在植株不同水平距离处垂直断根对夏玉米产量形成和籽粒库容特性的影响

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徐振和, 梁明磊, 路笃旭, 刘梅, 刘鹏, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵斌, 李耕, 杨金胜. . 在植株不同水平距离处垂直断根对夏玉米产量形成和籽粒库容特性的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(12): 1805-1816
XU Zhen-He, LIANG Ming-Lei, LU Du-Xu, LIU Mei, LIU Peng, DONG Shu-Ting, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, LI Geng, YANG Jin-Sheng. . Effect of Cutting Roots Vertically at a Place with Different Horizontal Distance from Plant on Yield and Grain Storage Capacity of Summer Maize. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(12): 1805-1816 复制到剪切板

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在植株不同水平距离处垂直断根对夏玉米产量形成和籽粒库容特性的影响

徐振和^1,^*, 梁明磊^1,^2,^*, 路笃旭¹, 刘梅¹, 刘鹏^1,^*, 董树亭¹, 张吉旺¹, 赵斌¹, 李耕¹, 杨金胜³

1作物生物学国家重点实验室 / 山东农业大学农学院, 山东泰安 271018

2聊城市农业委员会, 山东聊城 252000

3 山东登海种业股份有限公司 / 山东省玉米育种与栽培技术企业重点实验室, 山东莱州 261448

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 刘鹏, E-mail: liupengsdau@126.com, Tel: 0538-8241485

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: xushu19314@163.com

收稿日期:2016-04-15 接受日期:2016-06-20 网络出版日期:2016-07-28

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31371576, 31401339), 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300106), 国家“十二五”科技支撑计划(2013BAD07B06-2), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203100, 201203096), 山东省现代农业产业技术体系(SDAIT-02-08), 国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-20), 山东省农业重大应用技术创新课题和山东省玉米育种与栽培技术企业重点实验室资助

摘要

以高产夏玉米品种郑单958 (浅根型, ZD)和登海661 (深根型, DH)为材料, 于大喇叭口期(V12)分别在距离植株两侧10 cm、20 cm、30 cm处垂直断根, 断根深度60 cm, 以不断根处理为对照, 共设计8个处理(ZDCK、ZD10、ZD20、ZD30; DHCK、DH10、DH20、DH30), 研究了玉米植株两侧不同水平距离处根系对夏玉米籽粒灌浆及产量形成的调控作用。结果表明, ZD10、ZD20与DH10、DH20分别切断24.81%、11.69%与16.82%、7.52%的根系; ZD30与DH30各指标与CK间无显著差异, ZD10、ZD20产量分别下降13.09%、9.10%, 显著大于DH10、DH20的产量降幅(9.81%、4.64%), 其产量下降原因主要是断根后两品种的穗粒数与千粒重降低, 其中ZD20、ZD10穗粒数与千粒重较ZDCK分别下降4.90%、5.60%和4.37%、7.88%, DH20、DH10穗粒数与千粒重较DHCK分别下降3.38%、5.15%和1.15%、4.97%; 断根后两品种实际库容与结实率均有不同程度下降; 到达最大灌浆速率时的天数( T_max)、灌浆速率最大时的生长量( W_max)、最大灌浆速率( G_max)、籽粒灌浆活跃期( P)、灌浆速率也均下降, 断根处理对浅根型品种郑单958的影响更为显著。

关键词: 夏玉米; 根系; 根系构型; 灌浆; 产量

Effect of Cutting Roots Vertically at a Place with Different Horizontal Distance from Plant on Yield and Grain Storage Capacity of Summer Maize

XU Zhen-He^1,^**, LIANG Ming-Lei^1,^2,^**, LU Du-Xu¹, LIU Mei¹, LIU Peng^1,^*, DONG Shu-Ting¹, ZHANG Ji-Wang¹, ZHAO Bin¹, LI Geng¹, YANG Jin-Sheng³

¹ State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;

² Liaocheng Agriculture Committee, Liaocheng 252000, China

³Shandong Denghai Seeds Co. Ltd. / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Breeding and Cultivation Technology, Laizhou 261448, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371576, 31401339), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300106), National Key Technology Support Program of China (2013BAD07B06-2), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201103100, 201203096), Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology & Industry System (SDAIT-02-08), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-02-20), Agriculture Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Province, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Breeding and Cultivation Technology.

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted using two summer maize cultivars, Zhengdan 958 (ZD, shallow root type) and Denghai 661 (DH, deep root type). At the V12 stage, we cut roots vertically at different horizontal distance of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm from maize plant in 60 cm soil depth, with no roots cutting as contrast check, which were referred to as ZDCK, ZD10, ZD20, ZD30 and DHCK, DH10, DH20, DH30 respectively. Roots of ZD10 and ZD20 decreased 24.81%, 11.69% and those of DH10, DH20 decreased 16.82%, 7.52% after cutting roots, respectively. Grain yield of summer maize decreased significantly after cutting roots, with a decrease of 13.09%, 9.10% for ZD10 and ZD20, respectively, and 9.81%, 4.64% for DH10 and DH20. After cutting roots, grains per ear and 1000-grain weight of ZD20, ZD10, DH20, and DH10 declined 4.90%, 5.60%, 4.37%, 7.88%, and 3.38%, 5.15%, 1.15%, 4.97%, respectively, which is the important factors resulting in lower grain yield. Grain sink and setting rate were also decreased to a different extent after cutting roots. Cutting roots decreased days to the maximum grain filling rate ( T_max), weight at the time up to the maximum grain filling rate ( W_max), maximum grain filling rate ( G_max), the phase of active grain filling, and average grain filling rate of two cultivars, with more decrease in Zhengdan 958 than in Denghai 661.

Keyword: Summer maize; Root; Root system architecture; Grain filling; Yield

Show Figures

根系是玉米生长的基础, 除了吸收水分、养分外, 还可以合成许多内源激素和氨基酸类物质, 进而调控植株生长发育, 影响籽粒潜在库容建成、库端光合产物卸载与利用能力等产量形成过程^[1]。玉米的根系构型是指同一根系中不同类型的根或不定根在生长介质中的空间造型和分布^[2], 直接影响植物对土壤中营养和水分的吸收, 进而影响到植物地上部分的生长和生理功能的发挥。在不同的肥力条件下, 根系构型不同, 植物生长状况亦不同, 在肥水条件较好的条件下, 较多的浅层根系分布有助于充分利用水肥资源, 而在肥水条件不足的情况之下, “ steep, cheap, deep” 的根系构型则有助于植物充分利用深层土壤中的水分及养分, 从而使其能够有效应对土壤贫瘠的限制^[3]。增加玉米浅层根系有利于磷的高效获取^[4]; 增加深层根系量, 培育“ 深根型” 品种, 在后期充分获取土壤中下移的硝酸盐, 可能是高产条件下进一步提高玉米氮素利用率的重要机制^[5]。研究其对籽粒产量的影响, 在玉米不同时期、横向切断不同深度根系发现深层根系虽少但越到生育后期对玉米地上部营养生长和产量形成越重要, 说明随玉米生育进程, 产量对深层根系依赖性加强^[6]。近年来作物根系的重要性逐渐受到人们的重视, Hammer等^[7]通过模拟研究发现, 美国现代玉米品种耐密高产并不能简单地用株型改变来解释, 根系构型的改变可能是重要原因, “ 深根型” 通过养分水分的高效利用, 提高了玉米对环境的抗逆性和产量的稳定性; 齐文增等^[8]研究发现高产夏玉米深层根系分布多, 与土壤接触的有效面积大, 对养分吸收转运能力强, 促进光合能力提高, 为籽粒充实提供保障; 蔡红光等^[9]通过研究不同根构型的玉米对密度的响应发现, 在增加种植密度后, 各根系构型玉米品种的根系均有纵向延伸的特征; 王飞飞等^[10]通过横向切断土柱玉米根系的方法, 发现0~40 cm根系对产量影响最大, 40~80 cm土层根系对穗粒数和千粒重有显著影响, 80 cm以下根系主要影响籽粒千粒重, 切断深层根系后根系活力下降, 伤流强度明显减小, 随断根深度的提高, 下降幅度逐渐增大。米国华等^[5]通过对前人研究的总结与分析, 提出了玉米高效吸收氮素的理想根构型; 王敬锋等^[11]发现氮高效型品种比氮低效型品种根系总量多、深层根系多, 根系形态结构和空间分布更为合理, 促进了籽粒灌浆充实和产量提高。本试验采用两种根系构型显著差异的玉米品种及纵向断根法研究距离植株不同部位根系对植株发育及籽粒发育的影响, 为探讨通过栽培技术措施调控根系发育、促进籽粒产量增加提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料与试验设计

2014— 2015年在山东农业大学黄淮海玉米科技创新中心和作物生物学国家重点实验室大田种植不同根系构型的玉米品种郑单958 (浅根型, ZD)与登海661 (深根型, DH)^[12], 采用裂区设计, 主区为距离植株不同距离断根, 副区为品种。种植前分别在土深60 cm, 距离两侧10 cm、20 cm、30 cm处埋入钢丝, 大喇叭口期(V12)将钢丝拉出以垂直断根, 并设不断根为对照, 共计8个处理, 分别为ZDCK、ZD10、ZD20、ZD30、DHCK、DH10、DH20和DH30。设置取样区与测产区(在测产区不取样), 每个处理的小区面积均为120 m², 种植密度82 500株 hm^-2, 行距60 cm, 玉米生长期按照高产田标准给予管理。

