播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗的影响及与气象因子的关系

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钟晓媛, 赵敏, 李俊杰, 陈多, 田青兰, 王丽, 黄光忠, 任万军. 播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗的影响及与气象因子的关系. 作物学报, 2016, 42(11): 1708-1720
ZHONG Xiao-Yuan, ZHAO Min, LI Jun-Jie, CHEN Duo, TIAN Qing-Lan, WANG Li, HUANG Guang-Zhong, REN Wan-Jun. Effect of Different Seeding and Transplanting Dates on Tillering Characteristics of Super IndicaHybrid Rice with Mechanized Seeding and Planting and Its Relationships with Meteorological Factors . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(11): 1708-1720 复制到剪切板

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播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗的影响及与气象因子的关系

钟晓媛¹, 赵敏¹, 李俊杰², 陈多¹, 田青兰¹, 王丽¹, 黄光忠³, 任万军^1,^*

¹四川农业大学 / 农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 四川温江 611130

²成都市郫县气象局, 四川郫县 611730

³成都市郫县农村发展局, 四川郫县 611730

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 任万军, E-mail: rwjun@126.com, Tel: 028-86290972

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: zhongxiaoyuan2015@163.com

收稿日期:2015-12-31 接受日期:2016-06-20 网络出版日期:2016-07-28

基金:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2013BAD07B13-02, 2011BAD16B05)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)资助

摘要

为探讨不同播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗的影响, 以2个超级杂交籼稻品种F优498和宜香优2115为材料, 设置3月21日(S1)、3月31日(S2)、4月10日(S3)、4月20日(S4)和4月30日(S5) 5个播期, 秧龄均为30 d, 移栽期依次为4月21日、5月1日、5月11日、5月21日和5月31日, 研究其分蘖发生成穗特点及与气象因子的关系。结果表明, 不同播栽期水稻产量差异显著, 随着播栽期推迟, 产量呈降低趋势, 早播S1的产量最高、迟播S5的产量最低。不同播栽期处理下水稻主茎对产量的贡献表现为(S1~S4) < S5, 一、二次分蘖总和对产量的贡献表现为(S1~S4) > S5, S1优势蘖位为第3~第6叶, 而S2~S5优势蘖位为第3~第5叶。随播栽期推迟, 分蘖发生和成穗叶位趋于集中, F优498一次分蘖发生在S1~S4以3/0~7/0为主, 而在S5以3/0~6/0为主; 宜香优2115 在S1以3/0~7/0为主, 在S2~S5以3/0~6/0为主。一次分蘖成穗率在S1以3/0~6/0为主, 而在S2~S5以3/0~5/0为主; 二次分蘖发生和成穗以第3~第4叶为主。气象因子对分蘖发生和成穗的影响为一、二次分蘖发生率与日平均相对湿度呈显著负相关, 而与平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著或极显著正相关; 一次分蘖成穗率与分蘖期日平均相对湿度、平均气温呈显著负相关, 与分蘖期平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著正相关, 与幼穗分化期日平均相对湿度呈显著负相关, 与抽穗开花期日照时数呈显著正相关。综合看来, 成都平原地区机插超级杂交籼稻在4月11日前播种5月11日前移栽有利于产量的提高, 在4月21日前播种5月21日前移栽有利于稳产, 在4月21日以后播种5月21日后移栽产量显著降低。

关键词: 水稻; 机插; 分蘖成穗; 优势蘖位; 气象因子; 产量

Effect of Different Seeding and Transplanting Dates on Tillering Characteristics of Super IndicaHybrid Rice with Mechanized Seeding and Planting and Its Relationships with Meteorological Factors

ZHONG Xiao-Yuan¹, ZHAO Min¹, LI Jun-Jie², CHEN Duo¹, TIAN Qing-Lan¹, WANG Li¹, HUANG Guang-Zhong³, REN Wan-Jun^1,^*

¹ College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Cultivation in Southwest China, Wenjiang 611130, China

² Pixian Meteorological Bureau, Pixian 611730, China

³ Pixian Bureau of Rural Development, Pixian 611730, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Grain Bumper Science and Technology Project (2013BAD07B13-02) and China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102)

Abstract

In order to explore tillering characteristics and its relationships with meteorological factors in super indica hybrid rice with mechanized seeding and planting with different seeding and transplanting dates, a split plot field experiment was conducted using super indica hybrid rice F you 498 and Yixiangyou 2115 with seedling age of 30 days and treatments of five seeding dates including March 21 (S1), March 31 (S2), April 10 (S3), April 20 (S4), April 30 (S5), and five transplanting dates including April 21, May 1, May 11, May 21, and May 31. Rice yield was significantly different under different seeding and transplanting dates, and decreased with delaying sowing dates. Yield of rice seeded on March 21 was the highest, while that on April 30 was the lowest. The main stem contribution to yield was (S1-S4) < S5. The total contribution of primary tillers and secondary tillers group to yield was (S1-S4) > S5. Leaf 3 to leaf 6 with seeding date on S1, and leaves 3 to 5 from S2 to S5 were the superior leaf positions. Leaf positions of tiller emerging and earbearing tended to centralize with delaying sowing and transplanting dates. Primary tillers of F you 498 emerged mainly from 3/0 to 7/0 when seeding from S1 to S4, while emerged mainly from 3/0 to 6/0 when seeding on S5. Primary tillers of Yixiangyou 2115 emerged mainly from 3/0 to 7/0 when seeding on S1, while emerged mainly from 3/0 to 6/0 when seeding from S2 to S5. Primary tillers earbeared mainly from 3/0 to 6/0 when seeding on S1, while that was mainly from 3/0 to 5/0 when seeding from S2 to S5. Secondary tillers emerged and earbeared mainly from leaf 3 to leaf 4 on main stem. Primary and secondary tillers emerging rate was significantly negatively correlated with average relative humidity, while significantly positively correlated with average diurnal temperature range, accumulated temperature and average sunshine hours at tillering stage. The primary tiller earbearing rate was significantly negatively correlated with average relative humidity and average temperature at tillering stage, while significantly positively correlated with average diurnal temperature range at tillering stage, while significantly negatively correlated with average relative humidity at inflorescence differentiation stage, while significantly positively correlated with average sunshine hours. In comprehensive view, planting before May 11 will be more beneficial to higher yield, planting before May 21 will be in favour of stable yield, while planting after May 21 will decrease yield of rice in Chengdu plain.

Keyword: Rice; Mechanized planting; Tillering with earbearing; Superior leaf position; Meteorological factor; Yield

Show Figures

单位面积穗数是水稻产量构成要素之一, 分蘖数量与成穗率对其有显著影响^[1]。分蘖能力不仅受水稻自身遗传特性影响, 而且与栽培措施密切相关, 众多研究表明, 秧苗素质^[2]、株行距配置^[3]、肥水管理^[4]、栽插方式^{[5, 6, 7]}、穴苗数^[8]、化控措施^{[9, 10]}等均可影响分蘖发生率与成穗率, 进而影响最终产量。成穗率是表征群体合理发展的重要指标^[11]。群体发展动态越合理, 成穗率越高, 越易获得高产^[12]。适宜条件下, 充分利用有限分蘖叶位, 争取分蘖早发多发, 是提高单株成穗数和穗部质量、培育高产群体的显著特征之一^{[13, 14]}。前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1, 7, 8, 15, 16, 17]}。随农业种植结构调整和农村劳动力向城镇转移, 从事稻作生产的劳动力短缺现象日趋明显, 水稻生产迫切需要向机械化方向发展^{[18, 19, 20]}, 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^{[21, 22]}。对有关栽培方式、密度配置等对机插苗分蘖成穗规律的影响, 以往学者研究较多^{[7, 8, 9]}, 成都平原近年来超级杂交籼稻品种的机插栽培方式发展迅速, 但有关机插超级杂交籼稻维持高产的适宜播栽期的研究尚少, 且各叶位分蘖成穗的特点尚不清楚。为此, 试验在周年菜(油、麦)-稻两熟制条件下, 研究不同播栽期机插超级杂交籼稻的分蘖发生与成穗规律、不同级次和叶位分蘖的穗部性状及与气象因子的关系, 以期为四川盆地超级杂交稻机械化高产栽培提供理论指导和实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试材料与种植条件

试验于2014— 2015年在四川省成都市郫县三道堰镇(30° 51′ N, 103° 55′ E)进行, 该地属亚热带湿润性季风气候区; 前茬为蔬菜, 土壤为轻壤土, 含有机质23.99 g kg^-1、全氮1.33 g kg^-1、全钾28.9 g kg^-1、速效氮178.43 mg kg^-1、速效磷58.39 mg kg^-1和速效钾63.96 mg kg^-1。

供试品种F优498 (2014年被农业部认定为超级稻品种), 生育期150.0 d主茎叶片数16~17叶, 伸长节间数5~6个; 宜香优2115 (2015年被农业部认定为超级稻品种), 生育期156.7 d, 主茎叶片数17叶, 伸长节间数6个。

1.2 试验设计与田间管理

采用二因素裂区设计, 播栽期为主区, 两年均设置3月21日(S1)、3月31日(S2)、4月10日(S3)、4月20日(S4)和4月30日(S5)共5个播期, 秧龄为30 d, 移栽期依次为4月21日、5月1日、5月11日、5月21日和5月31日; 品种为副区, 为F优498 (V1)和宜香优2115 (V2)。用营养土和钵型毯状秧盘在温室大棚内育秧(四川川龙全自动水稻育秧播种流水线播种), 机插(井关PZ60乘坐式水稻插秧机)行穴距为30 cm × 20 cm, 各小区用塑料薄膜包埂隔离, 单独肥水管理。小区面积18 m², 重复3次。移栽时秧苗叶龄2.3~3.6叶, 白根数7.8~10.0根, 茎基粗1.6~2.2 mm, 无分蘖。栽后4~5 d定苗, 苗数为每穴3苗。施纯氮180 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥:穗肥 = 6:4, 以基肥:分蘖肥 = 7:3、穗肥以促花肥:保花肥 = 6:4施用。按N:P₂O₅:K₂O = 2:1:2确定磷、钾肥施用量, 磷肥作基肥一次性施用, 钾肥按基肥:穗肥(促花肥) = 5:5施用, 其他管理措施按当地高产栽培要求实施。苗期大棚温光湿度和大田期气象数据如表1所示。

表1 不同播栽期处理秧苗和田间生育期间的气象资料 Table 1 Meteorological data during the seeding and growth stage with different seeding and transplanting dates

1.3 测定内容与方法

1.3.1 分蘖发生与成穗的追踪调查栽后 5 d从每小区选取长势比较一致的连续20株(2015年15株)秧苗, 用红绳圈定并标记叶龄。每5 d在主茎和分蘖上挂标签, 标记分蘖级次、叶位和叶龄, 成熟期根据标签将各级分蘖分开, 单独收获和考种, 测定穗粒数、结实率和粒重, 单独称重计算各茎蘖穗重和单株产量, 并统计成穗数。0表示主茎, X/0分蘖指着生在主茎第X叶位上的一次分蘖。各叶位分蘖发生率(%) = 该叶位分蘖实际发生数量/观察株数× 100; 各叶位分蘖成穗率(%) = 该叶位分蘖成穗数/分蘖实际发生数× 100 ^[7]。

