] ...

2003

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... 在生产上因施肥时期的不同, 氮肥可被分为基肥、返青肥、分蘖肥、长粗肥、促花肥、保花肥、破口肥与粒肥等^[13] ...

1994

0.0

... 本课题组在综合分析与参考前人研究的基础上, 从大量高产实践中凝练出水稻一生氮肥总体运筹必须最有利于提高抽穗后群体干物质积累量的根本规律, 并把水稻一生不同生育时期名目繁多的施肥简化为基肥、分蘖肥与穗肥^[14,15,16] ...

2000

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2007

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1995

0.0

苏祖芳, 张亚洁, 张娟, 张海泉, 姚志发, 沈富荣, 姚友全, 李本良. 基蘖肥与穗粒肥配比对水稻产量形成和群体质量的影响. 江苏农学院学报, 1995, 16(3): 21-30

Su Z

, Zhang Y

, Zhang

, Zhang H

, Yao Z

, Shen F

, Yao Y

, Li B

. Effect of the ration of base-tillering fertilizer and ear-grain fertilizer on the population quality and the establishment of rice yield. J Jiangsu Agric Coll, 1995, 16(3): 21-30 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：

... 苏祖芳等^[17]研究认为在适宜的总施氮量下基蘖肥的用量由以往的70%~80%, 降低为40%~60%, 增加穗粒肥施用量, 有利于协调穗数和大穗关系, 进一步提高产量 ...

2011

0.0

吴文革, 张玉海, 张健美, 许有尊, 何超波, 李霞红, 徐长斌, 李福军, 陈学英. 氮肥运筹对机插杂交中籼水稻群体质量及产量形成的影响. 安徽农业大学学报, 2011, 38(1): 1-5

Wu W

, Zhang Y

, Zhang J

, Xu Y

, He C

, Li X

, Xu C

, Li F

, Chen X

. Effects of nitrogen management on mass quality and yield formation of machine transplanted middle- season indica hybrid rice. J Anhui Agric Univ, 2011, 38(1): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在实地机插田间小区试验(非人工模拟)条件下,比较研究了3种施氮水平组合2种穗肥比例共6种氮肥运筹对杂交中籼水稻机插群体主要群体质量指标以及产量形成的影响.结果表明,210 kg·hm-2的施氮量,配合基蘖肥∶穗肥为6∶4的运筹方式有利于群体茎蘖平缓消长,减小无效分蘖,提高成穗率,协调群个体矛盾,提高中、后期的叶面积指数和干物质积累,优化群体质量;同时有利于培育大穗,并稳定提高结实率和千粒重,协调产量构成因素而高产;是安徽江淮杂交中籼水稻机插丰产高效栽培的推荐施氮模式.

... 吴文革等^[18]研究认为杂交中籼水稻机插的氮肥运筹技术, 基蘖肥与穗肥适宜比例为6:4, 氮肥后移适当增加穗粒肥的比例有利于后期防早衰, 提高产量 ...

2011

0.0

张洪程, 吴桂成, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 魏海燕, 吕修涛, 万靓军, 黄银忠. 水稻氮肥精确后移及其机制. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1837-1851

Zhang H

, Wu G

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Gao

, Wei H

, Lü X

, Wan L

, Huang Y

. Precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1837-1851 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：以早熟晚粳品种武运粳7号、武香粳14、常优1号为供试材料,通过搁田后一次性追肥试验来精确确定高产高效的氮肥后移施用叶龄期;在此基础之上,对氮肥精确后移施用模式进行了研究,并探讨了其高产高效机制。结果表明：（1）倒四、倒三叶是早熟晚粳稻最利于高产高效的追肥叶龄期。从产量构成因素看,倒四、倒三叶追肥群体穗数足、穗型大,群体颖花量高,且结实率与千粒重均可稳定在正常水平;从群体生长发育来看,倒四、倒三叶追肥群体茎蘖消长平缓,高峰苗适中,成穗率高（80%左右）,生育中、后期氮肥累积量大,适宜叶面积指数高,群体光合势强,干物质积累多,最终产量高,氮素当季利用率亦高。（2）较之常规施氮模式,氮肥精确后移模式产量显著高,氮素当季利用率、生理利用率、施氮增产力以及表观生产力均显著高,百公斤籽粒需氮量则略低,在大面积生产上应用表现显著增产增效。其高产高效机制为,既能巩固穗数,又能有效控制无效（低效）分蘖,获取高成穗率,形成足量的群体有效穗数;既能攻取大穗,又能防止群体叶面积过度增长,于生育中期形成较高且适宜的叶面积指数与配置良好的冠层结构,具有较高粒叶比, 使抽穗期群体干物质数量足且质量优;既能提高抽穗后群体干物质积累量,又能协调群体茎鞘物质输出与运转,以强源畅流促进群体库容的有效充实。

