不同氮素处理对中麦175和京冬17产量相关性状和氮素利用效率的<br/>影响

引用本文

李法计, 徐学欣, 肖永贵, 何中虎, 王志敏. . 不同氮素处理对中麦175和京冬17产量相关性状和氮素利用效率的
影响 . 作物学报, 2016, 42(12): 1853-1863
LI Fa-Ji, XU Xue-Xin, XIAO Yong-Gui, HE Zhong-Hu, WANG Zhi-Min. . Effect of Nitrogen on Yield Related Traits and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(12): 1853-1863 复制到剪切板

Permissions

作物学报编辑部

不同氮素处理对中麦175和京冬17产量相关性状和氮素利用效率的
影响

李法计¹, 徐学欣², 肖永贵¹, 何中虎^1,³, 王志敏^2,^*

¹ 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 国家小麦改良中心, 北京 100081

²中国农业大学农学院, 北京 100193

³CIMMYT中国办事处, 北京 100081

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 王志敏, E-mail: Zhimin206@263.net

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: lifajily@163.com

收稿日期:2016-01-31 接受日期:2016-06-20 网络出版日期:2016-08-11

基金:本研究由中国农业科学院科技创新工程, 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费(201203033-2)和国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03)资助

摘要

本研究旨在了解我国黄淮和北部冬麦区不同施氮量和施氮模式对氮高效吸收和利用的影响, 以及中麦175和京冬17产量对不同施氮处理的响应。2013—2014和2014—2015连续两年在河北吴桥和北京顺义两地种植两品种, 观测不同施氮量和基追比处理下, 冬小麦的群体特性、产量相关性状, 以及氮素吸收效率(NUpE)和氮素利用效率(NUtE)。在吴桥点设0、60+0、120+0、120+60、120+120、120+180 kg hm^-2 (基肥+拔节肥) 6个处理, 在顺义点仅设前5个处理。在总施氮量0~240 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)和0~180 kg hm^-2 (顺义)范围内, 随施氮量增加, 归一化植被指数(NDVI)和气冠温差(CTD)提高, 群体总粒数和成熟期生物量增加, 进而产量提高; 但继续增加施氮量会导致粒重、开花前干物质向籽粒转运量、转运率、对籽粒贡献率、收获指数、氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收和利用效率降低。在不同施氮水平下, 中麦175的产量和稳定性均优于京冬17, 表现出穗数多、穗粒重稳定性好、群体活力持久、生物量和收获指数高、花前干物质积累量高和花后干物质转运能力强、氮素吸收效率高, 这可能是其高产高效的重要基础。考虑到产量回报和经济效益, 推荐中麦175和京冬17在黄淮麦区(北片)施氮量为180~240 kg hm^-2, 在北部冬麦区施氮量为120~180 kg hm^-2。灌浆中后期, NDVI和CTD与穗数、产量和生物量相关性高, 可作为快速评价品种氮肥敏感性的指标。

关键词: 冬小麦; 氮素利用效率; 干物质; 高产; 稳产

Effect of Nitrogen on Yield Related Traits and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17

LI Fa-Ji¹, XU Xue-Xin², XIAO Yong-Gui¹, HE Zhong-Hu^1,³, WANG Zhi-Min^2,^*

¹Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) / National Wheat Improvement Center, Beijing 100081, China

² College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

³CIMMYT-China Office, c/o CAAS, Beijing 100081, China

Fund:This study was supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS, the China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203033-2), and the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-03).

Abstract

The objective of this study was to understand the effects of different nitrogen (N) application amounts and split ratios on high efficiency of N uptake and utilization, as well as the response to different N treatments of Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17 planted in Wuqiao, Hebei, and Shunyi, Beijing in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 cropping seasons. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in different total and split (basal + jointing stage) amounts, namely 0, 60+0, 120+0, 120+60, 120+120, and 120+180 kg ha^-1. In the N range of 0-240 kg ha^-1 in Wuqiao and 0-180 kg ha^-1 in Shunyi, the canopy temperature depression (CTD), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), biomass of wheat population, and population spikelets increased with the increase of N application amount, as a result, higher yield at maturity was obtained; however, further more N application had a negative effect, showing decreased thousand-kernel weight (TKW), translocation amount (TA) and efficiency (TE) of dry matter accumulated before flowering to grain, contribution efficiency (CE), harvest index (HI), partial factor productivity from applied N (PFP_N), N uptake efficiency (NUpE) and N utilization efficiency (NUtE). Zhongmai 175 had higher yield and yield stability than Jingdong 17 in different N application treatments, showing higher levels of spike number (SN), stability of kernel number per spike (KNS), kernel weight, population vitality, biomass, HI, dry matter accumulation before flowering, TA, and NUpE. These characters might be the physiological basis of high yield and high efficiency in Zhongmai 175. Considering the return from yield and economic benefits, we suggest that the recommended N application amounts for Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17 should be 180-240 kg ha^-1 in the northern part of Huang-Huai Rivers Valley Wheat Zone and 120-180 kg ha^-1 in the Northern Winter Wheat Zone. NDVI and CTD at middle to late grain filling stage can be used for rapid evaluation of varietal sensitivity to nitrogen because they are highly correlated with SN, yield, and biomass of wheat.

Keyword: Winter wheat; Nitrogen utilization efficiency; Dry matter; High yield; Stability

Show Figures

氮素是作物生长发育和增产的重要营养元素之一^{[1, 2]}, 但大量施氮不仅增加生产成本, 而且容易导致土壤养分失衡和环境污染^[3]。近年来, 在华北小麦主产区, 氮肥过量施用导致增产效益和氮素利用效率下降的现象较为明显^[4], 提高氮素利用效率是小麦生产可持续发展的必然要求^[5]。因此, 培育肥料利用效率高、高产稳产的新品种, 并采取合理的施肥策略在作物生产中具有重要意义, 并且节水、节肥、节药已成为未来我国粮食作物持续发展的战略选择。

为解决我国作物生产中肥料利用效率低、损失严重的问题, 前人对如何通过合理的栽培措施以提高生产效率进行了大量研究, 并提出了氮肥后移、以水控肥和以肥调水等高产优质栽培技术^{[6, 7]}。但是, 由于对品种间肥料利用效率的遗传差异重视不够, 导致其遗传改良进展缓慢^[8]。已有的研究虽然在多方面探索了作物肥料吸收利用机制^{[9, 10]}, 但尚不明确作物氮肥敏感性的品种评价指标, 并缺乏大田条件下快速检测的方法。当前大面积推广的品种多在高肥条件下选育而成, 对土壤肥力和施肥量要求较高^[11]。生产中迫切需要能够适应不同肥力水平, 特别是低肥条件下肥料利用效率高、不减产或减产少, 高肥条件下耐肥性好、茎秆坚实不倒伏、高产高效的小麦新品种。中麦175通过了北部冬麦区水地和黄淮旱肥地2次国家审定以及北京、山西、河北、青海和甘肃5省(市)品种审定, 并已在这些地区大面积推广, 具有广泛的适应性^[12]。肖永贵等^[13]对京411及其14个衍生品种(系)在正常施肥和常年不施肥条件下比较表明, 中麦175的产量皆最高。另外, 对北部和黄淮麦区64份主要品种的氮和磷利用效率研究表明, 中麦175在不施氮、不施磷及氮和磷皆不施的3种处理中, 产量分别居参试品种的第1、第9和第1位, 说明中麦175为肥料高效型品种^[14]。

为进一步探明中麦175对氮肥的反应特性及其机制, 本研究以中麦175和京冬17为材料, 通过限量灌溉下不同氮肥处理, 比较研究群体特性及氮素吸收和利用、干物质积累和转运特征, 解析品种间和处理间产量变异原因, 探讨两品种对不同氮肥环境的响应机制和需肥规律, 以期为培育高产、稳产和广适性小麦新品种提供理论支撑和评价指标, 并为氮高效品种大面积推广提供技术指导。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

中麦175和京冬17的生育期相近(相差1~2 d)。京冬17于2007年通过北部冬麦区国家审定。

1.2 试验设计

2013— 2014和2014— 2015年分别在河北省沧州市吴桥县中国农业大学吴桥试验站(37.41° N, 116.57° E, 黄淮麦区北片)和北京市顺义区中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地(40.16° N, 116.35° E, 北部冬麦区)进行试验。吴桥试验地为壤质底黏潮土, 地下水埋深7 m以上, 播前0~20 cm土壤含有机质10.4 g kg^-1、全氮0.83 g kg^-1、碱解氮41.9 mg kg^-1、速效磷23.9 mg kg^-1、速效钾93.23 mg kg^-1, pH为7.7; 2013— 2014和2014— 2015年度小麦季降水量分别为121.9 mm和128.0 mm。顺义试验地为壤土, 播前0~20 cm土壤含有机质12.2 g kg^-1、全氮0.95 g kg^-1、碱解氮106.7 mg kg^-1、速效磷33.8 mg kg^-1、速效钾183.4 mg kg^-1, pH为7.9; 2013— 2014和2014— 2015年度小麦季降水量分别为125.6 mm和127.0 mm。

