1,2,4-三氯苯对2个不同耐性水稻品种光合特性与产量的影响

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李玉, 陈璐, 严凯, 孙影, 殷毅凡, 丁秀文, 戴其根, 张洪程. . 1,2,4-三氯苯对2个不同耐性水稻品种光合特性与产量的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 42(2): 255-264
LI Yu, CHEN Lu, YAN Kai, SUN Ying, YIN Yi-Fan, DING Xiu-Wen, DAI Qi-Gen, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. . Effects of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf during Grain Filling Stage and Grain Yield of Two Rice Cultivars. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 42(2): 255-264 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

1,2,4-三氯苯对2个不同耐性水稻品种光合特性与产量的影响

李玉¹, 陈璐¹, 严凯¹, 孙影¹, 殷毅凡¹, 丁秀文¹, 戴其根^1,^2,^*, 张洪程^1,²

¹扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州225009

²扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心, 江苏扬州225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 戴其根, E-mail: qgdai@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 13701442683

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: yuli102805@126.com, Tel: 15861352196

收稿日期:2015-05-22 接受日期:2015-11-20 网络出版日期:2015-12-07

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271639)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102)资助

摘要

为明确不同类型水稻品种的响应规律, 为水稻高产稳产、安全生产提供依据。在盆栽土培条件下, 研究了5种1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)浓度(0、10、20、40、80 mg kg^-1土)对2个水稻品种(宁粳1号, 敏感; 扬辐粳8号, 耐性)灌浆期剑叶光合特性与产量的影响。结果表明, TCB的影响品种间差异显著。低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1)下, 扬辐粳8号的株高、鲜重和产量显著增加, 叶绿素含量、净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率和 q_N略有升高, 但与对照的差异不显著, 而 F_v/ F_m和 F_v/ F_o略有下降; 宁粳1号的净光合速率、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率、 Φ_PSII、 F_v/ F_m、 F_v/ F_o、 q_p和产量略有下降, 气孔导度显著降低。在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下, 宁粳1号的光合参数、产量、株高、地上部和地下部鲜重均显著降低, 而扬辐粳8号略有降低, 表现出较强耐性; 在中高浓度TCB (40 mg kg^-1, 80 mg kg^-1)处理下, 2个水稻品种的光合特性、株高、鲜重和产量均受显著抑制, 且以宁粳1号的降幅较大。TCB对水稻光合特性与产量的影响不仅与其浓度有关, 且存在显著品种间差异, 耐性水稻品种表现出低浓度TCB处理对其株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量、光合特性及其产量有一定的促进作用, 在中高浓度TCB处理时表现出较强的耐性, 受胁迫程度小。

关键词: 水稻品种; 灌浆期; 1; 2; 4-三氯苯; 光合特性; 产量

Effects of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf during Grain Filling Stage and Grain Yield of Two Rice Cultivars

LI Yu¹, CHEN Lu¹, YAN Kai¹, SUN Ying¹, YIN Yi-Fan¹, DING Xiu-Wen¹, DAI Qi-Gen^1,^2,^*, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,²

¹ Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

² Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:This study was support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271639) and the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102)

Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted, using two rice cultivars Ningjing 1 (TCB sensitive) and Yangfujing 8 (TCB tolerant), with five concentration treatments (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg TCB per kg dry soil) to explore the responses of two rice cultivars to TCB, and provide the basis for the high, stable, and safe production of rice. The results indicated that significant differences were found in the effects of TCB treatments on grain yield and photosynthetic parameters of flag leaf between the two cultivars. Plant height, fresh weight, and yield were significantly increased, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and q_N were slightly increased, while F_v/ F_m and F_v/ F_o were slightly decreased in the low TCB concentration (10 mg kg^-1) treatment of Yangfujing 8. Under the same condition, the net photosynthetic rate, CO₂ intercellular concentration, transpiration rate, Φ_PSII, F_v/ F_m, F_v/ F_o, q_p, yield in Ningjing 1 were slightly declined with significant reduction of stomatal conductance. The photosynthetic characteristics, yield, plant height, fresh weight in Ningjing 1 were decreased significantly, while Yangfujing 8 showed more resistance and adaptation to TCB at 20 mg kg^-1. Both cultivars showed significant decrease in growth, photosynthesis and yield in treatments with high TCB concentrations (40 and 80 mg kg^-1), with the greater decrements in Ningjing 1. The effect of TCB on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of rice was not only related to TCB concentration, but also to cultivars. Low TCB levels slightly promoted the plant height, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics and rice yield in Yangfujing 8 that showed stronger tolerance to TCB than Ningjing 1, under high TCB concentrations (40 and 80 mg kg^-1).