大喇叭口期, 以玉米植株为中心, 用长、宽、深均为10 cm的取样器挖取60 cm× 20 cm× 100 cm的土体, 每棵120块, 冲洗去除土和杂质, 将冲洗干净的根系分别装入封口袋, 以空间坐标的形式标记根系分布及断根效果。

1.2 测定项目与方法

1.2.1 植株干物质积累分别于大喇叭口期(V12)、抽雄期(VT)、成熟期(R6)取5株长势均匀的植株, 105℃杀青30 min后80℃烘干至恒重, 测定干物质重。

1.2.2 潜在穗粒数与结实率于花丝全部吐出之后, 将玉米果穗顶端剪下, 确保花丝全部在内, 记录花丝数, 并标记剪掉花丝的植株, 于成熟期调查果穗总籽粒数目, 每个处理重复6次。用花丝数表示潜在穗粒数, 结实率(%) = 果穗总籽粒数/花丝数× 100。

1.2.3 籽粒灌浆抽雄期选择代表性强、长势一致的植株挂牌标记, 自授粉起每隔5 d取同一天吐丝的代表性果穗3个, 剥取中部籽粒100粒, 测量籽粒体积及干重。以授粉天数为自变量x, 以100粒籽粒干重为因变量y, 利用CurveExpert1.3的Logistic方程拟合籽粒灌浆过程, 得到y = a/(1+be^-^cx), a为终极生长量, b为初始参数, c为生长速率参数。灌浆速率最大时的天数D_max= (lnb)/c; 灌浆速率最大时的生长量W_max= 0.5× a; 最大灌浆速率G_max= (c× W_max)× (1-W_max/a); 籽粒灌浆活跃期P = 6/c。

1.2.4 籽粒淀粉含量采用旋光仪测定^[12]。

1.2.5 测产及考种成熟期收获每小区中间3行5 m长面积内的全部果穗用于测产和考种。

1.3 数据分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2003计算数据, 用DPS 11.0统计软件LSD法统计分析, SigmaPlot 12.5作图, surfer 10模拟根系分布。

2 结果与分析

2.1 郑单958与登海661根系构型图

以行距为x轴, 株距为y轴, 不同部位根系所占总根系比例为z轴, 利用surfer软件模拟出0~60 cm土层内各部位玉米根系所占比例(图1), 郑单958与登海661距离植株0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm内根系所占比例分别为75.20%、13.12%、11.69%和83.18%、9.30%、7.52%, 距离植株两侧10 cm、20 cm断根后, 郑单958与登海661分别切断整体根系的24.81%、11.69%与16.82%、7.52%。

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	图1 郑单958与登海661根系分布图Fig. 1 Root system distribution of Zhengdan 958 and Denghai 661

2.2 不同断根处理对产量和产量构成因素的影响

由表1可以看出, 在植株侧不同距离处断根显著影响夏玉米产量, 且依不同距离减产程度不同, 但距离植株30 cm处断根对产量及产量构成因素无显著影响。2014年度, ZD20、ZD10的产量较ZDCK分别下降9.10%、13.09%, DH20、DH10的产量较DHCK分别下降4.64%、9.81%, 均达到显著水平。较近距离断根后两品种的穗粒数和千粒重均显著下降, ZD20、ZD10和DH20、DH10千粒重较各自对照分别下降4.37%、7.88%和1.15%、4.97%, 穗粒数分别下降4.90%、5.60%和3.38%、5.15%, 2015年度变化趋势一致。可见距离植株10 cm与20 cm处断根均显著影响登海661与郑单958的产量及产量构成因素, ZD10、ZD20千粒重与穗粒数下降幅度显著高于DH10、DH20。

表1 不同断根处理对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effects of cutting root on grain yield and yield component in summer maize

年份Year	品种 Cultivar	处理Treatment	单位面积穗数 Ear number hm^-2	穗粒数 Grains per ear	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	产量降幅 Yield reduction rate (%)
2014	郑单958 Zhengdan 958	ZDCK	68610 b	603.68 a	335.12 a	13880.10 a	—
		ZD30	69180 a	593.66 ab	331.49 a	13614.10 b	1.92
		ZD20	68570 b	574.08 b	320.46 b	12614.80 c	9.10
		ZD10	68350 b	569.85 b	308.72 c	12024.41 d	13.09
	登海661 Denghai 661	DHCK	68355 a	568.09 a	364.83 a	14167.00 a	—
		DH30	67845 a	565.52 a	361.15 b	13856.50 b	2.19
		DH20	68250 a	548.87 ab	360.63 b	13509.33 c	4.64
		DH10	68398 a	538.84 b	346.69 c	12777.46 d	9.81
品种 Cultivar (C)			NS	* * *	* * *	* * *
处理 Treatment (T)			NS	* * *	* * *	* * *
品种× 处理 C× T			NS	* * *	* * *	* * *
2015	郑单958 Zhengdan 958	ZDCK	69010 a	598.21 a	332.02 a	13706.61 a	—
		ZD30	68980 a	592.72 ab	330.18 a	13499.68 b	1.51
		ZD20	68900 a	578.01 b	316.16 b	12591.04 c	8.14
		ZD10	68850 a	562.85 b	301.22 c	11672.94 d	14.84
	登海661 Denghai 661	DHCK	68196 ab	572.01 a	378.83 a	14777.70 a	—
		DH30	67945 b	569.52 a	375.15 b	14516.82 b	1.77
		DH20	68350 a	558.78 ab	368.16 b	14060.99 c	4.85
		DH10	68155 ab	548.84 b	352.69 c	13192.79 d	10.73
品种 Cultivar (C)			NS	* * *	* * *	* * *
处理 Treatment (T)			NS	* * *	* * *	* * *
品种× 处理 C× T			NS	* * *	* * *	* * *

Value followed by different letters within the same column, same year and same cultivar are significantly different at the 0.05 level. * * * Significant at the 0.001 probability level; NS: Not significant at the 0.05 probability level. ZDCK, ZD30, ZD20, ZD10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Zhengdan 958, respectively. DHCK, DH30, DH20, DH10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm of Denghai 661, respectively.

不同字母表示同栏同年同一品种比较在P=0.05水平上差异显著。* * * 代表0.001显著水平; NS: 代表不显著。ZDCK、ZD30、ZD20、ZD10分别代表郑单958对照处理、距离郑单958植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。DHCK、DH30、DH20、DH10分别代表登海661对照处理、距离登海661植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。

表1 不同断根处理对夏玉米产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effects of cutting root on grain yield and yield component in summer maize

2.3 不同断根处理对植株干物质积累的影响

由表2可知, 两年中两品种在VT与R6期都以各自CK的干物质积累量最高, 随断根距离的改变干物质积累量下降程度不同, 在距离植株30 cm处断根对干物质积累量无显著影响。2014年度, ZD10、ZD20成熟期干物质积累量较ZDCK分别下降21.08%、14.05%, DH10、DH20成熟期干物质积累量较DHCK分别下降15.82%、9.83%; 从花后干物质积累比例看, ZD10、ZD20分别下降7.75%、2.98%, DH10、DH20分别下降4.64%、2.17%, 可以看出, 断根后, ZD10干物质积累总量与花后积累比例下降幅度显著高于DH10, 2015年度变化趋势一致。

表2 不同断根处理对夏玉米植株干物质积累的影响 Table 2 Effects of cutting root on dry matter accumulation of summer maize

2.4 不同断根处理对玉米潜在穗粒数和结实率的影响

由表3可知, 断根对两品种潜在穗粒数无显著的影响, 但结实率均显著下降, 2014年度, ZD10、ZD20结实率较ZDCK分别下降4.61%、3.42%, DH10、DH20较DHCK分别下降3.75%、3.03%, ZD30与DH30实际穗粒数与结实率无显著变化, 2015年度变化趋势一致。

表3 不同断根处理对夏玉米潜在粒数与结实率的影响 Table 3 Effects of cutting root on total potential grain numbers and grain setting rate of summer maize

2.5 不同断根处理对籽粒灌浆的影响

2.5.1 籽粒体积由图2可知, 断根后籽粒体积会不同程度地减小, 但断根对籽粒体积变化趋势无显著影响, 两年度变化趋势一致。距离植株10 cm与20 cm处断根处理的籽粒体积下降显著, 但距离植株30 cm处断根对籽粒体积无显著影响。2014年度, 成熟期ZD10、ZD20籽粒体积较ZDCK分别下降9.8%、2.7%, DH10、DH20较DHCK分别下降8.0%、3.0%, 可见距离植株10 cm断根对郑单958籽粒体积影响更显著。

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图2 不同断根处理对夏玉米籽粒体积的影响
ZDCK、ZD30、ZD20、ZD10分别代表郑单958对照处理、距离郑单958 植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。DHCK、DH30、DH20、DH10 分别代表登海661对照处理、距离登海661植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。Fig. 2 Effects of cutting root on grain volume of summer maize
ZDCK, ZD30, ZD20, ZD10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Zhengdan 958, respectively. DHCK, DH30, DH20, DH10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Denghai 661, respectively.