在吴桥试验点设6个处理, 施氮量(基肥+拔节追肥)分别为纯氮0+0、60+0、120+0、120+60、120+120和120+180 kg hm^-2, 随机区组设计, 3次重复, 小区面积30 m²。分别于2013年10月11日和2014年10月14日播种, 行距16 cm, 基本苗均为345万 hm^-2。在顺义试验点设5个处理, 施氮量(基肥+拔节追肥)分别为0+0、60+0、120+0、120+60和120+120 kg hm^-2, 随机区组设计, 3次重复, 小区面积29.7 m²。分别于2013年9月27日和2014年9月28日播种, 行距24 cm, 基本苗300万 hm^-2。以尿素作为氮肥, 基肥除氮肥外, 另施P₂O₅ 105 kg hm^-2和K₂O 75 kg hm^-2; 追肥在拔节期施用。在拔节期和开花期浇水, 每次75 mm。各小区除草、病虫害防治等田间管理措施均保持一致。

1.3 性状调查及其统计分析

于越冬期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和成熟期在各小区取2个0.5 m样段, 取样后剪掉根部, 将茎鞘、嫩叶、老叶、穗部分开, 105℃杀青30 min, 75℃烘干后称重, 粉碎样品后用凯氏定氮法测定各器官中全氮含量。

开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中后期, 用GreenSeeker (Trimble, 美国)测定归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), 令传感器于小麦冠层60 cm上方保持平衡, 在小区非边行区域顺播种方向往返测定2次。用REYTEK ST20XB型手持式红外测温仪(Reytek Corporation, 美国)测定空气温度和冠层温度, 用两者差计算气冠温差(canopy temperature depression, CTD), 光谱通带为8~14 μ m, 其灰度值为0.95, 分别在开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中后期选择晴朗无风少云的天气测定一次, 测量时间为13:30— 15:00 ^[15]。

在成熟期调查穗数、穗粒数和生物量, 在收获后测定产量、千粒重, 计算干物质转运量和氮素利用效率。

花前干物质转运量=开花期干物质积累量-(成熟期干物质积累量-籽粒产量)^[16], 花前干物质转运率=转运量/开花期干物质积累量^[16], 花前干物质贡献率=干物质转运量/籽粒产量^[16]; 收获指数=籽粒产量/生物学产量^[16]; 氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N) = 籽粒产量/施氮量^[10], 氮素吸收效率(NUpE) = 植株氮素积累量/施氮量^[10], 氮素利用效率(NUtE) = 籽粒产量/植株氮素积累量^[10]。

利用SAS 9.3进行方差分析及处理间多重比较(Duncan’ s法)、品种间t测验, 采用Microsoft Excel绘制线性关系图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量相关性状的方差分析

除开花期CTD外的其他17个性状基因型差异皆达极显著(P< 0.01)水平; 所有性状的环境和氮肥效应皆达极显著水平(P< 0.01); 多数性状存在显著的基因型× 环境、基因型× 处理或基因型× 环境× 处理互作效应(表1)。在2个试验点, 除个别性状外, 绝大部分性状的基因型均方皆大于1.5倍基因型× 年份互作均方, 即基因型效应显著大于基因型× 年份互作效应, 因此可用均值表示产量相关性状。

表1 小麦冠层温差、干物质积累、产量几氮利用相关性的均方值 Table 1 Mean squares of wheat traits related to canopy temperature, dry matter acculation, yield and nitrogen utilization

2.2 不同施氮量下的产量性状

在0~240 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)或0~180 kg hm^-2 (顺义)施氮范围内, 随施氮量增加两品种的产量皆呈递增趋势, 且分别在240 kg hm^-2和180 kg hm^-2时产量最高, 过量施氮反而使产量降低。从产量三因素看, 两品种的穗数在吴桥和顺义均随施氮量增加而增加, 并分别在施氮240 kg hm^-2和180 kg hm^-2时最高; 穗粒数随施氮量增加呈递增趋势, 但施氮量超过180 kg hm^-2后处理间差异不显著; 千粒重均在低氮条件下较高, 随施氮量的增加呈降低趋势。两品种在吴桥的穗数、千粒重和产量均高于顺义, 而穗粒数则低于顺义, 说明环境可通过影响穗数、穗粒数和千粒重进而影响产量。在吴桥, 中麦175的产量显著高于京冬17, 主要是其穗数显著较高, 其穗粒数和千粒重则低于京冬17; 在顺义, 中麦175的穗数、千粒重和产量均高于京冬17, 穗粒数无明显差异(表2)。从两地产量变异系数看, 中麦175为2.0%和4.2%, 京冬17为2.5%和5.1%, 说明中麦175的产量稳定性优于京冬17。

表2 不同施氮处理对中麦175和京冬17产量相关性状的影响 Table 2 Effects of different N treatments on yield related traits in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17

2.3 不同施氮量下的群体特性

在开花期和灌浆前期, 随施氮量的增加, 两品种的NDVI和CTD在2个环境下均呈增加趋势, 而在灌浆中后期均呈先增加后降低趋势, 且分别在施氮量240 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)和180 kg hm^-2 (顺义)时达最大值。随灌浆进程, NDVI先保持稳定后逐渐降低, 而CTD表现为先升高后降低, 说明群体灌浆速率和活性随着灌浆的进行先升高后降低(表3)。中麦175的NDVI和CTD在多数观测时间点高于京冬17, 说明其群体绿色覆盖度和群体活性更高且持久。

表3 不同施氮处理对中麦175和京冬17 NDVI和CTD的影响 Table 3 Effects of different N treatments on NDVI and CTD in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17

处理 Treatment	中麦175 Zhongmai 175						京冬17 Jingdong 17
处理 Treatment	NDVI1	NDVI2	NDVI3	CTD1	CTD2	CTD3	NDVI1	NDVI2	NDVI3	CTD1	CTD2	CTD3
河北吴桥 Wuqiao, Hebei
N0	0.750 c	0.737 c	0.552 c	5.37 c	7.20 c	4.34 d	0.735 b	0.728 c	0.528 c	4.93 b	6.47 b	3.55 c
N60	0.767 b	0.772 b	0.591 b	5.55 bc	7.58 b	4.95 c	0.770 a	0.760 b	0.543 bc	5.07 ab	6.87 a	3.97 b
N120	0.781 b	0.791 a	0.608 ab	5.67 ab	7.65 ab	5.06 bc	0.773 a	0.774 ab	0.563 ab	5.25 a	6.87 a	4.17 ab
N120+60	0.796 a	0.796 a	0.616 ab	5.68 ab	7.85 a	5.37 ab	0.781 a	0.769 ab	0.577 a	5.25 a	6.92 a	4.35 a
N120+120	0.801 a	0.808 a	0.632 a	5.82 ab	7.73 ab	5.41 a	0.786 a	0.782 a	0.589 a	5.33 a	6.90 a	4.45 a
N120+180	0.799 a	0.804 a	0.624 a	5.92 a	7.63 ab	5.31 ab	0.789 a	0.789 a	0.579 a	5.35 a	7.17 a	4.30 a
平均值 Mean	0.782 A	0.784 A	0.604 A	5.67 A	7.61 A	5.08 A	0.772 B	0.767 B	0.563 B	5.20 B	6.86 B	4.13 B
北京顺义 Shunyi, Beijing
N0	0.835 b	0.822 c	0.603 c	6.05 b	6.75 b	3.43 c	0.822 b	0.810 c	0.584 d	6.39 b	6.53 b	3.15 c
N60	0.840 ab	0.827 c	0.622 b	6.08 ab	6.84 b	3.57 c	0.830 a	0.833 b	0.605 c	6.52 ab	6.69 b	3.35 c
N120	0.843 ab	0.837 b	0.628 b	6.15 ab	6.83 b	3.83 b	0.832 a	0.830 b	0.620 bc	6.74 ab	6.93 ab	3.67 b
N120+60	0.842 ab	0.850 a	0.655 a	6.37 ab	7.60 a	4.12 a	0.837 a	0.837 ab	0.642 a	6.78 ab	7.27 a	4.00 a
N120+120	0.848 a	0.852 a	0.647 a	6.39 a	7.60 a	4.02 a	0.837 a	0.847 a	0.633 ab	6.85 a	7.30 a	3.80 ab
平均值 Mean	0.842 A	0.837 A	0.631 A	6.20 A	7.12 A	3.79 A	0.831 B	0.831 B	0.617 B	6.65 A	6.94 A	3.59 B

NDVI1, NDVI2, and NDVI3 indicate normalized difference vegetation index in flowering stage, early stage of grain filling and middle to late stage of grain filling, respectively; CTD1, CTD2, and CTD3 indicate canopy temperature depression in flowering stage, early stage of grain filling and middle to late stage of grain filling, respectively. In each location, different lowercase and uppercase letters after data indicate significant difference among treatments and between cultivars at P< 0.05, respectively.

