玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响

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庞党伟, 陈金, 唐玉海, 尹燕枰, 杨东清, 崔正勇, 郑孟静, 李勇, 王振林. 玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(11): 1689-1699
PANG Dang-Wei, CHEN Jin, TANG Yu-Hai, YIN Yan-Ping, YANG Dong-Qing, CUI Zheng-Yong, ZHENG Meng-Jing, LI Yong, WANG Zhen-Lin. Effect of Returning Methods of Maize Straw and Nitrogen Treatments on Soil Physicochemical Property and Yield of Winter Wheat. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(11): 1689-1699 复制到剪切板

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玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响

庞党伟, 陈金, 唐玉海, 尹燕枰, 杨东清, 崔正勇, 郑孟静, 李勇, 王振林^*

山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 王振林, E-mail: zlwang@sdau.edu.cn

收稿日期:2015-11-23 接受日期:2016-07-11 网络出版日期:2016-08-11

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271661, 31271667, 30871477), 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB150404), 国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2012BAD04B05), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100, 201203029)和山东省高等学校科技计划项目(J14LF12)资助

摘要

为了探讨玉米秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式及施氮量对土壤耕性及冬小麦产量的影响, 于2012年10月至2015年6月连续3个小麦生长季进行了田间定位试验。设3种耕作方式, 分别为连续3年旋耕秸秆不还田、连续3年旋耕秸秆还田和前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田, 每种耕作方式下均设4个施氮水平, 施氮量依次为165、225、300和360 kg hm^-2。与旋耕相比, 深耕促进还田玉米秸秆的腐解, 且增施氮肥能提高秸秆腐解速度, 从而提高耕层土壤的有机质含量。秸秆不还田条件下, 连续旋耕降低了0~30 cm土层的有机质含量, 结果土壤容重增大, 孔隙度降低, 且增施氮肥不利于土壤物理性状的改善; 秸秆还田条件下, 连续旋耕提高了0~10 cm土层有机质含量, 土壤容重随之减小, 孔隙度增加; 秸秆还田条件下, 连续2年旋耕1年深耕比连续旋耕增加了10~30 cm土层有机质含量, 显著降低了0~20 cm土层容重, 增加了0~20 cm土层的总孔隙度和10~30 cm土层的毛管孔隙度。连续3年旋耕造成冬小麦减产, 尤其是秸秆不还田处理, 第3年产量较第1年下降5.0%~8.7%; 旋耕秸秆还田较旋耕不还田平均增产7.3%~8.9%, 但在第3年产量下滑; 而旋耕还田后适时深耕还田比连续旋耕还田平均增加有效穗数14.5%, 增加穗粒数5.7%, 产量平均提高7.6%。在玉米秸秆还田条件下, 增施氮肥有助于改善土壤理化性质, 但225、300和360 kg hm^-2氮肥水平的产量无显著差异。本研究结果表明, 山东省小麦高产高效栽培技术宜采取秸秆还田、2年旋耕1年深耕、配施纯氮225 kg hm^-2的种植模式。

关键词: 耕作模式; 秸秆还田; 氮肥; 产量

Effect of Returning Methods of Maize Straw and Nitrogen Treatments on Soil Physicochemical Property and Yield of Winter Wheat

PANG Dang-Wei, CHEN Jin, TANG Yu-Hai, YIN Yan-Ping, YANG Dong-Qing, CUI Zheng-Yong, ZHENG Meng-Jing, LI Yong, WANG Zhen-Lin^*

¹Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271661, 31271667, 30871477), the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150404), the National Technology Engineering Program for Food Crops Production (2012BAD04B05), the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203100, 201203029), and the Higher Educational Science and Technology Program of Shandong Province (J14LF12)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of continuous rotary tillage on soil tilth and wheat yield under straw-return and non-straw return conditions. A three-year field experiment from October 2012 to June 2015 was conducted with three tillage patterns (three-year rotary tillage without maize straw return, RT; three-year rotary tillage with maize straw return, RTS; and two-year rotary tillage plus one-year deep tillage with maize straw returning, RTS-DTS) and four nitrogen application levels (165 kg ha^-1, N165; 225 kg ha^-1, N225; 300 kg ha^-1, N300; 360 kg ha^-1, N360). Compared with rotary tillage, deep tillage facilitated decomposition of the maize straw and high N level accelerated the decomposition speed. Under non-straw-return condition, continuous rotary tillage reduced the organic matter content in 0-30 cm soil layer, leading to increased bulk density and decreased soil porosity. Under straw-return condition, continuous rotary tillage increased the organic matter content in 0-10 cm soil layer and soil porosity and decreased bulk density. Moreover, RTS-DTS showed positive effects on tilth soil structure. For example, compared with RTS, RTS-DTS had the effect on increasing organic matter content in 10-30 cm soil layer, decreasing bulk density in 0-20 cm soil layer, and increasing the total porosity in 0-20 cm soil layer and capillary porosity in 10-30 cm soil layer. Three-year rotary tillage resulted in yield decline of wheat, particularly under non-straw return condition. Grain yield of RT in the third year was 5.0%-8.7% more than that in the first year. Although the yield of RTS was 7.3%-8.9% higher than that of RT, it also showed obvious decline in the third year. Compared with RTS, RTS-DTS showed great improvement in yield and yield components, with the increase of 14.5% in spike number, 5.7% in grain number per spike, and 7.6% in final yield. Under maize straw return condition, soil physical property was improved with the increase of N level. However, the final yield in treatments of N225, N300, and N360 was not significantly different. Our results suggest that RTS-DTS plus maize straw return with N application rate of 225 kg ha^-1 is a high-yield and high-efficient cultivation pattern in Shandong province.

Keyword: Tillage practices; Straw returning; Nitrogen fertilizer; Yield

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土壤是农田生态系统的自然支撑和生物屏障, 培肥土壤, 稳定土体结构, 提高土壤地力和土壤质量, 对保障粮食生产、维护粮食安全有重要意义^{[1, 2]}。黄淮平原是中国主要粮食生产区^{[3, 4]}, 该区域小麦播种前土壤耕作以翻耕秸秆不还田、翻耕秸秆还田和旋耕秸秆还田为主。麦田旋耕有效地改善了传统犁铧式耕翻工序复杂、耗费能源较多等缺点, 省工省时, 经济方便。但长期单一的耕作方式不利于形成良好的土壤耕性^{[5, 6]}, 连续旋耕导致土壤耕层变浅, 犁底层上移^[7], 土壤蓄水保墒能力降低^[8], 严重影响粮食稳产和高产^[9]。

近年来, 作物秸秆作为重要的天然有机肥料越来越受到重视^{[10, 11]}。研究表明, 秸秆还田能增加土壤有机质含量, 提高土壤肥力^{[12, 13]}, 维持土壤结构的稳定性^{[14, 15]}, 并且有机质含量与土壤结构稳定性有显著相关性^{[16, 17]}; 同时秸秆还田还能提高作物干物质积累量, 增加产量^{[18, 19, 20]}。然而, 秸秆还田技术的应用也对作物生产模式提出新的挑战。如在旋耕条件下实施秸秆还田, 由于秸秆的物理阻碍、播种过浅等原因易造成冬小麦出苗率低^[21], 而秸秆腐解缓慢, 严重影响下茬作物的生长^[22]; 另外, 随着秸秆还田规模的增大, 农田氮素的合理利用问题亦日趋突出^[23]。

旋耕配合秸秆还田是山东省冬小麦生产普遍采用的耕作模式。为改善该省冬小麦产区生产技术, 合理使用氮肥, 本研究基于长期定位试验田, 比较了4个施氮水平和3种耕作模式对农田土壤理化性质和小麦产量的影响。结果表明, 秸秆还田条件下, 旋耕2年后进行一次深耕, 同时适量施用氮肥, 不仅能够提高小麦季产量, 而且改善了土壤理化特性, 提高了耕层基础肥力, 为下茬作物高产奠定了基础。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

2012年10月至2015年6月连续3个小麦生长季在山东农业大学实验站(山东泰安)采用冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟种植模式, 其中, 冬小麦收获后秸秆全部移除, 夏玉米种植以及管理同当地大田生产, 不做特殊处理。试验开始时耕层土壤含有机质14.76 g kg^-1、全氮1.24 g kg^-1、速效磷9.6 mg kg^-1、速效钾85.30 mg kg^-1、硝态氮12.79 mg kg^-1、铵态氮6.06 mg kg^-1, pH 8.06。0~10、10~20和20~30 cm容重分别为1.40、1.47和1.55 g cm^-3。

采用裂区设计, 3次重复, 主区为耕作模式, 设3年旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、3年旋耕秸秆还田(RTS)和2年旋耕秸秆还田1年深耕秸秆还田(RTS-DTS) 3个处理; 副区为氮肥水平, 设165、225、300和360 kg hm^-2 4个水平。50%氮肥(尿素)以及105 kg hm^-2 P₂O₅(过磷酸钙)和75 kg hm^-2 K₂O (氯化钾)底施, 拔节期追施另外50%氮肥。其中RT处理为玉米秸秆清理出农田, 撒施化肥后旋耕2遍, 旋耕深度10 cm, 旋平后播种; RTS处理为玉米秸秆粉碎还田后, 撒施化肥旋耕2遍, 旋耕深度10 cm, 旋平后播种; 深耕处理为玉米秸秆粉碎还田后, 铧式犁翻耕1遍, 耕深20 cm, 旋平后播种。玉米秸秆还田量为7500 kg hm^-2, 其中N、P₂O₅、K₂O含量分别为0.65%、0.30%和0.50%。小区面积为9 m², 试验品种为济麦22, 种植密度为2.25× 10⁶ hm^-2。本试验以3年为周期, 旨在探讨连续耕作以及耕作方式转换下土壤理化性质对耕作的响应, 因此土壤理化性质分析以第3年土壤为主。

1.2 秸秆腐解测定方法

采用尼龙网袋法测定秸秆腐解。网袋规格为15 cm × 20 cm, 100目。采集秸秆样本, 烘干, 剪成寸段, 称取20 g。为模拟田间实际情景, 每个尼龙袋中混入土壤量200 g, 土壤分别取自相应裂区, 按4个施氮水平计算每个网袋所用氮肥量, 分别为0.495、0.675、0.900和1.080 g。依照耕地的实际深度将各处理秸秆埋入各裂区小麦行间, 旋耕埋入深度为10 cm, 深耕20 cm。分别于埋入后30 d (11月20日)、越冬期(12月5日)、返青期(3月9日)、拔节期(3月27日)、开花期(5月5日)和成熟期(6月12日)取样, 将样品洗净后80℃烘干, 计算秸秆腐解量和腐解速率(kg d^-1 hm^-2)。腐解速率=2次取样秸秆质量之差/取样间隔的天数。

1.3 容重、孔隙度以及有机质含量测定方法

于2014— 2015年度小麦生长季成熟期取样, 从每个小区选取3点, 采用环刀法每10 cm一层, 测定0~30 cm土层的容重和孔隙度^[24]。采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定有机质含量^[25]。

1.4 小麦产量相关性状测定

成熟期每小区收获1 m², 测定有效穗数和产量。同时, 随机选取代表性植株15株于室内考种, 考察穗粒数和千粒重。

1.5 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007和DPS 7.05进行统计分析, LSD方法进行多重比较, SigmaPlot 10.0 和Microsoft Excel 2007作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同耕作模式和施氮量对秸秆腐解及有机质的影响

2.1.1 对秸秆腐解速率的影响玉米秸秆腐解速率呈现“ 快-慢-快” 的趋势, 以越冬期前的腐解速率最快, RTS与RTS-DTS的平均腐解速率分别达到49.70 kg d^-1 hm^-2和48.75 kg d^-1 hm^-2, 二者没有显著差异; 越冬期至返青期秸秆腐解最慢, 不足4 kg d^-1 hm^-2; 返青期以后进入第2次快速腐解阶段, 且RTS-DTS的秸秆腐解速率显著高于RTS, 因而冬小麦整个生育期平均秸秆腐解速率表现为RTS-DTS显著高于RTS (表1), 说明RTS-DTS促进了冬小麦生育后期夏玉米秸秆的腐解。

表1 耕作模式和施氮量对玉米秸秆腐解速率的影响 Table 1 Effect of tillage pattern and N application rate on maize straw decomposition speed (kg d^-1 hm^-2)

氮肥施用量显著影响秸秆的平均腐解速率, 并且增加施氮量能提高秸秆的平均腐解速率。在RTS-DTS模式下, 4个施氮水平N165、N225、N300、N360的平均腐解速率分别为16.21、16.97、17.39和17.72 kg d^-1 hm^-2 (表1), 与当地推荐施氮量(225 kg hm^-2, N225)相比较, N300、N360的平均腐解速率分别提高2.5%、4.4%, 而N165处理降低4.5%。