Keyword: Rice cultivar; Grain-filling stage; 1; 2; 4-three chlorobenzene; Photosynthetic characteristics; Yield

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氯苯类有机化合物(chlorobenzenes, CB)是一类在合成染料、芳香剂、农药、制药、油漆等工农业生产中有着广泛用途的化工产品, 这类化合物易挥发、化学性质稳定, 是环境中分布广、难降解的一类污染物, 且具有致突变性、致癌性和致畸性^[1], 已先后被美国环境保护局(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 简称EPA)、欧洲、中国列入优先控制污染物名单^{[2, 3]}。美国、英国、加拿大等国城市污泥中CB的含量通常为0.1~50.0 mg kg^-1, 主要在1.0~ 10.0 mg kg^-1之间, 少数在50.0 mg kg^-1以上, 个别高的达153.2 mg kg^{-1[4, 5, 6, 7]}。中国部分城市污泥中CBs化合物的总含量(CBs)在0.01~6.92 mg kg^-1之间^[8], 珠三角、长三角、环渤海湾等地区和沈阳、兰州、西安等城市的污泥、土壤及地下水中都可检测出1, 2, 4-TCB, 其中在水中浓度可达1.55 μ g L^-1, 污泥中含量高达2.93 mg kg^{-1 [9, 10]}。

随着我国工业的发展, 氯苯类有机化合物进入到农田生态系统中, 对农业生产和粮食安全的影响已引起广泛的关注。水稻是我国第一大粮食作物, 氯苯类有机化合物对水稻影响的研究以往主要集中在苗期^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}、分蘖期^[15]生理响应和稻米产量、品质^{[16, 17]}等方面, 而对光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的研究很少^[18]。灌浆期是决定水稻产量和品质的关键时期, 光合作用是这一时期最重要的物质基础^[19]。叶绿素荧光动力学是研究植物光合特性的新技术, 也是研究植物与逆境胁迫关系的理想探针, 尤其在鉴定评价作物的耐逆境能力等方面的应用越来越多, 因此研究氯苯类有机污染物对灌浆期叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的影响具有重要意义。

本文以前期筛选出1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫耐性显著差异的水稻品种^[15]为材料, 研究1, 2, 4-三氯苯对水稻灌浆期光合特性及产量的影响机理及品种间差异, 以期为水稻安全生产、高产稳产提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

选用敏感品种宁粳1号和耐性品种扬辐粳8号, 两者均为前期筛选出的对1, 2, 4-三氯苯不同耐性水稻的代表品种^[15]。

所用的1, 2, 4-三氯苯(TCB)为化学纯, 含量≥ 98.5%, 购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。

1.2 试验设计

2013年和2014年在扬州大学农牧场(32.39° N, 119.42° E)进行盆栽试验, 塑料盆钵直径25 cm、高30 cm, 装土15 kg。土壤取自农场稻田耕层, 为沙壤土, 经3 mm孔径过筛, 土壤pH 7.12, 含全氮0.14%、速效磷35.1 mg kg^-1、速效钾88.3 mg kg^-1、有机质15.2 g kg^-1。每盆施尿素2 g, 磷酸二氢钾0.5 g作为基肥, 用稀硫酸调节pH至5.0~5.5之间。