1.3.2 产量及产量构成因素成熟期从每小区选取60穴考察有效穗数, 按平均有效穗数从每个小区取5穴, 考察每穗总粒数、实粒数、空秕粒数、千粒重、结实率等产量构成因素。各小区单打实收调查产量(按13.5%含水量折算)。

1.3.3 气象数据收集用JL-18空气温湿光记录仪监测苗期温室大棚内苗床的温度、湿度和光照强度, 大田气象数据均取自郫县气象局三道堰站地面气象观测资料, 分别统计分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗开花期平均气温(average temperature, t_a)、平均气温日较差(average diurnal temperature range, Δ t)、积温(accumulated temperature, t)、日平均日照时数(average sunshine duration, s_a)、日平均相对湿度(average relative humidity, h_a)。

1.4 统计分析

应用Microsoft Excel 2007、DPS7.5和Graphpad Prism5.0处理分析数据和作图, 用LSD (least significant difference tests)比较样本平均数的差异显著性, 表2、表3和表4均为2年数据平均值。

表2 不同播栽期机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖发生蘖位及发生率 Table 2 Tiller leaf position and emerging rate of mechanical superindica hybrid rice with different seeding and transplanting dates (%)

表3 不同播栽期机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗蘖位及成穗率 Table 3 Panicle leaf position and earbearing tiller percentage of mechanical super indica hybrid rice with different seeding and transplanting dates (%)

表4 不同播栽期下各蘖位茎蘖对产量的贡献率 Table 4 Contribution of stem and tillers in each leaf position to yield with different seeding and transplanting dates (%)

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖发生蘖位及发生率的影响

由表2可知, 不同播栽期下水稻分蘖发生蘖位数及各蘖位分蘖发生率差异明显。机插用钵型毯状秧盘育秧, 育秧环节密度较大, 同时也受机械植伤的影响, 主茎第1叶位分蘖缺失, 分蘖发生的初始叶位部分从第2叶位开始, 主要从第3叶位开始。F优498不同播栽期处理下, S1~S4一次分蘖发生率以3/0~7/0较高, 平均分蘖发生率达93.4%; S5一次分蘖发生率以3/0~6/0较高, 平均分蘖发生率为97.8%; 第2和第8叶位一次分蘖发生率表现为S1和S2高于后面播栽期处理, 第9叶位很少发生一次分蘖; 二次分蘖发生率低, 主要以第3~第4叶位为主。宜香优2115的S1期一次分蘖发生率以3/0~7/0较高, 平均分蘖发生率达96.7%, S2~S5一次分蘖发生率以3/0~6/0较高, 平均分蘖发生率达97.6%; 第7叶位一次分蘖发生率表现为S1~S4高于S5, 第8~第9叶位则很少发生分蘖; 二次分蘖发生叶位主要在第2~第5叶位, S1和S2以第2~第5叶位为主, S3和S4以第3~第5叶位为主, S5则以第3~第4叶位为主。

2.2 不同播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖成穗蘖位及成穗率的影响

由表3可知, 随着播栽期推迟, 分蘖成穗蘖位数趋向集中, 除S1外, 其他4个播栽期处理下二次分蘖成穗蘖位数较发生蘖位数均减少。F优498早播栽处理S1一次分蘖成穗率以2/0~6/0较高, S2以2/0~5/0较高, S3~S5以3/0~5/0较高, 这5个播栽期下平均分蘖成穗率达95.9%; 二次分蘖成穗率较低, 二次分蘖成穗蘖位S1主要为第2~第4叶, S2和S3主要为第3叶, S4主要为第2~第3叶位, 而S5的第2~第6叶位二次分蘖成穗率均低于10.0%。宜香优2115早播栽处理S1一次分成穗率以2/0~6/0较高, S2~S3以2/0~5/0较高, S4以3/0~5/0为主, S5以2/0~5/0较高, 这5个播栽期下平均分蘖成穗率达95.4%; 6/0叶位一次分蘖成穗率表现为S1> S4> S3> S2> S5; 二次分蘖成穗率S1以第2~第5叶为主, S2和S4 以第2~第4叶为主, S3和S5以第2和第3叶为主。

2.3 不同播栽期对机插超级杂交籼稻产量的影响

表4表明, 主茎对产量的贡献受播栽期的影响达到极显著水平, 分蘖对产量的贡献受播栽期和品种的影响达显著或极显著水平。不同穗源对产量的贡献, F优498主茎表现为S1< S4< S2< S3< S5, 宜香优2115主茎表现为S1< S2< S4< S3< S5, 整体看来主茎表现为(S1~S4)< S5。一、二次分蘖总和以(S1~S4)对产量贡献较大, 而S5对产量贡献较小, 二次分蘖对产量贡献以第3~第4叶位为主。随着播栽期推迟, 高贡献率叶位更集中, S1对产量贡献率以3/0~6/0为主, 其他播栽期处理以3/0~5/0叶位为主, 4/0对产量贡献最大, 而6/0表现为(S1~S4)对产量贡献大, S5对产量贡献小。S1播栽期第3~第6叶位分蘖对产量的贡献为68.60%, 这些叶位一次分蘖群对产量的贡献为61.01%; S2~S5播栽期第3~第5叶位分蘖对产量的贡献分别为61.47%、61.62%、62.73%和65.89%。表5表明, 产量和有效穗数受播栽期和品种的影响达到极显著或显著水平。两年产量整体表现为随播栽期推迟, 呈降低趋势, 即S1显著高于其他后面4个播栽期, S5产量最低; 2014年群体有效穗数表现为S5> S1> S4> S2> S3; 而2015年则随播栽期推迟而呈现降低趋势, 表现为S1最多、S5最少。不同播栽期处理下, F优498有效穗数均少于宜香优2115, 而产量却均高于宜香优2115。

表5 不同播栽期下机插超级杂交籼稻产量 Table 5 Grain yield of mechanical superindica hybrid rice cultivar with different seeding and transplanting dates

2.4 机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖发生成穗与气象因子的关系

2.4.1 气象因子对机插超级杂交籼稻不同蘖位分蘖发生率与成穗率的影响由表6可知, 不同播栽期处理间机插杂交籼稻不同叶位一次分蘖发生率要受分蘖期气象因子的影响。2/0叶位一次分蘖发生率随分蘖期相对湿度、平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数升高而上升, 随日平均气温升高而下降; 第2~第5叶位二次分蘖发生率随相对湿度、平均气温升高而降低, 随平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数升高而上升。由表7可知, 不同播栽期处理下机插杂交籼稻各叶位分蘖成穗率主要受分蘖期、幼穗分化期和抽穗开花期气象因子的影响。2/0叶位一次分蘖成穗率随分蘖期、抽穗开花期平均气温日较差、日照时数升高而上升; 3/0叶位一次分蘖成穗率随分蘖期平均气温日较差、积温升高而上升; 随幼穗分化期相对湿度升高而下降; 5/0叶位一次分蘖成穗率随幼穗分化期平均气温日较差升高而下降, 随抽穗开花期平均气温升高而下降; 6/0叶位一次分蘖成穗率随幼穗分化期平均气温日较差、平均气温、日照时数升高而下降, 随抽穗开花期平均气温日较差、平均气温升高而上升; 第2、第3叶位二次分蘖成穗率随分蘖期积温升高而上升。

表6 机插超级杂交籼稻不同叶位一、二次分蘖发生率与分蘖期气象因子的关系 Table 6 Relationship between meteorological factors and primary and secondary tillering rate in different leaf positions of mechanical super indica hybrid rice

表7 机插超级杂交籼稻不同叶位一、二次分蘖成穗率与气象因子的关系 Table 7 Relationship between meteorological factors and primary and secondary earbearing rate in different leaf positions of mechanical super indica hybrid rice

2.4.2 气象因子对机插超级杂交籼稻一、二次分蘖群分蘖发生率与成穗率的影响不同播栽期处理下机插超级杂交籼稻一、二次分蘖群发生率主要受分蘖期气象因子的影响, 而其成穗率则受分蘖期、幼穗分化期和抽穗开花期气象因子的影响。一次分蘖发生率与分蘖期相对湿度呈显著负相关, 而与平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著正相关; 而一次分蘖成穗率与分蘖期相对湿度、平均气温呈显著负相关, 与分蘖期平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著正相关, 与幼穗分化期相对湿度呈显著负相关, 与抽穗开花期日照时数呈显著正相关。二次分蘖发生率与分蘖期相对湿度、平均气温呈极显著负相关, 而与平均气温日较差、日照时数呈极显著正相关, 与积温呈显著正相关; 二次分蘖成穗率与分蘖期积温呈显著正相关(图1和图2)。

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图1 气象因子对机插超级杂交籼稻一次分蘖发生率和成穗率的影响
A: 分蘖期相对湿度(%); B: 分蘖期平均气温日较差(℃); C: 分蘖期平均气温(℃); D: 分蘖期积温(℃); E: 分蘖期平均日照时数(h); F: 幼穗分化期相对湿度(%); G: 抽穗开花期平均日照时数(h)。Fig. 1 Effect of meteorological factors on primary tiller emerging and earbearing rate of mechanical indica hybrid rice
A: average relative humidity of tillering stage (%); B: average diurnal temperature range of tillering stage (℃); C: average temperature of tillering stage (℃); D: accumulated temperature of tillering stage (℃); E: average sunshine duration of tillering stage (h); F: average relative humidity of inflorescence differentiation stage (%); G: average sunshine duration of flowering stage (h).

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图2 分蘖期气象因子对机插超级杂交籼稻二次分蘖发生率和成穗率的影响
A: 分蘖期相对湿度(%); B: 分蘖期平均气温日温较差(℃); C: 分蘖期平均气温(h); D: 分蘖期积温(℃); E: 分蘖期平均日照时数(h)。Fig. 2 Effect of meteorological factors of tillering stage on secondary tiller emerging and earbearing rate of mechanical super indica hybrid rice
A: average relative humidity (%); B: average diurnal temperature range (℃); C: average temperature (℃); D: accumulated temperature (℃); E: average sunshine duration (h).