2.1.2 对秸秆腐解进程的影响图1表明, 还田玉米秸秆残余量随生育进程而逐渐减少。耕作模式和氮肥处理共同影响秸秆腐解, 表现为深耕以及增施氮肥(N300、N360)均能促进秸秆的腐解。小麦成熟期深耕各施氮量的腐解量分别为3808、3987、4085和4165 kg hm^-2, 较旋耕相应施氮量下的腐解量分别提高13.1%、10.9%、13.1%和14.0%, 平均提高12.8%, 差异达到极显著水平。在旋耕条件下, N165、N225、N300和N360四个氮肥水平下成熟期的秸秆腐解量分别为3370、3596、3610和3658 kg hm^-2。与当地推荐施氮量N225相比, N300、N360处理的腐解量分别提高0.4%和1.7%, 而N165处理降低6.3%。这说明秸秆腐解不但受耕作方式和氮肥施用量共同影响, 并且耕作方式对秸秆腐解的影响大于氮肥的施用。

2.1.3 对有机质的影响试验处理3年后成熟期土壤耕层有机质含量如表2所示。不同耕作措施对耕层土壤有机质的分布及影响不同。RT及RTS处理的有机质主要富集在0~20 cm, 并且0~10 cm的有机质含量高于10~20 cm, 而RTS-DTS处理的有机质富集于0~30 cm, 以10~20 cm有机质含量最高。与RT相比, RTS显著增加了0~20 cm土壤的有机质含量, 这是因为旋耕条件下秸秆的腐解产物主要聚集在0~10 cm以及腐解物的向下迁移所致。RTS-DTS较RTS提高了10~30 cm土壤的有机质含量, 这是因为深耕较旋耕更易促进秸秆腐解(图1), 转化较多的有机质。秸秆还田条件下, 有机质含量随氮肥施用量增加而增加(表2), 与增施氮肥能促进秸秆的腐解(图1)相符。

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图1 耕作模式和施氮量对玉米秸秆腐解的影响
氮处理符号中数字表示施氮量(kg hm^-2)。RTS: 3年旋耕秸秆还田; RTS-DTS: 2年旋耕秸秆还田1年深耕秸秆还田。Fig. 1 Effects of different tillage patterns and N treatments on maize straw decomposition
Nitrogen treatment is defined with “ N” and application rate (kg hm^-2). RTS: three-year RT plus maize straw return; RTS-DTS: two-year RT and one-year deep tillage plus maize straw return.

表2 耕作模式和施氮量对不同土层土壤有机质的影响 Table 2 Effects of tillage patterns and nitrogen application amount on organic matter in different soil layers (g kg^-1)

2.2 不同耕作模式和施氮量对土壤物理性质的影响

2.2.1 对土壤容重的影响经连续3年试验, 小麦成熟期表层土壤容重随土壤深度增加而增加(图2)。0~10、10~20和20~30 cm的土壤容重均为RT> RTS> RTS-DTS, 其中, RTS较RT显著降低了0~10 cm土层的容重, 而较RTS-DTS显著提高了10~20 cm的容重。

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图2 耕作模式和施氮量对土壤容重的影响(2014-2015)
氮处理符号中数字表示施氮量(kg hm^-2)。RT: 3年旋耕不还田; RTS: 3年旋耕秸秆还田; RTS-DTS: 2年旋耕秸秆还田1年深耕秸秆还田。Fig. 2 Effects of different tillage patterns and N treatments on the soil bulk density (2014-2015)
Nitrogen treatment is defined with “ N” and application rate (kg hm^-2). RT: Three-year rotary tillage (RT) with no straw return; RTS: Three-year RT plus maize straw return; RTS-DTS: Two-year RT and one-year deep tillage plus maize straw return.

耕作处理前试验地块土壤0~10、10~20和20~30 cm容重分别为1.40、1.47和1.55 g cm^-3。试验处理3年后, 土壤表层容重发生了显著变化。秸秆不还田条件下, 在N165、N225、N300和N360施氮水平, 连续3年旋耕导致0~10 cm土壤容重分别增加4.0%、1.9%、2.8%和3.7%, 10~20 cm土壤容重分别增加3.5%、0.5%、1.1%和3.3%; 秸秆还田条件下, 连续3年旋耕降低了0~10 cm土壤容重, 4个氮肥水平N165、N225、N300、N360分别降低0.3%、0.8%、1.8%、2.1%, 而10~20 cm的容重除N360处理降低0.18%外, 其余均有微弱增加。RTS-DTS降低了0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的容重, 0~10 cm土层的降低幅度分别为2.6%、3.4%、3.8%和4.7%, 10~20 cm土层的降低幅度分别为2.2%、2.6%、3.0%和3.1%。3种耕作模式对20~30 cm土层容重影响不明显, RT、RTS各处理的增加幅度分别为0.6%~1.5%、-0.6%~0.7%, 而RTS-DTS的降低幅度为0.03%~0.90%。

连续3年的定位试验表明, 旋耕主要影响0~10 cm土壤容重, 连续旋耕后实施深耕能影响0~20 cm土壤的容重, 说明连续旋耕可导致耕层变浅, 而深耕可以打破连续旋耕形成的较浅耕层。相同耕作模式下, 氮肥施用量对容重的影响不显著, 秸秆还田条件下随着施氮量的增加, 容重有降低的趋势, 而旋耕不还田增施氮肥(N300、N360)较N225提高了土壤容重。

2.2.2 对土壤孔隙度的影响各处理小麦成熟期的土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度随土层加深而降低, 且受耕作模式和氮肥处理二因素共同影响(表3)。在0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤总孔隙度为RTS-DTS> RTS> RT。秸秆还田能显著增加土壤的孔隙度, 与RT相比, RTS显著提高了0~10 cm土层的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度以及0~20 cm土层的非毛管孔隙度。与RTS相比, RTS-DTS显著增加了0~20 cm土层的总孔隙度、0~10 cm的非毛管孔隙度以及10~30 cm的毛管孔隙度。这说明不同耕作处理对土壤的作业深度不同, 进而对土壤孔隙度的影响产生差异。

表3 耕作模式和施氮量对土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度的影响 Table 3 Effects of different tillage patterns and N treatments on capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity, and total porosity

耕作模式 Tillage pattern	施氮处理 Nitrogen treatment	毛管孔隙度 Capillary porosity			非毛管孔隙度 Non-capillary porosity			总孔隙度 Total porosity
耕作模式 Tillage pattern	施氮处理 Nitrogen treatment	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm	0-10 cm	10-20 cm	20-30 cm
RT	N165	41.71 cd	37.21 d	36.37 e	2.74 g	4.62 f	3.84 abc	44.46 f	41.83 c	40.21 e
	N225	42.17 bc	38.49 b	37.14 cde	3.44 e	5.00 e	3.57 bc	45.60 ef	43.49 b	40.70 cde
	N300	41.96 cd	38.48 b	36.97 cde	3.18 f	4.67 f	3.42 ce	45.14 f	43.15 b	40.39 de
	N360	41.93 cd	37.61 cd	36.84 cde	2.75 g	4.34 g	3.40 c	44.67 f	41.95 c	40.24 de
RTS	N165	43.13 ab	38.09 bc	36.44 de	3.65 d	5.00 e	4.21 a	46.77 de	43.09 b	40.65 cde
	N225	43.32 a	38.30 bc	36.69 de	3.72 d	5.14 cd	4.04 ab	47.03 cd	43.44 b	40.72 cd
	N300	43.48 a	38.49 b	37.27 cde	4.11 b	5.05 de	3.75 abc	47.59 bcd	43.54 b	41.01 bc
	N360	43.82 a	38.63 b	37.34 cd	3.88 c	5.25 c	4.08 ab	47.70 bcd	43.88 b	41.41 ab
RTS-DTS	N165	40.51 e	39.75 a	37.66 bc	7.50 a	5.28 bc	3.37 c	48.01 abc	45.03 a	41.03 bc
	N225	40.89 de	39.82 a	38.59 ab	7.53 a	5.39 ab	2.65 d	48.43 ab	45.21 a	41.24 ab
	N300	41.10 cde	39.94 a	38.84 a	7.51 a	5.50 a	2.55 d	48.62 ab	45.44 a	41.39 ab
	N360	41.76 cd	40.31 a	38.91 a	7.36 a	5.21 c	2.71 d	49.11 a	45.52 a	41.62 a

Nitrogen treatment is defined with “ N” and application rate (kg hm^-2). RT: three-year rotary tillage (RT) with no straw return; RTS: three-year RT plus maize straw return; RTS-DTS: two-year RT and one-year deep tillage plus maize straw return. Multiple comparisons were conducted across the 12 treatments under three tillage patterns and different letters after values indicate significance at the 0.05 probability level (LSD method).

氮处理符号中数字表示施氮量(kg hm^-2)。RT: 3年旋耕不还田; RTS: 3年旋耕秸秆还田; RTS-DTS: 2年旋耕秸秆还田1年深耕秸秆还田。3种耕作模式下12个处理进行多重比较(LSD法), 数据后不同字母表示在0.05概率水平差异显著。

秸秆不还田条件下, 各土层孔隙度总体上以N225最大, 在N225的基础上增加施氮量反而降低耕层土壤孔隙度, 这与N300和N360处理导致土壤容重增加的结果(图2)相符。秸秆还田增施氮肥能提高总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度, 但同一耕作模式下各氮肥处理间差异不明显。

2.3 不同耕作模式和施氮量对冬小麦产量的影响

总体来看, 连续3年旋耕条件下, 秸秆还田处理的冬小麦籽粒产量高于秸秆不还田处理。与秸秆不还田相比, 秸秆还田增产的主要贡献来自千粒重的明显增加和穗粒数的提高, 二者在3年间分别平均提高6.2%~7.3%以及3.8%~4.9%, 弥补了穗数下降的影响。无论是否秸秆还田, 3年内连续旋耕, 特别是实施到第3年, 冬小麦穗数下降趋势很明显(旋耕还田N360处理除外); 连续旋耕至第2年, 穗粒数和千粒重增长明显, 较第1年分别提高3.8%和2.5%, 并且旋耕还田的提高幅度(4.9%和3.6%)显著高于旋耕不还田(2.7%和1.4%), 但到第3年穗粒数和千粒重不能协同提高; 最终导致秸秆不还田条件下, 3年的产量持续下降, 而秸秆还田条件下, 第2年的产量最高, 第3年呈下降趋势。秸秆还田条件下, 施氮量超过225 kg hm^-2时对减产趋势起到一定缓解作用(图3)。

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图3 耕作模式和施氮量对冬小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响
横坐标中1~3表示同一耕作模式实施年份, 分别为2012-2013、2013-2014和2014-2015年度。RTS-DTS表示连续旋耕还田模式的第3年改为深耕还田。N165、N225、N300、N360表示不同施氮处理, 数字代表施氮量(kg hm^-2)。Fig. 3 Effects of different tillage patterns and N treatments on yield and yield components of winter wheat
In the X-axis, numbers 1 to 3 indicate years conducted in the same tillage pattern, in 2012-2013, 2013-2014, and 2014-2015 wheat seasons. RTS-DTS indicates RTS with deep-tillage in the third year. N165, N225, N300, and N360 stand for N treatment and the number indicates the amount of N applied (kg hm^-2).