2.5.2 籽粒干重由图3可知, 2014年度, 垂直断根对籽粒干重的增长趋势无显著影响, 各处理的灌浆期籽粒干重增长最快, 呈急剧上升趋势, 灌浆后期籽粒干重的增加又趋缓慢, 直至成熟。断根后籽粒干重显著下降, 两品种均以距离植株10 cm处断根籽粒干重下降最为显著, 且郑单958成熟期籽粒干重下降幅度明显高于登海661。成熟期ZD10、ZD20的籽粒干重较ZDCK分别降低18.3%、7.9%, DH10、DH20较DHCK分别降低15.3%、3.8%, 距离植株30 cm断根对籽粒干重无显著影响, 2015年度变化趋势一致。

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图3 不同断根处理对夏玉米籽粒干重的影响
ZDCK、ZD30、ZD20、ZD10分别代表郑单958对照处理、距离郑单958 植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。DHCK、DH30、DH20、DH10 分别代表登海661对照处理、距离登海661植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。Fig. 3 Effects of cutting root on grain dry weight of summer maize
ZDCK, ZD30, ZD20, ZD10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Zhengdan 958, respectively. DHCK, DH30, DH20, DH10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Denghai 661, respectively.

2.5.3 籽粒灌浆速率由图4可知, 随花后天数增加, 两品种籽粒灌浆速率均逐渐升高, 在授粉后20~30 d达到峰值后下降, ZD10与DH10达到最大灌浆速率的时间比CK有所提前, ZD10、ZD20与DH10、DH20各时期灌浆速率显著低于CK, 其最大灌浆速率较CK分别下降15.63%、7.26%与9.76%、4.07%, 平均灌浆速率分别下降18.42%、7.85%与11.29%、4.03%, ZD30与DH30灌浆速率无显著变化。

2.5.4 籽粒灌浆参数由表4可知, 距离植株30 cm处断根对灌浆特性无显著影响, 其他断根处理均显著影响了夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性, 均以距离植株10 cm处断根影响最为显著, 其中对郑单958影响程度大于登海661。ZD10、ZD20和DH10、DH20最终生长量(a)较各自CK分别下降了20.93%、7.27%和15.52%、3.70%, 从而降低了各自的灌浆速率最大时的生长量; 距离植株10 cm处断根后达到最大灌浆速率时的天数显著缩短, ZD10、DH10较CK分别降低了2.1 d、1.7 d。断根后也显著影响了最大灌浆速率与籽粒灌浆活跃期, ZD10、ZD20的最大灌浆速率G_max较ZDCK分别下降了12.90%、4.03%, 籽粒灌浆活跃期(P)分别下降了8.70%、3.31%; DH10的最大灌浆速率G_max与籽粒灌浆活跃期(P)较DHCK分别下降了8.94%和7.28%, DH20籽粒灌浆活跃期较DHCK下降了2.78%, 但DH20的G_max变化不显著。从灌浆起始势看, 两品种距离植株10 cm与20 cm处断根处理虽然有较大的灌浆起始势, 但其有效灌浆时间短、平均灌浆速率低, 粒重低。

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图4 不同断根处理对夏玉米籽粒灌浆速率的影响(2014年)
ZDCK、ZD30、ZD20、ZD10分别代表郑单958对照处理、距离郑单958 植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。DHCK、DH30、DH20、DH10 分别代表登海661对照处理、距离登海661植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。Fig. 4 Effects of cutting root on grain filling rate of summer maize in 2014
ZDCK, ZD30, ZD20, ZD10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Zhengdan 958, respectively. DHCK, DH30, DH20, DH10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Denghai 661, respectively.

表4 断根对夏玉米籽粒灌浆参数的影响(2014年度) Table 4 Effects of cutting root on grain filling parameters of summer maize in 2014

2.6 不同断根处理对淀粉积累的影响

2.6.1 淀粉积累量由图5可知, 两品种各处理籽粒淀粉积累量10~30 d增长速度最快, 30 d之后增长缓慢, 10 d后淀粉积累量出现显著差异, ZD10与DH10淀粉总量显著低于CK, ZD10、ZD20的最终淀粉积累量较ZDCK分别降低23.29%、11.88%, DH10、DH20最终淀粉积累量较DHCK分别下降22.23%、7.33%, ZD30与DH30淀粉含量无显著变化。

2.6.2 淀粉积累速率由图6可知, 断根显著影响了籽粒淀粉积累速率, 在花后10 d淀粉积累速率出现明显差异, 花后10 d左右淀粉积累速率达到最大, 两品种距离植株10 cm与20 cm处断根处理各时期淀粉积累速率显著低于CK, 但距离植株30 cm处断根处理无显著变化, ZD10、ZD20最大淀粉积累速率较ZDCK分别降低21.21%、11.32%, DH10、DH20最大淀粉积累速率较DHCK分别降低17.99%、10.21%。

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图5 不同断根处理对夏玉米籽粒淀粉积累量的影响
数据为两年的平均值。ZDCK、ZD30、ZD20、ZD10分别代表郑单958对照处理、距离郑单958植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。DHCK、DH30、DH20、DH10分别代表对照处理、距离登海661植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。Fig. 5 Effects of cutting root on starch accumulation of summer maize grain
Data are mean of those in 2014 and 2015. ZDCK, ZD30, ZD20, ZD10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Zhengdan 958, respectively. DHCK, DH30, DH20, DH10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Denghai 661, respectively.

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图6 不同断根处理对夏玉米籽粒淀粉积累速率的影响
数据为两年的平均值。ZDCK、ZD30、ZD20、ZD10分别代表郑单958对照处理、距离郑单958植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。DHCK、DH30、DH20、DH10分别代表对照处理、距离登海661植株两侧30 cm垂直断根、20 cm垂直断根和10 cm垂直断根。Fig. 6 Effects of cutting root on starch accumulation rate of summer maize grain
Data are mean of those in 2014 and 2015. ZDCK, ZD30, ZD20, ZD10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Zhengdan 958, respectively. DHCK, DH30, DH20, DH10 represent contrast check, cutting root vertically at 30 cm, 20 cm, and 10 cm for Denghai 661, respectively.

3 讨论

3.1 不同水平距离处垂直断根对根系的影响

玉米的根系构型直接影响植物对土壤中营养和水分的吸收, 进而影响到植物地上部分的生长和生理功能的发挥, 近年来人们对玉米的理想根系构型进行了大量探索, 米国华等^[5]提出了玉米氮高效吸收的理想根系构型假设; Lynch等^[3]提出了在肥水不足的情况下, 一种更为合理的“ steep, cheap, deep” 根系构型。李晓龙等发现深耕可以改善玉米根系的构型, 促进玉米根系下扎, 增加玉米的总根长和总表面积, 提高土壤中下层根系的生物量^[13]。深松及适当深施氮肥可促使根系下移, 明显提高深层根系特别是20~40 cm根系活力及比重^[14]。王飞飞等^[10]通过横向断根的手段, 探讨了夏玉米不同土层根系的作用, 阐明了深层根系的重要作用。本试验表明, 在植株不同距离处断根改变了2个品种的根系组成, 尤其是深层根系所占比例, 郑单958保留下来的深层根系显著少于登海661, 其在地上部分的生长与生理功能的发挥上所受到的影响程度显著高于登海661, 从另一个角度证明了深层根系对玉米产量形成的重要性。

3.2 不同水平距离处垂直断根对产量的影响

玉米根系生长状况与产量的形成有着密切的关系, 较大的根系生物量可以获得较高的生物产量^[15], 玉米深层土壤根系分布增多、活力强、根系功能期长、吸收功能强, 促进籽粒灌浆, 有利于提高产量^[16], 并且玉米根系的空间分布对玉米生长及产量形成也具有重要作用^{[8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]}。小麦起身期切断初生根和部分次生根, 降低了成熟期小麦根系干重、地上部干重以及产量^[18]。王化岑等^[19]研究指出高产麦田与一般麦田相比, 下层根量相对比重大且分布均匀, 所以有利于对土壤深层水的吸收, 抗旱能力增强, 有利于高产。本试验结果发现, 在植株不同距离处断根均使玉米产量下降, 主要通过影响穗粒数和千粒重从而影响产量, 断根后两品种各处理的穗粒数与千粒重均下降, 导致产量降低, 随着断根处距离的减小, 产量降低幅度加剧。齐文增等研究发现, 登海661深层根系数量显著高于郑单958, 是登海661获得高产的主要原因^[8]。本试验相同处理条件下, 登海661产量所受影响程度小于郑单958, 其原因可能是断根改变了两品种有效根系的比例, 登海661保留更多深层根系比例, 对产量的提高发挥了重要作用。