NDVI1、NDVI2和NDVI3分别表示开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中后期的归一化植被指数, CTD1、CTD2和CTD3分别表示开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中后期的气冠温差。同一试点, 数据后不同小写字母表示处理间有显著差异, 不同大写字母表示品种间差异显著(P< 0.05)。

表3 不同施氮处理对中麦175和京冬17 NDVI和CTD的影响 Table 3 Effects of different N treatments on NDVI and CTD in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17

2.4 不同施氮量下的干物质积累

两品种开花前、后的干物质积累量和生物量均随施氮量增加呈增加趋势, 开花前和开花后干物质积累比例在不同施氮处理间差异较小; 收获指数以不施氮处理最高, 随施氮量增加呈降低趋势。两品种开花前和开花后的干物质积累量、生物量和收获指数均表现吴桥点高于顺义点, 而顺义点的开花前干物质积累比例较高(表4)。两品种相比, 花前、花后和全生育期干物质积累量及收获指数均以中麦175高于京冬17, 说明中麦175在后期可能具有较强的抵抗环境胁迫能力和较高的物质转运能力。

表4 不同施氮处理对中麦175和17干物质积累的影响 Table 4 Effercts of different N treatments on dry matter accumlation in Zhongmai 175and Jingdong17

2.5 不同施氮量下的物质转运

表5表明, 两品种的开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率在低氮下较高、随施氮量增加均呈降低趋势, 说明两品种均具有一定适应低氮胁迫、通过调节干物质转运获得一定产量水平的能力。开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量和转运率在吴桥较高, 而对籽粒的贡献率则是顺义较高, 说明环境可以影响物质分配。中麦175在2个环境不同施氮条件下的开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率均高于京冬17, 说明中麦175具有更强的花后干物质转运能力。

表5 不同施氮处理对中麦175和京冬17物质转运的影响 Table 5 Effects of different N treatments on dry matter translocation in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17

2.6 不同施氮量下的氮素吸收和利用效率

表6表明, 氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低, 中麦175的氮肥生产效率在吴桥和顺义皆高于京冬17。从氮素吸收和利用效率来看, 两品种在吴桥和顺义均随施氮量增加呈降低趋势, 且在不同氮素处理间差异显著, 说明在氮肥不足时冬小麦会增加对土壤氮素的吸收和利用能力。两品种在吴桥的氮素利用效率高于顺义, 氮素吸收效率则低于顺义, 说明环境可影响品种的氮素吸收和利用效率。中麦175在吴桥和顺义的氮素吸收和利用效率皆高于京冬17, 这与其氮肥偏生产力较高是一致的。

表6 不同施氮处理对中麦175和京冬17氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收和利用效率的影响 Table 6 Effects of different N treatments on PFP_N, NUpE, and NUtE in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17 (kg kg^-1)

2.7 群体特征与产量性状的相关性分析

灌浆中后期的NDVI和CTD与穗数、产量和生物量均呈显著或极显著正相关, 决定系数均在0.6以上(图1)。因此, 灌浆中后期的NDVI和CTD可作为快速评价冬小麦在不同施氮水平下产量表现即氮肥敏感性的指标。中麦175在不同处理与环境下灌浆中后期的NDVI和CTD更稳定, 即在氮肥胁迫条件下能够保持较好的活力, 因此产量也更稳定。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 中麦175和京冬17灌浆中后期NDVI和CTD与穗数、产量和生物量的线性关系Fig. 1 Correlation of CTD, NDVI in middle to late stage of grain filling with SN, yield and biomass in Zhongmai 175 and Jingdong 17

3 讨论

3.1 不同施氮量对冬小麦产量相关性状的影响

本研究表明, 适量增加施氮量可提高产量, 主要得益于单位面积穗数的提高。随施氮量的增加, 开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量、转运率、对籽粒的贡献率、收获指数、氮素吸收和利用效率均呈降低趋势, 这与张宏等^[17]和Rampino等^[18]的研究结果相符, 可能与作物自身调节能力有关。在土壤养分亏缺时, 作物通过提高肥料吸收和利用效率以满足自身需求, 并提高开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量和转运率以获得一定产量; 而在土壤养分充足时, 作物体内硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶的活性增加^[19], 从而促进地上部生物量积累, 为籽粒灌浆提供足够的养分储备, 最终增加产量。

NDVI反映了地表绿色植被的覆盖比例, 可用于评价作物生物量积累速率及叶片功能期长短。肖永贵等^[13]发现冬小麦NDVI在不施氮和正常施氮处理间存在极显著差异, 李升东等^[20]认为不同基因型冬小麦各生育期的NDVI存在显著差异, 抽穗期的NDVI值与其干旱产量指数呈正相关。本研究表明, 限水条件下在施氮量0~240 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)或0~180 kg hm^-2 (顺义)范围内, 增加施氮量可提高各时期干物质积累量并延缓衰老, 即增加NDVI值。CTD作为反映环境变化对作物生长发育作用的重要指标, 已越来越多地用于抗旱、耐热和养分亏缺的研究, 一般认为增加施氮量可降低冠层温度即提高CTD, 但不同时期结果有一定差异^{[21, 22]}。本研究表明, 限水条件下在施用氮肥0~240 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)或0~180 kg hm^-2 (顺义)范围内, 增加施氮量可提高冬小麦开花期、灌浆前期和灌浆中后期的CTD, 并且随着时间的推移作用更为明显, 这可能是适宜的施氮量提高了群体叶片活性, 增加了单位面积生物量和叶片光合能力。NDVI和CTD在一定程度上反映了作物群体活性, 不同氮肥处理间二者变化趋势与产量趋势基本一致, NDVI和CTD的稳定性对品种高产稳产具有重要作用。

3.2 不同品种间产量与氮素利用效率的差异

不同群体冠层结构对冠层氮素分布有明显影响, 叶片平展型群体中叶片氮素含量随叶层下移而下降的速度要快于紧凑型^[23]。中麦175具有株型紧凑、叶片较小且直立、分蘖多、冠层结构合理等优良特性, 对促进氮素吸收、提高物质转运和增加产量形成具有重要作用。

中麦175穗数多, 穗粒数和千粒重在不同环境下稳定性好, 因而具有较高的丰产性和稳产性, 相对于京冬17, 在多数环境下的NDVI和CTD较高, 且在灌浆中后期不同氮素处理间稳定性较好, 即在灌浆前期群体活力高, 灌浆中后期对氮肥胁迫耐受性更好、活力更持久。小麦生物量积累可分为开花前、后2个时期, 开花前贮藏碳水化合物再转运及开花后光合产物积累是籽粒产量的主要来源^[24]。有研究表明, 开花前的光合产物对籽粒产量的贡献占3%~30%, 对抵御后期高温、干旱胁迫、维持产量稳定具有重要作用^[21]; 开花后光合产物对籽粒的贡献率占60%~80%, 是高产的主要物质来源^[25]。中麦175的花前和花后干物质积累量及收获指数均高于京冬17, 且开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量、转运率、对籽粒的贡献率均更高, 说明中麦175具有更高的花前干物质积累量和更强的花后干物质转运能力, 对保证高产稳产具有重要作用。另外, 与京冬17相比, 中麦175在不同氮肥环境下氮素吸收效率皆较高, 氮素利用效率在施氮量0~120 kg hm^-2的低氮范围内更高。氮素吸收效率高是其总体肥料利用效率高的关键, 这与肖永贵等^[13]研究结果一致, 与我们之前认为中麦175苗期具有较强耐低肥能力的结果相佐证^[26]。

3.3 氮高效型品种筛选指标及施肥策略

对后代品系进行多点试验及抗旱、耐热、养分胁迫、抗病性鉴定已经成为国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)小麦新品种选育的重要方式^[22]。我国大多数育种单位还不能做到育种材料的多点鉴定和广泛筛选, 导致缺乏抗逆性强、适应性广的高产稳产品种。群体特性在一定程度上反映了作物对不同环境的适应性, 已有研究把幼苗早期活性、冠层温度、灌浆期叶片衰老等作为品种适应性和高世代育种选择标准^{[27, 28, 29, 30]}。本研究表明, 灌浆中后期(开花后20 d左右)的NDVI和CTD与穗数、产量和生物量在所有环境下均呈显著或极显著正相关, 可作为快速评价品种肥料敏感性的指标。中麦175的育成及其在北部冬麦区水地、黄淮旱肥地及甘肃和青海春麦区的大面积推广表明, 培育高产且广适的品种是可行的, 其优良特性可为育种家培育新品种提供借鉴。

受地力、气候环境和种植模式等因素的影响, 不同地区小麦对氮肥需求量有所不同^[31]。北方小麦氮肥施用量一般为180~250 kg hm^-2, 淮北地区为195~225 kg hm^-2, 晋南旱作地区为180 kg hm^-2左右, 四川丘陵旱地为135~180 kg hm^{-2 [31, 32]}。本研究表明, 在磷肥、钾肥一定的条件下, 中麦175和京冬17在基施氮肥120 kg hm^-2+拔节期追施氮肥60~120 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)或基施氮肥120 kg hm^-2+拔节期追施氮肥60 kg hm^-2 (顺义)可获得较高产量。考虑到施氮量超过240 kg hm^-2 (吴桥)或180 kg hm^-2 (顺义)不仅减产, 而且还显著减效的情况, 我们推荐中麦175和京冬17在黄淮麦区(北片)的施氮量为180~240 kg hm^-2, 在北部冬麦区施氮量为120~180 kg hm^-2。在此施氮量和采用春季浇2次水的节水栽培模式下, 适宜的施肥模式是基肥+拔节肥, 其施肥比例应根据土壤肥力适当调整, 如土壤肥力较差, 应适当增加基肥比例, 如土壤肥力较好, 则应减少基肥比例。