将第3年的旋耕秸秆还田改为深耕秸秆还田, 冬小麦千粒重表现为下降, 较前者降低1.4%~2.5%, 并且在225 kg hm^-2的基础上提高施氮量, 下降越明显; 穗粒数则略高于前者在第2年的高值状态。变化最明显的是, 第3年深耕秸秆还田的单位面积穗数较连续3年旋耕秸秆还田大幅度提高(12.3%~ 17.1%), 达到最高水平, 但N225、N300和N360处理之间差异很小。因此, 冬小麦籽粒产量以2年旋耕秸秆还田+1年深耕秸秆还田模式最高, 比连续3年旋耕秸秆还田模式高5.1%~10.0% (图3)。

3 讨论

3.1 不同耕作模式和施氮量对玉米秸秆腐解的影响

本试验中夏玉米秸秆经历了2个快速腐解期, 分别为秸秆埋入到越冬期以及返青期到成熟期。腐解前期, 旋耕的腐解速率高于深耕; 随着糖、淀粉、蛋白质、半纤维素等易分解物质逐渐被微生物分解, 腐解速率逐渐降低; 返青期以后腐解速率上升, 深耕的腐解速率显著高于旋耕。秸秆腐解是一个复杂的生物过程, 除受自身碳氮比影响外, 水分、温度以及农田管理措施等同样影响此过程^{[26, 27, 28, 29, 30]}。播种后浇蒙头水时, 由于深耕可以有效增加土壤通透性^[31], 土壤蓄水能力强于旋耕, 但土壤含水量过高易降低土壤温度, 影响微生物活性, 不利于秸秆腐解^[30], 导致深耕条件下前期的秸秆腐解速率低于旋耕。返青期后, 深耕的秸秆腐解速率显著高于旋耕, 这是因为深耕疏松了土壤, 改善了通气性, 增加了好气微生物的活性^[32]。作物秸秆分解时适宜的C/N比为25, 而玉米秸秆本身C/N比高, 还田后微生物与作物竞争吸收土壤中固有的无机氮, 所以秸秆还田时需配合施加一定量氮肥来调节土壤微生物碳氮比^[33]。本研究中增施氮肥(N300、N360)能促进玉米秸秆的腐解, 但与N225无显著性差异, 即每公顷配施225 kg氮能满足秸秆的有效腐解。秸秆的腐解最终表现为土壤有机质的增加。秸秆还田条件下, 旋耕主要增加了0~10 cm土层的有机质含量, 而深耕主要增加了10~30 cm土层的有机质, 这是因为深耕作业导致秸秆富集于10~20 cm土层, 同时也与深耕作业将表层有机质机械翻转到深层有关^[34]。整体来看, 连续2年旋耕1年深耕并配施225 kg hm^-2氮便能有效促进还田玉米秸秆的腐解, 显著增加耕层10~30 cm土壤的有机质含量。

3.2 不同耕作模式和施氮量对土壤理化性质的影响

土壤容重是土壤重要的物理性质之一, 它直接影响土壤孔隙度与孔隙大小的分配、土壤水肥气热变化^[35], 而土壤中大小孔隙度的分配及其连续性和稳定性则是直接影响作物根系生长和养分运输的主要因素^[36]。国内外学者就玉米秸秆还田对土壤理化性质的影响做了较多的研究, 多数表明秸秆还田对降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度有积极作用^{[37, 38, 39]}, 能使土壤的通气状况显著改善^[40], 而且土壤容重随着秸秆还田年限的增加而逐渐降低^[41]。连续3年试验处理后, RTS较RT显著降低了0~10 cm土层的容重, 并显著提高了0~10 cm土层的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度以及0~20 cm土层的非毛管孔隙度。长期单一的耕作方式不利于形成良好的土壤耕性^{[5, 6]}。本试验中RT导致0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的容重较处理前平均增加3.1%、2.1%, RTS虽能降低0~10 cm土层容重, 但其有增加10~20 cm土层容重的趋势。周虎等^[7]研究证明翻耕处理的耕层(0~20 cm)均低于旋耕处理下相同层次的土壤容重, 本试验中RTS-DTS不仅能较RTS显著降低10~20 cm土层容重, 而且对20~30 cm土层的容重有一定的降低效应。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥通过影响秸秆腐解对土壤物理性质产生影响, 总体上表现为增施氮肥有降低容重、增加孔隙度的趋势; 秸秆不还田条件下, 在N225的基础上增加施氮量不利于土壤物理性质的改善, 这是因为高化肥投入导致耕地土壤有机质出现严重的退化^{[42, 43]}, 结果容重增加, 孔隙度降低。总之, 连续2年旋耕还田后进行深耕还田增加了耕层有机质, 改善了耕层土壤结构, 为作物创造了良好的生长条件。

3.3 不同耕作模式和施氮量对冬小麦产量的影响

土壤理化性质的改变最终影响冬小麦的生长发育。无论秸秆还田与否, 连续3年旋耕均出现冬小麦成穗数降低的现象, 播种过浅或者秸秆的物理阻碍等造成还田地块冬小麦出苗率低^[21]是其原因之一, 而连续旋耕造成的耕性下降, 引起单株成穗率低也是主要限制因子。连续旋耕条件下, 秸秆不还田处理的冬小麦产量逐年下降, 而秸秆还田处理的产量在第3年出现了下滑, 这与旋耕造成的土壤紧实、耕层变浅、土壤蓄水保墒能力降低有关, 进而影响粮食稳产和高产^{[7, 8, 9]}。郑成岩等^[44]对比了旋耕秸秆还田和深耕秸秆还田处理下冬小麦产量水平, 结果二者在试验处理的第1年无显著差异, 而孔凡磊等^[18]在吴桥试验站发现上述2种耕作措施连续2个小麦生长季对产量无明显影响。同时, 本试验的结果证实在连续2个冬小麦生长季内, 旋耕秸秆还田具有增产效应。第3年耕作措施由旋耕还田转换为深耕还田后, 最终产量较旋耕还田增加5.1%~10.0%, 这是因为第3年深耕还田均衡了耕层的有机质分布, 降低土壤容重, 疏松土壤, 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^{[19, 45]}, 促进根系的下扎^[34], 有利于冬小麦生长发育, 同时提高小麦旗叶光合速率, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加光合产物的积累, 有利于产量的增加^{[46, 47]}。

氮素是作物生长所需大量营养元素之一, 在保障中国粮食安全方面具有不可代替的作用^[48]。土壤中氮素的丰缺及供给直接影响农作物的生长和产量^[49]。3种耕作措施下, N225、N300和N360处理的产量均显著高于N165水平, 秸秆还田条件下增施氮肥(N300和N360)虽然能改善耕层土壤的理化性质, 进而增加单位面积穗数和穗粒数, 但不利于产量的进一步提升。所以, 每公顷配施225 kg的施氮量即能满足冬小麦的生长发育, 并能获得较高的籽粒产量。

4 结论

无论秸秆还田与否, 连续3年旋耕均造成有机质富集于表层, 下层土壤容重增加、孔隙度降低。连续2年旋耕还田后进行深耕还田均衡耕层的有机质分布, 降低容重、改善孔隙度空间分布, 有利于创造适于作物生长发育的耕层结构, 从而实现冬小麦年度间稳产增产。在配施纯氮225 kg hm^-2的基础上增加施氮量并不能显著提高产量, 因此, 连续2年旋耕还田1年深耕还田并配施225 kg hm^-2纯氮可以作为实现山东省冬小麦稳产增产的有效途径。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2015

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... 土壤是农田生态系统的自然支撑和生物屏障, 培肥土壤, 稳定土体结构, 提高土壤地力和土壤质量, 对保障粮食生产、维护粮食安全有重要意义^[1,2] ...

2010

0.0

赵其国. 21世纪土壤科学展望. 地球科学进展, 2010, 16: 704-709

Zhao Q

. Prospects of soil science in the 21st century. Adv Earth Sci, 2010, 16: 704-709 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Soil science is one of the key sciences to solve the problems about population, resources, environment and food. In the 21st century, the trends of soil science is to study the composition, properties, and cycling of material and energy, and their effects on human being survival and environment. Soil global changes are of strategic meaning in soil science research. Digitalization and information systems are the driving force for the development of soil sciences. Soil quality and environment is the key contents of soil science. Protecting soil resources and improving soil fertility are the important tasks in soil science research. Studying the resource-saving sustainable agriculture is the historical mission for soil science. Strengthening basic scientific research is the basis for the development of soil science.

土壤学是解决人口—资源—环境—粮食矛盾的重要学科之一。在21世纪，从圈层角度研究土壤圈物质的组成、性质及能量循环及其对人类生存和环境的影响是土壤学发展的总趋势，其中全球土壤变化是土壤学研究的战略重点，数字化与信息化是土壤学发展的驱动力，土壤质量与环境是土壤学的重要内容，保护土壤资源、提高土壤肥力是土壤学的重要任务，研究资源节约型高效持续农业是土壤学的历史使命，加强土壤学基础理论研究是土壤学发展的基石。

... 土壤是农田生态系统的自然支撑和生物屏障, 培肥土壤, 稳定土体结构, 提高土壤地力和土壤质量, 对保障粮食生产、维护粮食安全有重要意义^[1,2] ...

2013

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梅旭荣, 康绍忠, 于强, 黄元仿, 钟秀丽, 龚道枝, 霍再林, 刘恩科. 协同提升黄淮海平原作物生产力与农田水分利用效率途径. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 1149-1157

Mei X

, Kang S

, Yu

, Huang Y

, Zhong X

, Gong D

, Huo Z

, Liu E

. Pathways to synchronously improving crop productivity and field water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 1149-1157 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The North China Plain(NCP), one of the most important agricultural regions in China, is facing a major water-resource crisis. Improving cultivar water use efficiency(WUE), to reduce water use while maintaining high production level, is of great significance for national food and water security. In this review, strategies for crop yield enhancing and water saving in the NCP, and the theoretical and technological problems need to be currently resolved were proposed, referring to the advances in the relevant studies achieved all over the world. The main points include theories and the specific methods for controlling luxurious transpiration of crop population; theories and pathways for reducing field non-productive water consumption; the mechanism and pathways for sustainable utilization of unconventional water that may mitigate regional water crisis; the mechanism and pathways for gaining a balanced improvement of regional water productivity based on the balance between water resources supply and requirement. Finally, the main challenges in basic studies on efficient field water use in the NCP were proposed, and the fields in which important breakthrough may be achieved in the future were also prospected.

黄淮海平原是中国重要的粮食生产基地，也是水资源严重短缺地区。提高农田水分利用效率，在维持高产的前提下大幅度减少农业用水量，对缓解地区水资源危机、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文针对黄淮海平原现状，结合相关领域的国内外研究进展，分析提出了实现地区农田节水增产增效的对策及当前需要重点突破的理论与技术难点，主要包括4个方面：控制作物群体奢侈蒸腾耗水量的理论基础与方法；降低农田非生产性耗水的理论与途径；缓解地区淡水资源危机的非常规水安全持续利用机理与途径；基于区域水资源供需平衡的水分生产力均衡提升的机理与途径。最后提出黄淮海平原农田高效用水基础研究的主要挑战并展望了未来可能取得重大突破的领域。

... 黄淮平原是中国主要粮食生产区^[3,4], 该区域小麦播种前土壤耕作以翻耕秸秆不还田、翻耕秸秆还田和旋耕秸秆还田为主 ...

2015

0.0

陈丽, 郝晋珉, 艾东, 朱传民, 李牧, 袁凌波. 黄淮海平原粮食均衡增产潜力及空间分异. 农业工程学报, 2015, 31(2): 288-297

Chen

, Hao J

, Ai

, Zhu C

, Li

, Yuan L

. Balanced yield increasing potential of grain and its spatial differentiation in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Trans CSAE, 2015, 31(2): 288-297 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在当前区域发展和保障粮食安全的双向压力下，为了了解粮食主产区增产潜力、区域内部差异及空间分布特征，该文以土地利用现状数据为基础，通过空间均衡增产途径分析，初步研究了黄淮海平原均衡增产潜力及其空间分布；运用空间自相关分析方法结合GIS技术，分析了黄淮海平原增产潜力空间分布模式。结果表明：黄淮海平原粮食增产潜力达到3 304.57万t，空间上表现为南部平原区高于西北部平原区；黄淮海平原粮食增产潜力的空间分布存在正的空间自相关性，空间集聚类型主要为高高集聚型和低低集聚型；在增产潜力及增产潜力空间分布模式引导下，黄淮海平原土地整治类型区划可分为中低产田改造区，包含258个区县；农用地整理区包含24个区县；农村居民点整治区，包含20个区县；土地开发区，包含7个区县。通过均衡的思想，对进一步提高粮食主产区的产量，保护国家粮食安全有重要意义，同时可为因地制宜制定区域均衡增产方向和途径提供支撑。

... 黄淮平原是中国主要粮食生产区^[3,4], 该区域小麦播种前土壤耕作以翻耕秸秆不还田、翻耕秸秆还田和旋耕秸秆还田为主 ...

1989

0.0

... 但长期单一的耕作方式不利于形成良好的土壤耕性^[5,6], 连续旋耕导致土壤耕层变浅, 犁底层上移^[7], 土壤蓄水保墒能力降低^[8], 严重影响粮食稳产和高产^[9] ...

... 长期单一的耕作方式不利于形成良好的土壤耕性^[5,6] ...