根据前人相关研究^{[15, 18, 20]}和预备试验结果, 设置每千克土0 (对照)、10、20、40、80 mg 1, 2, 4-TCB 5个处理, 各处理重复8次。按处理浓度将1, 2, 4-TCB溶液(丙酮作为溶剂)加入土中, 充分搅拌均匀, 加水浸泡放置3 d后, 于7月10日移栽, 每盆栽3穴, 每穴双本。水稻秧苗三叶一心, 秧龄18 d。整个生长季在通风透光避雨玻璃棚, 以防氯苯淋失, 其他栽培管理同大田。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 形态指标的测定在水稻灌浆期(抽穗后20 d), 从各品种各处理取代表性植株5穴(10株), 测量株高、地上部和地下部鲜重。

1.3.2 叶绿素含量的测定采用SPAD-502型叶绿素计测定灌浆期水稻主茎剑叶叶绿素含量, 各品种处理重复5次。

1.3.3 光合特性的测定在水稻灌浆期(抽穗后20 d)测定不同处理的水稻主茎剑叶光合特性, 各品种处理重复5次。在上午9:00— 11:00, 采用Li-6400型便携式光合分析系统测定水稻主茎上剑叶的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(G_r)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和环境CO₂浓度(C_a)。测定时采用固定红蓝光源, 光量子密度设为1500 μ mol m^-2 s^-1, 空气温度为31℃, 空气中CO₂浓度为380 μ mol mol^-1左右。

1.3.4 叶绿素荧光参数的测定在水稻灌浆期取主茎剑叶, 采用Mini-PAM荧光仪(HeinzWalz德国产)测定, 各品种处理重复5次, 测定前首先将叶片暗处理30 min。用一束小于0.1 μ mol的测量光照射经过充分暗适应的叶片, 得到初始荧光F_o, 打开一个饱和脉冲光得到暗适应下最大荧光F_m, 打开内源光化光(600 μ mol m^-2 s^-1), 待实际原初光能捕获效率Φ _PSII (作用光存在时PSII的原初光能捕获效率)稳定后, 关闭作用光, 立即照射远红外光; 由仪器自动计算出光化学猝灭参数q_p、非光化学猝灭参数q_N。

光系统II (PSII)的实际光化学效率Ф _PSII= Δ F/F_m′ = (F_m′ -F)/F_m′ ; 光系统II (PSII)最大光化学效率F_v/F_m= (F_m-F_o)/F_m; 光系统II (PSII)潜在活性F_v/F_o= (F_m-F_o)/F_o; 光化学淬灭系数q_P= (F_m′ -F)/F_v′ = 1-(F-F_o′ )/(F_m′ -F_o′ ); 非光化学淬灭系数q_N= (F_v-F_v′ )/F_v= 1-(F_m′ -F_o′ )/(F_m-F_o)^{[21, 22]}。

1.3.5 产量及其构成因素的测定成熟期, 从各品种各处理取2盆水稻, 测定穗数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和产量。

1.4 数据分析与作图

2013年与2014年两年主要试验数据变化趋势相似, 本文取2014年更为系统的数据, 采用Microsoft Excel 2007整理数据, 用DPS软件进行方差分析与多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种灌浆期株高与生物量的影响

方差分析表明(表1), 株高、地上部和地下部鲜重在两品种间以及不同1, 2, 4-TCB浓度间均具极显著差异, 且品种与TCB处理之间存在极显著的互作效应。在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 敏感品种宁粳1

号的株高、鲜重与对照的差异不显著, 而耐性品种扬辐粳8号的株高、地上部和地下部鲜重分别比对照增加0.93%、3.13%和3.39%, 差异显著; 在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下, 宁粳1号的株高和鲜重极显著低于对照, 而扬辐粳8号与对照的差异不显著; 随着TCB浓度的进一步提高, 2个水稻品种的上述各项生长指标均极显著低于对照, 且以宁粳1号的降幅较大。