3 讨论

3.1 机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖发生与成穗的播期效应

适宜的单位面积有效穗数是高产群体的显著特征^[24], 提高成穗率是优化群体质量的重要途径^[18], 且与分蘖发生叶位数、分蘖发生率和分蘖成穗率密切相关。水稻分蘖是由植株分蘖节上各叶的腋芽(分蘖芽)在适宜的条件下, 遵循N-3的叶蘖同伸规律形成的, 充分利用有效分蘖叶位, 争取早发多发, 是提高单株成穗数和群体茎蘖成穗率, 培育高产群体的一个有效措施^{[24, 25]}。水稻腋芽萌发形成分蘖至穗^[26]的过程受多种因素影响, 秧苗素质^[27]、种植方式^{[7, 8]}、密度配置^{[9, 15, 16]}、水肥运筹等^{[5, 28]}均会影响分蘖消长, 最终影响分蘖成穗率。雷小龙等^[6]研究认为机插一次分蘖群以3/0~8/0发生为主, 且3/0~6/0分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群成穗以第3~第5叶为主。李杰等^[7]研究认为机插一次分蘖群发生以3/0~7/0为主, 4/0~7/0是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位, 二次分蘖发生以第4~第5叶为主。本研究表明, 随着播栽期推迟, 一次分蘖发生与成穗叶位数减少且趋于集中, F优498一次分蘖发生在S1~S4播栽期以3/0~7/0为主, 而在S5播栽期以3/0~6/0为主, 宜香优2115的S1播栽期以3/0~7/0为主, 而S2~S5播栽期以3/0~6/0为主; 二次分蘖发生集中在第3~第4叶位; 一次分蘖成穗率S1播栽期以3/0~6/0为主, 而S2~S5播栽期以3/0~5/0为主; 二次分蘖成穗率以第3~第4叶为主。研究结果与前人的不尽一致^{[6, 7, 15, 16, 17, 29]}, 可能是因为播期时间设置的长短不同, 播期间气候差异性较大, 不同播栽期处理下其生育期内所遇到的温光资源不同, 使得其分蘖发生和成穗差异大。钟楚等^[30]研究表明分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加, 而气温升高对有效穗数不利。较低的光强会严重降低分蘖数, 而日照时数增加、光照条件改善, 则会促进分蘖数增加^[31]。本研究表明一次分蘖发生率和成穗率以及二次分蘖发生率与分蘖期平均气温日较差、积温和日照时数呈显著正相关, 而一次分蘖成穗率与平均气温呈显著负相关。早播栽处理虽然温度较低, 早晚温度差异大, 但日照时数相对较长, 更长的生长期能利用较多的温光资源, 分蘖发生持续时间长, 分蘖期的积温就较高, 分蘖叶位和分蘖数增加, 最终获得更高的分蘖成穗数; 而晚播栽处理则相反。本研究表明一、二次分蘖发生率和成穗率与分蘖期相对湿度呈显著负相关, 其可能原因是相对湿度从侧面反映了降雨量情况, 阴雨天气温度低, 光照条件变弱, 不利于水稻分蘖, 最终也不利于水稻分蘖成穗。因此生产上应结合当地多年气象资料选择适宜的播栽期, 充分利用温光资源, 并充分利用有效分蘖叶位, 提高一、二次分蘖发生率和成穗率。

3.2 不同播栽期机插超级杂交籼稻蘖位与产量的关系及其在高产栽培中的应用

近几十年来, 分蘖与产量的关系经历了“ 主茎穗为主” → “ 主茎分蘖并重” → “ 依靠分蘖” 的过程, 生产技术和施肥水平的提高以及大穗型杂交稻品种的推广, 使依靠分蘖提高群体的分蘖成穗率夺取高产成为可能^[26]。郭振华等^[32]通过徐稻3号机插超高产群体研究发现, 分蘖对产量贡献达73.02%。水稻主茎有效蘖位上存在若干个“ 优势蘖位” , 对产量贡献程度为中部蘖位> 下部蘖位> 上部蘖位, 中部蘖位有较强蘖位优势^[33]。本研究结果中, S1播栽期分蘖发生与成穗主要是第3~第6叶位, 这些叶位分蘖对产量的贡献为68.60%, 因此S1播栽期的优势叶位为第3~第6叶位; S2~S5播栽期第3~第5叶位分蘖成穗率高, 对产量的贡献分别为61.47%、61.62%、62.73%和65.89%, 这些叶位可作为优势叶位, 雷小龙等^[7]认为机插稻优势叶位为第3~第6叶, 本研究中S1机插优势叶位与其结果相同, 而S2~S5则不相同, 这可能是由于播栽期推迟, 使得后面播栽期第6叶位成穗率减少, 最终导致对产量贡献率减小; 而本研究结果与韦还和等^[22]、袁奇等^[20]、李杰等^[7]研究结果也不尽相同, 他们发现机插优势叶位为第4~第7叶, 其可能原因是籼稻与粳稻本身遗传特性、品种分蘖力、播栽期的不同。因此, S1优势叶位为第3~第6叶位, S2~S5优势叶位为第3~第5叶位, 这些叶位分蘖发生率和成穗率高, 对产量贡献率大, 说明应在适宜的播栽期, 充分利用优势叶位, 通过改善农艺措施提高分蘖的发生和成穗, 提高分蘖穗部经济性状的质量是获得高产的主要途径。

4 结论

不同播栽期机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖发生与成穗规律不同。早播栽处理分蘖发生和成穗叶数多, 而迟播栽处理则相反; 早播栽处理一次分蘖发生以3/0~7/0叶位为主, 迟播栽处理以3/0~6/0叶位为主, 早播栽处理成穗叶位主要集中在3/0~6/0叶位, 而迟播栽处理成穗叶位则主要集中在3/0~5/0叶位, 二次分蘖发生和成穗以第3~第4叶为主; 一次分蘖对产量贡献率表现为早播栽处理S1优势分蘖位为第3~第6叶, 其他播栽处理为第3~第5叶, 二次分蘖以第3~第4叶优势较强。一次、二次分蘖发生率和一次分蘖成穗率与分蘖期相对湿度呈显著负相关, 而与平均气温日较差、积温、日照时数呈显著正相关。因此在成都平原进行机插超级杂交籼稻的种植, 应当选择适宜的播栽期, 充分利用温光资源, 充分利用优势叶位, 通过改善农艺措施, 提高分蘖的发生和成穗, 最终提高产量。成都平原机插超级杂交籼稻在4月11日前播种5月11日前移栽有利于机插超级杂交籼稻产量的提高, 而在4月21日前播种5月21日前移栽有利于稳产, 在4月21日以后播种5月21日以后产量则显著降低。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[23]	曾研华, 张玉屏, 王亚梁, 向镜, 陈惠哲, 朱德峰. 籼粳杂交稻枝梗和颖花形成的播期效应. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 1300-1310 Zeng Y H, Zhang Y P, Wang Y L, Xiang J, Chen H Z, Zhu D F. Effects of sowing date on formation of branches and spikelets in indica-japonica hybrid rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 1300-1310 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[26]	Li X Y, Qian Q, Fu Z M, Wang Y H, Xiong G S, Zeng D L, Wang X Q, Liu X F, Teng S, Hiroshi F, Ming W, Luo D, Han B, Li J Y. Control of tillering in rice. Nature, 2003, 422: 618-621 [本文引用:2]
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[28]	郑永美, 丁艳锋, 王强盛, 李刚华, 王慧芝, 王绍华. 起身肥对水稻分蘖和氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 513-519 Zheng Y M, Ding Y F, Wang Q S, Li G H, Wang H Z, Wang S H. Effect of nitrogen applied before transplanting on tillering and nitrogen utilization in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 513-519 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	赵海燕, 姚凤梅, 张勇, 徐宾, 袁静, 胡亚南, 许吟隆. 长江中下游水稻开花灌浆期气象要素与结实率和粒重的相关性分析. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1765-1771 Zhao H Y, Yao F M, Zhang Y, Xu B, Yuan J, Hu Y N, Xu Y L. Correlation analysis of rice seed setting rate and weight of 1000-grain and agro-meteorology over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1765-1771 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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2014

0.0

许轲, 唐磊, 张洪程, 郭保卫, 霍中洋, 戴其根, 魏海燕, 韦还和. 不同机械直播方式对水稻分蘖特性及产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(13): 43-52

, Tang

, Zhang H

, Guo B

, Huo Z

, Dai Q

, Wei H

. Effect of different mechanical direct seeding methods on tiller characteristics and yield of rice. Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(13): 43-52 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: Little information is available on tillering characteristics and their relationships with high yield in the different patterns of water mechanical-direct-seeding cultivation in rice have not been understood. The experiments were conducted using four varieties, conventional rice Changnongjing 7, super rice Nanjing 44, hybrid rice Yongyou 2638, and Yongyou7, to investigate the characteristics of tillers emergence and panicle formation and its productivity and contribution to yield by the two mechanical-direct-seeded planting patterns - hole seeding and seeding in drill cultivation. The results indicated that the tillers emergence and the panicle rates were significantly affected by the different mechanical-direct-seeding patterns. In the two planting patterns, the leaf position number of tillers emergence in the main stem were five, namely leaf 1/0 to leaf 5/0 and secondary tillers group emerged mainly in 1/1, 2/1, and 1/2 with the difference in four varieties. The percentage of primary tillers emergence of different leaf positions in hole seeding pattern was lower than that of seeding in drill pattern, but was higher than the percentage of secondary tillers emergence. The percentage of primary tillers emergence in 3/0 and 4/0 was 100%. Tertiary tillers and even more grades tillers did not initiate in the two planting patterns. The grain yield of all four rice varieties under the hole seeding pattern was higher than that of the seeding in drill pattern (p<0.05), and the different planting patterns affected the earbearing percentage of tillers and their contribution to high yield (p<0.05). The tillers of 1/0 to 5/0 in the main stem were able to earbear, among them 1/0 to 3/0 were main leaf positions with higher percentage of panicle formation (more than 50%), and the percentage of panicle formation of the hole seeding cultivation was higher than that of the seeding in drill cultivation. The main leaf positions of panicle formation of secondary tillers were 1/1 and 1/2 with a very low earbearing percentage, and earbearing percentage of the hole seeding pattern was lower than that of the seeding in drill pattern. The percentage of yield of primary tillers group contribution to total population yield was significant in different tillers (p<0.05) and the tiller 3/0 had maximum productivity and contributive proportion, and the contributive proportion of tillers in the hole seeding pattern was higher than that of the seeding in drill pattern. But the contributive proportion of the secondary tillers was lower with the trend of the hole seeding pattern higher. By analysis of characteristics of panicles and spikelets, in tiller 3/0 the panicles number per area and spikelets number per panicle were bigger, and the hole seeding pattern had bigger spikelets number per panicle than the seeding in drill pattern. The appropriate production application and available regulation approach of the different patterns of water mechanical-direct-seeding cultivation in rice, such as management measures of manure and water, etc., are also discussed in the present paper. The experiment indicates the rules of tillers emergence and panicles formation for rice in water mechanical-direct-seeding cultivation, which provides a theoretical basis for high yield of the farm equipment in field production.