2010

0.0

孔凡磊, 陈阜, 张海林, 黄光辉. 轮耕对土壤物理性状和冬小麦产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(8): 150-155

Kong F

, Chen

, Zhang H

, Huang G

. Effects of rotational tillage on soil physical properties and winter wheat yield. Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(8): 150-155 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Conservation tillage in Northern China was very common. However, many problems occurred for winter wheat fields with long-term no tillage, which was not favorable to winter wheat growth. In order to solve those problems, rotational tillage was introduced in this study. Rotational tillages were conducted in the winter wheat field with five years no-tillage under the wheat/corn double-cropping system. Treatments were NT (NT-NT), CT (NT-CT) and RT (NT-RT), respectively. The treatments were cultivated before sowing the winter wheat. Results showed as follows: Rotational tillages (CT, RT) after long-term no tillage significantly reduced soil bulk density; RT significantly reduced the soil bulk density at 0-10 cm layer While CT decreased at 0-20 cm soil layer. Differences of bulk density decreased with the growth of winter wheat. Rotational tillages significantly increased the soil total porosity at 0-10 cm layer, while CT significantly increased at the 10-20 cm soil layer. CT and RT increased soil capillary porosity at 5-10 cm layer. The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity at 0-10 cm soil layer was significantly higher for CT and RT than that for NT at 5% level, while that from the highest to the lowest were CT, RT, NT at 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil layers. And the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of CT at 10-20 cm soil layer was significantly higher than NT at 5% level. The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity showed a significant negative linear correlation with soil bulk density. Rotational tillages significantly increased the effective panicle number and it was 24.1% higher in CT, 22.3% higher in RT compared with the NT. Yields from the highest to the lowest were RT, CT, NT. The yield of winter wheat was 11.8% higher in CT, 16.9% higher in RT compared with the NT treatment. After long-term no-tillage soil tillage can improve soil physical properties and increase crop yield.

针对华北地区土壤连续单一耕作存在的主要问题，进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择冬小麦夏玉米玉两熟区连续5 a免耕田，设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种轮耕处理（即免耕一免耕，免耕一翻耕和免耕一旋耕），冬小麦播种前进行耕作处理。研究结果表明：多年免耕后进行土壤耕作（翻耕、旋耕）可以显著降低土壤体积质量；旋耕显著降低0～10 cm土壤体积质量，翻耕则降低0～20 cm体积质量；随时间变化各处理土壤体积质量差异逐渐降低。翻耕、旋耕均显著增加了0～10 cm土壤总孔隙，同时翻耕显著增加了10～20 cm土壤总孔隙；翻耕、旋耕显著提高了5～10 cm毛管孔隙。0～10 cm土壤饱和导水率表现为旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕，翻耕、旋耕在5%水平上显著高于免耕；10～20、20～30 cm土层均表现为翻耕＞旋耕＞免耕，且10～20 cm翻耕5%水平上显著高于免耕；饱和导水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关。翻耕、旋耕有效穗数与免耕相比分别提高了24.1%、22.3%；冬小麦的实际产量表现为：旋耕＞翻耕＞免耕，翻耕、旋耕分别比免耕增产11.8%、16.9%。总之，长期免耕后进行土壤耕作有利于改善土壤物理性状，提高作物产量。

... 长期单一的耕作方式不利于形成良好的土壤耕性^[5,6] ...

2007

0.0

周虎, 吕贻忠, 杨志臣, 李保国. 保护性耕作对华北平原土壤团聚体特征的影响. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 1973-1979

Zhou

, Lü Y

, Yang Z

, Li B

. Effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregates in Huabei Plain, China. Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 1973-1979 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Tillage will greatly influence the aggregation and stability of soil aggregates. The paper studied the effects of conservation tillage on the soil aggregates characteristics. 【Method】Soils from No-tillage (NT), Rotary tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (Moldboard tillage, CT) plots witch lasted 4 years (2001-2005) at the Luancheng Research Station in Hebei Province were sampled, and the aggregates amount, size distribution and fractal dimension were examined by dry and wet sieving methods. 【Result】Results indicated that NT significantly increased the topsoil (0-5cm) bulk density (BD), while RT maintained lower BD as CT except for significant increase at 10-20cm. Dry sieving results showed that NT resulted in higher Macro-aggregates content (R0.25), mean weight diameter (MWD) and Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) than other treatments at 0-10cm, while RT showed no difference with CT. Wet sieving results showed that most of the aggregates are unstable, and the MWD and GMD of water-table aggregates showed the same trend: NT>RT>CT. At 0-5cm, the fractal dimension (D) of water-stable aggregates under NT was lower than RT and CT; while at 5-10cm, RT yielded highest , showed worst stability. 【Conclusion】After 4 years experiment, NT increased the aggregation and the stability of soil aggregates, while duo to intense disturbance, the aggregation and stability within tillage depth under RT and CT decreased; at 10-30cm, no significant difference had been yielded among the three tillage systems.

【目的】研究华北平原保护性耕作制度对土壤团聚数量、大小和稳定性的影响。【方法】本文采集了华北平原河北栾城试验站经过四年保护性耕作(旋耕和免耕)与传统耕作(翻耕)处理下原状土壤样品，测定了土壤容重、有机质和粘粒含量等物理性质，重点应用干筛和湿筛法分析了土壤团聚体数量、分布和分形维数。【结果】表层(0-5cm)土壤容重的大小顺序为免耕>旋耕>翻耕，免耕使表层土壤的容重显著增加；旋耕与翻耕的表层土壤容重差异不显著，但旋耕使10-20cm的土壤容重明显增加。干筛法分析表明，免耕处理下0-10cm内>0.25mm团聚体含量、平均重量直径(Mean Weight Diameter，MWD)和几何平均直径(Geometric Mean Diameter，GMD)均高于旋耕处理和翻耕处理，而旋耕与翻耕处理间没有显著的差异；湿筛法分析表明，土壤中的团聚体以非水稳性团聚体为主，水稳性团聚体的和GMD大小顺序为免耕>旋耕>翻耕；在0-5cm土层内免耕处理的水稳性团聚体分维数(D)最小，而旋耕下5-10cm层的分形维数D值显著高于翻耕、免耕处理，说明旋耕使得该层内土壤团聚体的稳定性降低。【结论】经过四年保护性耕作试验，免耕处理促进表层土壤团聚体的形成并提高起稳定性，旋耕和翻耕处理由于对土壤的强烈扰动，降低了耕作深度内土壤团聚体的团聚度和稳定性；在10-30cm三种耕作处理间没有显著差异。

... 周虎等^[7]研究证明翻耕处理的耕层(0~20 cm)均低于旋耕处理下相同层次的土壤容重, 本试验中RTS-DTS不仅能较RTS显著降低10~20 cm土层容重, 而且对20~30 cm土层的容重有一定的降低效应 ...

... 连续旋耕条件下, 秸秆不还田处理的冬小麦产量逐年下降, 而秸秆还田处理的产量在第3年出现了下滑, 这与旋耕造成的土壤紧实、耕层变浅、土壤蓄水保墒能力降低有关, 进而影响粮食稳产和高产^[7,8,9] ...

2015

0.0

尹宝重, 张永升, 甄文超. 海河低平原渠灌区麦田深松的节水增产效应研究. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 1311-1320

Yin B

, Zhang Y

, Zhen W

. Effects of sub-soiling tillage on wheat field water-saving and yield-increasing in canal irrigation district of Haihe lowland plain. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 1311-1320 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：【目的】研究海河低平原渠灌区土壤深松对冬小麦的节水增产效应,以提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率。【方法】于2011—2012年和2012—2013年冬小麦生长季,以冬小麦品种良星99为材料,大田条件下,通过小麦季设置旋耕（RT）、深松（SRT）和深耕（MRT）3种耕作方式处理,在海河低平原渠灌区进行了2个周期的研究。【结果】（1）深松可提高土壤水分入渗速率。水分入渗速率稳定时,深松处理土壤水分入渗速率为0.05 mm.s-1,分别是旋耕处理和深耕处理的2.50倍和1.67倍。（2）渠灌条件下,深松有利于水分在土壤中快速下渗,优化水分在深层土壤中的分布,提升深层土壤对灌水的储蓄能力。灌水后48 h,在0—180 cm土层,深松处理土壤水分增量为158.5 mm,旋耕和深耕处理分别为142.5和144.1 mm,分别相当于深松处理的89.9%和90.9%。（3）在冬小麦冬前阶段,深耕处理棵间蒸发量最高,分别是深松和旋耕处理的1.15倍和1.35倍。冬小麦返青后,旋耕处理棵间蒸发量提高,尤其是春季灌水后,旋耕处理日棵间蒸发量上升更快,最高达1.32 mm·d^-1,而深松处理和深耕处理则仅为0.78和0.85 mm·d^-1。深松处理全生育期棵间蒸发量最低,仅为138.17 mm,分别相当于深耕处理和旋耕处理的86.9%和89.7%。（4）冬小麦播种至拔节期,旋耕处理0—100 cm土层含水量高于深松和深耕处理;拔节期至成熟,0—20 cm土层,旋耕处理含水量最高;20—80 cm土层,深松处理含水量最高;80 cm以下土层,3个处理差异不显著。（5）深松处理生育期耗水量为419.1 mm,比旋耕和深耕处理节水约6%;深松处理对灌水和降水的消耗比例分别为41.2%和22.0%,显著高于深耕和旋耕处理。（6）深松处理产量平均为8 550 kg.hm^-2,分别比旋耕和深耕处理提高15.4%和6.9%,其水分利用效率比旋耕和深耕处理分别高22.9%和14.0%。【结论】土壤深松可增加麦田地表水入渗速率,17

2013

0.0

杨雪, 逄焕成, 李轶冰, 任天志, 董国豪, 郭智慧, 王湘峻. 深旋松耕作法对华北缺水区壤质黏潮土物理性状及作物生长的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 3401-3412

Yang

, Pang H

, Li Y

, Ren T

, Dong G

, Guo Z

, Wang X

. Effects of deep rotary sub-soiling tillage on the physical properties and crop growth of the sticky loamy soil in North China. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 3401-3412 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】This study aims at exploring the feasibility of application of deep rotary-subsoiling tillage on crop growth in North China concerning the problems of shallow plough layer, solid plough pan and low soil productivity resulted from the application of rotary tillage in successive years.【Method】Four treatments including rotary tillage 15 cm, interval sub-soiling 30 cm, deep rotary sub-soiling 30 cm, and deep rotary sub-soiling 50 cm were designed in an experiment carried out in Wuqiao of Hebei province to study the effects of different tillage treatments on soil water, soil bulk density changes and crop yield. 【Result】 The results indicate that different tillage treatments greatly affected soil water storage. Deep rotary sub-soiling treatments benefited the precipitation infiltration and water storage, especially under drought conditions. At the turning green stage of the winter wheat, the soil water storage of deep rotary sub-soiling treatments was significantly higher than that of the rotary tillage. Soil water storage of the deep rotary sub-soiling treatment at 50 cm and at 0-50 cm soil layer was 11.69 mm higher than that of the rotary tillage treatment and 10.56 mm higher than the interval sub-soiling treatment, improved by 12.21% and 10.90%, respectively. Different tillage treatments greatly affected soil bulk density. A year and a half after tillage, the soil bulk density of all deep rotary sub-soiling treatments was significantly lower than that of the rotary tillage and interval sub-soiling treatment at 0-30 cm soil layer. Soil bulk density of deep rotary sub-soiling at 50 cm treatment was significantly lower than other treatments at 30-50 cm soil layer. The figure of deep rotary-subsoiling tillage was lower than that of the rotary tillage treatment before winter wheat seeding while showed no difference afterwards. Different tillage treatments affected soil physical property, which further influenced the crop LAI, matter production, grouting process and yield. In all soil tillage treatments, the crop yield of the deep rotary sub-soiling treatment was significantly higher than that of the rotary tillage and interval sub-soiling. After one and a half year, the summer maize yield of the deep rotary sub-soiling at 50cm reached 13 822.68 kg•hm-2 and 13 127.87 kg•hm-2 of that at 30 cm, which is 38.19% and 31.24% higher than conventional rotary tillage, respectively. 【Conclusion】 Deep rotary sub-soiling tillage at 30cm is the most suitable method in this area considering the ecological and economic factors.