4 结论

在不同地点和不同氮肥处理下, 中麦175产量和氮肥生产率皆高于京冬17。穗数多、穗粒重稳定性好、群体活力持久、生物量高、花前干物质积累和花后干物质转运能力强、氮素吸收效率高是中麦175在不同氮水平下高产高效的重要原因。灌浆中后期的NDVI和CTD与穗数、产量和生物量呈显著或极显著正相关, 二者可协同作为评价品种肥料敏感性的指标。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	Erisman J W, Galloway J A, Sutton M S, Klimont Z, Winiwater W. How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. Nat Geosci, 2008, 1: 636-639 [本文引用:1]
[2]	霍中洋, 葛鑫, 张洪程, 戴其根, 许轲, 龚振凯. 施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 449-454 Huo Z Y, Ge X, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Xu K, Gong Z K. Effect of different nitrogen application types on N-absorption and N-utilization rate of specific use cultivars of wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 449-454 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[3]	Goulding K W T. Minimising losses of nitrogen from UK agriculture. J R Agric Soc Eng, 2004, 165: 1-11 [本文引用:1]
[4]	张福锁, 崔振岭, 王激清, 李春俭, 陈新平. 中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略. 植物学通报, 2007, 24: 687-694 Zhang F S, Cui Z L, Wang J Q, Li C J, Chen X P. Current status of soil and plant nutrient management in China and improvement strategies. Chin Bull Bot, 2007, 24: 687-694 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[5]	王志敏, 王璞, 李绪厚, 李建民, 鲁来清. 冬小麦节水省肥高产简化栽培理论与技术. 中国农业科技导报, 2006, 8(5): 38-44 Wang Z M, Wang P, Li X H, Li J M, Lu L Q. Principle and technology of water-saving fertilizer-saving high-yielding and simple cultivation in winter wheat. Rev China Agric Sci Technol, 2006, 8(5): 38-44 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[6]	潘庆民, 于振文, 王月福, 田奇卓. 公顷产9000 kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究. 作物学报, 1999, 25: 541-547 Pan Q M, Yu Z W, Wang Y F, Tian Q Z. Studies on uptake and distribution of nitrogen in wheat at the level of 9000 kg per hectare. Acta Agron Sin, 1999, 25: 541-547 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[7]	王晨阳, 朱云集, 夏国军, 朱家永, 李久星, 王永华, 罗毅. 氮肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 1998, 24: 978-983 Wang C Y, Zhu Y J, Xia G J, Zhu J Y, Li J X, Wang Y H, Luo Y. Effects of application nitrogen at the later stage on grain yield and plant physiological characteristics of super-high-yielding winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 1998, 24: 978-983 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[8]	Cormier F, Faure S, Dubreuil P, Heumez E, Beauchene K, Lafarge S, Praud S, Gouis J L. A multi-environmental study of recent breeding progress on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ). Theor Appl Genet, 2013, 126: 3035-3048 [本文引用:1]
[9]	Celine M D, Francoise D V, Julie D, Fabien C, Laure G, Akira S. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Ann Bot, 2010, 105: 1141-1157 [本文引用:1]
[10]	Xu G H, Fan X R, Miller A J. Plant nitrogen assimilation and use efficiency. Plant Biol, 2012, 63: 153-182 [本文引用:4]
[11]	Masclaux-Daubresse C, Reisdorf-Cren M, Orsel M. Leaf nitrogen remobilisation for plant development and grain filling. Plant Biol, 2008, 10: 23-36 [本文引用:1]
[12]	李兴茂, 倪胜利. 不同水分条件下广适性小麦品种中麦175的农艺和生理特性解析. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 4374-4380 Li X M, Ni S L. Agronomic and physiological characterization of the wide adaptable wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 under two different irrigation conditions. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 4374-4380 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[13]	肖永贵, 李思敏, 李法计, 张宏燕, 陈新民, 王德森, 夏先春, 何中虎. 两种施肥环境下冬小麦京411及其衍生系产量和生理性状的遗传分析. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 1333-1342 Xiao Y G, Li S M, Li F J, Zhang H Y, Chen X M, Wang D S, Xia X C, He Z H. Genetic analysis of yield and physiological traits in elite parent Jing 411 and its derivatives under two fertilization environments. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 1333-1342 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3]
[14]	何中虎, 陈新民, 王德森, 张艳, 肖永贵, 李法计, 张勇, 李思敏, 夏先春, 张运宏, 庄巧生. 中麦175高产高效广适特性解析与育种方法思考. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 3394-3403 He Z H, Chen X M, Wang D S, Zhang Y, Xiao Y G, Li F J, Zhang Y, Li S M, Xia X C, Zhang Y H, Zhuang Q S. Characterization of wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 with high yielding potential, high water and fertilizer use efficiency, and broad adaptability. Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 3394-3403 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[15]	Reynolds M P, Nagarajan S, Razzaque M A, Ageeb O A A. Heat tolerance. In: Reynolds M P, Ortiz-Monasterio J I, McNab A, eds. Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico: CIMMYT Press, 2001. pp 124-135 [本文引用:1]
[16]	Dordas C A, Sioulas C. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation, partitioning, and retranslocation in safflower ( Carthamus tintoriusL. ) as affected by nitrogen fertilization. Field Crops Res, 2009, 110: 35-43 [本文引用:4]
[17]	张宏, 周建斌, 刘瑞, 张鹏, 郑险峰, 李生秀. 不同栽培模式及施氮对半旱地冬小麦/夏玉米氮素累积、分配及氮肥利用率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 1-8 Zhang H, Zhou J B, Liu R, Zhang P, Zheng X F, Li S X. Effects of different cultivation patterns and nitrogen fertilizer on accumulation, distribution and use efficiency of nitrogen in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system on semi-dry land farming. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 1-8 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	Rampino P, Stefano Pataleo, Carmela Gerardi, Ginvanni Mita, Carla Perrotta. Drought stress response in wheat: physiological and molecular analysis of resistant and sensitive genotypes. Plant, Cell & Environ, 2006, 29: 2143-2152 [本文引用:1]
[19]	赵鹏, 何建国, 熊淑萍, 马新明, 张娟娟, 王志强. 氮素形态对专用小麦旗叶酶活性及自理蛋白质和产量的影响. 中国农业大学学报, 2010, 15(3): 29-34 Zhao P, He J G, Xiong S P, Ma X M, Zhang J J, Wang Z Q. Studies on the effects of different nitrogen forms on enzyme activity in flag leaves in wheat and protein and yield of grain for specialized end-uses. J China Agric Univ, 2010, 15(3): 29-34 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	李升东, 王法宏, 司纪升, 孔令安, 冯波, 张宾. 不同基因型小麦NDVI值与产量的关系. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008, 26(6): 47-50 Li S D, Wang F H, Si J S, Kong L A, Feng B, Zhang B. The relationship between normalized difference vegetation index and yield of different genotype wheat varieties. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2008, 26(6): 47-50 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	Blad B L, Bauer A, Hatfield J L, Hubbard K G, Kanemasu E T, Reginato R. J. Influence of water and nitrogen levels on canopy temperatures of winter wheat grown in the North American Great Plains. Agric For Meteorol, 1988, 44: 159-173 [本文引用:2]
[22]	Hegde D M. Effect of irrigation and N fertilization on water relation, canopy temperature, yield, N uptake and water use of onion. Indian J Agric Sei, 1986, 56: 858-867 [本文引用:2]
[23]	Anten N P R, Schieving F, Werger M J A. Patterns of light and nitrogen distribution in relation to whole canopy carbon gain in C₃ and C₄ mono and dicotyledonous species. Oecologia, 1995, 101: 504-513 [本文引用:1]
[24]	Ehdaie B, Alloush G A, Madore M A, Waines J G. Genotype variation for stem reserves and mobilization in wheat: II. Postanthesis changes in internode water-soluble carbohydrates. Crop Sci, 2006, 46: 2094-2104 [本文引用:1]
[25]	Mullen R W, Freeman K W, Raun W L, Raun W R, Johnson G V, Stone M L, Solie J B. Identifying an in-season response index and the potential to increase wheat yield with nitrogen. Agron J, 2003, 95: 347-351 [本文引用:1]
[26]	李法计, 肖永贵, 金松灿, 夏先春, 陈新民, 汪洪, 何中虎. 京411及其衍生系苗期氮和磷利用效率相关性状的遗传分析. 麦类作物学报, 2015, 35: 737-746 Li F J, Xiao Y G, Jin S C, Xia X C, Chen X M, Wang H, He Z H. Genetic analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency related traits at seeding stage of Jing 411 and its derivatives. J Triticeae Crops, 2015, 35: 737-746 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	Babar M A, van Ginkel M, Klatt A R, Prasad B, Reynolds M P. The potential of using spectral reflectance indices to estimate yield in wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Euphytica, 2006, 150: 155-172 [本文引用:1]
[28]	Chen J, Liang Y, Hu X, Wang X, Tan F, Zhang H, Ren Z, Luo P. Physiological characterization of stay green wheat cultivars during the grain filling stage under field growing conditions. Acta Physiol Plant, 2010, 32: 875-882 [本文引用:1]
[29]	Christopher J T, Manschadi A M, Hammer G, Borrell A K. Developmental and physiological traits associated with high yield and stay-green phenotype in wheat. Aust J Agric Res, 2008, 59: 354-364 [本文引用:1]
[30]	Fan T, Balta M, Rudd J, Payne W A. Canopy temperature depression as a potential selection criterion for drought resistance in wheat. Agric Sci China, 2005, 4: 793-800 [本文引用:1]
[31]	吴中伟, 樊高琼, 王秀芳, 郑亭, 陈溢, 李金刚, 郭翔. 不同氮肥用量及其生育期分配比例对四川丘陵区带状种植小麦氮素利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 1338-1348 Wu Z W, Fan G Q, Wang X F, Zheng T, Chen Y, Li J G, Guo X. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels and application stages on nitrogen utilization of strip-relay-intercropping wheat in Sichuan Hilly Areas. J Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 1338-1348 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[32]	李廷亮, 谢英荷, 洪坚平, 冯倩, 孙丞鸿, 王志伟. 施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 704-711 Li T L, Xie Y H, Hong J P, Feng Q, Sun C H, Wang Z W. Effects of nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic characteristics, yield and nitrogen utilization in rainfed winter wheat in southern Shanxi. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 704-711 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2008

0.0

... 氮素是作物生长发育和增产的重要营养元素之一^[1,2], 但大量施氮不仅增加生产成本, 而且容易导致土壤养分失衡和环境污染^[3] ...