3.3 不同水平距离处垂直断根对干物质积累的影响

夏玉米生育中后期的干物质积累量与籽粒产量密切相关^[20], 生育后期干物质积累多, 说明库的需求量大, 碳水化合物运输流畅^[21], 同时干物质的积累分配与转移特性决定了玉米籽粒产量^[22]。梁建生等^[23]和Qi等^[24]也认为, 抽穗后根系活性与叶片衰老密切相关, 这可能是因为根系活力强, 有利于根系吸收水分^[25], 调节气孔开度, 进而影响叶片气体交换参数。慕自新等^[26]认为, 根系活力提高可以相应减少叶片的衰老速度, 从而保证了同化产物向籽粒中充实。周小平等^[27]和刘殿英等^[28]研究发现, 作物根系活力在生育后期衰退缓慢, 可以通过较好的吸收能力来减缓叶片的衰老速率, 进而使作物在经济器官形成期始终保持较高的光合速率。本试验结果表明, 断根对两个品种花前干物质积累量无显著影响, 但显著降低了花后干物质积累量, 说明断根后根系吸收能力与活力下降, “ 源” 端碳水化合物的合成受阻, 向“ 库” 端运输的能力减弱, 导致干物质积累量降低, 干物质向籽粒中的分配减少, 降低了产量, 随着断根处距离的缩小, 所受影响程度加剧。相同处理条件下, 登海661比郑单958降低幅度小, 其原因可能是登海661断根后所保留下的深层根系比例多, 对断根后干物质的积累与分配起到了重要的作用。

3.4 不同水平距离处垂直断根对籽粒灌浆的影响

灌浆是夏玉米的一个重要时期, 玉米籽粒产量与籽粒灌浆特性关系密切, 灌浆长短和灌浆速率决定了粒重和产量水平^{[29, 30]}。在干物质快速积累期, 籽粒最大含水量与最终粒重有很强的相关性^[31], 库容量大, 灌浆速度快, 灌浆期长, 则粒重高^[32]。前人研究认为, 高密度通过影响高产品种根系特征, 从而影响籽粒灌浆底物的积累、运输, 导致灌浆受到抑制^[33]。常二华等^[34]认为, 水稻根系通过产生激素调节籽粒中相关代谢酶的活性, 从而影响库强度, 影响籽粒灌浆, 根系中相关激素过高, 会产生灌浆期缩短等不利影响。本研究发现, 断根对籽粒干重增长趋势无显著影响, 但显著影响夏玉米籽粒灌浆进程, 断根后籽粒体积变小, 导致籽粒“ 库” 容量不足, 籽粒淀粉积累速率与含量下降, 影响籽粒粒重。此外, 断根后籽粒最大灌浆速率、灌浆速率最大时的生长量、到达最大灌浆速率时的天数以及灌浆活跃期均显著降低, 说明断根使籽粒灌浆进程加快, 显著缩短了籽粒灌浆活跃期, 进而影响了灌浆进程, 导致籽粒干物质积累量显著下降, 使产量降低, 其影响程度随断根处距离的缩小而加剧, 且郑单958所受影响程度显著高于登海661, 其可能原因是登海661保留下更多的深层根系使其比郑单958建立了更大的“ 库” , 积累、运输了更多的灌浆底物。

4 结论

在植株不同距离处断根改变了2个品种深层根系所占的比例, 郑单958 (浅根型)保留下来的深层根系比例明显少于登海661 (深根型)。断根抑制了植株干物质积累, 降低了植株同化能力; 断根后结实率下降, 籽粒灌浆受到抑制, 籽粒库容量减少, 抑制了籽粒充实, 导致籽粒干物质积累量显著降低, 产量下降, 影响程度随着深层根系所占比例的减少而加剧, 郑单958所受影响程度高于登海661。高产栽培中通过不同手段改善根系形态与分布, 如深耕、深施氮肥等促进根系下扎, 保持深层根系活力, 可能是实现高产稳产的重要途径。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[10]	王飞飞, 张善平, 邵立杰, 李耕, 陈晓璐, 刘鹏, 赵秉强, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵斌. 夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4007-4017 Wang F F, Zhang S P, Shao L J, Li G, Chen X L, Liu P, Zhao B Q, Dong S T, Zhang J W, Zhao B. Effect of root in different soil layers on plant growth and yield formation after anthesis in summer maize. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4007-4017 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3]
[11]	王敬锋, 刘鹏, 赵秉强, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵明, 杨吉顺, 李耕. 不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 699-707 Wang J F, Liu P, Zhao B Q, Dong S T, Zhang J W, Zhao M, Yang J S, Li G. Comparison of root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn genotypes. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 699-707 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[12]	姜平, 张承福. 淀粉含量的测定——旋光法. 发酵科技通讯, 1992, (1): 59-61 Jiang P, Zhang C F. Determination of starch content—polarimeter. Fermentation Technol Commun, 1992, (1): 59-61 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3]
[13]	李晓龙, 高聚林, 胡树平, 于晓芳, 王志刚, 苏治军, 谢岷. 不同深耕方式对土壤三相比及玉米根系构型的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2015, 33(4): 1-7 Li X L, Gao J L, Hu S P, Yu X F, Wang Z G, Su Z J, Xie M. Effects of various cultivation approaches on the three-phase ratio of soil and root system structure of maize. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2015, 33(4): 1-7 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[14]	于晓芳, 高聚林, 叶君, 王志刚, 孙继颖, 胡树平, 苏治军. 深松及氮肥深施对超高产春玉米根系生长、产量及氮肥利用效率的影响. 玉米科学, 2013, 21(1): 114-119 Yu X F, Gao J L, Ye J, Wang Z G, Sun J Y, Hu S P, Su Z J. Effects of deep loosening with nitrogen deep placement on root growth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of super high-yield spring maize. J Maize Sci, 2013, 21(1): 114-119 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[15]	王群, 李潮海, 郝四平, 张永恩, 韩锦峰. 下层土壤容重对玉米生育后期光合特性和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 787-793 Wang Q, Li C H, Hao S P, Zhang Y E, Han J F. Effects of subsoil bulk density on late growth stage photo synthetic characteristics and grain yield of maize. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 787-793 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[16]	张玉芹, 张恒山, 高聚林, 张瑞富, 王志刚, 徐寿军, 范秀艳, 毕文波. 超高产春玉米的根系特征. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 735-743 Zhang Y Q, Zhang H S, Gao J L, Zhang R F, Wang Z G, Xu S J, Fan X Y, Bi W B. Root characteristics of super high-yield spring maize. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 735-743 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[17]	Jackson R B, Sperry J S, Dawson T E. Root water uptake and transport: Using physiological processes in global predictions. Trends Plant Sci, 2000, 5: 482-488 [本文引用:1]
[18]	刘子会, 柳斌辉, 李运朝, 郭秀林. 起身期断根对冬小麦后期光合和生长的影响. 华北农学报, 2007, 22(5): 189-190 Liu Z H, Liu B H, Li Y Z, Guo X L. Effect of roots-cutting in double ridge stage on the photosynthetic rate and later growth of winter wheat. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2007, 22(5): 189-190 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	王化岑, 刘万代, 王晨阳. 超高产小麦根系生长规律与垂直分布状态研究. 中国农学通报, 2002, 18(2): 6-8 Wang H C, Liu W D, Wang C Y. Study on the root growth regularity and the vertical distribution state of super high-yield wheat. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2002, 18(2): 6-8 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	李飒, 彭云峰, 于鹏, 张瑜, 方正, 李春俭. 不同年代玉米品种干物质积累与钾素吸收及其分配. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 325-332 Li S, Peng Y F, Yu P, Zhang Y, Fang Z, Li C J. Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and potassium in maize varieties released in different years. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 325-332 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	戴明宏, 赵久然, 杨国航, 王荣焕, 陈国平. 不同生态区和不同品种玉米的源库关系及碳氮代谢. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 1585-1595 Dai M H, Zhao J R, Yang G H, Wang R H, Chen G P. Source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 1585-1595 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	Karlen D L, Sadler E J, Camp C R. Dry matter nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation rate by corn on Norfolk loamy sand . Agron J, 1987, 79: 649-656 [本文引用:1]
[23]	梁建生, 曹显祖. 杂交水稻叶片的若干生理指标与根系伤流强度关系. 江苏农学院学报, 1993, 14(4): 25-30 Liang J S, Cao X Z. Studies on the relationship between several physiological characteristics of leaf and bleeding rate of roots in hybrid rice. J Jiangsu Agric Coll, 1993, 14(4): 25-30 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	Qi W Z, Liu H H, Liu P, Dong S T, Zhao B Q, So H B, Li G, Liu H D, Zhang J W, Zhao B. Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn ( Zea mays L. ) roots from cultivars with different yield potentials. Eur J Agron, 2012, 38: 54-63 [本文引用:1]
[25]	宋海星, 王学立. 玉米根系活力及吸收面积的空间分布变化. 西北农业学报, 2005, 14: 137-141 Song H X, Wang X L. The space distribution of the maize root activity and its absorbing area. Acta Agric Boreali-Occid Sin, 2005, 14: 137-141 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	慕自新, 张岁岐, 郝文芳, 梁爱华, 梁宗锁. 玉米根系形态性状和空间分布对水分利用效率的调控. 生态学报, 2005, 25(11): 103-108 Mu Z X, Zhang S Q, Hao W F, Liang A H, Liang Z S. The effect of root morphological traits and spatial distribution on WUE in maize. Acta Ecol Sin, 2005, 25(11): 103-108 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	周小平, 张岁岐, 杨晓青, 刘小芳, 刘立生. 玉米根系活力杂种优势及其与光合特性的关系. 西北农业学报, 2008, 17(4): 84-90 Zhou X P, Zhang S Q, Yang X Q, Liu X F, Liu L S. Heterosis of maize root activity and its relationship with photosynthetic characteristics. Acta Agric Boreali-Occident Sin, 2008, 17(4): 84-90 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[28]	刘殿英, 石立岩, 董庆裕. 不同时期追施肥水对冬小麦根系、根系活性和植株性状的影响. 作物学报, 1993, 19: 149-155 Liu D Y, Shi L Y, Dong Q Y. The effect of top-dressing and irrigation time on the root system, root activities and plant character in winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 1993, 19: 149-155 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	Otegui M E, Bonhomme R. Grain yield components in maize: I. Ear growth and grain set. Field Crops Res, 1998, 56: 247-256 [本文引用:1]
[30]	Paponov I A, Sambo P, Erley G S A, Presterl T, Geiger H H, Engels C. Grain yield and grain weight of two maize genotypes differing in nitrogen use efficiency at various levels of nitrogen and carbohydrate availability during flowering and grain filling. Plant Soil, 2005, 272: 111-123 [本文引用:1]
[31]	Borrás L, Westgate M E, Otegui M E. Control of grain weight and grain water relations by post-flowering source-sink ratio in maize. Ann Bot, 2003, 91: 857-867 [本文引用:1]
[32]	Costa C L, Dwyer L M, Zhou X M, Dutilleul P, Hamel C, Reid L M, Smith D L. Root morphology of contrasting maize genotypes. Agron J, 2002, 94: 96-101 [本文引用:1]
[33]	刘惠惠. 超高产夏玉米根系生理特性及其对籽粒发育的调控. 山东农业大学硕士学位论文, 山东泰安, 2012 Liu H H. Study on Effect of Root Physiological Characters on Grain Development of Super High-yield Summer Maize. MS Thesis of Shand ong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[34]	常二华, 王朋, 唐成, 刘立军, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 水稻根和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸浓度与籽粒灌浆及蒸煮品质的关系. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 540-547 Chang E H, Wang P, Tang C, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. Concentrations of cytokinin and abscisic acid in roots and grains and its relationship with grain filling and cooking quality of rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 540-547 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