【目的】针对华北高产农区连年旋耕导致耕层变浅、犁底层变厚变硬、耕层生产能力下降的问题，探讨深旋松耕作法在华北地区作物生产上的可行性。【方法】在河北吴桥地区设置了4种耕作处理，即传统旋耕15 cm、间隔深松耕30 cm、深旋松耕30 cm、深旋松耕50 cm，研究大田条件下不同耕作方法对土壤性质与作物产量的影响。【结果】（1）不同耕作处理对土壤蓄水量的影响较大，深旋松耕处理表现出利于降水入渗、储蓄更多水分的优势，并且越是干旱的时段，表现越突出。在冬小麦返青期深旋松耕处理土壤蓄水量均极显著高于旋耕处理和间隔深松处理，其中深旋松耕50 cm处理的0—50 cm土层土壤蓄水量分别比旋耕处理和间隔深松处理增加11.69 mm和10.56 mm，提高12.21%和10.90%。（2）不同耕作方法对土壤容重影响很大，耕作一年半之后，深旋松耕两个处理在0—30 cm土层容重显著低于深松和旋耕两个处理，其中深旋松耕30 cm在20—30 cm土层容重分别比深松和旋耕低了13.67%和13.99%，深旋松耕50 cm在20—30 cm土层分别比深松和旋耕低了14.20%和14.51%，30—50 cm土层深旋松耕50 cm土层依然显著低于其他处理，其中，40—50 cm土层分别比深松和旋耕低了22.66%和22.80%，深松处理在冬小麦播前略低于旋耕处理，之后的时期则与旋耕处理间几乎没有差异。（3）耕作方式的不同对土壤性质有影响，并进而影响作物群体LAI、干物质积累和灌浆速率以及产量的形成，对冬小麦季影响最为显著，其中冬小麦花期深旋松耕50 cm处理的群体LAI分别比旋耕处理和间隔深松处理提高51.98%和39.22%，干物质积累量分别比旋耕和间隔深松处理提高26.78%和16.92%，冬小麦灌浆30 d时深旋松耕50 cm分别比深松和旋耕的籽粒干重提高10.37%和11.40%。（4）所有耕作处理中，深旋松耕土壤耕作处理的作物产量显著高于深松耕作和旋耕耕作，其中耕作一年半后夏玉米季深旋松耕50 cm处理产量达到了13 822.68 kg•hm-2，深旋松耕30 cm处理产量也达到了13 127.87 kg•hm-2，均显著高于旋耕处理，对比旋耕处理分别增产38.19%、31.24%。【结论】考虑生态经济等因素的综合考虑，深旋松耕30 cm处理为最适合华北缺水区的耕作方法。

2012

0.0

... 近年来, 作物秸秆作为重要的天然有机肥料越来越受到重视^[10,11] ...

2013

0.0

... 近年来, 作物秸秆作为重要的天然有机肥料越来越受到重视^[10,11] ...

2009

0.0

... 研究表明, 秸秆还田能增加土壤有机质含量, 提高土壤肥力^[12,13], 维持土壤结构的稳定性^[14,15], 并且有机质含量与土壤结构稳定性有显著相关性^[16,17] ...

2009

0.0

2001

0.0

2009

0.0

1988

0.0

2015

0.0

张先凤, 朱安宁, 张佳宝, 杨文亮, 闫惊涛. 耕作管理对潮土团聚体形成及有机碳累积的长期效应. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 4639-4648

Zhang X

, Zhu A

, Zhang J

, Yang W

, Yan J

. The long-term effect research of various tillage managements on the soil aggregates and organic carbon in Fluvo-Aquic soil. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 4639-4648 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】研究黄淮海平原潮土区耕作管理对土壤水稳性团聚体形成及有机碳累积的长期效应,为提升潮土地力、推动农业可持续发展提供理论基础与技术支持。【方法】采集河南省封丘县中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站连续8年保护性耕作的不同处理原状土壤样品,分析测定土壤团聚体的数量、稳定性以及土壤和各粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量。【结果】与常规翻耕处理相比,长期免耕和间歇性翻耕使0—10 cm土层粗大团聚体和10—20cm土层细大团聚体的质量比例分别提高了63.4%和28.1%。秸秆还田主要提高了0—20 cm土层大团聚体的质量比例,平均提高率为3.0%。降低翻耕频率或秸秆还田处理,使不同土层团聚体的稳定性有所提升,前者使0—10 cm平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)和几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)值分别增加了11.9%—31.6%和4.1%—13.7%;后者使0—20 cm MWD和GMD值分别增加了3.5%和4.5%,翻耕频率对团聚体稳定性的影响程度显著高于秸秆还田处理。在0—10 cm土层,各粒径团聚体的有机碳含量随翻耕频率的降低而提高,而秸秆还田对团聚体有机碳的影响可以深入0—20 cm土层。耕作方式耦合秸秆还田处理对团聚体特征的影响显著大于降低翻耕频率或秸秆还田处理。潮土有机碳积累的主要贡献来源于粗大团聚体和细大团聚体,通过降低翻耕频率,可以提高0—10 cm土层粗大团聚体和10—20 cm土层细大团聚体对潮土有机碳积累的相对贡献,提高率分别达49.2%和29.1%。【结论】长期免耕和间歇性翻耕结合秸秆还田能显著提高潮土大团聚体的数量及其稳定性,通过提高大团聚体对土壤有机碳积累的相对贡献,可以增加潮土碳累积量。

2013

0.0

孔凡磊, 袁继超, 张海林, 陈阜. 耕作方式对华北两熟区冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 1612-1618

Kong F

, Yuan J

, Zhang H

, Chen

. Effect of tillage practice on growth and development and yield of winter wheat in double cropping area in North China. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 1612-1618 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The objective of this study was to understand the effect of different tillage practices on growth durations of critical stages, population size, and final yield of winter wheat in the double-cropping area in North China. In a two-year field experiment from september 2009 to summer 2011, we compared the effects of no tillage with straw mulch (NTS), conventional tillage with straw (CTS), rotary tillage with straw (RTS), and conventional tillage without straw (CT), under the conditions of same sowing date and similar seedling densities within a year. The growing process, population size, grain filling, and final yield of winter wheat received no significant influence of the three tillage practices (RTS, CTS, and CT). The growing process of wheat was delayed significantly in NTS treatment, which resulted in late maturity. The lower yield in NTS than in other treatments was related with the significantly smaller number of tillers per plant, population size, amount of dry matter accumulation in NTS. Compared with CT, NTS showed a decreased fertile spike number by 14.4%–16.9% and a lower grain yield by 16.4%–18.3% . Although the growing process of NTS was delayed, and the yield was decreased because of the small population size, the grain filling period of NTS was longer and the grain weight was higher in NTS than in other treatments. Therefore, to ensure the population number of NTS by increasing seeding rate and selecting strong tillering varieties is the problem in urgent need to be solved in NTS technology research and application.

为了解华北地区小麦 – 玉米两熟区不同耕作模式对冬小麦生育进程、群体大小及产量形成的影响， 2009–2011 年通过田间定位试验比较了免耕 ( NTS ) 、旋耕秸秆还田 ( RTS ) 、翻耕秸秆还田 ( CTS ) 和翻耕秸秆不还田 ( CT ) 4 种耕作模式对冬小麦生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明， RTS 、 CTS 和 CT 处理对冬小麦生育进程、群体大小、籽粒灌浆和产量无显著影响，而 NTS 处理推迟了小麦生育进程，造成明显的贪青晚熟。在基本苗差异不大的情况下， NTS 处理的单株分蘖显著低于其他处理，群体数量和有效穗数不足，降低了干物质积累量，最终产量最低，较 CT 处理有效穗数低 14.4%~16.9% ，产量低 16.4%~18.3% 。虽然 NTS 处理推迟了冬小麦的生育进程，分蘖少穗数不足导致减产，但其粒灌浆时间较长，千粒重显著高于其他处理。因此，通过增加播种量和选择分蘖能力强的品种等技术保证免耕小麦群体数量，是华北地区冬小麦免耕技术研究应用亟需解决的问题。

... 同时秸秆还田还能提高作物干物质积累量, 增加产量^[18,19,20] ...

... 郑成岩等^[44]对比了旋耕秸秆还田和深耕秸秆还田处理下冬小麦产量水平, 结果二者在试验处理的第1年无显著差异, 而孔凡磊等^[18]在吴桥试验站发现上述2种耕作措施连续2个小麦生长季对产量无明显影响 ...

2014

0.0

赵亚丽, 郭海斌, 薛志伟, 穆心愿, 李潮海. 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1797-1807

Zhao Y

, Guo H

, Xue Z

, Mu X

, Li C

. Effects of tillage and straw returning on biomass and water use efficiency in a winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1797-1807 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为探讨黄淮海地区一年两熟制下土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的适宜模式,2010—2012年进行了两年度的田间试验,研究不同处理对冬小麦–夏玉米轮作系统干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响。通过比较常规耕作+秸秆还田、常规耕作+无秸秆还田、深耕+秸秆还田、深耕+无秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田、深松+无秸秆还田6个处理,发现深松(耕)与秸秆还田可以增加冬小麦和夏玉米的农田耗水量,降低休闲期农田耗水量,提高作物叶片相对含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和茎秆伤流量,促进植株干物质积累,进而提高作物籽粒产量和水分利用效率。耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦和夏玉米的干物质生产和水分利用效率存在显著交互作用。与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比,深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田处理的作物干物质积累量分别提高19.3%和22.9%,周年作物产量分别提高18.0%和19.3%,水分利用效率分别提高15.9%和15.1%,且两处理无显著差异。因此认为,与本试验相似环境条件下,宜在秸秆还田的基础上配合深松或深耕。

... 同时秸秆还田还能提高作物干物质积累量, 增加产量^[18,19,20] ...

... 0%, 这是因为第3年深耕还田均衡了耕层的有机质分布, 降低土壤容重, 疏松土壤, 改善土壤的渗透性能, 提高雨水资源利用率^[19,45], 促进根系的下扎^[34], 有利于冬小麦生长发育, 同时提高小麦旗叶光合速率, 延缓叶片衰老, 增加光合产物的积累, 有利于产量的增加^[46,47] ...

2013

0.0

赵红香, 迟淑筠, 宁堂原, 田慎重, 王丙文, 李增嘉. 科学耕作与留茬改良小麦-玉米两熟农田土壤物理性状及增产效果. 农业工程学报, 2013, 29(9): 113-122

Zhao H

, Chi S

, Ning T

, Tian S

, Wang B

, Li Z

. Covering farming pattern to improve soil physical properties and crop yield in wheat-maize cropping system. Trans CSAE, 2013, 29(9): 113-122 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Soil physical properties and crop productivity are general affected by different management methods of farmland, such as different tillage systems and crop straw managements. The objective of this study were to measure physical properties of soil including soil water content, soil water storage, soil bulk density and soil porosity (capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity) under a long-term tillage and straw management experiment system in the North China Plain, and the crop productivity of a wheat-maize cropping system was also analyzed (2010-2012). The study was assessed on 10 year field study with a split-plot design, which involved two tillage methods of conventional tillage (C) and zero tillage (Z) and four levels of straw utilization systems at straw returning (P), stubble returning of 1m height (-1), stubble returning of 0.5 m height (-0.5) and straw removal (A). The innovation of this study investigated effects of 4 different stubble heights returning on soil physical properties and crop yields. The result showed that, the soil water content in the 0-40 cm soil layer under treatments of conventional tillage and zero tillage increased with the amounts of straw returning increasing, so straw returning could increase the soil water content, Z-0.5 was more than 15.95% to AZ. In comparison to the conventional tillage, no tillage method combination with straw could improve the soil moisture, so zero tillage could improve the soil water content. In 0-40 cm soil layer, amounts of straw returning affected variation of soil water storage in the two stages, in the planting stage of wheat, soil water storage under treatments of conventional tillage and zero tillage gradually reduced with the amounts of straw returning increasing, but in the maturating stage of wheat, soil water storage under treatments of conventional tillage and zero tillage gradually increased with the amounts of straw returning increasing. In the planting stage of wheat, tillage methods could significantly affected soil bulk density, the treatment of stubble 1 meter returning had the lower soil bulk density (p<0.05). However, soil bulk density could self-increasing with the times, eventually there was no significant difference of soil bulk density under treatments of conventional tillage and zero tillage in the maturating stage of wheat. Straw returning also increased the soil porosity, reduced the ratio of capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity in the planting stage of wheat. Zero tillage treatment without straw returning reduced wheat and maize yields, but the zero tillage method combination with straw could increase total yields of wheat and maize, and the best treatment to increase yields was 1 m stubble returning treatment, it increased 22.44% than zero tillage without straw returning. Therefore, the treatment of stubble 1 m returning had conducive to improve soil physical properties and crop productivity.

为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对农田土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响，该试验研究了免耕、常规2种耕作方式和4种留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田处理，对麦-玉两熟农田土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度以及作物产量的影响。结果表明：在0～40 cm土层内，秸秆还田的集雨和保水效果显著，免耕留茬0.5 m还田处理的含水率比免耕无覆盖处理增加了15.95%。秸秆还田量对0～40 cm内土壤贮水量的影响不同。耕作措施显著影响了土壤容重，小麦播种前常规留茬1 m还田、常规全量还田处理容重低至1.0 g/cm3左右。秸秆还田能增加土壤总孔隙度、降低毛管与非毛管孔隙度的比值。单一免耕处理降低了作物产量，而免耕覆盖能增产，其留茬1 m还田处理比无还田处理增产22.44%，比常规留茬0.5 m还田处理高3.64%。因此，免耕留茬1 m还田处理在改善农田土壤物理性状和增加作物产量方面显著，该研究可为农田管理过程中耕作措施和秸秆还田量的选择提供参考依据。

... 同时秸秆还田还能提高作物干物质积累量, 增加产量^[18,19,20] ...