2004

0.0

霍中洋, 葛鑫, 张洪程, 戴其根, 许轲, 龚振凯. 施氮方式对不同专用小麦氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 449-454

Huo Z

, Ge

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Xu

, Gong Z

Effect of different nitrogen application types on N-absorption and N-utilization rate of specific use cultivars of wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 449-454 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The study was carried out in 2000－2002. Two specific use varieties of wheat, Jinan 17 and Shaannong 229 were used for the effect of different nitrogen application methods on N-absorption and N-utilization rate. The results indicated that N-absorption intensity, N-translocation efficiency and contri

以两类不同专用小麦为材料，研究了不同施氮量、基追比和追氮时期对其氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明：强筋小麦济南17在生育中后期吸氮强度、氮素的转运效率和转运氮的贡献率，以及相同处理的蛋白质产量、氮肥利用率和氮素吸收效率均高于中筋小麦陕农229。在本试验中，济南17以施氮量为262.5～328.1 kg/hm2、追肥分拔

... 氮素是作物生长发育和增产的重要营养元素之一^[1,2], 但大量施氮不仅增加生产成本, 而且容易导致土壤养分失衡和环境污染^[3] ...

2004

0.0

... 氮素是作物生长发育和增产的重要营养元素之一^[1,2], 但大量施氮不仅增加生产成本, 而且容易导致土壤养分失衡和环境污染^[3] ...

2007

0.0

张福锁, 崔振岭, 王激清, 李春俭, 陈新平. 中国土壤和植物养分管理现状与改进策略. 植物学通报, 2007, 24: 687-694

Zhang F

, Cui Z

, Wang J

, Li C

, Chen X

Current status of soil and plant nutrient management in China and improvement strategies.

Chin Bull Bot, 2007, 24: 687-694 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Aiming at important challenges faced by Chinese agricultural production, including increased fertilizer application without yield increase, excessive soil nutrient accumulation, over-application of chemical fertilizers and declining nutrient use efficiency, this paper reviews the historical development and research advances into soil and plant nutrient management in China. It discusses the need for Chinese plant nutrition research not only to follow international cutting-edge research advances but also closely combine Chinese agricultural production practices to contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture by significantly improving both nutrient use efficiency and crop yield.

针对当前我国农业生产面临增肥不增产、土壤养分过量累积、化肥施用过量和养分利用效率下降等重大问题, 本文综述了中国土壤养分与植物营养状况的历史演变和研究进展, 提出中国植物营养科学研究应在跟踪国际科学前沿的同时, 紧密结合中国农业生产实际, 通过大幅度提高养分效率和作物产量为农业可持续发展做出应有的贡献。

... 近年来, 在华北小麦主产区, 氮肥过量施用导致增产效益和氮素利用效率下降的现象较为明显^[4], 提高氮素利用效率是小麦生产可持续发展的必然要求^[5] ...

2006

0.0

王志敏, 王璞, 李绪厚, 李建民, 鲁来清. 冬小麦节水省肥高产简化栽培理论与技术. 中国农业科技导报, 2006, 8(5): 38-44

Wang Z

, Wang

, Li X

, Li J

, Lu L

Principle and technology of water-saving fertilizer-saving high-yielding and simple cultivation in winter wheat.

Rev China Agric Sci Technol, 2006, 8(5): 38-44 (in Chinese with English abstract)

同步提高子粒产量和水肥利用效率对于我国华北地区小麦生产的可持续发展具有重要意义.我们经多年研究在严重缺水的河北省沧州地区建立了"冬小麦节水、省肥、高产、简化栽培‘四统一'技术体系",使小麦高产和资源高效相结合.本文总结了这一栽培体系的主要原理,并介绍了技术的主要环节.

1999

0.0

潘庆民, 于振文, 王月福, 田奇卓. 公顷产9000 kg小麦氮素吸收分配的研究. 作物学报, 1999, 25: 541-547

Pan Q

, Yu Z

, Wang Y

, Tian Q

Studies on uptake and distribution of nitrogen in wheat at the level of 9000 kg per hectare.

Acta Agron Sin, 1999, 25: 541-547 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：与７５００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２小麦相比较，９０００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２小麦氮素吸收量和氮素生产力显著提高，开花后吸氮强度显著提高。开花期叶片氮素分配量增加但分配比例降低；穗根系的氮素分配量和分配比例均提高；成熟期和籽粒的氮素分配量和分配比例增提高；开花后营养器官的氮素向籽粒转移量增加但转移率差异不显著；籽粒品质改善。

... 为解决我国作物生产中肥料利用效率低、损失严重的问题, 前人对如何通过合理的栽培措施以提高生产效率进行了大量研究, 并提出了氮肥后移、以水控肥和以肥调水等高产优质栽培技术^[6,7] ...

1998

0.0

王晨阳, 朱云集, 夏国军, 朱家永, 李久星, 王永华, 罗毅. 氮肥后移对超高产小麦产量及生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 1998, 24: 978-983

Wang C

, Zhu Y

, Xia G

, Zhu J

, Li J

, Wang Y

, Luo

Effects of application nitrogen at the later stage on grain yield and plant physiological characteristics of super-high-yielding winter wheat.

Acta Agron Sin, 1998, 24: 978-983 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：在小麦超高产栽培条件下，研究了氮肥不同追施时期追施量对籽粒产量及植株生理特性的影响。结果表明，超高产小麦施氮量以２４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，基追比例５：５为宜，追氮量过少或过多均不利于进一步提高小麦产量。氮肥不同追施时期对小麦产量也有不同的影响，小花雌雄蕊分化期和药隔形成期追肥可明显改善植株后期光合性能，降低叶片气孔阻力，并使植株体内保持高水平的保护酶活性，降低后期细胞膜脂过氧化水平，延缓植株衰老，从而

2013

0.0

... 但是, 由于对品种间肥料利用效率的遗传差异重视不够, 导致其遗传改良进展缓慢^[8] ...

2010

0.0

... 已有的研究虽然在多方面探索了作物肥料吸收利用机制^[9,10], 但尚不明确作物氮肥敏感性的品种评价指标, 并缺乏大田条件下快速检测的方法 ...

2012

0.0

... 已有的研究虽然在多方面探索了作物肥料吸收利用机制^[9,10], 但尚不明确作物氮肥敏感性的品种评价指标, 并缺乏大田条件下快速检测的方法 ...

... 氮肥偏生产力(PFP_N) = 籽粒产量/施氮量^[10], 氮素吸收效率(NUpE) = 植株氮素积累量/施氮量^[10], 氮素利用效率(NUtE) = 籽粒产量/植株氮素积累量^[10] ...

2008

0.0

... 当前大面积推广的品种多在高肥条件下选育而成, 对土壤肥力和施肥量要求较高^[11] ...

2015

0.0

李兴茂, 倪胜利. 不同水分条件下广适性小麦品种中麦175的农艺和生理特性解析. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 4374-4380

Li X

, Ni S

Agronomic and physiological characterization of the wide adaptable wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 under two different irrigation conditions.

Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 4374-4380 (in Chinese with English abstract)

[目的]探讨小麦广适性品种在不同水分条件下的农艺和生理特征,为广适性新品种培育提供参考依据。[方法]2011—2012年和2012—2013年,选用节水品种京冬8号、高产抗倒品种矮抗58与广适性品种中麦175,在干旱和充分供水2个水分处理下,分别在河北省高邑原种场和北京中国农业科学院作物科学研究所中圃场种植,小区间随机区组设计。测定株高、抽穗期、籽粒产量和产量三要素等农艺学性状,以及春季苗期植被覆盖度(GC)、抽穗前植被归一化指数(NDVIv)、灌浆中期植被归一化指数(NDVIg)、抽穗前叶绿素含量(SPADv)、灌浆中期叶绿素含量(SPADg)、灌浆中期叶片衰老等级评分(LSS)、抽穗前叶面积指数(LAIv)、灌浆中期叶面积指数(LAIg)、叶片衰老速率(LSR)和叶片卷曲度(LRS)等生理性状,比较研究不同类型品种间的性状差异。[结果]穗粒数、LAIg和SPADv品种间差异不显著,其他性状品种间存在显著差异。与干旱条件相比,充分灌水条件下中麦175、京冬8号和矮抗58的籽粒产量分别增加1 072.6、1 274和991.7 kg·hm-2,穗数分别增加104、15和47个/m2,千粒重分别增加0.9、1.8和1.7 g,株高分别增加7.2、9和6.2 cm,抽穗分别推迟3、2和3 d。中麦175产量和穗数较其他品种高647.3-1 505.8 kg·hm-2和38-68.8个/m2。中麦175的平均株高、GC、NDVIv、NDVIg、SPADg、LSR和干旱环境下LRS分别是75.8 cm、13.2%、0.64、0.55、56.5、14.10和4.0;其产量、千粒重、株高、SPADg和LAIv的水分敏感指数分别为0.86、0.64、0.94、0.61和0.57。[结论]广适性品种中麦175穗数多,苗期繁茂性好,株高中等,株型紧凑,抽穗后植被指数低,叶片衰老速度慢;干旱条件下叶片发生明显卷曲,但叶绿素含量较高,叶功能好;产量、千粒重和株高的水分敏感性低,而穗数和穗粒数的水分敏感性较高,灌浆中期的叶绿素含量和抽穗前叶面积指数对水分不敏感。以上这些特性使其在水旱条件下均表现出高产。

... 中麦175通过了北部冬麦区水地和黄淮旱肥地2次国家审定以及北京、山西、河北、青海和甘肃5省(市)品种审定, 并已在这些地区大面积推广, 具有广泛的适应性^[12] ...