1999

0.0

... 根系是玉米生长的基础, 除了吸收水分、养分外, 还可以合成许多内源激素和氨基酸类物质, 进而调控植株生长发育, 影响籽粒潜在库容建成、库端光合产物卸载与利用能力等产量形成过程^[1] ...

1995

0.0

... 玉米的根系构型是指同一根系中不同类型的根或不定根在生长介质中的空间造型和分布^[2], 直接影响植物对土壤中营养和水分的吸收, 进而影响到植物地上部分的生长和生理功能的发挥 ...

2013

0.0

... 的根系构型则有助于植物充分利用深层土壤中的水分及养分, 从而使其能够有效应对土壤贫瘠的限制^[3] ...

... Lynch等^[3]提出了在肥水不足的情况下, 一种更为合理的#cod#x0201c ...

2005

0.0

... 增加玉米浅层根系有利于磷的高效获取^[4] ...

2010

0.0

... 品种, 在后期充分获取土壤中下移的硝酸盐, 可能是高产条件下进一步提高玉米氮素利用率的重要机制^[5] ...

... 米国华等^[5]通过对前人研究的总结与分析, 提出了玉米高效吸收氮素的理想根构型 ...

... 1 不同水平距离处垂直断根对根系的影响玉米的根系构型直接影响植物对土壤中营养和水分的吸收, 进而影响到植物地上部分的生长和生理功能的发挥, 近年来人们对玉米的理想根系构型进行了大量探索, 米国华等^[5]提出了玉米氮高效吸收的理想根系构型假设 ...

2002

0.0

... 研究其对籽粒产量的影响, 在玉米不同时期、横向切断不同深度根系发现深层根系虽少但越到生育后期对玉米地上部营养生长和产量形成越重要, 说明随玉米生育进程, 产量对深层根系依赖性加强^[6] ...

2009

0.0

... 近年来作物根系的重要性逐渐受到人们的重视, Hammer等^[7]通过模拟研究发现, 美国现代玉米品种耐密高产并不能简单地用株型改变来解释, 根系构型的改变可能是重要原因, #cod#x0201c ...

2012

0.0

齐文增, 刘慧慧, 李耕, 邵立杰, 王飞飞, 刘鹏, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵斌. 超高产夏玉米根系时空分布特性. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18: 69-76

Qi W

, Liu H

, Li

, Shao L

, Wang F

, Liu

, Dong S

, Zhang J

, Zhao

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize root.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2012, 18: 69-76 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The aim of this study is to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of roots of super-high-yield summer maize by comparing root characteristics of different summer maize cultivars. High-yield cultivar, Denghai661(DH661), and normal-yield cultivar, Zhengdan958 (ZD958), were selected as material. The differences in temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of roots of the two cultivars in fields were studied using the soil profile sampling method. The results show that the dry root weight, TTC reducing capacity, TTC reducing quantity, absorbing area and active absorbing area of DH661 are all significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of ZD958 through the whole growth stages, and after the tasseling, the proportion of the dry root weight of DH661 are significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of ZD958 in the deep soil (60–200 cm). These results indicate that more water and nutrients are absorbed and transported by roots of super-high-yield DH661 which has the domination in root spacing distribution, number of roots in deeper layers, the effective touching area with soil and root activity at the later growth stages. As for DH661, it has a larger root system and stronger root function. The larger root system can increase root activity, deep root distribution and promote larger shoot development. All in all, because of the root characteristics, the DH661 can uptake more water and nutrients from the soil, promote the shoot growth well and supply the abundant filling matter. Therefore, DH661 can gain higher yield because it has a better root system.

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology/Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China

比较不同产量水平夏玉米品种根系时空分布的差异，探讨超高产夏玉米品种的根系时空分布特性，为制定高产栽培管理措施提供依据。以超高产夏玉米品种登海661（DH661）为试材，普通品种郑单958（ZD958）为对照，在大田条件下采用土壤剖面取样方法研究了超高产夏玉米DH661与ZD958根系时空分布的差异。在整个生育时期，超高产夏玉米DH661根系干重、根系TTC还原强度、根系TTC还原总量、根系总吸收面积及活跃吸收面积均显著高于ZD958（P<0.05），且抽雄后DH661根系干重、吸收面积及活跃吸收面积在60—200 cm土壤深层中所占比例显著高于ZD958（P<0.05），表明DH661的根系在土壤深层分布多，与土壤接触的有效面积大，生育后期仍保持较高的根系活力，对养分的吸收转运能力强。超高产夏玉米DH661具有发达的根系，且土壤深层根系数量多，根系活力高，有利于吸收深层土壤中较多的水分和养分。与土壤接触的有效面积大，对养分吸收转运能力强，有利于根系获得较多的营养物质，促进地上部光合性能的提高，为地上部籽粒的充实提供保障。

... 齐文增等^[8]研究发现高产夏玉米深层根系分布多, 与土壤接触的有效面积大, 对养分吸收转运能力强, 促进光合能力提高, 为籽粒充实提供保障 ...

... 2 不同水平距离处垂直断根对产量的影响玉米根系生长状况与产量的形成有着密切的关系, 较大的根系生物量可以获得较高的生物产量^[15], 玉米深层土壤根系分布增多、活力强、根系功能期长、吸收功能强, 促进籽粒灌浆, 有利于提高产量^[16], 并且玉米根系的空间分布对玉米生长及产量形成也具有重要作用^{[8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]} ...

... 齐文增等研究发现, 登海661深层根系数量显著高于郑单958, 是登海661获得高产的主要原因^[8] ...

2014

0.0

... 蔡红光等^[9]通过研究不同根构型的玉米对密度的响应发现, 在增加种植密度后, 各根系构型玉米品种的根系均有纵向延伸的特征 ...

2013

0.0

王飞飞, 张善平, 邵立杰, 李耕, 陈晓璐, 刘鹏, 赵秉强, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵斌. 夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4007-4017

Wang F

, Zhang S

, Shao L

, Li

, Chen X

, Liu

, Zhao B

, Dong S

, Zhang J

, Zhao

Effect of root in different soil layers on plant growth and yield formation after anthesis in summer maize.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4007-4017 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】This study was conducted to evaluate the regulating effects of roots in different soil layers on plant growth after anthesis and yield formation in summer maize，aimed to provide theoretical supports for building high efficient root systems of maize and then increase grain yield of maize.【Method】Two high yield summer maize varieties, Zhengdan 958 (ZD) and Denghai 661 (DH), were used as experimental materials, and they were planted in soil columns. Three treatments (without cutting the roots, CK; cutting maize roots at 40 cm below the surface at anthesis, T-40; cutting roots at 80 cm below the surface at anthesis) were designed to evaluate the regulating effects of summer maize roots in different soil layers on shoot growth and yield formation.【Result】 The regulation of upper roots (0-40 cm) to nitrogen uptake and translocation was most significantly. While losing function of deep roots (below 40 cm) reduced nitrogen absorption capacity, and accelerated the transportation from nutritive organs to grain kernels. Deep roots below 40 cm had significant effects on leaves staying green and photosynthetic performance. Cutting deeper roots at anthesis significantly decreased green leaf area per plant, chlorophyll content, activity of SOD and Pn, and increased the content of MDA, shortened the duration of high photosynthesis and reduced biomass of plant and grain yield significantly. Intermediate roots (40-80 cm) had notable influence on grain numbers of per ear and grain weight; however, deeper roots had more significant effects on grain weight than grain numbers per ear.【Conclusion】Cutting upper roots (0-40 cm) reduced maize yield significantly. Intermediate roots had significant influences on grain numbers per ear and grain weight; deeper roots had significant effects on grain weight than grain numbers per ear. In high-yielding cultivation, keeping deep root actively can delay leaf senescence, enhance photosynthetic performance and absorption of nitrogen, and increase grain yield.