表1 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种灌浆盛期株高与生物量的影响 Table 1 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on plant height and biomass of the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage

2.2 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种灌浆期叶绿素含量的影响

叶绿素是光合作用中能量转化的物质基础, 其含量是衡量叶片衰老和光合功能的一个重要参数。方差分析表明TCB对2个水稻品种叶片叶绿素含量的影响存在显著差异, 如图1所示, 未进行TCB处理时, 2个水稻品种叶片叶绿素含量差异不显著; 在10 mg kg^-1、20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 扬辐粳8号叶片叶绿素含量略有升高, 而宁粳1号在20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下已极显著低于对照; 随着TCB浓度的进一步提高, 2个水稻品种叶片叶绿素含量均极显著降低, 且以宁粳1号降幅较大。

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图1 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)的影响
柱上标以不同大、小写字母分别表示其差异为0.01和0.05显著水平。Fig. 1 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on chlorophyll content (value of SPAD) of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels,
respectively.

2.3 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种灌浆期叶片光合特性的影响

2.3.1 对灌浆盛期叶片光合作用的影响方差分析表明1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种灌浆期叶片的光合特性的影响存在极显著差异。如图2所示, 在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 扬辐粳8号略有升高, 而宁粳

1号的光合速率略有降低且与对照差异不显著; 在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下, 宁粳1号已开始极显著降低, 而扬辐粳8号与对照差异不显著; 随着TCB浓度的升高2个水稻品种光合速率均开始极显著降低, 且以宁粳1号降幅较大。

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图2 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片光合速率的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 2 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on net photosynthetic rate of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

由图3可知, 在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 扬辐粳8号气孔导度与对照差异不显著, 而宁粳1号已显著低于对照; 在20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 扬辐粳8号开始显著降低, 而宁粳1号已极显著低于对照; 随着TCB浓度的升高, 2个水稻品种气孔导度呈递减趋势, 且在相同TCB浓度处理下, 宁粳1号受抑制程度较大, 降幅较大。由图4可知2个水稻品种胞间CO₂浓度与气孔导度的变化趋势相一致。

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图3 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片气孔导度的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 3 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on stomatal conductance of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

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图4 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片胞间CO₂浓度的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 4 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on intercellular CO₂concentration of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

由图5可知, 低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1)处理下, 耐性品种扬辐粳8号蒸腾速率略有升高, 在20 mg

kg^-1 TCB处理下, 开始降低但差异未达到显著水平, 随着TCB浓度的进一步升高, 蒸腾速率开始极显著降低, 且在60 mg kg^-1到80 mg kg^-1TCB时下降幅度趋于缓和。敏感品种宁粳1号蒸腾速率随着TCB浓度的升高程递减趋势, 且在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理时即极显著降低, 在不同浓度TCB处理下, 降幅均大于扬辐粳8号。

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图5 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片蒸腾速率的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 5 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on transpiration rate of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability
levels, respectively.

2.3.2 对灌浆盛期剑叶叶绿素荧光的影响 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种灌浆期叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响存在显著差异。Ф _PSII反应了植物的实际光合效率, 如图6所示, 在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 2个水稻品种均与对照差异不显著, 宁粳1号略有下降; 在20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号开始极显著下降, 而扬辐粳8号与对照差异不显著; 随着TCB浓度的升高, 在40 mg kg^-1和80 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号下降14.05%、19.12%, 而扬辐粳8号下降7.06%、13.23%。

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图6 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片实际光化学效率的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 6 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on Ф _PSII of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