为研究不同机械直播方式对水稻分蘖特性的影响，以常规稻常农粳7号、超级稻南粳44与杂交粳稻甬优2638、甬优7号为材料，在江苏稻麦两熟制条件下研究了水（湿润）点播和条播2种机械直播方式水稻分蘖发生和成穗特性及其对群体产量的贡献。结果表明，不同直播方式对水稻分蘖发生与成穗特性有显著影响。点播和条播方式一次分蘖发生叶位均为5个，即主茎第1叶位到第5叶位；二次分蘖发生叶位以主茎第1分蘖的第1、2叶位和主茎第2分蘖的第1叶位为主。一次分蘖发生率点播方式低于条播方式，主茎第3、4叶位分蘖发生率为100%；二次分蘖发生率点播方式高于条播方式。4个品种均未见三次及三次以上分蘖发生。点播方式产量显著高于条播方式（p<0.05），且不同直播方式对水稻茎蘖成穗与高产利用存在差异（p<0.05）。一次分蘖的第1～5叶位是可成穗叶位，以第1～3叶位成穗为主，成穗率50%以上，条播方式成穗率高于点播方式。主茎第1分蘖的第1叶位和主茎第2分蘖的第1叶位是二次分蘖成穗的主要叶位，但成穗率较低；点播方式成穗率低于条播方式，不同品种间存在差异。一次分蘖穗对产量贡献率在不同蘖位间存在显著差异（p<0.05），主茎第3分蘖生产力最高，对产量的贡献率最高，其中点播方式大于条播方式。二次分蘖穗对产量贡献率较小，点播方式高于条播方式。进一步对分蘖的穗粒构成分析表明，主茎第3分蘖穗单位面积穗数和每穗粒数较高，每穗粒数表现为主茎第3分蘖穗点播方式高于条播方式。该文明确了不同机械直播方式水稻分蘖成穗规律，为直播稻大面积高产提供了技术依据。

... 单位面积穗数是水稻产量构成要素之一, 分蘖数量与成穗率对其有显著影响^[1] ...

... 前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1,7,8,15,16,17]} ...

2012

0.0

柴楠, 高向达, 任淑娟. 育秧床温调控剂及分蘖促进剂在水稻上的应用研究. 北方水稻, 2012, 42(3): 31-35

Chai

, Gao X

, Ren S

. Applied research on regulatory medicament of seedbed and tillering promoters on rice. North Rice, 2012, 42(3): 31-35 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对水稻进行育秧床温调控剂及分蘖促进剂应用试验研究,结果表明：床温调控剂处理的水稻秧苗素质显著改善,株高降低14.9%、地下百株干重提高29.59%、根冠比增加31.74%。移栽本田后,穗数增加34.7穗 /m2,增产率达到5.7%;分蘖促进剂的应用明显加快了水稻分蘖前期的分蘖速度,收获穗数增加19.9穗/m2,增产率达到6.6%。两者配合应用增产效果更好,水稻的收获穗数增加54.6穗,增产率达到12.7%。

... 分蘖能力不仅受水稻自身遗传特性影响, 而且与栽培措施密切相关, 众多研究表明, 秧苗素质^[2]、株行距配置^[3]、肥水管理^[4]、栽插方式^[5,6,7]、穴苗数^[8]、化控措施^[9,10]等均可影响分蘖发生率与成穗率, 进而影响最终产量 ...

2003

0.0

王建林, 徐正进. 插秧质量与株行距配置对水稻分蘖及穗重的影响. 沈阳农业大学学报, 2003, 34: 401-405

Wang J

, Xu Z

. Effect of seedling quantity and row spacing on the tillers and panicle weight of rice. J Shenyang Agric Univ, 2003, 34: 401-405 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过插秧量与行距配置对杂交稻和常规稻分蘖及穗重的影响研究表明，不同插秧量对水稻茎蘖消长规律存在明显影响，插单苗的在整个分蘖过程中茎蘖量比插3苗的少，最终的成穗数明显要少。其茎蘖消长规律的差异主要表现在辽粳326和?G优418最高分蘖量和最终有效穗数高于辽优3225，而辽优3225分蘖力较低，则是由于该品种分蘖峰值提前，分蘖两极分化早所致。各种处理成穗率相近，但在不同蘖位的成穗机制上存在差异，插3苗的成穗蘖位较为集中，而插单苗的成穗蘖位分布分散，并造成插3苗的穗重分布比插单苗的分散。杂交稻的穗重变异性大，分布较常规稻分散，具有产生大穗的潜力，而插单苗更利于杂交稻大穗潜力的发挥。

2007

0.0

俞爱英, 林贤青, 曾孝元, 吴增琪, 朱贵平. 不同灌溉方式对水稻分蘖成穗规律及产量影响研究. 灌溉排水学报, 2007, 26(1): 66-68

Yu A

, Lin X

, Zeng X

, Wu Z

, Zhu G

. Studies of different water managements on tillers and panicles and mechanism of high-yield of rice. J Irrig Drainage, 2007, 26(1): 66-68 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以杂交稻II优818为材料,通过对水稻不同灌溉方式下分蘖成穗规律的定点考察,明确了水稻好气灌溉的高产原理及其分蘖组成与常规灌溉有很大差异.水稻好气灌溉带3叶以上的分蘖比例明显高于常规灌溉,而3叶以上的分蘖成穗率高,成穗数多,形成的穗型大,构成了水稻好气灌溉的高产结构.

2008

0.0

余珺, 陶光灿, 郭兴强, 尹士采, 谢光辉. 黄淮平原麦茬直播稻分蘖发生规则及其与产量构成的关系. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 678-686

, Tao G

, Guo X

, Yin S

, Xie G

. Tillering pattern and its effects on yield of rice directly sown after winter wheat in the Huang-Huai plain. Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 678-686 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To research the tiller emergence frequency of rice cultivars sown directly under aerobic conditions after winter wheat harvest, field experiments were conducted in Mengcheng, Anhui province, in 2005 and 2006. The experiment included two adjacent fields: the submerged and non-submerged field. Five drought resistance rice cultivars were used. They were HanDao502, HanDao297, HanDao277, NingGeng16 and NingGeng35. The aboveground biomass and grain yields of rice cultivars at maturity were 6.3-11.3 t ha-1 and 1.9-5.4 t ha-1 in 2005, 6.6-9.5 t ha-1 and 3.6-4.6 t ha-1 in 2006, respectively. For each cultivar, the differences of aboveground biomass or yield between the non-submerged conditions and the submerged conditions were not significant. Under the both conditions, the tiller emerging potential of HanDao277 was the highest among the cultivars and the contribution of productive tillers to yield was about 50%. Though the tiller emergence frequency of the 3rd to 5th node for Handao502 and Handao297 was high before elongation, most of them were aborted progressively before heading, however. For NingGeng16 and NingGeng35, there were few tillers emerged from the plants before elongation. For all of the cultivars except HanDao277, the contribution of main stems to yield was above 80%.

【目的】探明抗旱性水稻品种在稻－麦两熟系统中旱作条件下，分蘖发生和成穗的优势节位及其对产量的影响。【方法】以旱稻297（旱稻277）、旱稻502、宁粳16和宁粳35等抗旱品种为材料，比较研究旱作和浅水层灌溉条件下拔节前各节位分蘖的发生和成穗频率及对产量的贡献。【结果】试验观察到拔节前第2～9节位有分蘖发生，虽然发生节位和频率因品种、水旱条件和年份而异，但第3～5节位均表现出了较强的分蘖势。2006年旱稻277有效分蘖对产量的贡献达到40％以上，其余品种皆不足20％；其中，分蘖对产量的贡献主要来自第4、5、10和11节位。【结论】第3～5节位是分蘖发生的优势节位，且分蘖穗的性状较好，通过栽培措施促其早发、多发对水稻实现旱作高产具有重要意义。

... 水稻腋芽萌发形成分蘖至穗^[26]的过程受多种因素影响, 秧苗素质^[27]、种植方式^[7,8]、密度配置^{[9, 15,16]}、水肥运筹等^{[5, 28]}均会影响分蘖消长, 最终影响分蘖成穗率 ...

2014

0.0

雷小龙, 刘利, 刘波, 黄光忠, 马荣朝, 任万军. 杂交籼稻机械化种植的分蘖特性. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1044-1055

Lei X

, Liu

, Huang G

, Ma R

, Ren W

. Tillering characteristics of indica hybrid rice under mechanized planting. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1044-1055 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to explore tillering characteristics and its relationships with yield of indica hybrid rice with mechanized planting and different sowing dates, a split plot field experiment was conducted using F you 498 with mechanized direct-seeding, mechanized transplanting and artificial transplanting and two sowing date treatments. The main results are as follows: (1) The major and stable contribution to yield was from primary tillers group, ranging from 58.67% to 63.82% among different planting methods. The contribution to yield from main stem was significantly different, with the highest in mechanized direct-seeding and the lowest in artificial transplanting. Yield of secondary tillers group was much lower in mechanized direct-seeding than in mechanized and artificial transplanting. (2) The tillering and panicle formation pattern was different for different planting methods which had a changing trend with a single peak for mechanized direct-seeding and transplanting and with two peaks for artificial transplanting. Tillers of mechanized direct-seeding had early and fast emergence and its primary tillers group emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 8, among which tillers from leaf 1 to leaf 4 had higher percentage of emerging and earbearing, and secondary tillers group earbeared mainly in leaf 1 and leaf 2. Tillers of mechanized transplanting had relatively late, low and concentrated emergence, the primary tillers group mainly emerged from 3/0 to 8/0, among which leaf position of 3/0 to 6/0 had higher rate of panicle formation, and secondary tillers group emerged and earbeared mainly in leaf 3, leaf 4, and leaf 5. The number of tillering leaf positions of artificial transplanting was more and tillering time was longer in seeding bed and field. The primary tillers group mainly emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 8 besides leaf 3, among which the tillers of leaf 1, leaf 2, leaf 4, leaf 5, and leaf 6 had higher earbearing percentage, secondary tillers group emerged and earbeared mainly in leaf 1 and leaf 2. The number of tillering and earbearing leaf positions and yield decreased with delaying sowing date. (3) The main stem and primary tillers in low and middle earbearing leaf positions had larger number of earbearing tiller branches, spikelets per panicle, grain weight and grain weight per panicle among three planting methods. The number of earbearing tiller branches and spikelets per panicle of secondary tillers and primary tillers in high earbearing leaf positions were fewer, so their panicles were small. Leaf 1 to leaf 4 in mechanized direct-seeding, leaf 3 to leaf 6 in mechanized transplanting and leaf positions of 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 in artificial transplanting were the s uperior leaf positions. Their contributions to yield were 70.51%, 73.83% and 76.81%, respectively. The tillers group of superior leaf positions in each planting method had higher rates of tiller emerging and panicle formation, larger panicles and higher contribution to yield. Thus, we should optimize agronomic measures for tillers of superior leaf positions to increase yield potential.

为探明不同播期杂交籼稻机械化种植的分蘖特性及其与产量的关系, 以F优498为材料, 采用二因素裂区设计, 研究了早播与迟播2个处理下机直播、机插、手插3种种植方式的杂交籼稻分蘖发生与成穗特点及各分蘖穗的穗部性状。结果表明: (1) 一次分蘖群对产量贡献大且稳定, 均在58.67%~63.82%之间; 主茎对产量贡献率以机直播最高, 手插最低; 机插和手插二次分蘖群占产量比例均显著高于机直播。(2) 不同种植方式分蘖发生与成穗规律不同, 机直播与机插分蘖发生均属一次高峰型, 手插属二次高峰型。机直播分蘖发生早而快, 一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1~第8叶位, 其中第1~第4叶位分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖成穗以第1、第2叶位为主。机插分蘖发生晚、起点低, 但比较集中, 一次分蘖群以3/0~8/0发生为主, 3/0~6/0分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群成穗以第3~第5叶位为主。手插秧田与本田均发生分蘖, 分蘖发生叶位数多, 持续时间长, 一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1、第2、第4~第8叶位, 其中第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群发生与成穗主要在第1、第2叶位。分蘖成穗叶位数和产量均随播期延迟而减少。(3) 3种种植方式的主茎及中低叶位一次分蘖枝梗数和每穗粒数多, 粒大, 单穗重高; 高叶位一次分蘖和二次分蘖枝梗数和穗粒均较少, 稻穗小。机直播优势叶位为第1~第4叶位, 机插为第3~第6叶位, 手插为第1、第2、第4、第5和第6叶位, 对产量贡献率分别达 70.51% 、73.83%和76.81% 。优势叶位分蘖发生与成穗率高, 稻穗大, 对产量贡献率高, 应优化农艺措施挖掘其增产潜力。

... 雷小龙等^[6]研究认为机插一次分蘖群以3/0~8/0发生为主, 且3/0~6/0分蘖成穗率较高, 二次分蘖群成穗以第3~第5叶为主 ...