1.Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Taian 271018, Shandong 2.Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081

【目的】探明夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的调控作用，为生产中塑造高产高效根群结构，提高籽粒产量提供理论依据。【方法】以高产夏玉米品种郑单958和登海661为材料，采用土柱栽培方式，设置3个处理（不断根处理：CK，地下40 cm处断根：T-40，地下80 cm处断根：T-80），于开花期进行断根，研究不同土层根系对地上部生长及产量形成的调控作用。【结果】0—40 cm土层根系对花后氮素积累和转运量影响最大，切断40 cm以下土层根系后植株吸收氮素能力显著降低，植株营养器官氮素向籽粒库的转运量增加。花后40 cm以下土层根系对叶片保绿性和光合性能影响显著，切断深层根系后玉米单株叶面积、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)和SOD活性显著降低，MDA含量升高，光合高值持续期缩短，单株生物量和籽粒产量显著下降；0—40 cm根系对产量影响最大，40—80 cm根系对穗粒数和千粒重有显著影响，80 cm以下土层根系对千粒重影响较为显著。【结论】高产栽培中促进根系下扎，保持深层根系活力可以防止玉米早衰，提高叶片光合能力和对氮素的吸收能力，有助于提高玉米单产。

... 王飞飞等^[10]通过横向切断土柱玉米根系的方法, 发现0~40 cm根系对产量影响最大, 40~80 cm土层根系对穗粒数和千粒重有显著影响, 80 cm以下根系主要影响籽粒千粒重, 切断深层根系后根系活力下降, 伤流强度明显减小, 随断根深度的提高, 下降幅度逐渐增大 ...

... 王飞飞等^[10]通过横向断根的手段, 探讨了夏玉米不同土层根系的作用, 阐明了深层根系的重要作用 ...

2011

0.0

王敬锋, 刘鹏, 赵秉强, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 赵明, 杨吉顺, 李耕. 不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 699-707

Wang J

, Liu

, Zhao B

, Dong S

, Zhang J

, Zhao

, Yang J

, Li

Comparison of root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn genotypes.

Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 699-707 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The aim of this study is to investigate the physiological mechanism of high nitrogen use efficiency of corn by comparing the differences in uptake and utilization of nitrogen, spatial and temporal characteristics of roots of summer corns with different nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 【Method】Using different NUE corn varieties as materials, one is high NUE variety, LY13, and another is low NUE variety, LD981. The plant sample was separated to two parts, the aboveground (stem, leaf, grain) and underground (0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-100 cm root) part. At two nitrogen levels (0 and 4.29 g?plant-1), samples were collected at male tetrad, flowering, filling, milky and maturity stages to study their root spatial and temporal distribution, the difference in nitrogen uptake and utilization. 【Result】Compared with LD981, the root weight and root/shoot ratio of LY13 were maintained at significantly higher levels (P＜0.05) post-anthesis. The domination in root spacing distribution, number of roots in deeper layer, root activity at later stage, and root functional period promote more absorption of nitrogen in LY13. The total nitrogen accumulation amount of LY13 overweighed LD981 significantly (P＜0.05), which were more distinct at the high nitrogen level. This tendency could be found in nitrogen transportation efficiency, nitrogen contribution rate and nitrogen utilization efficiency (P＜0.05). All these result that LY13 had superiority to LD981 (P＜0.05) in grain yield, biological yield, 1000-kernel weight, seed set and harvest index at either nitrogen level. 【Conclusion】As for LY13, the higher nitrogen accumulation was mainly attributed to its more total root weight, more root in deeper layer, more rational root distribution, and longer duration of strong root activity; and the primary cause of its higher grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were bigger seed set and stronger seed set adjustment ability promoting nitrogen translocation efficiency, leading to more nitrogen distributed to grain.

(山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室)

【目的】比较不同氮素利用效率夏玉米的根系时空分布特性及其氮素吸收利用的差异,探讨玉米氮高效的生理机制。【方法】以氮高效玉米杂交种蠡玉13(LY13)和氮低效玉米杂交种鲁单981(LD981)为试验材料,以大田箱式土柱栽培方式,研究两个氮素水平下(0和4.29 g N/plant)玉米根系时空分布及氮素吸收利用的差异。【结果】LY13开花后具有较高的根系干重,根冠比显著高于LD981(P＜0.05),土壤深层根系分布多,根系空间分布合理,后期根系活力高,根系功能期长,导致其库容量大,库调节能力强,氮素积累总量高,氮素转移率、贡献率和氮素利用效率均显著高于LD981(P＜0.05),施氮条件下优势更加明显。LY13在两种氮素水平下的籽粒产量、生物产量、千粒重、收获指数均显著高于LD981。【结论】氮高效型玉米品种根系总量多、深层根系多、空间分布合理、根系活力高且持续期长是其氮积累量增加的主要原因;库容量大,库调解能力强促使氮素转运效率高,向籽粒分配比例大是其籽粒产量高、氮效率高的根本原因。

... 王敬锋等^[11]发现氮高效型品种比氮低效型品种根系总量多、深层根系多, 根系形态结构和空间分布更为合理, 促进了籽粒灌浆充实和产量提高 ...

1992

0.0

... 2015年在山东农业大学黄淮海玉米科技创新中心和作物生物学国家重点实验室大田种植不同根系构型的玉米品种郑单958 (浅根型, ZD)与登海661 (深根型, DH)^[12], 采用裂区设计, 主区为距离植株不同距离断根, 副区为品种 ...

... 4 籽粒淀粉含量采用旋光仪测定^[12] ...

2015

0.0

... 李晓龙等发现深耕可以改善玉米根系的构型, 促进玉米根系下扎, 增加玉米的总根长和总表面积, 提高土壤中下层根系的生物量^[13] ...

2013

0.0

... 深松及适当深施氮肥可促使根系下移, 明显提高深层根系特别是20~40 cm根系活力及比重^[14] ...

2008

0.0

王群, 李潮海, 郝四平, 张永恩, 韩锦峰. 下层土壤容重对玉米生育后期光合特性和产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 787-793

Wang

, Li C

, Hao S

, Zhang Y

, Han J

Effects of subsoil bulk density on late growth stage photo synthetic characteristics and grain yield of maize.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 787-793 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A pool-culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of different subsoil bulk density at the depths of 20-40 and 40-60 cm on the late growth stage photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of maize. The results showed that there existed significant differences in the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and grain yield when the subsoil bulk density was differed. The P n and grain yield decreased with increasing subsoil bulk density, and the higher the bulk density, the more significant the decrement in P n and grain yield. The diurnal changes of P n and intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) were not in the same trend. P n was high at noon and low at twilight and dusk, and decreased with increasing subsoil bulk density; while C i was in adverse. The stomatal limitation ( L s ) and stomatal conductance ( G s ) also decreased with increasing subsoil bulk density. With the development of maize, the P n , L s and G s decreased gradually, while C i increased continuously.

Key Laboratory for Regulating and Controlling Crop Growth and Development of Henan Province, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China

在耕层（0～20 cm）土壤容重不变情况下，采用池栽方法研究了下层（20～40 cm，40～60 cm）土壤容重变化对玉米生育后期光合特性和产量的影响.结果表明：当下层土壤容重不同时，玉米的光合速率（ P n ）和产量都存在显著差异，随着下层土壤容重的增加，叶片 P n 和产量降低，下层土壤容重越大，降幅越大.不同处理玉米叶片的 P n 和细胞间隙CO 2 浓度（ C i ）的变化趋势不同， P n 早晨和傍晚较低，中午较高，且随着下层土壤容重的增加而降低, C i 的变化趋势则相反.气孔限制值（ L s ）和气孔导度（ G s ）也随着下层土壤容重的增加而降低. 随着玉米生育进程， P n 、 L s 和 G s 不断下降，而 C i 不断升高.

2011

0.0

张玉芹, 张恒山, 高聚林, 张瑞富, 王志刚, 徐寿军, 范秀艳, 毕文波. 超高产春玉米的根系特征. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 735-743

Zhang Y

, Zhang H

, Gao J

, Zhang R

, Wang Z

, Xu S

, Fan X

, Bi W

Root characteristics of super high-yield spring maize.

Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 735-743 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Using cultivar Jinshan 27 as test material and high-yield maize cultivar as the control, we analyzed the root characteristics of super high-yield maize. The results showed that the percentage of roots in deep soil was higher, the biggest roots width tended to be deeper, the number of root per plant in deep soil layer increased for super high-yield maize, and the difference of root parameters enlarged with the increase of the soil depth compared with the control. The root dry weight was first up then down in the growing process, and the maximum value appeared at silking stage and showed extremely difference from the control. The percentage of root weight at 0–20 cm soil layer was lower obviously than the control, and that at the soil layer over 40 cm was more than the control at every growing stage. Ratio of shoot/root was close to the control at early growth stage, and lower than the contrastat later growing stage. Changes of rootvigor showed a single apex curveingrowing and the peak value appeared at silking stage. Root vigor at every growing stage changed as a single apex curve with the increase of soil depth under super high-yield cultivation, but root vigor of the control changed greatly in different growing stages. The activities of SOD&POD of root system per soil layer were higher than the control at silking and milking stages in super high-yield maize, but MDA content was lower than the contrast. The root growing condition and nutrient supply were improved by deep ploughing, optimizing fertilization and high planting density, which not only improve the deep root growing, but also keep root a higher physiological activity, providing a basis for production of super high-yield maize.

1 Department of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010019, China; 2 Department of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationality, Tongliao 028042, China

以西辽河平原地区广泛种植的金山27为试材，以当地普通高产栽培模式为对照，研究了超高产栽培下春玉米的根系特征。结果表明，超高产春玉米深层根系占总根重比例较大，最大根幅下移，下层土壤根条数增加，且随土层深度增加与对照的差异增大。单株根重随生育进程呈先升后降的变化趋势，吐丝期达到最大且与对照的差异达到显著水平。各生育时期0~20 cm土层根重所占比例明显低于对照，40 cm以下各土层根重所占比例均高于对照。冠根比生育前期与对照接近，生育后期低于对照。根系活力变化随生育进程呈单峰型变化曲线，在吐丝期达到最大。超高产栽培下各生育时期根系活力随土层深度增加均呈单峰型变化曲线，而对照在不同生育时期有较大的差异。SOD和POD活性在吐丝期和乳熟期各土层超高产栽培均高于对照，而MDA含量低于对照。深松土和优化施肥改善了根系环境条件和养分供应水平，在高密度种植下促进了下层根系的发生，并保持较高的生理活性，为超高产的实现奠定了基础。

2000

0.0

2007

0.0

刘子会, 柳斌辉, 李运朝, 郭秀林. 起身期断根对冬小麦后期光合和生长的影响. 华北农学报, 2007, 22(5): 189-190

Liu Z

, Liu B

, Li Y

, Guo X

Effect of roots-cutting in double ridge stage on the photosynthetic rate and later growth of winter wheat.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2007, 22(5): 189-190 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of root-cutting in double ridge stage on the photosynthetic rate and later growth of winter wheat (Shi 8 and Heng 7228) growed in the pot were investigated. The results showed that: Both primary root-cutting and partial adventitious root-cutting decreased the photosynthetic rate after treated for 2 d, but increased it after treated for 20 d; At the same time, dry weight of root, biomass above the ground, and yield of maturity were all reduced; the effects of primary root-cutting on the winter wheat was greater than that of adventitious root-cutting.

Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050051, China

通过盆栽小麦起身期断根试验，研究了断初生根和部分次生根对小麦后期光合和生长的影响。结果表明：断初生根和部分次生根，均降低了断根初期小麦光合速率，而促进后期光合速率；同时，断根降低了成熟期小麦根系干质量、地上部干质量以及产量；断初生根比断部分次生根对小麦的影响更明显。

... 小麦起身期切断初生根和部分次生根, 降低了成熟期小麦根系干重、地上部干重以及产量^[18] ...

2002

0.0

... 王化岑等^[19]研究指出高产麦田与一般麦田相比, 下层根量相对比重大且分布均匀, 所以有利于对土壤深层水的吸收, 抗旱能力增强, 有利于高产 ...

2011

0.0

李飒, 彭云峰, 于鹏, 张瑜, 方正, 李春俭. 不同年代玉米品种干物质积累与钾素吸收及其分配. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 325-332

, Peng Y

, Yu

, Zhang

, Fang

, Li C

Accumulation and distribution of dry matter and potassium in maize varieties released in different years.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 325-332 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to compare the differences in growth, development and dry matter accumulation, as well as potassium (K) uptake and distribution in different maize varieties released in different years in China, field experiment was conducted under the same conditions and six maize cultivars released from the 50s in last century until now were employed, e.g. Baimaya, Jinhuanghou, Zhongdan 2, Tangkang 5, Nongda108 and Zhengdan 958The result showed that new varieties had slower developmental process, longer growth duration, larger total leaf area and slower leaf senescence, compared with those of the old varieties. At V10 stage, there was no difference in plant dry weights among different maize varieties. After this stage, however, new varieties grew quicker and their dry weights increased faster than those of the old varieties. The high rate in dry matter gain of all varieties appeared after silking. The grain dry weights of all varieties were about the same as the dry matter gains of whole plants after silking, indicating that dry matter accumulated in grains was directly from the leaf photosynthesis after silking. In spite of the same plant dry weights at V10 stage, K contents in maize varieties released in different years already showed difference at this stage, and that was higher in the new varieties than those in the old varieties. Most of K in plants of all maize varieties was taken up before silking. There was even decrease in K content in old varieties Baimaya and Jinhuanghou from silking until maturity. K deposited in grains of different maize varieties came mainly from the retranslocation from the vegetative organs, especially from leaves. There was even more K retranslocated from the leaves of the straygreen varieties Nongda108 and Zhengdan 958 than that form the old varieties. In summary, new varieties had longer growth period, larger leaf area and slower leaf senescence, which were beneficial for grain milking and thus higher grain yield formation. Since the high rate in dry weight gain appeared after silking, while the most of K in plants of all maize varieties was taken up before silking, the dry matter and K accumulation in maize plants was not synchronized. Grain dry matter came mainly from the photosynthesis after silking, while grain K came from the retranslocation from the vegetative organs, regardless of the difference in varieties.

1 Key Laboratory of BioInorganic Chemistry in Hebei Province/Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; 2 College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China

为比较我国玉米生产中不同年代大面积推广的不同品种生长发育和干物质积累规律，及其对钾素的吸收和分配的变化特点，选择了上世纪50年代至今的6个玉米品种（白马牙、金皇后、中单2号、唐抗5号、农大108和郑单958）为材料，在田间相同条件下进行研究。结果表明，与早期品种相比，现代玉米品种的发育进程慢，生育期长，叶面积大，叶片衰老慢。在大喇叭口期，不同年代玉米品种的干重无显著差异; 但其后现代品种的生长速率显著增加，干重积累速率也显著高于早期品种,其干物质积累高峰出现在吐丝期后，吐丝期后植株的干物重增加量约等于子粒产量，表明子粒产量与吐丝期后的干物质积累相关。与干物质累积规律不同，不同年代玉米品种的含钾量在大喇叭口期就有明显差别，表现为50年代品种<70年代品种<现代品种。玉米对钾的吸收主要在吐丝期之前完成，吐丝期后钾素累积速率明显下降， 50年代品种的钾素净增量甚至为负值。子粒中的钾主要来自于营养器官的再转移，从叶片中的转移量尤其多。与早期品种相比，绿熟型现代品种农大108和郑单958从叶片中转出的钾更多。综上，不同年代玉米品种的不同点在于，现代品种的叶面积更大，吐丝期后生育期更长，叶片衰老更慢，有利于子粒灌浆，形成高产; 相同点在于，干物质和钾素的累积高峰不同步,子粒产量主要来自于花后的干物质积累，而子粒中的钾主要来自于营养器官的再转移。

... 3 不同水平距离处垂直断根对干物质积累的影响夏玉米生育中后期的干物质积累量与籽粒产量密切相关^[20], 生育后期干物质积累多, 说明库的需求量大, 碳水化合物运输流畅^[21], 同时干物质的积累分配与转移特性决定了玉米籽粒产量^[22] ...

2011

0.0

戴明宏, 赵久然, 杨国航, 王荣焕, 陈国平. 不同生态区和不同品种玉米的源库关系及碳氮代谢. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 1585-1595

Dai M

, Zhao J

, Yang G

, Wang R

, Chen G

Source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties.

Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 1585-1595 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】A field experiment was conducted to illustrate different performances of source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogen metabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties in 2009.【Method】Three experimental sites (Nong’an, Changping and Xunxian) which were located in Northeast, Jingjintang and Huanghuaihai regions, respectively, and six representative varieties were selected.【Result】Grain yields under different sites performed as: Nong’an＞Xunxian＞Changping; XY335 got the highest while JD28 got the lowest grain yield among six varieties, and the differences among other four varieties were not significant. Under different ecological conditions, grain yield of varieties was more related to kernels number per ear than kernel weight; and grain yield was positively related to grain-leaf ratio while not to the maximum LAI at silking stage; grain yield also had a high positive correlation with dry matter amount accumulated after silking. Besides, uncoordinated source-sink relationship under low-yielding ecological condition was performed by high soluble sugar content in stem during key growing stages. C/N value showed a negative correlation with grain yield under different ecological regions. Different varieties could be divided into three types according to source of grain nitrogen: 1. nitrogen uptake during late-phase (61.0%-68.4%) was higher than transported nitrogen (39.7%-46.0%); 2. nitrogen uptake during late-phase was equal to transported nitrogen; 3. and nitrogen uptake during late-phase (42.5%-45.3%) was lower than transported nitrogen (57.2%-61.7%).【Conclusion】Coordinated source-sink relationship under high yielding ecological condition was highlighted by high grain-leaf ratio, high HI value (including NHI), high amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated during grain filling period, suitable soluble sugar content in stem, and relatively low C/N value. High-yielding variety also showed a high grain-leaf ratio and high amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated during grain filling period.