F_v/F_m是暗适应条件下PSII反应中心完全开放时最大光化学效率的度量, 反映了PSII反应中心最大光能转换效率, F_v/F_o表示PSII的潜在活性。由图7和图8可知2个水稻品种F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o均随TCB浓度的增加呈递减趋势, 在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号F_v/F_m与对照差异不显著, 而F_v/F_o显著降低, 扬辐粳8号F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o均与对照差异不显著; 在20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o极显著低于对照, 而扬辐粳8号显著低于对照; 随着TCB浓度的进一步升高, 2个水稻品种的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o均极显著降低, 且以宁粳1号降幅较大。

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图7 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片F_v/F_m (最大光化学效率)的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 7 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on F_v/F_m of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

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图8 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片F_v/F_o (PSII的潜在活性)的影响
标以不同大、小写字母各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 8 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on F_v/F_o of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability
levels, respectively.

由光合作用引起的荧光淬灭成为光化学淬灭(photochemical quenching, q_P), 反映了PSII反应中心的开放程度。由图9可知, 在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号q_P开始下降, 而扬辐粳8号略有升高; 在20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号极显著降低, 扬辐粳8号显著低于对照, 降幅相对较小; 随着TCB浓度的进一步升高, 在40 mg kg^-1、80 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号光化学淬灭系数与对照相比分别下降6.48%、12.41%, 而扬辐粳8号下降3.29%、9.04%, 中高浓度TCB对宁粳1号PSII反应中心的开放抑制程度相对较深。

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图9 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片q_P的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 9 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on q_P of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

由热耗散引起的荧光淬灭成为非光化学淬灭(non-photochemical quenching, q_N), 由图10可知, 2个水稻品种在10 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, q_N均呈上升趋势, 宁粳1号显著升高, 扬辐粳8号略有升高且未达到显著水平; 在20 mg kg^-1TCB处理下, 宁粳1号与对照差异不显著, 而扬辐粳8号显著高于对照; 随着TCB浓度的进一步升高, 2个水稻品种q_N均极显著下降, 且以宁粳1号降幅较大。低浓度TCB诱发2个品种自我保护机制, 热耗散能力增强, 中高浓度TCB导致PSII保护机制受损, 对宁粳1号造成的伤害较大。

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图10 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对灌浆盛期水稻叶片q_N的影响
标以不同大、小写字母的各点数值在0.01和0.05水平差异显著。Fig. 10 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on q_N of leaves in the two rice cultivars at full grain-filling stage
Values of data points labeled with different letters are significantly different at the 0.01 (capital) and 0.05 (lowercase) probability levels, respectively.

2.4 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个水稻品种产量及其构成因素的影响

由表2可知, 产量及其构成因素在两品种间以及不同1, 2, 4-TCB浓度间差异均达极显著水平, 并且品种和TCB之间具极显著的互作效应。低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1)处理下, 扬辐粳8号产量显著提高, 每盆穗数、每穗粒数、结实率略有提高, 而宁粳1号产量及其构成因素与对照差异不显著; 在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下, 宁粳1号穗数、穗粒数、结实率显著降低, 产量极显著低于对照, 而扬辐粳8号与对照相比差异不明显; 随着TCB浓度的进一步提高, 2个品种产量均极显著降低, 宁粳1号降幅较大, 在

不同浓度的TCB处理时, 2个品种水稻千粒重变化均不显著。

表2 1, 2, 4-TCB对2个水稻品种产量及其构成因素的影响 Table 2 Effect of 1, 2, 4-TCB on grain yield and its components of rice

3 讨论

3.1 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对灌浆期水稻株高、地上部和地下部鲜重的影响及品种间差异

已有研究表明, 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对小麦苗期^[23]、水稻苗期^{[11, 12, 13, 14]}、分蘖盛期^[15]以及其他高等植物的株高、干物重及相关生理活性产生严重的影响^{[24, 25]}。本研究表明, 低浓度TCB对扬辐粳8号的生长具有一定的促进作用, 株高和鲜重略有增高, 这与分蘖盛期^[15]的研究相一致, 中高浓度TCB处理下, 2个水稻品种均受到显著的抑制作用, 且宁粳1号受抑制程度大, 植株矮小, 叶色发黄, 干物重降幅较大。而扬辐粳8号表现出较强的耐性, 可能与其启动相关保护机制有关, 如诱导脂酶、醛/酮还原酶、谷胱甘肽-硫转移酶等相关的解毒酶。