... 张洪程等^[19]研究得出水稻氮肥精确后移施用模式高产高效的机制, 即巩固有效分蘖, 以高成穗率争足穗 ...

2011

0.0

孙永健, 孙园园, 刘树金, 杨志远, 程洪彪, 贾现文, 马均. 水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运及分配的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 2221-2232

Sun Y

, Sun Y

, Liu S

, Yang Z

, Cheng H

, Jia X

, Ma

. Effects of water management and nitrogen application strategies on nutrient absorption, transfer, and distribution in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 2221-2232 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Hybrid rice Gangyou 527 was used to investigate the effects of three irrigation regimes (submerged irrigation, W 1 ; dry cultivation, W 3 ; and the treatment W 2 that was damp irrigation before booting stage, shallow irrigation at booting stage, wetting-drying alternation irrigation from heading stage to mature stage) and different nitrogen (N) application ratios on absorption, transport action and distribution of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and yield in rice under the high yield condition of 180 kg N ha -1 . The results showed that there was an obvious interaction between water management and N application strategies on grain yield and N, P and K absorption and transfer at the mainly growth stages. Under water-nitrogen interaction condition, there existed significantly positive correlations between the amounts of N, P and K absorption at various growth stages, and there existed highly significantly positive correlations between the accumulations of N, P, and K at heading stage and their transfer amounts during filling stage, but excess the ratio of postponed N application to the total N rate or W 3 treatment resulted in the transport amounts of N, P, and K significantly decreased during grain filling e.g. 2.73–18.00%, 8.03–19.70%, 6.52–17.02%, respectively. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between yield and the accumulations of N, P, and K with the max correlation coefficients at heading stage, mature stage, and heading stage. The accumulations of N, K before heading stage could promote nutrient transfer and yield. According to yield performance and its relationship with N, P, and K absorption characteristics, the optimum ratio of postponed N application to the total N rate was 40–60% underW 1 . The N application of base (30%), tillering (30%), and panicle (40%) fertilizers equally applied at stages of 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top under W 2 , was the best model in this paper referred to as the water-nitrogen application coupling management model. However, W 3 treatment was suitable for using 20–40% of the ratio of postponed N application to the total N application rate.

在高产施氮量180 kg hm -2 条件下，以杂交稻冈优527为材料，通过“淹水灌溉”(W 1 )、“湿润灌溉(前期)+浅水灌溉(孕穗期)+干湿交替灌溉(抽穗至成熟期)”(W 2 )和“旱种”(W 3 ) 3种灌水及不同的氮肥运筹处理，研究水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运、分配及产量的影响，并探讨各养分间及其与产量的相互关系。结果表明，水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量的影响均存在显著的互作效应，水氮互作条件下各生育期氮、磷、钾间的吸收存在显著的协同效应；抽穗期氮、磷、钾的累积与各养分在结实期转运总量间，以及结实期各养分转运间均呈极显著正相关，且氮、钾在抽穗前期的累积对促进结实期各养分向籽粒的转运和提高产量影响显著，但氮肥后移比例过重(N 4 处理)及W 3 处理均会导致结实期叶片和茎鞘各养分转运总量的显著降低，氮、磷、钾降幅分别达2.73%~18.00%、8.03%~19.70%、6.52%~17.02%。据产量及其与养分吸收、转运间关系的表现，W 1 模式下氮肥后移量以占总施氮量的40%~60%为宜，W 2 模式与氮肥运筹方式为基肥:蘖肥:孕穗肥(倒四、二叶龄期分2次等量施入)=3∶3∶4组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式，W 3 模式下，应减少氮肥的后移量，氮肥后移量占总施氮量的20%~40%为宜。

... 3 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插优质食味水稻氮素吸收利用的影响孙永健等^[20]研究认为氮肥后移比例过高会显著加重转运贡献率的负效应, 只有当氮素基蘖肥与穗肥比例协调时才能提高氮素在抽穗前的累积, 促进结实期氮素向籽粒转运量, 才能尽可能地提高结实期各营养器官氮素的转运贡献率及收获指数 ...