... 研究结果与前人的不尽一致^{[6,7,15,16,17,29]}, 可能是因为播期时间设置的长短不同, 播期间气候差异性较大, 不同播栽期处理下其生育期内所遇到的温光资源不同, 使得其分蘖发生和成穗差异大 ...

2011

0.0

李杰, 张洪程, 龚金龙, 常勇, 吴桂成, 郭振华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 稻麦两熟地区不同栽培方式超级稻分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 309-320

, Zhang H

, Gong J

, Chang

, Wu G

, Guo Z

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

. Tillering characteristics and its relationships with population productivity of super rice under different cultivation methods in rice-wheat cropping areas. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 309-320 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为探明不同栽培方式水稻在长江下游稻－麦两熟制条件下的分蘖特性及其与群体生产力的关系，以超级稻淮稻9号和徐稻3号为材料，比较研究旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种栽培方式水稻分蘖发生与成穗特点及其生产力和对产量的贡献。结果表明，不同栽培方式水稻产量差异极显著，手栽稻最高，直播稻最低。机插稻和直播稻主茎和一次分蘖群对产量贡献大，尤其是直播稻，主茎产量比例达27.5%，二次分蘖群仅5%左右，而手栽稻主茎产量比例小(16.7%)，二次分蘖群产量占近20%。一次分蘖群产量比例不同栽培方式间变化幅度较小，都在65.84%~67.09%之间。手栽稻分蘖发生叶位数多，且茎蘖成穗率高，单株成穗数多；一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1至第10叶位，其中第5至第8叶位分蘖发生率与成穗率较高，二次分蘖群以1/5、1/6、1/7发生和成穗为主。机插稻分蘖发生比较集中，一次分蘖群发生在主茎第3叶至第7叶位，第4至第7叶是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位，二次分蘖群发生以1/4、2/4、1/5为主，但主要依靠1/4成穗。直播稻一次分蘖群发生在主茎第1至第5叶位，其中第1至第4叶位分蘖发生率与成穗率较高，二次分蘖发生较多，但仅在1/1、2/1、1/2有成穗，且成穗率很低。3种栽培方式均未见三次及三次以上分蘖发生。各栽培方式主茎及优势叶位分蘖群生产力高、穗部性状好，对产量贡献大，产量的85%以上来自这些茎蘖。说明不同栽培方式水稻分蘖发生与成穗规律是不同的，提高茎蘖成穗率，增加单株成穗数，充分发挥分蘖群的调控作用，对提高产量具有重要意义；同时生产中应根据各种栽培方式的实际，应用各自配套的管理技术措施，通过密、肥、水等的精确合理调控，促进优势叶位分蘖早发、多发，抑制无效叶位分蘖发生，提高群体质量，发掘优势叶位的增产潜力，从而实现不同栽培方式水稻的高产高效生产。

... 前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1,7,8,15,16,17]} ...

... 对有关栽培方式、密度配置等对机插苗分蘖成穗规律的影响, 以往学者研究较多^[7,8,9], 成都平原近年来超级杂交籼稻品种的机插栽培方式发展迅速, 但有关机插超级杂交籼稻维持高产的适宜播栽期的研究尚少, 且各叶位分蘖成穗的特点尚不清楚 ...

... 100 ^[7] ...

... 李杰等^[7]研究认为机插一次分蘖群发生以3/0~7/0为主, 4/0~7/0是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位, 二次分蘖发生以第4~第5叶为主 ...

... 89%, 这些叶位可作为优势叶位, 雷小龙等^[7]认为机插稻优势叶位为第3~第6叶, 本研究中S1机插优势叶位与其结果相同, 而S2~S5则不相同, 这可能是由于播栽期推迟, 使得后面播栽期第6叶位成穗率减少, 最终导致对产量贡献率减小 ...

... 而本研究结果与韦还和等^[22]、袁奇等^[20]、李杰等^[7]研究结果也不尽相同, 他们发现机插优势叶位为第4~第7叶, 其可能原因是籼稻与粳稻本身遗传特性、品种分蘖力、播栽期的不同 ...

2014

0.0

宋云生, 张洪程, 戴其根, 杨大柳, 郭保卫, 朱聪聪, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 胡加敏, 吴爱国, 蒋晓鸿. 水稻机栽钵苗单穴苗数对分蘖成穗及产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(10): 37-47

Song Y

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Yang D

, Guo B

, Zhu C

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Hu J

, Wu A

, Jiang X

. Effect of rice potted-seedlings per hole by mechanical transplanting on tillers emergence, panicles formation and yield. Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(10): 37-47 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: The technology of rice potted-seedlings, which adopts a new type of transplanter, is one of the feasible approaches to explore the new models of rice planting mechanization in China. Plastic pots in the rice potted-seedling tray, which are independent of each other, are used to cultivate strong seedlings with a complete nutrition clod wrapped around their root systems. And then the seedlings are transplanted without injury in the field with a certain line of planting distance. In recent years, the research and extension have fully proved the production demonstration effect around China. In order to promote the combination and application of agricultural machinery with its supporting agronomy technology, this paper attempted to ascertain the rulers of tillers and the appropriate seedlings per hole for high-yield cultivation of rice potted-seedlings in mechanical transplanting. Wuyunjing24 was selected as the experimental material to investigate tillers emerging, panicles formation, and yield characteristics under different seedlings per hole. The results indicated: the tillers from the 1st to 9th tilling positions of the main stem and the simultaneous secondary tillers, which were greatly influenced by the seedlings per hole, had emerged and formed panicles in certain proportion. It was beneficial for the emerging of the low tillers from 1st and 2nd tilling positions when there were 1 or 2 strains of plants per plastic hole during the seedling period. Accordingly, the high tillers from the 8th tilling position and secondary tillers got a higher level of tilling rate during the field period. The number of final panicles was mainly from tillers with wide source parts in the maturation stage. The middle tillers from the 3rd and 4th tilling positions were promoted under the condition of 3 or 4 seedlings per hole, with the final panicles mainly from the 5th to 7th tilling positions while also a little bit low and the secondary tillers. When the seedlings per hole increased to 5 or 6 seedlings, the tilling rate and productive tiller percentage of each leaf significantly declined, with the final panicles mainly counting on the main stem and the middle tillers. The tillers from the middle positions showed a higher productive tiller percentage, and the tillers were the main source of the final panicles and the tiller panicles. The harvest yield of 5 or 6 seedlings per hole was lower than that from 3 or 4 seedlings per hole, but was higher than that from 1 or 2 seedlings per hole. There was a positive correlation between the population base and the effective panicles, and a negative correlation between seedlings per hole and grain per panicle; panicles and grain per panicle were the fundamental factors in deciding the yield. The suitable population base of the normal japonica rice, Wuyunjing24, with a large fringe, was 3-4 strains of plants per plastic hole, 3-4 seedlings per hole, through analysis of the multiple regression function of seedlings per hole on yield and consistent with the harvest yield. The experiment indicated the rules of tillers emergence and panicles formation for rice potted-seedling in mechanical transplanting, which provided a theoretical basis for the density of sowing and planting of the farm equipment in field production. According to the tilling characteristics of rice potted-seedlings, management measures of manure and water should be studied, for giving full play to the middle tillers of main stem. Appropriate seedlings per hole is the premise of high-yield cultivation, which particularly increases the grain yield, not only the panicle numbers, the grain numbers, setting percentage, and the gain weights but also for more harmonious yield factors.

为探明机栽（插）水稻钵苗单穴苗数对其分蘖成穗及产量的影响。该文以常规粳稻武运粳24号为材料，在不同单穴苗数条件下，研究了水稻的分蘖与成穗规律以及产量形成特征。结果表明：1）机插钵苗主茎第1～9蘖位及其同伸二级蘖位均有一定比例发生分蘖并成穗，受单穴苗数影响较大。该品种水稻钵盘每钵成苗1、2株有利于促发秧田期第1～2蘖位的低位分蘖，大田单穴相应插植1、2苗可提升第8蘖位高位分蘖及二级蘖位分蘖发生率，最终穗数主要为分蘖成穗，来源蘖位较广；单穴3、4苗可促进中部第6～7蘖位分蘖发生，分蘖穗主要来源于第5～7中位蘖和少量低位蘖及二级分蘖；单穴苗数增至每穴5、6苗，各蘖位分蘖发生率及成穗率显著降低，主要依靠主茎和中位蘖成穗。各处理中部蘖位分蘖具有较高成穗率，是分蘖穗及总穗数的主要来源。2）产量表现为单穴3、4苗较高，5、6苗次之，1、2苗较低。单穴苗数与有效穗数呈极显著正相关，与每穗粒数呈极显著负相关，二者是决定产量变化的重要构成因素。通过解析单穴苗数对产量的多元回归函数，并综合产量实际表现，认为常规粳稻品种（偏大穗型）以育秧田每钵成苗3～4株、大田单穴插植3～4苗为宜。该文揭示了钵苗机栽（插）水稻分蘖成穗规律，并为大面积生产中钵苗育秧适宜用种量和插植苗数提供技术依据。

... 前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1,7,8,15,16,17]} ...

2012

0.0

刘杨, 顾丹丹, 许俊旭, 丁艳峰, 王强盛, 李刚华, 刘正辉, 王绍华. 细胞分蘖素对水稻分蘖芽生长及其分蘖相关基因表达的调控. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 44-51

Liu

, Gu D

, Xu J

, Ding Y

, Wang Q

, Li G

, Liu Z

, Wang S

. Effect of cytokinins on the growth of rice tiller buds and the expression of the genes regulating rice tillering. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 44-51 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship of cytokinins (CTK) and the expression of the genes regulating rice tillering during the regulating the growth of rice tiller buds growth and the underlying molecular mechanisms. 【Method】 In the present study, a cultivar Nanjing 44 was used. At tillering stage, 40 mg?L-1 nitrogen (N) was used to stimulate the germination of tiller buds. At the same time, external IAA was used to inhibit the germination of tiller buds. The changes of CTK contents in tiller buds and tiller nodes and the expression of OsTB1, OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds were measured. 【Result】 The external 40 mg?L-1 N increased the CTK contents in tiller nodes and tiller buds, inhibited the expression of OsTB1, OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds, and then promoted the growth of rice tiller buds. However, the external application of IAA reversed the effect of N. Besides this, the expression of OsTB1 in tiller buds was regulated by CTK, however, the expression of OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds might not be regulated by CTK. 【Conclusion】 The results showed that external N and IAA might have regulated tiller bud growth by at least two means: one is regulating the CTK content and the expression level of OsTB1 in tiller buds, another is regulating the expression level of OsD3, OsD10 and OsD27 in tiller buds and by this to regulate the tiller bud growth.