3.2 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对水稻灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用的影响及品种间差异

植物叶片的叶绿素含量是衡量植物抗逆性的重要指标之一^[26]。本研究表明, 低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1、20 mg kg^-1)处理使扬辐粳8号叶片叶绿素含量有所增加, 这与王泽港的研究结果相一致^{[12, 18]}, 而宁粳1号在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下即开始显著降低, 这与分蘖盛期TCB对叶绿素含量的影响相一致^[15], 中高浓度TCB处理下, 宁粳1号降幅较大, 受胁迫程度较深。

王泽港等研究表明, TCB可以显著降低抽穗期叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)及蒸腾速率(T_r)^[18]。本研究表明, TCB对两种水稻品种灌浆期剑叶光合作用的影响存在显著差异, 低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1)下, 扬辐粳8号叶片净光合速率(P_n)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)及蒸腾速率(T_r)略有升高, 而宁粳1号叶片净光合速率(P_n)下降3.59%, 气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)及蒸腾速率(T_r)显著降低, 一般认为, 有机污染物胁迫导致植物光合速率降低的原因包括气孔限制因素和非气孔限制因素^{[27, 28]}, 在低浓度TCB处理时宁粳1号气孔导度(G_s)降幅较大, 随着TCB浓度的升高下降幅度逐渐趋于缓和, 说明TCB对宁粳1号光合作用的影响主要是气孔限制造成的。这与TCB对抽穗期光合作用的影响相一致, 中高浓度TCB处理时, 2个水稻品种均受到显著的抑制作用, 且以宁粳1号较敏感, 受抑制程度较深, 而扬辐粳8号表现出一定的耐性, 这与其蛋白质表达有关, 有关结果待发表。

3.3 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对灌浆期荧光特性的影响及品种间差异

叶绿素荧光分析技术作为植物光合作用与环境关系的内在探针^[29], 在监测作物光合性能^{[30, 31]}、作物冻害、干旱、盐碱以及病虫害等胁迫方面已有大量的研究应用^{[32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37]}, 而关于有机污染物对农作物胁迫的研究较少。已有研究表明抽穗期F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、q_P、q_N、Ф _PSII等叶绿素荧光动力学参数均随有机污染物胁迫浓度的增加而降低。本研究表明, 在低浓度TCB处理下, 宁粳1号PSII、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、q_P均开始少量下降, q_N呈上升趋势, 表明宁粳1号较为敏感, 实际光化学效率受抑制^[38], 光合电子传递受阻, 通过增加热耗散来消除因光化学效率降低所累积的过量光能^{[39, 40]}, 而扬辐粳8号启动相关保护机制, 具有较高的PSII实际光化学效率、最大光化学效率、PSII活性、可变荧光的光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数。Subhash等^[41]研究认为F_v/F_o较F_v/F_m更能敏感地反映出叶片衰老过程中光子转换效率的变化。在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下, 宁粳1号Ф _PSII显著降低, F_v/F_o比F_v/F_m更为敏感, 降幅较大, 与王泽港等^[18]研究相一致, q_P极显著降低, 表明其PSII的电子传递活性受到极显著抑制^[43], 热耗散能力降低, 而扬辐粳8号Ф _PSII、q_P开始下降且与对照差异显著, F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o显著降低, q_N极显著高于对照, 表现出其较强的耐性, 光保护能力较强。