2015

0.0

肖永贵, 李思敏, 李法计, 张宏燕, 陈新民, 王德森, 夏先春, 何中虎. 两种施肥环境下冬小麦京411及其衍生系产量和生理性状的遗传分析. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 1333-1342

Xiao Y

, Li S

, Li F

, Zhang H

, Chen X

, Wang D

, Xia X

, He Z

Genetic analysis of yield and physiological traits in elite parent Jing 411 and its derivatives under two fertilization environments.

Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 1333-1342 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Understanding the genetics of the traits related to yield potential, stability and high fertilizer-use efficiency is important for breeding new varieties. The elite parent Jing 411 has been widely used in wheat breeding programs in Northern Winter Wheat Region. In this study, Jing 411 and its 14 derivatives were sown in normal fertilized and no-fertilized environments to assess the changes in yield stability and fertilizer-use efficiency. Grain yield and harvest index increased following the generation advance, particularly harvest index increased significantly ( P < 0.05). Zhongmai 175 showed high and stable grain yield and above ground biomass under two fertilized environments, mainly due to its high fertilizer-uptake efficiency. Canopy temperature was significantly associated with grain yield ( P < 0.05), and leaf area index, and photosynthetic rate were significantly correlated with harvest index ( P < 0.05). Several important loci associated with yield and physiological traits were found in A and B genomes. Three new loci for grains per spike, leaf area index, and photosynthetic rate were detected on chromosomes 2B, 3A, and 5A, respectively. Furthermore, 31 positive genetic loci for yield and physiological traits were detected in elite parent Jing 411, and two derivatives, CA0958 and Zhongmai 175, had the most positive loci than others, accounting for 53.85% and 51.35%, respectively. Zhongmai 175 had higher yield potential and stability under different fertilizer environments, possibly due to the presence of positive loci for yield and physiological traits.

明确高产广适性与肥料高效利用相关性状的遗传特性对培育优良新品种具有重要意义。本研究以京411及其衍生后代共15个品种(系)为材料, 在4个正常施肥和1个常年不施肥环境下研究品种(系)的产量构成因素和生理性状, 结合90K SNP芯片, 解析骨干亲本携带的产量和生理性状等位基因信息, 探讨优异基因对高产品种的贡献。结果表明, 正常施肥环境下, 京411衍生后代的产量和收获指数均随世代增加呈逐渐上升趋势, 其中收获指数增加较为显著( P < 0.05)。冠层温度对籽粒产量有重要贡献( P < 0.05), 而叶面积指数和光合速率对收获指数有显著贡献( P < 0.05)。两种施肥条件下中麦175具有较高且稳定的产量和生物学产量, 主要与其较高的肥料吸收效率有关。控制产量和生理性状的遗传区段主要分布在A和B基因组上, 2B、3A和5A染色体分别携带控制穗粒数、叶面积指数和光合速率的位点。京411携带31个对产量和生理性状为正向效应的等位基因, 衍生品种CA0958和中麦175携带的正向效应区段最多, 分别占正向效应位点总数的53.85%和51.35%。中麦175的高产潜力和广适应性可能与其携带较多有利等位基因有关。

... 肖永贵等^[13]对京411及其14个衍生品种(系)在正常施肥和常年不施肥条件下比较表明, 中麦175的产量皆最高 ...

... 肖永贵等^[13]发现冬小麦NDVI在不施氮和正常施氮处理间存在极显著差异, 李升东等^[20]认为不同基因型冬小麦各生育期的NDVI存在显著差异, 抽穗期的NDVI值与其干旱产量指数呈正相关 ...

... 氮素吸收效率高是其总体肥料利用效率高的关键, 这与肖永贵等^[13]研究结果一致, 与我们之前认为中麦175苗期具有较强耐低肥能力的结果相佐证^[26] ...

2015

0.0

何中虎, 陈新民, 王德森, 张艳, 肖永贵, 李法计, 张勇, 李思敏, 夏先春, 张运宏, 庄巧生. 中麦175高产高效广适特性解析与育种方法思考. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 3394-3403

He Z

, Chen X

, Wang D

, Zhang

, Xiao Y

, Li F

, Zhang

, Li S

, Xia X

, Zhang Y

, Zhuang Q

Characterization of wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 with high yielding potential, high water and fertilizer use efficiency, and broad adaptability.

Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 3394-3403 (in Chinese with English abstract)

解析中麦175的高产潜力、水肥高效特性、优良品质及广泛适应性机理将为培育突破性新品种提供理论指导和实用信息.(1)中麦175穗数容易达到750个/m2,收获指数高达0.49,穗数多和收获指数高为实现高产潜力奠定基础;矮秆及茎秆弹性好与株型紧凑、叶片小且直立为穗多、不倒伏提供保障.(2)千粒重与株高对水分反应敏感性低,灌浆中后期叶片衰老速度慢,灌浆速度快,这是其水分利用效率高和在旱肥地表现突出的主要原因;中麦175产量的水分敏感指数为0.86,而京冬8号为1.13.(3)氮肥吸收和利用效率皆高,穗粒数和千粒重对肥料敏感性低,为肥料高效利用奠定基础;在6种不同施氮水平下,中麦175的产量均高于京冬17,氮肥施用量对穗粒数和千粒重影响小.良好的根系为肥水高效利用提供保障.(4)籽粒软质,面筋强度中等偏弱、延展性好,面粉颜色亮白,为面条和馒头兼用型品质奠定基础;锌高效吸收运转使籽粒锌含量高,具备较高营养价值.(5)含有光周期不敏感基因Ppd-D1b、肥水高效、抗寒、耐高温和抗病性等为中麦 175 的广适性和跨区域种植提供保障.本研究为高产高效广适性新品种培育提供了重要经验和理论支撑.

... 另外, 对北部和黄淮麦区64份主要品种的氮和磷利用效率研究表明, 中麦175在不施氮、不施磷及氮和磷皆不施的3种处理中, 产量分别居参试品种的第1、第9和第1位, 说明中麦175为肥料高效型品种^[14] ...

2001

0.0

... 15:00 ^[15] ...

2009

0.0

... 花前干物质转运量=开花期干物质积累量-(成熟期干物质积累量-籽粒产量)^[16], 花前干物质转运率=转运量/开花期干物质积累量^[16], 花前干物质贡献率=干物质转运量/籽粒产量^[16] ...

... 收获指数=籽粒产量/生物学产量^[16] ...

2011

0.0

张宏, 周建斌, 刘瑞, 张鹏, 郑险峰, 李生秀. 不同栽培模式及施氮对半旱地冬小麦/夏玉米氮素累积、分配及氮肥利用率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 1-8

Zhang

, Zhou J

, Liu

, Zhang

, Zheng X

, Li S

Effects of different cultivation patterns and nitrogen fertilizer on accumulation, distribution and use efficiency of nitrogen in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system on semi-dry land farming.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 1-8 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted in the Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province to study the effects of different cultivation patterns and N fertilization on the accumulation, partition and use efficiency of N in maize and winter wheat rotation. The results showed that the furrow planting pattern significantly increased the N accumulation in maize during its mature stage, whereas other cultivation patterns had no significant effects on the N accumulation in the maize and wheat. Different cultivation patterns had significant effect on the N accumulation in leaves of wheat, while had no effects on other organs of maize and wheat. The contribution of N from different organs to grain increased in the order: furrow planting> conventional> straw mulching> water-controlled. Applying N fertilizer（including N 120 kg/ha and N 240 kg/ha）increased the N accumulation in the crop in comparison with the control. The N accumulation in treatment of N 240 kg/ha was significantly higher than that of N 120 kg/ha treatment. However, there were no significant differences in the N translocation from different organs to grains and partition between the two N fertilizer treatments during the anthesis stage. As the increasing of N fertilizer rates, the N use efficiency and N agronomic efficiency decreased.

在陕西关中地区进行田间试验，研究了不同栽培模式、施氮量对夏玉米和冬小麦地上部分氮素的累积、分配和利用效率的影响。结果表明: 垄沟栽培模式显著增加了成熟期夏玉米的氮素累积总量及各个器官的氮素累积量，其余处理下成熟期夏玉米和冬小麦的氮素累积量差异未达显著水平; 不同栽培模式下，小麦的各器官除叶片的氮素累积量差异达显著外，其余器官的氮素累积量均未达到显著水平; 不同栽培模式下，小麦各器官对子粒氮素的贡献为垄沟>常规>覆草>控水; 与不施氮肥相比较，施氮处理（N 120 kg/hm 2 和N 240 kg/hm 2 ）显著增加了作物氮素累积量; 两个施氮肥水平相比，高氮处理显著提高氮素累积量，但小麦花后营养器官氮素向子粒转运和分配两个水平间无显著差异; 随着氮肥用量的增加，氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学效率均呈现降低趋势。

... 随施氮量的增加, 开花前干物质积累量向籽粒转运量、转运率、对籽粒的贡献率、收获指数、氮素吸收和利用效率均呈降低趋势, 这与张宏等^[17]和Rampino等^[18]的研究结果相符, 可能与作物自身调节能力有关 ...