2006

0.0

李少昆, 王克如, 冯聚凯, 谢瑞芝, 高世菊. 玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式下影响小麦出苗的因素. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 463-465

Li S

, Wang K

, Feng J

, Xie R

, Gao S

. Factors affecting seeding emergence in winter wheat under different tillage patterns with maize stalk mulching returned to the field. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 463-465 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The present study was to make clear the reasons affecting the emergence of winter wheat seedling in maize stalk mulching fields in North China Plain. The results indicated that the wheat seedling rates under all treatments of stalk return field declined compared with the traditional tillage pattern (ploughed before sowing, but no stalk mulching). The main five reasons are sorted as sowing too shallow, sowing to deep, physical obstacles by maize stalks, seed moldiness and deficiency or unevenness of soil water, and their priority orders in different tillage patterns were different. The relationships between weight of maize stalk return field (y) and number of wheat seedling (x) could be simulated by power functions y= 4.206x －7192 (mulched with whole stalks and un-ploughed and y= 509.4x －0597 (mulched with crushed stalks and un-ploughed).

在华北平原小麦-玉米一年两熟条件下，玉米秸秆还田后小麦出苗率下降的原因可归纳为播种过浅、播种过深、秸秆或根茬物理阻碍、种子霉烂及土壤水分不足或干湿不均等5方面。影响出苗的关键因素在传统翻耕方式下（对照）依次是土壤水分不足、播种过浅、根茬阻碍；在秸秆粉碎还田后翻耕播种方式下为土壤水分不足、秸秆阻碍、播种过浅；在秸秆粉碎还田旋耕播种方式下为秸秆阻碍、土壤水分不足、播种过浅；在秸秆粉碎还田直播方式下为秸秆阻碍、播种过深、种子霉烂、播种过浅、土壤水分不足；在秸秆立秆直播方式下为秸秆阻碍、种子霉烂、播种过浅、土壤水分不足、播种过深。在后两2种种植方式下秸秆还田量与小麦出苗率可分别用y =402.67x －0.7192 和 y =509.4x －1.0597 表示。

... 如在旋耕条件下实施秸秆还田, 由于秸秆的物理阻碍、播种过浅等原因易造成冬小麦出苗率低^[21], 而秸秆腐解缓慢, 严重影响下茬作物的生长^[22] ...

... 无论秸秆还田与否, 连续3年旋耕均出现冬小麦成穗数降低的现象, 播种过浅或者秸秆的物理阻碍等造成还田地块冬小麦出苗率低^[21]是其原因之一, 而连续旋耕造成的耕性下降, 引起单株成穗率低也是主要限制因子 ...

2000

0.0

王爱玲, 高旺盛, 黄进勇. 秸秆直接还田的生态效应. 中国农业资源与区化, 2000, 21(2): 41-45

Wang A

, Gao W

, Huang J

. Study on the ecological effect of returning stalks into soil with different methods. J China Agric Resour Region Plant, 2000, 21(2): 41-45

小麦秸秆直接覆盖还田有助于保持土壤水分，降低土壤温度，增加土壤表层微生物量，而秸杆焚烧还田的作用不显著。秆秸直接还田可提高土壤全Ｎ含量。秸秆腐解速率受还田方式的影响大，而与还田量关系不大；玉米产量随着小麦秸秆覆盖还田量的增加而增加。玉米秸秆２倍量还田的小麦不减产。

... 如在旋耕条件下实施秸秆还田, 由于秸秆的物理阻碍、播种过浅等原因易造成冬小麦出苗率低^[21], 而秸秆腐解缓慢, 严重影响下茬作物的生长^[22] ...

2008

0.0

赵鹏, 陈阜. 秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦氮效率和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 1014-1018

Zhao

, Chen

. Effects of straw mulching plus nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen efficiency and grain yield in winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 1014-1018 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer is approved to cause low nitrogen use efficiency in crops and environmental pollution by NO 3 - -N accumulation in soil. Straw returning to field takes the advantages of improving physical and chemical characteristics and nutrition status of soil, resulting in yield promotion of crops. The nitrogen managements for straw mulching cultivation have been studied well in single cropping system. The wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)-maize ( Zea mays L.) double cropping system is typical in North China Plain, however, nitrogen fertilizer application regimes in straw-mulching double-cropping system extended rapidly in the region are poorly studied. In the current fixed-plot field experiments, we aimed at the changes of nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield under straw mulching plus a series of amount of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat, and provided some advices on nitrogen application regime in mulch farming. A wheat cultivar, Zhoumai 14, was used in a two-factor randomized block design with 3 replicates. A total of 10 treatments were coded as N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360 for only nitrogen fertilizer applied (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg ha -1 , respectively) and S+N0, S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 for straw mulching plus nitrogen applications (nitrogen rates as above), respectively. About 7 500 kg ha -1 straw residue from previous cropping season was ploughed into soil. Compared with no straw mulching treatments, S+N treatments increased dry matter accumulation during wheat growth. The S+N treatments showed the amount and proportion of dry matter accumulation lower before heading than N treatments, but significantly higher at the period of heading to maturity. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer rates, grain yields of S+N90, S+N180, S+N270, and S+N360 were higher than those of corresponding N treatments by 7.1%, 8.4%, 11.1%, and 10.2%, respectively. The S+N270 treatment had the largest amount and increasing ratio of grain yield with significant differences from other S+N and those of N treatments, indicating that S+N270 might be the proper treatment in wheat production. Nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in S+N treatments were higher than those of N treatments by 3.3–9.2%, 0.7–4.0, and 2.7–7.3 kg kg -1 , respectively. Our results indicate that returning straw to field has positive effects on winter wheat under the experimental conditions, and straw mulching plus nitrogen fertilizer has larger productivity than only applying nitrogen fertilizer.

1 College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094; 2 College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agri- cultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China

2006—2007年生长季, 通过田间定位试验, 研究了秸秆还田配施化学氮肥对冬小麦产量干物质积累、氮效率和产量的影响。结果表明, 与单施氮肥相比, 秸秆还田配施氮肥的冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量较高, 干物质积累量及其占全生育期干物质积累量的百分比抽穗前阶段较低, 而抽穗到成熟阶段则较高。秸秆还田配施纯氮90、180、270和360 kg hm -2 比单施同量氮肥分别增产7.1%、8.4%、11.1%和10.2%, 其中秸秆还田配施纯氮270 kg hm -2 的产量最高, 显著高于其他各处理。秸秆还田配施氮肥比单施氮肥提高冬小麦的氮效率, 氮肥表观利用率、氮素生产效率和氮肥农学效率分别提高3.3%~9.2%、0.7~4.0和2.7~7.3 kg kg -1 。

... 另外, 随着秸秆还田规模的增大, 农田氮素的合理利用问题亦日趋突出^[23] ...

2010

0.0

孙国峰, 张海林, 徐尚起, 崔思远, 汤文光, 陈阜. 轮耕对双季稻田土壤结构及水贮量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(9): 66-71

Sun G

, Zhang H

, Xu S

, Cui S

, Tang W

, Chen

. Effects of rotational tillage treatments on soil structure and water storage in double rice cropping region. Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(9): 66-71 (in Chinese with English abstract)

No-tillage (NT) is commonly used in paddy soil of southern China. However, the long-term NT has caused major problems of weed control, subsurface compaction, and so on, which are not beneficial for paddy rice growth. In order to solve these problems, field experiments of rotational tillage operations were set up in double rice cropping region in Hunan province, China. Compared with continuous NT, conventional tillage (CT) and rotary tillage (RT) were conducted in the paddy field under no-tillage for seven years in April, 2006. Then, one-half of the CT plot was converted to new NT, while the remaining half was left intact as continuous CT. Similarly, one-half of the RT plot was converted to new NT, while the remaining half was left intact as continuous RT in April, 2007. Hence, rotational tillage treatments were present each year on all five tillage treatments (NT-NT, CT-CT, CT-NT, RT-RT, and RT-NT). The same tillage methods were used for early and late rice. Results were showed as follow: Lower bulk density and higher capillary porosity of subsurface soil were measured under CT and RT practices compared with long-term NT soil. In contrast, bulk density of the surface soil tended to decrease with long-term NT. Furthermore, higher bulk density and lower capillary porosity of subsurface soil were observed under CT-NT or RT-NT compared with continuous CT or RT treatments, respectively. The field experiments clearly demonstrated that higher water storage of the arable soil layer was found under CT and RT practices compared long-term NT, especially for the lower water content of paddy soil. Compared with long-term NT, the means of water storage in the 0-20 cm soil layer increased with CT and RT by 12.9% and 20.7% in Oct-2007, respectively. Furthermore, the water storage tended to decrease with CT-NT or RT-NT compared with continuous CT or RT treatments, respectively. In addition, the significant negative linear correlation relationships between soil water content and bulk density, and positive linear correlation relationships between soil water content and capillary porosity were observed under rotational tillage treatments on the paddy soil. In all, CT and RT practices could improve the value of water storage of paddy soil by changing soil structure under long-term NT system.

该文针对南方稻田长期免耕存在的耕层变浅、下层土壤紧实等问题，进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7 a免耕稻田，2006年4月设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种耕作处理。2007年4月将翻耕、旋耕稻田一半免耕，剩下一半继续翻耕、旋耕。每年早稻和晚稻采用同一耕作措施。研究结果表明，长期免耕表层0～5 cm土壤体积质量呈降低趋势，而下层10～20 cm呈增加趋势。翻耕、旋耕相对于长期免耕能够有效降低下层土壤体积质量，同时，提高下层毛管孔隙度。翻耕、旋耕后免耕下层土壤体积质量呈增加趋势，而毛管孔隙度呈降低趋势。长期免耕后，翻耕、旋耕能够有效增加耕层（0～20 cm）土壤水贮量，特别是在土壤含水率偏低时尤为显著，2007年翻耕、旋耕较长期免耕分别高了12.9%和20.7%，而翻耕、旋耕后免耕呈降低趋势。研究还显示，各轮耕耕层土壤质量含水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关，与毛管孔隙度呈显著线性正相关。总之，长期免耕后，翻耕、旋耕措施通过改变耕层土壤结构，进而提高稻田土壤水贮量。

... 2015年度小麦生长季成熟期取样, 从每个小区选取3点, 采用环刀法每10 cm一层, 测定0~30 cm土层的容重和孔隙度^[24] ...

1999

0.0

... 采用重铬酸钾氧化法测定有机质含量^[25] ...

2014

0.0

... 秸秆腐解是一个复杂的生物过程, 除受自身碳氮比影响外, 水分、温度以及农田管理措施等同样影响此过程^{[26,27,28,29,30]} ...

2007

0.0

刘世平, 陈文林, 聂新涛, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 麦稻两熟地区不同埋深对还田秸秆腐解进程的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2007, 13: 1049-1053

Liu S

, Chen W

, Nie X

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

. Effect of embedding depth on decomposition course of crop residues in rice-wheat system. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2007, 13: 1049-1053 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wheat and rice straw were enclosed in nylon nets and returned to rice and wheat field,respectively,to study the effect of embedding depth(0,7,14 cm) on decomposition course and C/N ratio of crop residues in wheat-rice rotation system.The results showed that rice straw embeded into soil layer of wheat field decomposed faster than surface mulching,and rice straw had the highest decomposition rate at embedding depth of 14 cm.Wheat straw embedded in rice field decomposed faster than rice straw in wheat field,due to the existence of water layer,higher moisture and temperature in rice field,but mulched wheat straw decomposed slower than that of being embedded.After decomposition for one crop season,the residual rates for mulched and embedded rice straw were 60% and 40%,respectively,while the residual rates for mulched and embedded wheat straw were 25% and 20%,respectively.During the course of decomposition,C/N ratio decreased due to the loss of total C.The C/N ratio of rice straw in surface layer of wheat field remained high,while that of wheat straw was the lowest in surface layer and was the highest in mid-layer of rice field.The C/N ratio of rice and wheat straw after one crop season was about 30 and 15,respectively,higher than that of humus,indicating that the humification process was not accomplished.