北京市农林科学院玉米研究中心

【目的】阐明不同生态区及品种条件下玉米源库协调性、碳氮代谢的差异表现及其与产量的关系。【方法】在东北（吉林省农安）、京津唐（北京昌平）和黄淮海（河南省浚县）3个生态区各设一个试验点，以6个高产、稳产的优良品种为试验材料，在稀植条件下（密度45 000 株/hm2）比较不同生态区和不同品种玉米的产量和产量构成、叶面积指数（LAI）和粒叶比、干物质和氮素分配转运、可溶性糖和C/N等指标。【结果】3个试验点的产量表现为农安＞浚县＞昌平；6个品种中产量最高的是先玉335，最低的是京单28，其它品种间差异不显著。在不同生态区和品种条件下，玉米产量与穗粒数的相关性明显大于千粒重；吐丝期最大LAI与产量的相关性不显著，而粒叶比则与产量成正相关；吐丝后干物质生产量与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关。低产生态条件下，茎鞘内富集了大量的可溶性糖，反映了源-库-流的不协调。在不同生态条件下，C/N与产量呈负相关。根据籽粒氮素的来源可将不同品种归为3类：（1）对后期吸氮（61.0%—68.4%）的依赖高于器官转运氮（39.7%—46.0%）；（2）后期吸氮量与器官转运氮量相当；（3）后期吸氮（42.5%—45.3%）低于器官转运氮（57.2%—61.7%）。【结论】适宜生态条件下，玉米源库关系更加协调，表现在粒叶比高、收获指数（包括氮素收获指数）大、灌浆期干物质积累量和氮素吸收量大、茎鞘可溶性糖含量适宜、C/N值相对较低。而粒叶比高、籽粒灌浆期干物质积累量和氮素吸收量大也是高产品种的重要特点。

1987

0.0

1993

0.0

... 梁建生等^[23]和Qi等^[24]也认为, 抽穗后根系活性与叶片衰老密切相关, 这可能是因为根系活力强, 有利于根系吸收水分^[25], 调节气孔开度, 进而影响叶片气体交换参数 ...

2012

0.0

2005

0.0

2005

0.0

... 慕自新等^[26]认为, 根系活力提高可以相应减少叶片的衰老速度, 从而保证了同化产物向籽粒中充实 ...

2008

0.0

... 周小平等^[27]和刘殿英等^[28]研究发现, 作物根系活力在生育后期衰退缓慢, 可以通过较好的吸收能力来减缓叶片的衰老速率, 进而使作物在经济器官形成期始终保持较高的光合速率 ...

1993

0.0

刘殿英, 石立岩, 董庆裕. 不同时期追施肥水对冬小麦根系、根系活性和植株性状的影响. 作物学报, 1993, 19: 149-155

Liu D

, Shi L

, Dong Q

The effect of top-dressing and irrigation time on the root system, root activities and plant character in winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 1993, 19: 149-155 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The experiment was carried out from 1982 through 1986 to investigate the effect of top-dressing and irrigation time on the characteristics of the root system and aboveground parts of winter wheat. The results indicated that different top-dressing and irrigation time had different effect.The applicat

Department of Agronomy,Agriculture university of Shandong,Shandong Provience,China

冬前至孕穗期不同生育期追施肥水，对根系的影响不同。追施肥水可提高根系活性，早施，根系活性最大值出现得早，后期根系活性降低得也快。开花、灌浆期的根系活性均以拔节、孕穗肥水为高。根系活性对叶片衰老速度有明显的影响，与上部干重、产量及产量性状存在着密切的关系。

1998

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... 4 不同水平距离处垂直断根对籽粒灌浆的影响灌浆是夏玉米的一个重要时期, 玉米籽粒产量与籽粒灌浆特性关系密切, 灌浆长短和灌浆速率决定了粒重和产量水平^[29,30] ...

2005

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2003

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... 在干物质快速积累期, 籽粒最大含水量与最终粒重有很强的相关性^[31], 库容量大, 灌浆速度快, 灌浆期长, 则粒重高^[32] ...

2002

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... 在干物质快速积累期, 籽粒最大含水量与最终粒重有很强的相关性^[31], 库容量大, 灌浆速度快, 灌浆期长, 则粒重高^[32] ...

2012

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... 前人研究认为, 高密度通过影响高产品种根系特征, 从而影响籽粒灌浆底物的积累、运输, 导致灌浆受到抑制^[33] ...

2006

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常二华, 王朋, 唐成, 刘立军, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 水稻根和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸浓度与籽粒灌浆及蒸煮品质的关系. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 540-547

Chang E

, Wang

, Tang

, Liu L

, Wang Z

, Yang J

Concentrations of cytokinin and abscisic acid in roots and grains and its relationship with grain filling and cooking quality of rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 540-547 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Cytokinin and abscisic acid (ABA) are two kinds of important plant hormones. Their roles in the grain filling and quality of rice, however, are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine changes in concentrations of zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) and ABA in both the roots and grains during grain filling, grain filling characteristics and the indexes for cooking quality using ten rice cultivars (including hybrids and lines) grown in nutrient solution. The results showed that the change in concentrations of Z+ZR and ABA in roots and grains exhibited a single peak curve during the grain filling period. The Z + ZR concentration in roots was very high at early grain filling stage and reached a peak at 3–9 d after anthesis (DAA), and that in grains at 9–12 DAA. ABA concentrations in roots and grains were rather low at early grain filling stage, then increased with grain filling, and reached a peak at 15–18 DAA in roots and at 15–21 DAA in grains. Concentrations of Z + ZR in roots and grains at early grain filling stage (0–12 DAA) and ABA at the mid stage (13–26 DAA) were significantly or very significantly correlated with the initial grain growth potential, mean grain filing rate, maximum grain filling rate and brown rice weight (r=0.726* ~ 0.984**), whereas significantly and negatively correlated with active grain filling period (r=－0.749* ~ －0.834**). Z+ZR concentrations at the mid or late grain filling stage (27–40 DAA) significantly or very significantly correlated with active grain filling period (r=0.689* ~ 0.932**) but those at the late stage negatively correlated with grain filling rate (r=－0.826** ~ －0.927**). The gel consistency and alkali spreading value of rice were significantly or very significantly correlated with Z+ZR concentrations in roots and grains at mid and late grain filling stages (r = 0.722* ~ 0.896**), whereas significantly and negatively correlated with ABA concentrations at mid grain filling stage (r=－0.883**~－0.913**). The correlations between amylose content and the concentrations of Z+ZR and ABA were reversed to the correlations of gel consistency with the two hormones. When roots were treated with 10 -7 mol/L ZR or with 10 -7 mol/L ABA at 0-6, 14–20 and 24–30 DAA, respectively, the effects of the exogenous hormones on grain filling and the cooking quality were consistent with the relationships of the two endogenous hormones with the grain filling parameters and indexes for cooking quality. The results suggest that cytokinin and ABA play important roles in the regulation of grain filling and quality of rice, and the direction of effects may dependent on grain filling stages.

Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu，China

以10个不同基因型水稻品种和杂交稻组合为材料，分析了结实期水稻根系和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸（ABA）浓度的变化及其与籽粒灌浆速率和稻米蒸煮品质的关系。结果表明，灌浆早期(花后0～12 d)根和籽粒玉米素＋玉米素核苷（Z＋ZR）浓度以及灌浆中期（花后13～26 d）根和籽粒ABA浓度与籽粒起始生长势、平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、糙米重呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.726* ~ 0.984**），与活跃灌浆期呈显著或极显著负相关(r＝－0.749* ~ －0.834**)。灌浆中、后期（花后27~40 d）根和籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与活跃灌浆期呈显著或极显著正相关(r＝0.689* ~ 0.932**)，但灌浆后期Z＋ZR浓度与灌浆速率呈极显著负相关(r＝－0.826** ~ －0.927**)。灌浆中期和后期根和籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.722* ~ 0.896**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著负相关（r＝－0.633* ~－0.778**）。灌浆中期根和籽粒ABA浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈极显著负相关（r＝－0.883** ~ －0.913**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.803** ~ 0.871**）。不同灌浆期ZR或ABA处理对籽粒灌浆、稻米胶稠度和直链淀粉含量的影响，与内源激素同灌浆特征参数和稻米蒸煮品质指标的关系基本吻合。表明根和籽粒细胞分裂素和ABA对籽粒灌浆和稻米蒸煮品质起调控作用，其调控的正、负效应取决于灌浆的时期。

... 常二华等^[34]认为, 水稻根系通过产生激素调节籽粒中相关代谢酶的活性, 从而影响库强度, 影响籽粒灌浆, 根系中相关激素过高, 会产生灌浆期缩短等不利影响 ...