3.4 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对产量及其构成因素的影响及品种间差异

随着TCB浓度的升高, 水稻叶片叶绿素含量总体呈下降趋势, 光合作用受到抑制, 物质积累量少, 导致水稻减产。本研究表明1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个品种水稻产量的影响存在明显差异, 低浓度TCB对扬辐粳8号产量具有一定的促进作用, 这与叶绿素含量、光合特性在低浓度条件下略有升高的表达趋势相一致。宁粳1号较敏感, 在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理时产量下降, 在中高浓度TCB处理时产量降幅更大。TCB造成减产的主要原因是穗数、穗粒数的大幅降低, 这与洛育等^[17]研究相一致, TCB胁迫导致水稻前期分蘖受抑制^[15], 进而影响穗数, 颖花分化也少, 抽穗结实期光合产物不足, 籽粒灌浆不充实, 结实率低, 不同TCB浓度处理时2个品种千粒重变化趋势不明显。

4 结论

1, 2, 4-三氯苯对2个不同耐性水稻品种灌浆期光合特性及产量的影响存在明显差异, 低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1)对耐性品种扬辐粳8号株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量、光合特性和产量具有一定的促进作用, 而对敏感品种宁粳1号具有抑制作用。在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理时对宁粳1号有显著的抑制作用, 随着TCB浓度的进一步提高, 2个品种均受到显著或极显著的抑制作用, 造成光合速率降低的原因主要是气孔限制, 宁粳1号受抑制程度大, 植株矮小, 叶色发黄, 扬辐粳8号则表现出一定耐性。结果表明, TCB对水稻光合特性与产量的影响不仅与其浓度有关, 且存在显著品种间差异。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[28]	葛江丽, 石雷, 谷卫彬, 唐宇丹, 张金政, 姜闯道, 任大明. 盐胁迫条件下甜高粱幼苗的光合特性及光系统II功能调节. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1272-1278 Ge J L, Shi L, Gu W B, Tang Y D, Zhang J Z, Jiang C D, Ren D M. Photosynthetic characteristics and the regulation of photosystem II function in salt stressed sweet sorghum seedlings. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1272-1278 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	温国胜, 田海涛, 张明如, 蒋文伟. 叶绿素荧光分析技术在林木培育中的应用. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 1973-1977 Wen G S, Tian H T, Zhang M R, Jiang W W. Application of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in forest tree cultivation. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 1973-1977 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	王北洪, 黄木易, 马智宏, 王纪华. 条锈病对冬小麦叶绿素荧光、光合及蒸腾作用的影响. 华北农学报, 2004, 19(2): 92-94 Wang B H, Huang M Y, Ma Z H, Wang J H. Effect of stripe rust on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis of winter wheat. Agta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2004, 19(2): 92-94 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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[32]	张雪芬, 陈怀亮, 郑有飞, 邹春辉, 陈东, 付祥建. 冬小麦冻害遥感监测应用研究. 南京气象学院学报, 2006, 29(1): 94-100 Zhang X F, Chen H L, Zheng Y C, Zou C H, Chen D, Fu X J. Monitoring the freezing injury of winter wheat by remote sensing. J Nanjing Inst Meteorol, 2006, 29(1): 94-100 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
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2002

0.0

宋玉芳, 周启星, 许华夏, 任丽萍, 宋雪英, 龚平. 菲、芘、1, 2, 4-三氯苯对土壤高等植物根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应. 生态学报, 2002, 21: 1945-1950

Song Y

, Zhou Q

, Xu H

, Ren L

, Song X

, Gong

Eco-toxicological effects of phenanthrene, pyrene and 1, 2, 4- trichlorobenzene in soils on the inhibition of root elongation of higher plants.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2002, 21: 1945-1950 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Ecological bioassays using higher plants were included in a test battery because vegetation is the dominant biological component of terrestrial ecosystem, and they could reflect the toxicity of hazardous chemicals in soils, therefore providing an alternative method for the evaluation of toxic effects such as adverse effects of a bioavailable fraction of pollutants in a complex soil matrix. It is well known that a reduction in toxicity of a complex mixture could not be measured by parent compound disappearan...