为探讨稻麦两熟地区还田秸秆的腐解进程,用尼龙网袋法研究了麦稻秸秆不同埋深(0、7、14.cm)对还田秸秆腐解及C/N比的影响。结果表明,在麦田,埋深14.cm的秸秆腐解速度最快,覆盖在表层较慢。稻田由于有水层的作用和高温高湿的环境,秸秆腐解比麦田快,覆盖在表层比埋入土中的略慢。麦季稻秸覆盖还田一季后秸秆残留率在60%左右,埋入土中的残留率在40%左右;稻季麦秸覆盖还田一季后秸秆残留率在25%左右,而埋在土中的残留率在20%左右。随着还田秸秆的腐解,秸秆含氮量逐渐增加,全碳含量下降,秸秆C/N比降低。麦季稻秸覆盖C/N比较高,而稻季麦秸覆盖的C/N比较低。一季后麦田稻秸的C/N比平均在30左右,稻田麦秸在15以上,比土壤腐殖质的C/N比高,说明种植一季作物后,还田的秸秆尚未完成腐殖化过程。

... 秸秆腐解是一个复杂的生物过程, 除受自身碳氮比影响外, 水分、温度以及农田管理措施等同样影响此过程^{[26,27,28,29,30]} ...

2008

0.0

... 秸秆腐解是一个复杂的生物过程, 除受自身碳氮比影响外, 水分、温度以及农田管理措施等同样影响此过程^{[26,27,28,29,30]} ...

2009

0.0

张宇, 陈阜, 张海林, 陈继康. 耕作方式对玉米秸秆腐解影响的研究. 玉米科学, 2009, 17(6): 68-73

Zhang

, Chen

, Zhang H

, Chen J

. Tillage effects of decomposed ratio on corn straw. J Maize Sci, 2009, 17(6): 68-73 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 秸秆腐解是一个复杂的生物过程, 除受自身碳氮比影响外, 水分、温度以及农田管理措施等同样影响此过程^{[26,27,28,29,30]} ...

1999

0.0

... 秸秆腐解是一个复杂的生物过程, 除受自身碳氮比影响外, 水分、温度以及农田管理措施等同样影响此过程^{[26,27,28,29,30]} ...

... 播种后浇蒙头水时, 由于深耕可以有效增加土壤通透性^[31], 土壤蓄水能力强于旋耕, 但土壤含水量过高易降低土壤温度, 影响微生物活性, 不利于秸秆腐解^[30], 导致深耕条件下前期的秸秆腐解速率低于旋耕 ...

1997

0.0

2004

0.0

李萍, 熊伟, 冯平, 薛会英, 蔡晓布. 秸秆还田对西藏中部退化农田土壤的影响. 土壤, 2004, 36: 685-687

, Xiong

, Feng

, Xue H

, Cai X

. Effect of straw application on degraded soil in central Tibet. Soils, 2004, 36: 685-687 (in Chinese with English abstract)

就不同秸秆还田方式对西藏中部退化农田土壤的影响进行了研究,结果表明:秸秆还田对增加土壤有机质、全N、速效P、全K和速效K具有重要作用.秸秆还田后,能提高土壤综合肥力水平,且有翻埋>高茬>覆盖的趋势.根据当地的生态条件,要控制西藏中部农田土壤的退化趋势,促进已退化土壤生产力的恢复和持续提高,建议该地区采用高茬方式进行秸秆还田.

... 返青期后, 深耕的秸秆腐解速率显著高于旋耕, 这是因为深耕疏松了土壤, 改善了通气性, 增加了好气微生物的活性^[32] ...

2013

0.0

潘剑玲, 代万安, 尚占环, 郭瑞英. 秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21: 526-535

Pan J

, Dai W

, Shang Z

, Guo R

. Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2013, 21: 526-535 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 作物秸秆分解时适宜的C/N比为25, 而玉米秸秆本身C/N比高, 还田后微生物与作物竞争吸收土壤中固有的无机氮, 所以秸秆还田时需配合施加一定量氮肥来调节土壤微生物碳氮比^[33] ...

2010

0.0

... 秸秆还田条件下, 旋耕主要增加了0~10 cm土层的有机质含量, 而深耕主要增加了10~30 cm土层的有机质, 这是因为深耕作业导致秸秆富集于10~20 cm土层, 同时也与深耕作业将表层有机质机械翻转到深层有关^[34] ...

2005

0.0

马祥华, 焦菊英, 温仲明, 白文娟, 焦峰. 黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复中土壤物理特性变化研究. 水土保持研究, 2005, 2(1): 17-21

Ma X

, Jiao J

, Wen Z

, Bai W

, Jiao

. The changes of soil physical properties in aband oned land s during vegetation restoration in hilly and gully regions on the Loess Plateau. Res Soil Water Conserv, 2005, 2(1): 17-21 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以黄土高原典型丘陵沟壑区--延安燕沟流域为研究对象,分析了黄土丘陵区退耕地植被恢复过程中不同恢复年限、不同植被类型以及不同恢复方式下的土壤物理变化特征,结果表明:对于土壤含水量,草地>灌木地>乔木地,自然恢复>自然+人工恢复,随着退耕年限的不断增长,上层土壤含水量不断增加,下层不断降低,随土层不断加深,其含量逐步趋于稳定;对于0～60 cm土壤平均容重及孔隙度,以灌木地土壤容重相对较大,孔隙度相对较小,乔木地的容重及孔隙度的变化与灌木地相反,并且随着退耕年限的不断延长,土壤容重不断减小,孔隙度不断增加,但是不同恢复方式下土壤容重及其孔隙度变化不大;对于0～60 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量,自然恢复>自然+人工恢复,随着恢复年限的不断增长,其含量不断增加,而不同植被类型作用下的土壤水稳性团聚体含量变化不明显,但是其含量在不同土层变化差异较大.这就要求对退耕地进行植被恢复过程中,要深入了解当地的土壤环境特征,做到因地制宜,适地适树.

... 2 不同耕作模式和施氮量对土壤理化性质的影响土壤容重是土壤重要的物理性质之一, 它直接影响土壤孔隙度与孔隙大小的分配、土壤水肥气热变化^[35], 而土壤中大小孔隙度的分配及其连续性和稳定性则是直接影响作物根系生长和养分运输的主要因素^[36] ...

2006

0.0

2009

0.0

... 国内外学者就玉米秸秆还田对土壤理化性质的影响做了较多的研究, 多数表明秸秆还田对降低土壤容重、增加孔隙度有积极作用^[37,38,39], 能使土壤的通气状况显著改善^[40], 而且土壤容重随着秸秆还田年限的增加而逐渐降低^[41] ...

2014

0.0

2008

0.0

李凤博, 牛永志, 高文玲, 刘金根, 卞新民. 耕作方式和秸秆还田对直播稻田土壤理化性质及其产量的影响. 土壤通报, 2008, 39: 549-552

Li F

, Niu Y

, Gao W

, Liu J

, Bian X

. Effect of tillage styles and straw return on soil properties and crop yield in direct seeding rice. Chin J Soil Sci, 2008, 39: 549-552 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过田间试验和土壤理化性质的分析,探讨秸秆还田和土壤耕作方式对直播稻田土壤理化性质和产量的影响.结果表明,秸秆还田使土壤的容重和坚实度降低,总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度升高,同时提高土壤各层的有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;深耕有利于培肥地力,增加土壤养分含量.不同土壤耕作深度和秸秆还田量对产量影响差异不显著,但农田的可持续发展能力得到了一定提高,同时,秸秆还田还能减少焚烧事件的发生,改善农村生态环境,实现农业清洁生产.

2008

0.0

2011

0.0

幕平, 张恩和, 王汉宁, 方永丰. 连续多年秸秆还田对玉米耕层土壤理化性状及微生物量的影响. 水土保持学报, 2011, 25(5): 81-85

, Zhang E

, Wang H

, Fang Y

. Effects of continuous returning straw to maize tilth soil on chemical character and microbial biomass. J Soil Water Conserv, 2011, 25(5): 81-85 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2005

0.0

潘根兴, 赵其国. 我国农田土壤碳库演变研究: 全球变化和国家粮食安全. 地球科学进展, 2005, 20: 384-393

Pan G

, Zhao Q

. Study on evolution of organic carbon stock in agricultural soils of China: The challenge of global change and food security. Adv Earth Sci, 2005, 20: 384-393 (in Chinese with English abstract)

China is facing the great pressure under the Kyoto Protocol in reducing the rapid increasing emission of CO 2 resulted from the rapid industrialization. This paper deals with the issue of the study on status and dynamics of organic carbon stock of agricultural soils of China. China agriculture is meantime facing the double challenge of stabling the food production under the shortage of arable lands with decreasing soil productivity and of enhancing the C sink for mitigating the increasing CO 2 emission. The general poor storage of organic carbon and the apparent significance in crop productivity in the arable soils of China offers a great potential and, however, an urgent need for C sequestration agriculture in China. The evolution of C stock of the agricultural soils in the last two decades and the possible sink effect, the overall C sequestration potential and the feasible rate should be taken into account in the issues of priority researches. The authors strongly suggest that a C sequestration strategy, a winwin strategy, and technology should be developed after welldone investigations of soil C sequestration and put into practice in croplands of China in the early 21th century to meet the commitment to the Kyoto Protocol. Soil C sequestration links concerns of global change and food security for sustainable development of agriculture of China and buys China opportunity for control the fast increasing CO 2 emission due to the rapid industrialization. Priority of research should be put to the following issues of soil C sequestration: (1) the overall C stock of China cropland soils and the changing dynamics with the agricultural development at various scales; (2) features of C cycling in cropland soils with land fragmentation, and under intensified agriculture and high chemical inputs; (3) coupling mechanisms of soil C sequestration and productivity enhancement for different farming systems for sustainable agriculture in the future.

《京都议定书》已于2005年生效，我国面临着CO 2 减排的巨大压力。分析了我国农业土壤有机碳库及其演变研究的现状,认为当前我国农业在耕地资源严重短缺、耕地地力趋于下降的背景下面临着2个巨大挑战：提高和稳定粮食生产能力与补偿日益增加的工业CO 2 排放。有机碳贫乏作为我国耕地土壤的基本特点，这一方面提供了我国较大的固碳空间,另一方面也体现了我国实施固碳农业的必要性和紧迫性。目前迫切需要了解我国农业土壤在最近20年来的碳库演变态势与规模，明确我国农业土壤的固碳潜力与容量，在国家层面上实施农业固碳稳产工程,以在农业可持续发展和争取国家CO 2 排放的较大配额上实现双嬴。 

... 秸秆不还田条件下, 在N225的基础上增加施氮量不利于土壤物理性质的改善, 这是因为高化肥投入导致耕地土壤有机质出现严重的退化^[42,43], 结果容重增加, 孔隙度降低 ...

2008

0.0

丁雪丽, 何红波, 李小波, 白震, 解宏图, 张旭东. 不同供氮水平对玉米秸秆降解初期碳素矿化及微生物量的影响. 土壤通报, 2008, 39: 784-788

Ding X

, He H

, Li X

, Bai

, Xie H

, Zhang X

. Effect of nitrogen level on carbon mineralization and microbial biomass during initial decomposition of maize straw. Chin J Soil Sci, 2008, 39: 784-788 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用室内恒温(25℃)培养方法研究了不同无机态氮供应水平(0、30、60、80、100 N mg k-1土)对玉米秸秆降解初期的影响.试验结果表明:碳素的矿化量随着添加无机氮源数量的增加而增加,其中两个高氮添加量(80、100 mg kg-1)处理的碳素矿化量要高于不加氮源和两个低氮添加量处理(30、60mg kg-1).不同氮量添加条件下微生物量碳的变化呈相同趋势.利用土壤呼吸和微生物量碳计箅而得的微生物代谢商在低量氮素处理条件下高于较高量氮源添加处理,表明高量氮素添加可提高微生物对秸秆碳素的利用效率.以上结果说明:对C/N比较大的玉米秸秆而言,土壤中无机氮素的供给对残体碳素的初始矿化有明显的影响,相对较低的氮源供给量不能满足微生物快速生长代谢对氮素的需求,使秸秆降解过程受到一定程度的抑制,不利于土壤氮素截获.因此在大田条件下,秸秆还田时要考虑氮素的供应问题,根据实际需要确定秸秆还田时间及肥料氮素施用水平.