2007

0.0

万靓军, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 林忠成, 戴其根, 许轲, 张军. 氮肥运筹对超级杂交粳稻产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 175-182

Wan L

, Zhang H

, Huo Z

, Lin Z

, Dai Q

, Xu

, Zhang

. Effects of nitrogen application regimes on yield, quality, and nitrogen use efficiency of super japonica hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 175-182 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of nitrogen application regimes, based on the proportion of base-tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer and leaf age of panicle fertilizer supply, were studied on yield，nitrogen use efficiency and quality in supper japonica hybrid rice, cv. Changyou 1, under the high grain yield at 225 kg ha -1 of N condition during a whole growth stage. The result indicated that the yield was influenced significantly by nitrogen application regimes. The regime for highest yield was that the ratio of base-tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer was 58.34:41.66, and the split panicle fertilizers were equally applicated at 4th and 2nd leaf age from top. There were highly significantly positive correlations between yield and total N uptake，agronomic N use efficiency, apparent N recovery efficiency，physiological N use efficiency, and significantly quadratic relationships between yield and N kg 100 kg -1 grain yield, N harvest index. With the decreasing of N rate of panicle fertilizer，head milled rice, protein content，chalky ratio and chalkiness were decreased; gel consistency and amylose content increased gradually. With postponing the time of N-applying leaf age, head milled rice and protein content were raised，and amylose content dropped. The gel consistency and apparent features were varied by different application proportions. On the whole，the proportion of N-application at 6:4 and the top dressing of panicle N-fertilizers with equal amount at 4th and 2nd leaf age from top might realize the coordination of supper high-yield，good quality and high N use efficiency.

在高产施氮量条件下（225 kg hm -2 ），按基蘖肥、穗肥不同施氮比例且穗肥依不同叶龄期追氮共设计了20种施氮模式，研究了其对超级杂交粳稻常优1号产量、氮素利用率及主要米质性状的影响。结果表明：氮肥运筹对常优1号产量影响极大，基蘖肥与穗肥施氮比例为58.34∶41.66，穗肥以叶龄余数4、2叶等量施氮时，产量最高；产量与总吸氮量、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥表观利用率、生理利用率呈极显著正相关关系，氮收获指数和百千克籽粒需氮量与产量呈二次曲线关系；随着穗肥施氮比例的下降，稻米整精米率、蛋白质含量、垩白率、垩白度逐渐下降；胶稠度、直链淀粉含量呈直线上升趋势；穗肥随追肥叶龄期推迟，整精米率、蛋白质含量提高，而直链淀粉含量下降。胶稠度、外观品质因基蘖肥施氮比例的不同而异。综合来看，基蘖肥、穗肥施氮比例为6∶4，穗肥以倒4、2叶期追肥可使该品种超高产、优质、高效得到较好的协调统一。

... 万靓军等^[21]研究认为氮肥利用率随着穗肥施氮比例的下降, 有先升后降的趋势, 以基蘖肥与穗肥比例6:4时氮素利用效率最高 ...

2014

0.0

何虎, 吴建富, 曾研华, 胡凯, 黄山, 曾勇军, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 稻草全量还田下氮肥运筹对双季晚稻产量及其氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 811-820