【目的】研究细胞分裂素（CTK）和分蘖相关基因表达在调控水稻分蘖芽生长过程中的相互关系，探讨水稻分蘖芽生长的分子机理。【方法】以南粳44为材料，利用氮（N）和生长素（IAA）调控水稻分蘖芽萌发，分析OsTB1、OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达和CTK含量的变化。【结果】外源40 mg•L-1N增加了分蘖节和分蘖芽中CTK含量，抑制了分蘖芽中OsTB1、OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达，促进了分蘖芽的萌发生长，外源喷施IAA则逆转了氮的作用。分蘖芽中OsTB1的表达受CTK调控，而OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达可能不受CTK调控。【结论】外界因素对分蘖芽生长的调控至少存在2条途径，一条是通过调控节和芽中CTK含量，进而调控芽中OsTB1等基因表达；另一条通过调控OsD3、OsD10和OsD27的表达。

2011

0.0

刘杨, 丁艳峰, 王强盛, 李刚华, 许俊旭, 刘正辉, 王绍华. 植物生长调节剂对水稻分蘖芽生长和内源激素变化的调控效应. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 670-676

Liu

, Ding Y

, Wang Q

, Li G

, Xu J

, Liu Z

, Wang S

. Effect of plant growth regulators on the growth of rice tiller bud and the changes of endogenous hormones. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 670-676 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Hormones have substantial effect on tiller bud growth of rice. However, little is known on the relation between endogenous hormonal changes and the growth of rice tiller bud induced by exogenous hormones. In present study, two rice cultivars (Yangdao 6 and Nanjing 44) were used to investigate the effect of exogenous ABA, GA 3 and NAA on tiller bud outgrowth and the changes of endogenous hormones. The results showed that exogenous GA 3 and NAA completely inhibited the tiller bud growth, while applied ABA did not, but ABA slowed the growth rate of it. Both exogenous GA 3 and NAA increased the ABA contents and decreased the Z+ZR contents in tiller node and tiller bud, and exogenous GA 3 increased the IAA content in tiller node, and IAA and Z+ZR changed earlier than ABA. In conclusion, IAA and Z+ZR may play key roles in regulating the growth of rice tiller bud, while ABA may not, although ABA can affect the growth velocity of tiller bud; the effect of exogenous hormones on rice tiller bud growth is through regulating the contents of ABA, IAA and CTK in plants.

以扬稻6号和南粳44为材料，研究了外源ABA、GA 3 和NAA对水稻分蘖芽生长的影响及其与内源激素的关系。结果表明，外源GA 3 和NAA可以完全抑制分蘖芽的生长，而外源ABA只是减缓了分蘖芽的生长速率而没有完全抑制其生长。外源GA 3 和NAA均提高了分蘖节和分蘖芽中ABA含量，抑制了分蘖节和分蘖芽中Z+ZR含量的提高，而且外源GA 3 还提高了分蘖节中IAA含量，另外，IAA和Z+ZR含量的变化早于ABA含量的变化。分析试验结果表明IAA、ABA和Z+ZR三种内源激素与水稻分蘖芽生长密切相关，IAA和Z+ZR是生长的主要调控因素，而ABA不是，外界因素对分蘖芽生长的调控主要通过调控这3种激素实现。

1994

0.0

蒋彭炎, 洪晓富, 冯来定, 马跃芳, 史济林, 倪竹如, 刘智宏. 水稻中期群体成穗率与后期群体光合效率的关系. 中国农业科学, 1994, 27(6): 8-14

Jiang P

, Hong X

, Feng L

, Ma Y

, Shi J

, Ni Z

, Liu Z

. Relation between percentage of ear-bearing of colony in the middle phase and photosynthesis efficiency in the late in rice. Sci Agric Sin, 1994, 27(6): 8-14 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以早籼浙852、晚粳浙湖3号、杂交籼稻汕优10号为材料，采用盆栽试验，通过相同密度、不同丛插本数与人工去（拔）蘖、超前搁田和自由生长相结合的办法形成成穗率不同的群体。在齐穗期用#+14CO#-2光合同化标记，通过测定群体同化#+14CO#-2量，研究了水稻中期群体成穗率与后期群体光合效率的关系。结果表明：中期成穗率越是高的群体，抽穗后叶片的光合强度也越高，从而使灌浆期间的群体干物质生产力增加；单位面积茎蘖数较少的高成穗率群体，其呼吸消耗量比单位面积茎蘖数较多的低成穗率群体少，这就更有利于光合产物的积累；另外，由于高成穗率群体后期光合产物向穗部的分配率增加，因此经济系数也得到明显的提高。

... 成穗率是表征群体合理发展的重要指标^[11] ...

1994

0.0

... 群体发展动态越合理, 成穗率越高, 越易获得高产^[12] ...

2007

0.0

... 适宜条件下, 充分利用有限分蘖叶位, 争取分蘖早发多发, 是提高单株成穗数和穗部质量、培育高产群体的显著特征之一^[13,14] ...

1995

0.0

凌启鸿, 苏祖芳, 张海泉. 水稻成穗率与群体质量的关系及其影响因素的研究. 作物学报, 1995, 21: 463-469

Ling Q

, Su Z

, Zhang H

. Relationship between earbearing tiller percentage and population quality and its influential factors in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 1995, 21: 463-469 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：在基本苗相同的情况下，通过不同肥料和搁田处理，造成适宜穗数相近，成穗率不同的群体。结果如下：在适宜穗数范围中，成穗率与抽穗至成熟期干物质积累量，总颖花量，粒叶比、有效及主同效叶面积率，抽穗期单茎茎鞘重，顶三叶比叶重均呈极显著的正相关，成穗率与抽穗期后叶面积下降速度呈极显著的负相关，在合理群体下，稳定穗数，提高成穗率，有利于改善冠层结构和群体质量，改善中后期群体光照条件，延长功能叶片寿命，提高抽穗后

... 适宜条件下, 充分利用有限分蘖叶位, 争取分蘖早发多发, 是提高单株成穗数和穗部质量、培育高产群体的显著特征之一^[13,14] ...

2007

0.0

袁奇, 于林惠, 石世杰, 邵建国, 丁艳锋. 机插秧每穴栽插苗数对水稻分蘖与成穗的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10): 121-125

Yuan

, Yu L

, Shi S

, Shao J

, Ding Y

. Effects of different tiller production planting seedlings per hillon outgrowth and quantities of for machine-transplanted rice. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(10): 121-125 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of plant density on outgrowth and productive tillers by machine-transplanted rice were studied with Wuxiangjing 9(japonica variety) from labeling on tiller, and outgrowth and tiller production by machine-transplanted rice with planting rice by hand were compared. Results showed that the outgrowth and tiller production for mechanized rice transplanting emphasis mostly 0/4, 0/5, 0/6, 0/7, the first tiller and 4/1 the second tiller and the more range tiller, and on the condition of machine-transplanted rice. With plant density increase, 0/4, 0/5, 0/6, 0/7 of the first tiller prominently reduce. The lower second tiller as 4/1 mostly reduces. Results indicated the yield as three seedlings per hill for mechanized rice transplanting is the highest, 0/5, 0/6, 0/7 of the first tiller outgrowth and tiller production rate are higher than those by hand. The experiment indicates the law of the outgrowth and tiller production for machine-transplanted rice.

以水稻晚粳品种武香粳9号为材料，通过对分蘖跟踪挂牌，研究了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗的特点，并与手栽处理分蘖进行比较。试验结果表明，机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗主要集中在0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖和4/1低蘖位二级分蘖；随着栽插密度增加，0/4、0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生率均下降，4/1等低位的二级分蘖发生率下降更多，最终成穗率也下降。研究还表明机栽3苗时产量最高,与手栽处理相比，0/5、0/6、0/7的一级分蘖的发生与成穗率及最终产量均高于手栽处理。该文揭示了机插水稻分蘖发生和成穗规律。

... 前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1,7,8,15,16,17]} ...

2005

0.0

凌励. 机插水稻分蘖发生特点及配套高产栽培技术改进的研究. 江苏农业科学, 2005, (3): 14-19

Ling

. Occurrence of tiller of machine-tranplanted rice and development of its cultural technology for high yield. J Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2005, (3): 14-19 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过多点专题试验和高产示范,分析归纳了机插水稻分蘖发生具有大田分蘖节位多、栽后缓苗期长、始蘖后发蘖势猛等特点,指出机插水稻中部3～4个蘖位是适宜高效分蘖利用区段,具有发蘖率高、成穗率高、穗层整齐的特点,提出了机插水稻分蘖合理利用的依据和方法.研究探讨了密度、肥水、播量、秧龄对机插稻分蘖发生利用的影响,明确了适宜播量和秧龄是合理利用分蘖的前提,确定适宜基本苗是关键,改进肥水运筹技术有利于分蘖的发生和利用.根据研究结果,结合大面积高产实践,明确了量化确定播量和基本苗,改进机插稻肥水运筹等关键技术,初步形成了机插稻高产叶龄栽培模式.

... 前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1,7,8,15,16,17]} ...

2014

0.0

韦还和, 李超, 张洪程, 孙玉海, 孟天瑶, 杨筠文, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 水稻甬优12超高产群体分蘖特性及其群体生产力的关系. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1819-1829

Wei H

, Li

, Zhang H

, Sun Y

, Meng T

, Yang J

, Ma R

, Wang X

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

. Tillering characteristics and its relation with population productivity of super-high yield rice population of Yongyou 12. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1819-1829 (in Chinese with English abstract)

We comparatively studied tillering and panicle formation characteristics of super-high and high yield populations formed by the regulation of cultivation measures using indica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12 transplanted by seedlings with tillers at the age of four leaves with one leaf bud. The results showed that yield from tillers and its contribution rate to total yield were 11.53 t ha -1 and 87.77% for super-high yield population, and 10.59 t ha -1 and 87.40% for high yield population. Super-high yield population had higher yield from primary and secondary tillers which were the major part contributed to total yield, the contribution rate to total yield of primary tillers for super-high yield population was slightly lower than that for high yield group, while that of secondary tillers, the contribution rate to total yield was higher in super-high yield population than in high yield population. For super-high yield population, the primary tillers emerged from leaf 1 to leaf 9 on main stem, among them the tillers from leaf 4 to leaf 7 had higher emerging rate and more panicles, secondary tillers emerged and earbeared mainly in 1/3, 2/3, 3/3, 2/4, 1/5. High yield population had higher emerging rate of triple tillers but lower panicle rate than super-high yield population, its primary tillers emerged and earbeared mainly in 4/0 to 7/0 while in the secondary tillers 1/3, 2/3, 3/3. Super-high yield population had higher mean values in panicle length, panicle weight, total grain number and grain density than high yield population, but seed-setting rate was slightly lower.