2011

0.0

郑成岩, 崔世明, 王东, 于振文, 张永丽, 石玉. 土壤耕作方式对小麦干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1432-1440

Zheng C

, Cui S

, Wang

, Yu Z

, Zhang Y

, Shi

. Effects of soil tillage practice on dry matter production and water use efficiency in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1432-1440

Simultaneous increase of grain yield and water use efficiency is an ideal aim and a hot focus in crop production and research, especially in Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain of China where wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) production is frequently threatened by drought stress. The objective of this study was to disclose the effects of tillage practice on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat plant under high-yielding and flexible irrigation conditions. In a continuous experiment across three growing seasons from 2007 to 2010, we planted wheat cultivar Jimai 22 with five tillage treatments including strip rotary tillage (SR), strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and plowing tillage (P). All tillage treatments were irrigated at sowing, jointing, and anthesis stages to a designed soil water content based on testing soil moisture before watering. The total water consumption amount was higher in SRS and RS treatments than in SR and R treatments. Comparing with other treatments, SRS treatment increased the soil water consumption amount in 0–200 cm soil layers, but decreased the soil evaporation. SRS and RS treatments gained the highest amount of dry matter accumulation, the grain dry matter partitioning at maturity, and contribution of dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis to grain, followed by P treatment, and R and SR treatments showed the lowest levels in the above parameters, particularly SR treatment. SRS treatments had the highest grain yield of 9 409.01, 9 613.86, and 9 698.42 kg ha -1 in 2007–2010 growing seasons respectively, with no significant difference from RS treatment. P and R treatments ranked the second and third places. Grain yield in SR treatment was the lowest among treatments. In the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons, the water use efficiencies of SRS treatment were the highest among treatments, which were 21.39 kg ha -1 mm-1 and 22.09 kg ha -1 mm-1 , respectively. RS treatment also had higher water use efficiency than SR, R, and P treatments. Therefore, we recommend that SRS is the most appropriate tillage practice in high-yielding and water-saving production of wheat in the Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers Plain.

2007—2010小麦生长季，以高产小麦品种济麦22为材料，利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量，研究高产条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对小麦的耗水特性、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明，深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕的农田耗水量和0~200 cm土层的土壤贮水消耗量高于条旋耕和旋耕处理，深松+条旋耕的小麦株间蒸发量低于深松+旋耕和翻耕处理。深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕成熟期的干物质积累总量、籽粒的干物质分配量及分配比例和开花后干物质同化量对籽粒的贡献率均高于翻耕处理，翻耕高于旋耕和条旋耕处理，条旋耕最低。深松+条旋耕三个生长季均获得高的籽粒产量，分别为9 409.01 kg hm -2 、9 613.86 kg hm -2 和9 698.42 kg hm -2 ，与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异，翻耕处理次之，条旋耕和旋耕低于上述处理，条旋耕最低。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率在2007—2008生长季与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异；在2008—2010生长季最高，分别为21.39 kg hm -2 mm -1 和22.09kg hm -2 mm -1 ，深松+旋耕处理次之，旋耕和条旋耕低于翻耕处理。在本试验条件下，深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水的最优耕作方式。

2008

0.0

秦红灵, 高旺盛, 马月存, 马丽, 尹春梅. 两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 78-85

Qin H

, Gao W

, Ma Y

, Ma

, Yin C

. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage 2 years later. Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 78-85 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2006

0.0

李友军, 吴金芝, 黄明, 姚宇卿, 张灿军, 蔡典雄, 金轲. 不同耕作方式对小麦旗叶光合特性和水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(12): 44-48

Li Y

, Wu J

, Huang

, Yao Y

, Zhang C

, Cai D

, Jin

. Effects of different tillage systems on photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and water use efficiency in winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2006, 22(12): 44-48 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to understand the mechanism of the effects of different tillage systems on photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and water use efficiency(WUE) in winter wheat, experiments were carried out on slope farmland in Luoyang, Henan Province during 2003～2004. There were five tillage systems including reduced tillage(RT), no tillage(NT), two crops tillage(TCT), subsoiling tillage(ST) and conventional tillage(CT). The results indicated that Chlorophyll pigment contents with conservation tillage such as no tillage and subsoiling tillage were significantly higher than that with conventional tillage. At the flowering stage, the values of qP, qN and ΦPSⅡ with no tillage and subsoiling tillage were significantly higher than that with conventional tillage, but the 1-qP/qN values were significanty lower. At the intermediate grain-filling stage, the net photosynthetic rates of wheat flag leaf with no tillage and subsoiling tillage were 96.4% and 99.7% of those with conventional tillage, but the difference was not significant. Compared with conventional tillage, the grain yields with no tillage and subsoiling tillage were increased by 19.3% and 9.4%, and the water use efficiencies were increased by 17.5% and 8.5%.

在豫西丘陵旱作条件下，对少耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖、一年两熟和传统耕作5种耕作处理的冬小麦旗叶光合、荧光特性和产量、水分利用效率进行了研究，结果表明：免耕覆盖和深松覆盖灌浆中后期小麦旗叶叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量明显高于传统耕作，且有较高的叶绿素a和叶绿素b的比值和叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比值；开花期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖光化学猝灭系数、非光化学猝灭系数和光化学效率值较传统耕作高，光抑制程度较传统耕作小；灌浆中期免耕覆盖和深松覆盖净光合速率略低于传统耕作，分别为传统耕作的96.4%和99.7%，但差异不显著。免耕覆盖和深松覆盖小麦生育期间耗水量较高，产量和水分利用效率显著提高，与传统耕作相比，产量增加19.3%和9.4%，水分利用效率提高17.5%和8.5%。

2011

0.0

侯贤清, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 王维, 丁瑞霞, 聂俊峰, 李永平. 轮耕对宁南旱区冬小麦花后旗叶光合性能及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 3108-3117

Hou X

, Jia Z

, Han Q

, Wang

, Ding R

, Nie J

, Li Y

. Effects of rotational tillage on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and yield after anthesis of winter wheat in arid areas of southern Ningxia. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 3108-3177 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of the experiment is to seek the effects of no-tillage (NT)/Subsoiling (ST) rotational tillage system every other year on photosynthetic capacity and yield after anthesis of winter wheat.【Method】Based on three tillage treatments of NT/ST/NT, ST/NT/ST and conventional tillage (CT) in arid areas of southern Ningxia, it was investigated by measuring soil water, flag leaf area, chlorophyll relative content, photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield under different soil tillage treatments after anthesis of wheat in 2010. 【Result】 Compared with conventional tillage (CK), the soil water storage in 0-200 cm soil layers of NT/ST/NT and ST/NT/ST was significantly increased by an average of 15.24% and 23.45% at flowering stage and filling stage of wheat, their flag leaf area and chlorophyll relative content were increased by an average of 12.78%, 8.89% and 25.20%, 11.19% (P＜0.05), respectively; their flag leaf daily average photosynthesis rate (P(——)n) was increased by an average of 1.55 and 1.68 μmol•m-2•s-1 (P＜0.05), their flag leaf daily average transpiration rate (T(——)r) was increased by an average of 0.44 and 0.58 mmol•m-2•s-1 (P＜0.05), but, their flag leaf daily average water use efficiency (WUE(————)) showed no obvious difference. At filling stage, two rotational tillage treatments had a higher level of maximal photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ in the darkness (0.52), actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡin the light (0.40) and photosynthetic electron transport rate (92.67). Compared with conventional tillage, the different rotational tillage system achieved wheat grain yield increment of 6.88% and 11.98% (P＜0.05).【Conclusion】The different rotational tillage systems all showed better soil water conservation ability and high photosynthetic capacity after anthesis of wheat, significantly increased wheat yield under condition of drought and water shortage. So, the different rotational tillage system is a more suitable soil tillage system in arid areas of southern Ningxia.

【目的】探索免耕/深松隔年轮耕模式对冬小麦花后光合性能及产量的影响。【方法】采用免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松、传统翻耕3种耕作处理，在宁南旱区进行连续4年定位试验，2010年测定小麦花后土壤水分、旗叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、光合特性和产量的变化。【结果】与传统耕作相比（对照），小麦开花期和灌浆期免耕/深松/免耕、深松/免耕/深松处理的0—200 cm土壤贮水量平均分别增加15.24%、23.45%（P＜0.05）；旗叶面积和相对叶绿素含量平均分别提高12.78%、8.89%和25.20%（P＜0.05）、11.19%；旗叶日均净光合速率 ( )平均分别提高1.55和1.68 μmol•m-2•s-1（P＜0.05）；旗叶日均蒸腾速率( )平均分别提高0.44和0.58 mmol•m-2•s-1（P＜0.05）; 而小麦旗叶日均水分利用效率( )差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在灌浆期，两种轮耕模式均保持了较高的最大光化学效率（0.52）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（0.40）和光合电子传递速率（92.67）。两种轮耕模式的小麦籽粒产量分别较传统耕作增加6.88%和11.98%（P＜0.05）。【结论】在干旱缺水条件下，不同轮耕模式小麦花后都显示出良好的蓄水保墒能力和较高的光合特性，显著提高小麦的产量，是宁南旱区较为适宜的土壤耕作模式。

2016

0.0

王敬国, 林杉, 李保国. 氮循环与中国农业氮管理. 中国农业科学 2016, 49: 503-517

Wang J

, Lin

, Li B

. Nitrogen cycling and management strategies in Chinese agriculture. Sci Agric Sin, 2016, 49: 503-517 (in Chinese with English abstract)

作为全球活性氮制造量和氮肥消费量均最大的国家，中国农业生态系统的氮平衡问题受到了国内外广泛的关注。普遍认为中国农田施氮过量问题突出，并产生了严重的环境污染。为全面了解中国农业生态系统的来源和去向，找出引起氮肥消费量高的原因，本研究运用氮循环基本原理，以2010年为例，根据近年来发表的文献和国家统计资料，详细讨论了不同空间尺度上中国农业生态系统的氮输出和输入，重点分析了作物-土壤系统氮循环与氮平衡的特征。2010年中国农业生态系统氮投入总体上过量，其数量基本上相当于经生物地球化学循环返回作物–土壤系统的氮量，大致在5 Tg N左右。在全国水平上，2010年化肥和有机肥带入农田的氮量，相等于作物吸氮量和农田氮损失量之和；由于化学氮肥流向的多样化，如林、牧、渔业和城市绿化等的氮肥消耗，以及部分经济作物包括果树和蔬菜，特别是设施蔬菜的高量施氮，总体上粮食作物过量施氮的问题并不十分突出。在耕地资源有限（占全球8%的耕地面积，养活20%的世界人口）、有机废弃物中氮养分循环利用率低于30%、豆科作物播种面积较少且生物固氮占农田总氮投入不足15%的情况下，中国的农业生产只有依靠氮肥。然而，中国氮肥消费存在着很大的地区差异，在土地生产力水平较高的黄淮海、长江中下游和珠江三角洲地区，单位农作物播种面积的施氮量显著高于全国平均水平。这些地区氮肥消费量较大与粮食单产高、复种指数高和豆科作物种植比例低有密切关系。因此，为保证人们不断增长的食物需求和膳食结构的改善，加之土壤基础肥力相对较低，农田化学氮肥投入较高具有一定的合理性。然而，农业生产过程中发生的氮损失，既浪费了资源，也污染了环境。损失进入大气和水中活性氮以及环境中新产生的活性氮，经生物地球化学循环过程以大气沉降和灌溉水返回农田，已经成为作物-土壤系统氮的重要投入项。由于农业生态系统中氮素转化过程的多样性和生物地球化学循环的复杂性，循环过程中的氮损失不可避免。只有通过在不同空间尺度上对氮素进行优化管理，才能将氮损失降低到最低。在保证粮食安全的基础上，尽可能地降低农田施氮的环境风险，需要多学科、多部门的协作与共同努力，在不同空间尺度上实现氮优化管理、达到降低农业生态系统氮肥投入的目的。

... 氮素是作物生长所需大量营养元素之一, 在保障中国粮食安全方面具有不可代替的作用^[48] ...

2007

0.0

徐国伟, 吴长付, 刘辉, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 秸秆还田与氮肥管理对水稻养分吸收的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(7): 191-195

Xu G

, Wu C

, Liu

, Wang Z

, Yang J

. Effects of straw residue return and nitrogen management on nutrient absorption of rice. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(7): 191-195 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Under the field-grown condition, two straw residue and three nitrogen application rates were designed to investigate the remobilization of assimilation and nutrient absorption. The results showed that straw residue return and SSNM(applying nitrogen based on the timing, amount of nitrogen and values of chlorophy11 meter). can increase N, P, K content in different organs at both heading and maturity stages. Likely the relation between source and sink was harmonized under straw residue return and N management. This technique promotes carbon remobilization from culms and sheaths to grains and NSC(non-structural carbohydrate) residue in the stems at heading stage increased, and the reversed result was observed at the maturity stage. Reasons for the differences in the formation of nutrient absorption were discussed in the paper.

在大田条件下，设计2种秸秆还田方式和3个氮肥水平，研究秸秆还田与氮肥管理对水稻养分吸收的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理(SSNM)能提高抽穗和成熟期各器官中N、P、K含量，使得群体源、库进一步协调，增加抽穗期非结构性碳水化合物，减少成熟期茎鞘中NSC(非结构性碳水化合物含量)的残留，促进同化物向籽粒的运转。该文还对不同处理下养分吸收的差异进行了分析。

... 土壤中氮素的丰缺及供给直接影响农作物的生长和产量^[49] ...