, Wu J

, Zeng Y

, Hu

, Huang

, Zeng Y

, Pan X

, Shi Q

. Effects of nitrogen management on yield and nitrogen utilization of double cropping late rice under total rice straw incorporation. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 811-820 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】Rice straw incorporation and appropriate nitrogen (N) management can not only improve soil fertility and crop yield, but also reduce environmental pollution. With the rapid development of mechanized harvest, the area of in situ total incorporation of rice straw is expanded rapidly. Thus, it is important to determine reasonable N fertilization regimes under the total incorporation of rice straw. The objective of this study is to investigate the proper management for late rice under total incorporation of chopped early rice straw by a combine harvester. 【Methods】Using a late rice variety (Ganxin 688) as materials the experiment included four N rates (0, 120, 180 and 240 kg/ha) with a ratio of 5∶2∶3 for basal, tillering, and panicle initiation, respectively. At the same time, under the N rate of 180 kg/ha, a control treatment without straw return and different N application ratios (5∶0∶5, 5∶1∶4, 5∶2∶3, 5∶3∶2, 5∶4∶1, 5∶5∶0 for basal, tillering, and panicle initiation, respectively) under total incorporation of rice straw were arranged. Rice yield, yield components, N absorption and utilization in different treatments were investigated. 【Results】The yield increased with increasing N application rates, and was highest at the N rate of 180 kg/ha under total incorporation of rice straw. The number of effective panicles increased with increasing application rates, while the percentage of filled grains showed the opposite trend. In comparison with no straw retention, the higher yield under straw retention mainly attributed to the higher number of effective panicles, percentage of filled grains and 1000\|grain weights, with an increase of 8.83% in yield. Under the same N rate, the yield, number of grains per panicle, and 1000\|grain weight were the highest at the N ratio of 5∶2∶3. The number of effective panicles decreased with increasing N proportions at the tillering stage, while the percentage of filled grains showed no significant differences among treatments. Under straw incorporation, the N accumulation, N recovery efficiency (NRE), N uptake rate (NUR) and N requirement for producing 100-kg grain increased with increasing N application rates. However, N harvest index (NHI) and nitrogen physiological efficiency (NPE) decreased with increasing N application rates. Under the same N rate, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and NPE under total incorporation of rice straw were significantly higher than those under no straw incorporation. The correlation between yield and N accumulation was quadratic. NRE and NUR were significantly positively correlated with yield. Under the same nitrogen rate with total incorporation of rice straw, total N accumulation (TNA), N accumulation ratio in middle stage, NRE, NHI, and NUR were decreased with decreasing N proportions at panicle initiation, whereas N accumulation and ratio in early stage were increased. Both NAE and NPE were increased at first, but then decreased with decreasing N proportions at panicle initiation with the highest at the ratio of 5∶2∶3. The N application rate at panicle initiation was significantly positively correlated with TNA, N accumulation in middle stage, NRE, NHI and NUR, while NAE and NPE were positively correlated with yield. 【Conclusion】The highest yield achieved when the N application rate is 180 kg/ha. The N accumulation, NRE, NUR and N requirement for producing 100-kg grain increased with increasing N application rates from 0 to 240 kg/ha. Under the same N application rate, the highest yield, the highest NAE and NPE can be achieved with the N application ratio of 5∶2∶3 for basal, tillering, and panicle initiation, respectively.

【目的】稻草还田和合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以改良土壤和培肥地力，提高农作物产量和品质，还可以减少因过量施用氮肥带来的环境污染。随着水稻机械化收割的快速发展，稻草全量原位还田面积迅速扩大。因此，研究稻草全量还田后合理施用氮肥十分必要。本文通过早稻机收稻草切碎全量还田后晚稻氮肥运筹试验，探索该条件下晚稻氮肥的合理施用技术。【方法】以超级晚稻品种淦鑫688为试验材料，设计4个施氮（N）水平（0、 120、 180、 240 kg/hm 2 ）基蘖穗肥比例为5∶2∶3，并在180 kg/hm 2 水平下增设稻草不还田对照处理和稻草全量还田下基蘖穗肥不同施氮比例处理（5∶0∶5、 5∶1∶4、 5∶2∶3、 5∶3∶2、 5∶4∶1、 5∶5∶0）。旨在分析不同处理间水稻产量、产量构成和氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】稻草全量还田下，施氮量在180 kg/hm2以下时产量随施氮量的增加而增加，之后则下降，处理间差异极显著。随施氮量的增加，有效穗数显著增加，而结实率则显著下降，施氮处理每穗粒数和千粒重显著高于不施氮处理。在相同施氮水平下，因为有效穗数、结实率和千粒重显著提高，所以稻草全量还田产量极显著高于不还田处理，增幅8.83%。稻草全量还田同一施氮水平下，施氮比例为 5∶2∶3 处理产量极显著高于其他处理，其每穗粒数和千粒重均为最高，有效穗数随分蘖肥比例的增加而减少，处理间结实率差异不显著。稻草全量还田后，随着施氮量增加，其氮素总积累量、氮肥表观利用率、氮素的吸收率和百公斤籽粒的需氮量也显著提高，且与施氮量呈极显著正相关。但氮素收获指数和氮肥生理利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低。同一施氮水平下，全量还田处理水稻氮肥农学利用率和生理利用率均显著高于不还田处理。相关分析表明，氮素总积累量与产量呈二次抛物线极显著正相关，氮肥表观利用率、氮素吸收率与产量呈极显著正相关。稻草全量还田相同施氮水平下，随着穗肥施氮比例降低，其氮素总积累量、中期的积累量和比率下降，其氮肥的表观利用率、收获指数和氮素的吸收率也随之降低，但前期的氮素积累量和比率则升高。氮素的农学利用率和生理利用率均表现为随着穗肥比例的减少呈先增加后降低趋势，均以施氮比例为5∶2∶3处理处理最高，不施穗肥处理最低。各施氮比例处理中，穗肥的施氮量与氮素的总积累量、中期积累量、氮肥的表观利用率、收获指数和氮素吸收率呈极显著正相关，氮肥的农学利用率和生理利用率与产量显著正相关。【结论】稻草全量还田后配施适量的氮肥可以提高晚稻产量，本试验以配施N 180 kg/hm 2 产量最高；在施纯N 240 kg/hm 2 以内，施氮越多，氮素积累量越多，相应的氮肥表观利用率、氮素的吸收率和百公斤籽粒的需氮量也越大。总施氮量相同条件下，以基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥为 5∶2∶3 的施氮比例水稻产量，氮肥农学、生理利用率均为最高，此结果可作为双季稻区稻草全量还田后的推荐施氮比例。