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材，四叶一心期带蘖小苗移栽，通过栽培措施的调控，形成超高产( >13.0 t hm -2 )和高产( >12.0 t hm -2 )群体，以高产群体作为对照，对分蘖挂牌追踪，比较研究超高产群体分蘖发生成穗特点。结果表明，超高产群体分蘖产量及对总产量的贡献率分别为11.53 t hm -2 和87.77%，高产群体分别为10.59 t hm -2 和87.40%。超高产和高产群体的分蘖利用都以一次和二次分蘖为主，一次和二次分蘖的产量均以超高产高于高产群体，超高产群体一次分蘖产量的贡献率略低于高产群体，二次分蘖产量的贡献率高于高产群体。超高产群体一次分蘖发生在第1至第9叶位，第4至第7叶位是分蘖发生与成穗的优势叶位，二次分蘖以1/3、2/3、3/3、2/4、1/5蘖位优势较强。对于高产群体而言，一次分蘖以第4至第7叶位分蘖优势较强，二次分蘖以1/3、2/3、3/3优势较强，三次分蘖发生叶位数明显高于超高产群体，但成穗率较低。超高产群体成穗分蘖的穗长、单穗重、总粒数、着 [1] 粒密度的平均值高于高产群体，结实率却略低于高产群体。

... 前人对水稻分蘖发生和成穗及其与产量的关系进行了较多研究, 表明不同级次和叶位分蘖的发生与成穗规律有较大差异^{[1,7,8,15,16,17]} ...

2007

0.0

朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 徐一成. 我国水稻种植机械化的发展前景与对策. 北方水稻, 2007, (5): 13-18

Zhu D

, Chen H

, Xu Y

. Counterm easure and perspective of mechanization of rice planting in China. North Rice, 2007, (5): 13-18 (in Chinese with English abstract)

水稻种植已成为制约水稻生产全程机械化的瓶颈,通过分析我国水稻生产对机械化种植的需求及发展前景,以我国水稻机械化种植技术发展中存在的问题为切入点,结合我国水稻生产特点,从农艺学角度探讨了发展我国机械化种植中所需解决的问题,提出了发展水稻机械化种植技术的对策.

... 随农业种植结构调整和农村劳动力向城镇转移, 从事稻作生产的劳动力短缺现象日趋明显, 水稻生产迫切需要向机械化方向发展^[18,19,20], 机械化种植已成为水稻种植的主要方式^[21,22] ...

... 1 机插超级杂交籼稻分蘖发生与成穗的播期效应适宜的单位面积有效穗数是高产群体的显著特征^[24], 提高成穗率是优化群体质量的重要途径^[18], 且与分蘖发生叶位数、分蘖发生率和分蘖成穗率密切相关 ...

2011

0.0

陈文宽, 李兰图, 孙沁谷, 刘松. 成都平原农地资源劳动力承载力研究. 农业经济问题, 2011, (3): 27-30

Chen W

, Li L

, Sun Q

, Liu S. Study on capacity of farmland resource and labor of Chengdu plain. Issues Agric Economic, 2011, (3): 27-30( in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：本文在对成都平原9县26镇53村进行调查的基础上,综合考虑生产条件、劳动力状况、土地利用类型、作物类型等,以从事农业人员的劳动能力的角度出发,提出最大劳均负担农地面积、现状农地资源劳动力承载力、最优农地资源劳动力承载力等概念。通过调查数据测算出成都平原最大劳均负担农地面积的标准,以此作为现状农地资源劳动力承载量的计算标准。并对大邑县永兴村的现状农地资源劳动力承载量进行了测算。为统筹城乡发展、农地资源利用结构调整、农业富余劳动力测算、农业劳动力解放和转移安置等问题提供科学支撑和依据。

2011

0.0

杨凡, 齐振宏, 王景旭, 周未. 西南4省(区)水稻投入产出模型分析. 中国农业大学学报, 2011, 16(4): 164-168

Yang

, Qi Z

, Wang J

, Zhou

. Rice input-output model analysis in four provinces of Southwest China. J China Agric Univ, 2011, 16(4): 164-168 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper used the principal component regression model,established the input-output model of rice of the four provinces of Southwest China,and then analyzed the status of the four provinces of Southwest China,basing on the survey data to the farmer in the four provinces of Southwest China.The results showed that:The output of the rice was impacted by the labor,land,seeds,irrigation costs,fertilizer and pesticide,and the government subsidies and the other factors.They had a great impaction on the output of the rice,except the investment on the agricultural machinery.In view of this,the paper puts forward relevant policy suggestions.

结合2009年对西南地区的云南、贵州、四川和广西4省(区)资源贫乏地区水稻生产的相关数据,本研究运用主成分回归分析的方法建立了我国西南4省(区)水稻投入产出模型,分析了西南4省(区)水稻投入产出的现状,研究结果表明:水稻产出受劳动力、土地、种子、灌溉成本、化肥和农药投入、农业机械投入及政府补贴等因素的影响。在选取的变量中,对水稻产出的影响较大的是土地投入、农药、土地、劳动力、种子、灌溉及政府财政补贴,农业机械投入对水稻产出的影响较小。基于实证分析,本研究提出了稳定西南4省资源贫乏地区水稻生产的相应对策。

1998

0.0

袁钊和, 陈巧敏, 杨新春. 论我国水稻抛秧、插秧、直播机械化技术的发展. 农业机械学报, 1998, 29(3): 181-183

Yuan Z

, Chen Q

, Yang X C. Development of mechanized cast-transplanting, transplanting and seeding in China. Trans CSAM, 1998, 29(3): 181-183(in Chinese with English abstract)

我国水稻种植面积占世界的２０％，总产量为世界的３４％，居世界第一，单产高于世界单产水平（３６４８千克／公顷）居第６位（６０２４千克／公顷）。我国农业正面临着从传统农业向现代农业转变的历史时期，水稻种植机械化便是其重要的组成部分。世界上不乏已实现了水稻...

2012

0.0

顾建清, 徐嘉梁, 戴晶, 朱阿多, 袁继栋. 不同水稻机械化种植方案技术经济分析. 中国农机化, 2012, (5): 37-40

Gu J

, Xu J

, Dai

, Zhu A

, Yuan J

. Technical and economic analysis of different mechanized rice planting schemes. Chin Agric Mech, 2012, (5): 37-40 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2015

0.0

曾研华, 张玉屏, 王亚梁, 向镜, 陈惠哲, 朱德峰. 籼粳杂交稻枝梗和颖花形成的播期效应. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 1300-1310

Zeng Y

, Zhang Y

, Wang Y

, Xiang

, Chen H

, Zhu D

. Effects of sowing date on formation of branches and spikelets in indica-japonica hybrid rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 1300-1310 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】探讨播期对不同籼粳成分杂交稻穗粒数形成规律的影响。【方法】以杂交稻偏粳型中熟中粳甬优8号、偏籼型迟熟中粳甬优15号、中熟晚籼钱优2号和常规品种迟熟中粳浙粳88为材料,通过分期播种研究不同类型水稻枝梗和颖花分化与退化的特性及其与籼粳性成分的关系。【结果】籼粳杂交稻甬优8号及甬优15号每穗总颖花分化数均显著高于籼稻钱优2号和粳稻浙粳88;甬优品种的一次枝梗及颖花分化数显著高于籼、粳稻,二次枝梗和颖花分化数以偏籼型品种甬优15号和钱优2号较高,而甬优8号二次颖花分化数与钱优2号的基本持平。随播期推迟,每穗总颖花分化数显著降低,尤为二次颖花分化数,而一次颖花分化数以适期播种最高。甬优8号和钱优2号总颖花分化数以早播显著高于适期播种和迟期播种,甬优15号则以适期播种最高,适期播种能显著提高籼粳杂交稻品种甬优8号和甬优15号的一次颖花现存数,分别主要体现在稻穗中上部与穗基部、顶部,这与其较高的一次枝梗分化能力有关。不同播期间,各类型品种稻穗不同部位一次枝梗上的二次枝梗分化数从穗基部到穗顶部总体呈下降趋势,而二次枝梗和颖花现存数、二次颖花分化数总体呈现"先升后降"的趋势。其中甬优8号不同部位一次枝梗上二次枝梗和颖花现存数早播的优势主要体现在穗中上部位,钱优2号早播的优势为稻穗中下部,甬优15号适期播种的优势主要体现在穗顶部,而浙粳88迟播的影响主要体现在稻穗基部。相关分析表明,各类型品种粳性成分与稻穗总颖花分化数及一次、二次枝梗和颖花分化数均呈极显著抛物线关系,相关系数分别为0.8172、0.9416、0.9004、0.8718和0.7988。【结论】与籼、粳稻相比,籼粳杂交稻具有较多的枝梗数和颖花数。推迟播期,降低每穗颖花分化数和二次枝梗分化数;早播有利于中熟品种颖花和二次枝梗的形成,而适期播种对迟熟品种的效应较好。不同播期下各类型品种粳性成分与稻穗枝梗和颖花呈极显著相关。

2000

0.0

... 水稻分蘖是由植株分蘖节上各叶的腋芽(分蘖芽)在适宜的条件下, 遵循N-3的叶蘖同伸规律形成的, 充分利用有效分蘖叶位, 争取早发多发, 是提高单株成穗数和群体茎蘖成穗率, 培育高产群体的一个有效措施^[24,25] ...

2006

0.0

2003

0.0

... 的过程, 生产技术和施肥水平的提高以及大穗型杂交稻品种的推广, 使依靠分蘖提高群体的分蘖成穗率夺取高产成为可能^[26] ...

2008

0.0

2008

0.0

郑永美, 丁艳锋, 王强盛, 李刚华, 王慧芝, 王绍华. 起身肥对水稻分蘖和氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 513-519

Zheng Y

, Ding Y

, Wang Q

, Li G

, Wang H

, Wang S

. Effect of nitrogen applied before transplanting on tillering and nitrogen utilization in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 513-519 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Nitrogen (N) before transplanting, applied in seedling-bed and carried to the paddy field with seedlings is proposed in this paper. The effect of this method on tillering, N accumulation, N fertilizer utilization efficiency (NUE), and grain yield were investigated in a field experiment with a japonica cultivar Ningjing 2. The results indicated that, on the condition of equal basic and tillering N fertilizer, the tillers number in the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer applied before transplanting (N-100%) was 300 thousand ha-1 higher than that in treatment of no N fertilizer applied before transplanting (CK). At the critical stage of productive tiller, the tillers rate with leaf age >3 in N-100% treatment was remarkably higher than that in CK. Compared with CK, the rate of effective tillers, number of effective panicles, N accumulation, NUE, and grain yield of N-100% treatment were markedly increased. But the application of N was only 5.55 kg ha-1 more than that of CK. In N-75% treatment the application of N was 32.4 kg ha-1 lower than that in CK, while N accumulation and NUE were higher than those in CK. Compared with CK, N application of N-50% treatment was too lower, therefore it had negative effect on accelerating tiller’s development. As a result NUE and grain yield of N-50% treatment were observably lower than that of CK. The results suggested that proper N fertilizer applied before transplanting had positive effect on accelerating tiller’s development, and enhancing rate of effective tillers. Moreover, application of N fertilizer before transplanting could reduce the quantity of basic and tillering N fertilizer, speed absorption and utilization of N fertilizer, and increase N accumulation and NUE in rice.