2006

0.0

2010

0.0

赵鹏, 何建国, 熊淑萍, 马新明, 张娟娟, 王志强. 氮素形态对专用小麦旗叶酶活性及自理蛋白质和产量的影响. 中国农业大学学报, 2010, 15(3): 29-34

Zhao

, He J

, Xiong S

, Ma X

, Zhang J

, Wang Z

Studies on the effects of different nitrogen forms on enzyme activity in flag leaves in wheat and protein and yield of grain for specialized end-uses.

J China Agric Univ, 2010, 15(3): 29-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To understand reasonable utilization of nitrogen of end-use-specific cultivars,effects of different forms of nitrogen on activity of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves and grain yield and protein in wheat were studied under pot experiments.The results showed that NH 4 ＋ -N increased activities of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves of strong-gluten cultivar,Yumai 34 and a medium-gluten cultivar,Yumai 49;while NO 3 － -N increased activities of GS and GOGAT in flag leaves of a weak-gluten cultivar,Yumai 50.NH 4 ＋ -N and NH 2 -N were beneficial but NO 3 － -N was unfavorable to enhancement of grain protein content in all the three gluten types of cultivars.A positive correlation was found between grain protein content and GS activity in flag leaves.NO 3 － -N increased grain yield of strong-gluten and weak-gluten cultivars while NH 2 -N increased grain yield of medium-gluten cultivars.

针对专用小麦栽培的氮素合理利用问题,在盆栽条件下,研究氮素形态对不同专用型小麦旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性和籽粒蛋白质及产量的影响。结果表明:铵态氮(NH 4 ＋ -N)能提高强筋小麦豫麦34、中筋小麦豫麦49旗叶的GS和 GOGAT活性,硝态氮(NO 3 － -N)则能提高弱筋小麦豫麦50旗叶的GS和 GOGAT活性。施用铵态氮和酰胺态氮(NH 2 -N)有利于提高强筋、中筋和弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量,而NO 3 － -N则不利于提高籽粒蛋白质含量。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与旗叶GS活性呈正相关。NO 3 － -N可提高强筋和弱筋小麦产量,NH 2 -N能提高中筋小麦产量。

... 而在土壤养分充足时, 作物体内硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶的活性增加^[19], 从而促进地上部生物量积累, 为籽粒灌浆提供足够的养分储备, 最终增加产量 ...

2008

0.0

李升东, 王法宏, 司纪升, 孔令安, 冯波, 张宾. 不同基因型小麦NDVI值与产量的关系. 干旱地区农业研究, 2008, 26(6): 47-50

Li S

, Wang F

, Si J

, Kong L

, Feng

, Zhang

The relationship between normalized difference vegetation index and yield of different genotype wheat varieties.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2008, 26(6): 47-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在旱地保护性耕作条件下,以11个不同基因型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为材料,研究了植被归一化指数(NDVI,Normalized difference vegetation index)与产量构成和抗旱性的关系.结果表明,不同基因型小麦各生育期的归一化植被指数(NDVI)存在显著性差异;小麦抽穗期NDVI值与其干旱产量指数呈正相关,抽穗期NDVI值较高的小麦品种其干旱产量指教也较高;本试验条件下,石麦15、石家庄8号和烟Blu6439三个小麦品种的干旱产量指教较高.

1988

0.0

... CTD作为反映环境变化对作物生长发育作用的重要指标, 已越来越多地用于抗旱、耐热和养分亏缺的研究, 一般认为增加施氮量可降低冠层温度即提高CTD, 但不同时期结果有一定差异^[21,22] ...

... 有研究表明, 开花前的光合产物对籽粒产量的贡献占3%~30%, 对抵御后期高温、干旱胁迫、维持产量稳定具有重要作用^[21] ...

1986

0.0

... 3 氮高效型品种筛选指标及施肥策略对后代品系进行多点试验及抗旱、耐热、养分胁迫、抗病性鉴定已经成为国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)小麦新品种选育的重要方式^[22] ...

1995

0.0

... 2 不同品种间产量与氮素利用效率的差异不同群体冠层结构对冠层氮素分布有明显影响, 叶片平展型群体中叶片氮素含量随叶层下移而下降的速度要快于紧凑型^[23] ...

2006

0.0

... 小麦生物量积累可分为开花前、后2个时期, 开花前贮藏碳水化合物再转运及开花后光合产物积累是籽粒产量的主要来源^[24] ...

2003

0.0

... 开花后光合产物对籽粒的贡献率占60%~80%, 是高产的主要物质来源^[25] ...

2015

0.0

李法计, 肖永贵, 金松灿, 夏先春, 陈新民, 汪洪, 何中虎. 京411及其衍生系苗期氮和磷利用效率相关性状的遗传分析. 麦类作物学报, 2015, 35: 737-746

Li F

, Xiao Y

, Jin S

, Xia X

, Chen X

, Wang

, He Z

Genetic analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency related traits at seeding stage of Jing 411 and its derivatives.

J Triticeae Crops, 2015, 35: 737-746 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Understanding the genotypic difference in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptake and utilization efficiency (NUP,PUP,NUtE,PUtE) at seedling stage is of great importance for breeding wheat cultivars with high yield,wide adaptability and high efficiency.The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic structure and components among the elite parent Jing 411 and its derivatives,totally 15 genotypes by using 90 k SNP markers.Three N treatments (Ca(NO 3 ) 2 content: 0,0.05,2.0 mmol·L -1 ) and three P treatments (KH 2 PO 4 content: 0,0.005,0.25 mmol·L -1 ) were used to identify NUtE and PUtE related traits.Large genetic variation was observed among 15 tested genotypes.Jing 411 and CA0958 performed higher nitrogen uptake (NUP) and nitrogen agronomy efficiency (NAE) than other cultivars (lines).Beijing 0045,Zhongmai 175 and CA0816R represented higher nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE),while 09 Kang 1027,CA9722,Zhongmai 415 and CA1133 represented better tolerance to low nitrogen (ATN).09 Kang 1027,Beijing 0045 and CA1133 performed higher phosphorus uptake (PUP) than other cultivars (lines),while Zhongmai 175 and CA9722 represented higher phosphorus utilization efficiency (PUtE).CA0958 and Beijing 0045 had higher phosphorus agronomy efficiency (PAE),while Zhongmai 175 and CA1055 reperesented better tolerance to low nitrogen (ATP).A and B genomes may play a more significant role than D genome.Two loci were identified on 3B and 4B chromosomes affecting PAE at low and high P level.Another two loci were detected on 1B and 2A chromosomes affecting ATP at zero and low P level.NUtE and PUtE related traits may possess the same or similar genetic background.Zhongmai 175 had more alleles same with Jing 411 and positive effects alleles of NUtE and PUtE related traits.At the same time,Zhongmai 175 represented higher NUtE and PUtE at seedling stage.Combined with high yield and fertilizer water utilization efficiency in actual production,Zhongmai 175 was considered to be an excellent derivative of Jing 411.

为了研究小麦苗期氮、磷吸收及利用效率的遗传差异，以骨干亲本京411及其14份衍生后代为材料，在3个氮处理（Ca(NO 3 ) 2 含量分别为0、0.05和2.0 mmol·L -1 ）和3个磷处理（KH 2 PO 4 含量分别为0、0.005和0.25 mmol·L -1 ）条件下分析不同基因型苗期营养利用效率及相关性状，并结合90 k SNP芯片分析氮、磷吸收及利用效率相关遗传区段，以及京411携带的重要区段的传递和分布。结果表明，供试品种（系）的氮、磷吸收及利用效率存在较大遗传变异，京411和CA0958的氮吸收量和农学效率较高，北京0045、中麦175和CA0816R的氮利用效率较高，09抗1027、CA9722、中麦415和CA1133具有较强的耐低氮能力；09抗1027、北京0045和CA1133的磷吸收量较高，中麦175和CA9722的磷利用效率较高，CA0958和北京0045具有较高的磷农学效率，中麦175和CA1055具有较强的耐低磷能力。A和B染色体组在小麦苗期氮和磷吸收及利用中的作用可能大于D染色体组。3B和4B染色体上各存在一个在低磷和高磷条件下对苗期磷利用效率均有影响的位点，1B和2A染色体上各存在一个在不施磷和低磷条件下均表现较强耐低磷能力的位点。氮、磷吸收及利用效率可能具有相同或相似的遗传背景。中麦175与骨干亲本的氮、磷吸收及利用效率相同位点较多，且含有较多的正向效应位点，同时在苗期表现出了较强的氮、磷吸收及利用效率，其在实际生产中表现为高产且水肥利用效率高，是京411的优良衍生后代。

2006

0.0

... 群体特性在一定程度上反映了作物对不同环境的适应性, 已有研究把幼苗早期活性、冠层温度、灌浆期叶片衰老等作为品种适应性和高世代育种选择标准^{[27,28,29,30]} ...

2010

0.0

2008

0.0

2005

0.0

2014

0.0

吴中伟, 樊高琼, 王秀芳, 郑亭, 陈溢, 李金刚, 郭翔. 不同氮肥用量及其生育期分配比例对四川丘陵区带状种植小麦氮素利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 1338-1348

Wu Z

, Fan G

, Wang X

, Zheng

, Chen

, Li J

, Guo

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels and application stages on nitrogen utilization of strip-relay-intercropping wheat in Sichuan Hilly Areas.

J Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 1338-1348 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】Strip-relay-intercropping is a classic wheat production pattern in Sichuan, which mainly distributes in upland of hilly areas, with corn constituting as wheat/corn complex planting system. In this study, a two-year field experiment was carried out to study effects of nitrogen(N) fertilizer levels and application stage on N accumulation, distribution and transportation, N usage and its residual in soil,providing scientifical support for the wheat production in the tested area. 【Methods】Chuanmai 42, a major wheat cultivar in local production, was used as material, a two-year field experiment was carried out inRenshou county, Sichuan Province.Spilt-plot experiment wasdesigned, the main-plot was N application rate in four levels (90, 135, 180 and 225kg/ha), and the sub-plot was N distribution with the ratio of base fertilizer, seedling fertilizer, jointing fertilizer and booting fertilizer in four levels (10:0:0:0, 7:3:0:0, 7:0:3:0, 5:1:2:2), and no fertilizer (CK) as control. 【Results】1) The total N accumulation of aboveground plants at the maturity are increased significantly with the application of nitrogen fertilizer. The N accumulation amounts in vegetative organs at the flowering as well as in leaves and stems at the maturity are increased with the increase of N levels, and the contribution rate of translocated N to grain exhibits the same tendency. The N assimilation and the contribution rate to grain at the post-anthesis are increased first and then declined with the increase of N levels, peaking at the N rate of 135kg/ha. Simultaneously, the N assimilation at the post-anthesis and the contribution rate to grain are improved effectively by the dressing ratio of 7:3(base fertilizer: jointing fertilizer). On other hand, the N application with dressing ratio of 5:1:2:2(base fertilizer: seedling fertilizer: jointing fertilizer: earing fertilizer) effectively promotes the translocation of storage nitrogen before the anthesis from vegetative organs to grain, increases the residual nitrogen in vegetative organs at the maturity, and decreases the allocation proportion of nitrogen in grain. 2) With the increase of nitrogen levels, the N use efficiency and N productivity of wheat are decreased, while thecontents of total N, NO - 3 -N and NH + 4 -N in soil are increased.Total basal application or top dressing at the elongation stage significantly raise N residues in soil when N application rates areN 180-225 kg/ha, whereas the split dressing and higher dressing ratio could mediate this problem. 3) The relationship between the N application rate and grain yield can be illustrated by a quadratic fitting, i.e. per 100 kg grain needs 3.6 kg nitrogen in average. The highest grain yield of 4800kg/ha (The following year, 4706kg/ha) is obtained under this nitrogen strategy in which nitrogen level is 180kg/ha with the dressing ratio of 7:3 (base fertilizer: jointing fertilizer), which could bring 25.6% additional yield compared with control. 【Conclusions】Comprehensively ansidering the grain yield, N use characteristics and N residues in soil,under the prerequisite of over 4650kg/ha yield guaranteed, N application rate should be properly decreased and adopt backward and split application pattern. In our case, N application rate of 135-180kg/ha, basalto devessing at the elongation stage of 7:3 is the recommended.

【目的】带状种植是四川小麦的典型种植方式,主要分布在丘陵旱地,与玉米构成“小麦/玉米”复合种植系统。本文通过两年大田试验研究了不同氮肥用量和生育期分配比例对四川丘陵旱地带状种植小麦氮素吸收累积、分配与转运的影响,以及氮素利用效率和土壤氮残留问题,筛选适合于该地区带状种植小麦的适宜氮肥用量和分配比例,为生产应用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】试验在四川省仁寿县进行,试验材料为四川主推品种川麦42,带状种植(即2 m为一带,种5行小麦,行距20 cm,小麦幅宽80 cm,预留行1.2 m),2BSF-4-5A型谷物播种机播种,密度150×10 4 plant/hm 2 。试验采用二因素裂区设计,施氮量为主区,设N 90(N1)、 135(N2)、 180(N3)、 225(N4) kg/hm 2 4个水平;生育期分配比例为裂区,设基肥一次性施入(R1)、底肥:苗肥=7:3(R2)、底肥:拔节肥=7:3(R3)和底肥:苗肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2(R4)4个水平,并以不施肥(CK)为对照。【结果】 1)施用氮肥后收获期地上部植株总吸氮量显著提高,开花期植株各营养器官氮素积累量、成熟期叶和茎鞘中氮素残留量以及转运氮的贡献率均随施氮量的增加而增加,而花后氮素同化量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率随施氮量增加呈先增后降的趋势,在施氮量为N 135kg/hm 2 时达最大。底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有利于提高花后氮素同化量及其对籽粒氮贡献率,而底肥:苗肥:拔节肥:孕穗肥=5:1:2:2的施氮方式有效地促进了花前贮存氮素向籽粒转移,同时也增加了成熟期氮素在营养器官中的残留,降低了氮素在籽粒中的分配比例;2)氮利用效率和植株氮生产力均随施氮量的增加而降低,土壤中残留的全氮、 NO - 3 -N及NH + 4 -N含量则随施氮量的增加而增加;在施氮量较高(N 180 225kg/hm 2 )的条件下,底肥一次施极大地增加了土壤中氮的残留,且随施氮量增加,拔节期一次性追肥土壤中氮残留也增加,氮肥分次追施和加大分配比例能够有效降低土壤中的氮素残留; 3)在四川丘陵旱地套作条件下,施氮量和籽粒产量的关系可用二次曲线方程来拟合,平均每生产100 kg籽粒需N 3.6 kg;施氮量为180kg/hm 2 、分配比例为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时籽粒产量最高,可达4800kg/hm 2 (第二年4706kg/hm 2 ),较CK增产27.6%(第二年增产25.6%)。【结论】综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、氮吸收利用特性以及土壤中残留氮量,在保证获得较高小麦产量(4650kg/hm 2 以上)的前提下,应适当减少氮肥用量,采取氮肥后移及分次施用的方式。本试验条件下带状种植小麦推荐的氮肥用量为N 135 180kg/hm 2 ,分配比例为底肥:拔节肥=7:3。

... 受地力、气候环境和种植模式等因素的影响, 不同地区小麦对氮肥需求量有所不同^[31] ...

... 北方小麦氮肥施用量一般为180~250 kg hm^-2, 淮北地区为195~225 kg hm^-2, 晋南旱作地区为180 kg hm^-2左右, 四川丘陵旱地为135~180 kg hm^{-2 [31,32]} ...

2013

0.0

李廷亮, 谢英荷, 洪坚平, 冯倩, 孙丞鸿, 王志伟. 施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 704-711

Li T

, Xie Y

, Hong J

, Feng

, Sun C

, Wang Z

Effects of nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic characteristics, yield and nitrogen utilization in rainfed winter wheat in southern Shanxi.

Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 704-711 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The objective of this study was to optimize the application rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer in winter wheat production in the rainfed area of southern Shanxi Province, China. In a two-year field experiment from October 2008 to June 2010, we tested the effects of N application rate on photosynthetic characteristics, grain yield and its components, and N use efficiency of wheat cultivar “Linhan 6” and the soil residual nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) in 0–200 cm soil profile after harvest under four treatments of N application (N rates of 0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha - 1 ). In the N application range tested, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), stomatal conductance ( G s ), and transpiration rate ( T r ) of flag leaf were enhanced, and intercellular CO 2 concentration ( C i ) was declined with increasing N mount. When N application level was higher than 180 kg ha - 1 , no significant changes in these photosynthetic indices, except for T r , were observed. The values of N absorption in grain, seasonal N recovery efficiency, and N agronomic efficiency in N180 treatment were the highest, which were significantly higher than those in N90 treatment. The biomass of N270 was the highest among the treatments, which was significantly different from that of other treatments; however, the treatments with N rate higher than 180 kg ha - 1 had no significant contributions to grain yield. In local wheat production, spike number and grain number per spike are the major restraints of wheat yield. Nitrogen application rates from 90 to 270 kg ha - 1 resulted in NO 3 -N residues in 0–200 cm soil layers, with the residue rate as high as 35% of the total N application amounts, particularly in 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil layers ， which caused a risk of increasing N leaching and the insensitive response of yield to N application. Therefore, in a comprehensive consideration of grain yield, N use efficiency, and NO 3 -N residue in soil, we propose the optimal N application rate of 180 kg ha - 1 in rainfed winter wheat growing in southern Shanxi Province or dryland areas with similar ecological condition to that of the experiment.

在自然降水条件下，通过 2 年大田试验研究了施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量、氮素利用效率以及 0~200 cm 土层 NO 3 -N 残留的影响。结果表明，在 0 ~270 kg hm -2 施氮量范围内，随施氮量的增加，旗叶的净光合速率和叶绿素含量增加，气孔导度增大，胞间二氧化碳浓度降低，旗叶蒸腾速率显著提高 ; 但施氮量超过 180 kg hm -2 时，除蒸腾速率外其他光合指标均无显著变化。 N180 处理的氮素当季回收率及氮素农学效率均最高，且显著高于 N90 处理。生物产量以 N270 处理最高，且与其他处理差异显著 ; 但施氮量超过 180 kg hm -2 时，氮素营养对籽粒产量不再有显著贡献。从产量构成因素来看，提高穗数和穗粒数是增加当地旱作小麦籽粒产量的关键。施氮量 90~270 kg hm -2 会造成土壤 NO 3 -N 的残留，残留量占施氮量的 35% 左右，其中 20~40 cm 和 40~60 cm 土层出现 NO 3 -N 积累峰值， NO 3 -N 残留会导致氮素淋失风险增加及产量对氮肥反应不明显。综合考虑光合特性、产量、氮素利用率和 NO 3 -N 残留量，当地旱作冬小麦施氮量以 180 kg hm -2 左右为宜。

... 北方小麦氮肥施用量一般为180~250 kg hm^-2, 淮北地区为195~225 kg hm^-2, 晋南旱作地区为180 kg hm^-2左右, 四川丘陵旱地为135~180 kg hm^{-2 [31,32]} ...