... 何虎等^[22]研究认为等施氮量下, 氮素积累量随穗肥施用比例下降而降低, 氮素农学利用率和生理利用率以基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥= 5:2:3处理最高 ...

2004

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丁艳锋, 刘胜环, 王绍华, 王强盛, 黄丕生, 凌启鸿. 氮素基、蘖肥用量对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 739-744

Ding Y

, Liu S

, Wang S

, Wang Q

, Huang P

, Ling Q

. Effects of the amount of basic and tillering nitrogen applied on absorption and utilization of nitrogen in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 739-744 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Two cultivars of Wuxiangjing 9 (japonica) and H97-322 (indica) were used to study the effects of different level of nitrogen applied as basic and tillering dressing (BT) on the absorption and utilization of nitrogen in rice in the condition of same soil fertility and same nitrogen application at pan

以粳稻品种武香粳9号和籼稻品种H97-322为材料，在基础地力和穗肥施氮相同的条件下，研究了氮素基、蘖肥不同施用水平对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明：(1)各处理水稻相对吸氮速率随生育进程而降低，其降低速度随氮素基、蘖肥占总施氮量比重增大而加快。增施氮素基、蘖肥，增加了拔节前吸氮量，但抑制了拔节后吸氮，尤其

... 从试验结果还可以看出6:4处理在抽穗至成熟期的氮素积累量显著高于其他处理, 而基蘖肥所占比例较大的处理拔节后的氮素积累量显著小于其他处理, 氮肥利用率也较低, 这与丁艳锋等^[23]研究结果一致, 随氮素基蘖肥占总施氮量的比例增大, 提高了拔节前氮素基蘖肥利用率, 但降低了氮肥利用率 ...

1993

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王维金, 徐竹生. 重施穗肥对杂交水稻的产量和氮素营养的影响. 华中农业大学学报, 1993, 12(3): 209-214

Wang W

, Xu Z

. Effects of heavy spike fertilizer on yield and nitrogen nutrition in middle-season hybrid rice. J Huazhong Agric Univ, 1993, 12(3): 209-214 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 王维金等^[24]也指出, 基蘖肥氮在成熟过程中随稻株下、中部叶片和鞘的枯死部分而带出植株体外的量多于穗肥, 所以基蘖肥的利用率低而穗肥的利用率高 ...

2002

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... 合理分期施氮肥能提高水稻吸氮量和氮素利用率^[25], 本研究结果初步明确了钵苗机插优质食味水稻的氮肥吸收利用特性, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例为6:4的处理作为合理的氮肥运筹, 可以显著提高水稻成熟期氮素积累量和氮肥利用率 ...