以宁粳2号为材料, 通过塑盘穴播育秧，带土、带肥移栽，研究了起身肥对水稻分蘖的发生、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量的影响。结果表明，移栽后17 d，基蘖肥水平相同条件下，起身肥处理 (N-100%) 群体茎蘖数比非起身肥处理 (CK) 高3´105 hm-2。有效分蘖临界叶龄期N-100%处理中，>3叶龄分蘖比率显著高于CK。与CK相比，N-100%处理多施5.55 kg N hm-2，而分蘖成穗率、有效穗数、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率和产量均显著提高。N-75%处理 (施起身肥，基蘖肥施量为常规的75%) 中，总施肥量比CK低32.4 kg N hm-2，而氮素积累量和氮肥利用率均高于CK。N-50%处理 (施起身肥，基蘖肥施量为常规的50%) 基蘖肥水平过低，影响分蘖的发生与生长，与CK相比，氮肥利用率和产量都显著降低。因此，适量的起身肥可以促进分蘖的早生快发，提高水稻的分蘖成穗率，减少基蘖氮肥的施用量，促进水稻对氮肥的吸收和利用，提高氮素积累量和氮肥利用率。

2006

0.0

赵海燕, 姚凤梅, 张勇, 徐宾, 袁静, 胡亚南, 许吟隆. 长江中下游水稻开花灌浆期气象要素与结实率和粒重的相关性分析. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1765-1771

Zhao H

, Yao F

, Zhang

, Xu

, Yuan

, Hu Y

, Xu Y

. Correlation analysis of rice seed setting rate and weight of 1000-grain and agro-meteorology over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1765-1771 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】通过历史分析,揭示已发生的气候变化对长江中下游水稻生产的影响,为适应气候变化背景下不断增加的高温危害提供依据。【方法】应用1981～2003年长江中下游的湖北、湖南、安徽、江西、江苏和浙江的48个早稻和30个中稻站点的水稻常规观测及同期的气象观测数据,利用SAS软件建立水稻开花期、乳熟前期和乳熟后期平均最高气温和日降水量与空壳率、秕谷率和千粒重的统计回归关系,分析水稻各生育期气象要素对水稻生产的影响。【结果】早稻的空壳率随着各个生育期平均最高气温的升高而减小,随着平均日降水量的增加而增大;中稻空壳率与开花期的气象要素关系明显,它随着开花期的平均日降水量和平均最高气温的升高而升高;早、中稻秕谷率都随着乳熟后期平均日降水量的增加而增大,随着平均最高气温的升高而减小;早稻千粒重与乳熟前期和乳熟后期的平均最高气温呈正相关,与乳熟前期和乳熟后期的平均日降水量呈负相关。中稻千粒重与乳熟后期的日降水量呈负相关,与乳熟后期的平均最高气温呈正相关。【结论】对早稻产生负面影响的是整个生殖生长期的过量降水,对中稻产生负面影响的是开花期和乳熟后期的持续高温或阴雨天气。与全球变暖相应的长江中下游高温危害主要影响的是中稻,对早稻影响较小。

2013

0.0

钟楚, 朱颖墨, 朱勇, 朱斌, 张茂松, 徐梦莹. 云南不同类型一季稻产量形成及其与气象因子的关系. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 2831-2842

Zhong

, Zhu Y

, Zhu

, Zhang M

, Xu M

. Yield formation of different single-season rice (Oryza sativa L. ) types and its relationships with meteorological factors in Yunnan Province of Southwest China. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 2831-2842 (in Chinese with English abstract)

By using the 1994-2010 observation data of paddy rice growth period and yield from 14 agro-meteorological stations at different altitudes in Yunnan Province, this paper studied the rice yield formation and the effects of meteorological factors on low-yield rice yield components. According to the systematic cluster analysis of rice yield components and the rice types at the 14 stations, the rice was divided into 4 types, i.e. , lowyield japonica rice, low-yield indica rice, high-yield japonica rice, and high-yield indica rice. The analysis of the yield components of the 4 rice types showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the spikelet number per square meter (sqm) and the rice yield. The yield of low-yield japonica was mainly affected by the seed setting rate and the spikelet number per sqm. For the other three rice types, the spikelet number per sqm had greater effects on the rice yield. The low-yield japonica rice was mainly affected by low temperature. At booting stage, low temperature decreased the spikelet number and the productive panicle number of unit sqm. At booting and flowering stages, low temperature increased the empty grain rate, and the effects of average temperature, average maximum temperature, and cold accumulated temperature were greater. At pre-milk stage, low temperature increased the unfilled grain rate, and meanwhile, decreased the 1000-grain mass. The yield components of low-yield indica rice were obviously affected by multiple meteorological factors. A certain degree of warming at tillering and jointing stages was not beneficial to the increase of productive panicle number per sqm of low-yield indica rice, but the more sunshine hours and the greater average diurnal temperature range at tillering stage was beneficial to the increase of the productive panicle number per sqm. There was a parabolic relationship between the temperature and sunshine hours at tillering and jointing stages and the spikelet number per panicle. The low temperature at flowering stage affected the empty grain rate of low-ield indica rice to a certain extent, while the high temperature and less rain at pre-milk stage not only increased the unfilled grain rate, but also distinctly reduced the 1000-grain mass.

利用云南省14个不同海拔农业气象观测站1994—2010年水稻大田发育期和产量观测资料，研究水稻产量形成及气象因子对低产水稻产量构成因素的影响；根据14个站点水稻产量构成因素的系统聚类分析结果和水稻类型，将水稻分为低产粳型、低产籼型、高产粳型和高产籼型4个类型.对这4类水稻产量构成因素的分析结果表明，单位面积颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关，低产粳型水稻产量主要受结实率和颖花量影响，其他3类颖花量对产量影响较大.低产粳型水稻主要受低温的影响，孕穗期低温降低颖花量和有效穗数，孕穗期和抽穗开花期低温增加空壳率，以平均气温、平均最高气温和冷积温的影响较大；乳熟前期较低的平均气温增加秕谷率，同时降低千粒重.低产籼型水稻产量构成因素受多种气象因子的综合影响明显；分蘖期和拔节期一定程度的增温不利于增加低产籼型水稻有效穗数，而分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加，分蘖期和拔节期气温和日照时数与每穗粒数的关系呈“抛物线型”；低产籼型水稻空壳率一定程度上受抽穗开花期低温的影响，而乳熟前期高温少雨不仅增加秕谷率，还导致千粒重明显下降.

... 钟楚等^[30]研究表明分蘖期较多的日照时数和较大的平均气温日较差有利于有效穗数的增加, 而气温升高对有效穗数不利 ...

1999

0.0

蔡昆争, 骆世明. 不同生育期遮光对水稻生长发育和产量形成的影响. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10: 193-196

Cai K

, Luo S

. Effect of shading on growth, development and yield formation of rice. Chin J Appl Ecol, 1999, 10: 196-196 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 较低的光强会严重降低分蘖数, 而日照时数增加、光照条件改善, 则会促进分蘖数增加^[31] ...

2012

0.0

郭振华, 荆爱霞, 李华, 王永芳, 於永杰, 钱宗华, 李杰, 钱银飞, 霍中洋, 张洪程. 南方粳型超级稻不同方式超高产栽培的分蘖特性及其与产量形成的关系. 中国稻米, 2012, 18(1): 45-49

Guo Z

, Jing A

, Li

, Wang Y

, Yu Y

, Qian Z

, Li

, Qian Y

, Huo Z

, Zhang H

. Tillering characteristics and its relationship with yield formation of different ways of super- high-yield cultivation of southern japonica super rice. China Rice, 2012, 18(1): 45-49 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以江苏江淮地区主栽超级稻品种徐稻3号为试验材料，在超高产栽培条件下，通过对分蘖跟踪挂牌，研究了机插稻分蘖的发生、成穗特性以及成穗分蘖对产量的贡献，并与常规旱育稀植手栽稻处理进行了比较。试验结果表明，机插稻分蘖主要发生3、4、5、6、7这5个一级分蘖，二级分蘖均以一级分蘖第一叶叶腋里长出的分蘖为主；一级分蘖各蘖位都有成穗，以4、5两个蘖位成穗率最高，达100%，二级分蘖成穗率较低。机插稻的优势分蘖为4、5蘖位，这两个蘖位的分蘖对产量的贡献超过了50%，而手栽稻的优势分蘖是5、6、7、8。

... 郭振华等^[32]通过徐稻3号机插超高产群体研究发现, 分蘖对产量贡献达73 ...

2000

0.0

周汉良, 鲁学林, 郑秋玲. 水稻中位蘖位的分蘖规律与生产力研究. 华北农学报, 2000, 15(2): 112-117

Zhou H

, Lu X

, Zheng Q

. Studies on tiller regularity of middle tillering part and productive forces of rice. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2000, 15(2): 112-117 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Studies on tiller regularity of the middle tillering part and productive forces of rice with main stem and differentt illeres of 14 t illering part of rice variety Gigeng 14 were carried out.The results show ed that there were two tiller turning points on the main stem of middle or late maturing rice variety. The main stem was divided into the below , the middle and the upper three partes. The tillering part of main stem 3-n1 means the middle tillering part. In the middle tillering part, up one g rade t illering of the main stem n part and below one grade t illering of the main stem n2 part follow st retching regularity of n2 tillering and tillering. During main stem grows two leaves at vertical tillering grade increases one grad at crossw ise. 1st grad tillering of n1 and n2 tillering parthave the biggest productive potent ial in all 1st g rad t illering; 2nd grade tillering of n3 and n4 tillering parthave the biggest product ive potentialit ies in all 2nd grade tillering; 3rd grade tillering of n5 and n6 tillering parthave the biggest productive potentialities in all 3rd grade tillering. Therefore if superiority of the middle tillering part is utilized rationally,there will be 14.9% potent ial of increase yield.

以冀粳14号的主茎和不同蘖位1~4次分蘖为材料，研究了水稻中位蘖的分蘖规律与生产力。结果证实，中晚熟水稻品种主茎有两个蘖位转折期，依此将主茎蘖位划分为下、中、上3部分；水稻主茎3~n-1蘖位为中部蘖位。在中位蘖中，主茎n蘖位上一次分蘖与主茎n-2蘖位下一次分蘖具有n-2的蘖、蘖同伸规律，即纵向上主茎每长2片叶，横向上分蘖次数增加1次的规律，在所有1次分蘖中，n-1和n-2蘖位1次分蘖生产潜力最大；在所有2次分蘖中n-3和n-4蘖位2次分蘖生产潜力最大；在所有3次分蘖中n-5和n-6蘖位3次分蘖生产潜力最大；合理利用中位蘖优势具有149%左右的增产潜力。

... 上部蘖位, 中部蘖位有较强蘖位优势^[33] ...