测定了草甸棕壤条件下 ,菲、芘、1 ,2 ,4-三氯苯对高等植物 (小麦、白菜、西红柿 )根伸长抑制率以及复合污染毒性效应。结果表明 ,菲、芘、 1 ,2 ,4-三氯苯浓度与植物根伸长抑制率呈显著线性或对数相关 (p=0 .0 5 )。 3种化学品对植物根伸长抑制的强弱顺序为 1 ,2 ,4-三氯苯 >菲 >芘。这与 3种化学品的水中溶解度大小显著相关。小麦是 3种供试植物中对有机污染物最敏感植物。菲、芘、1 ,2 ,4-三氯苯复合污染主表现为协同作用。

... 氯苯类有机化合物(chlorobenzenes, CB)是一类在合成染料、芳香剂、农药、制药、油漆等工农业生产中有着广泛用途的化工产品, 这类化合物易挥发、化学性质稳定, 是环境中分布广、难降解的一类污染物, 且具有致突变性、致癌性和致畸性^[1], 已先后被美国环境保护局(U ...

2006

0.0

... Environmental Protection Agency, 简称EPA)、欧洲、中国列入优先控制污染物名单^[2,3] ...

1990

0.0

周文敏, 傅德黔, 孙宗光. 水中优先控制污染物黑名单. 中国环境监测, 1990, 6(4): 1-3

Zhou W

, Fu D

, Sun Z

Determination of black list of China’s priority pollutants in water.

Res Environ Sci, 1990, 6(4): 1-3 (in Chinese with English abstract)

“水中优先控制污染物黑名单” 是国家环保局“七·五”科研项目“中国环境优先监测研究”的一份研究成果。于1989年4月通过部级鉴定。这份名单包括14类68种有毒化学污染物,其中有机毒物占58种,其余10种为无机污染物。“黑名单”对于我国即将加强的污染源监测及环境监测项目的增补提供了科学依据,将直接服务于环境管理。

... Environmental Protection Agency, 简称EPA)、欧洲、中国列入优先控制污染物名单^[2,3] ...

1991

0.0

... 2 mg kg^-1[4,5,6,7] ...

1989

0.0

... 2 mg kg^-1[4,5,6,7] ...

1992

0.0

... 2 mg kg^-1[4,5,6,7] ...

1994

0.0

... 2 mg kg^-1[4,5,6,7] ...

2001

0.0

莫测辉, 蔡全英, 吴启堂, 李桂荣, 王伯光, 田凯. 城市污泥中有机污染物的研究进展. 农业环境保护, 2001, 20: 273-276

Mo C

, Cai Q

, Wu Q

, Li G

, Wang B

, Tian

Research advances on organic pollutants in municipal sludge.

Agric Environ Prot, 2001, 20: 273-276 (in Chinese with English abstract)

综述了城市污泥中有机污染物的研究进展。文章指出，城市污泥含有丰富的 N、 P、 K和有机质，但它通常也含有氯酚 (CPs)、氯苯 (CBs)、硝基苯 (NBs)、多氯联苯 (PCBs)、多氯代二苯并二恶英 /呋喃 (PCDD/Fs)、邻苯二甲酸酯 (PEs)、多环芳烃 (PAHs)和有机农药等种类复杂的有机污染物而影响其农业利用。不同城市污泥中有机污染物的种类及其含量不同，与污水的来源、污泥类型及其处理方式等因素有关。堆肥处理可以在一定程度上降低城市污泥中有机污染物的含量，从而达到农业利用的目的。

... 92 mg kg^-1之间^[8], 珠三角、长三角、环渤海湾等地区和沈阳、兰州、西安等城市的污泥、土壤及地下水中都可检测出1,2,4-TCB, 其中在水中浓度可达1 ...

1992

0.0

张丽珊, 于殿臣, 刘海玲, 姚家彪, 朱岩, 尹昭华, 姜萍, 可夫. 慢速渗滤土地处理系统对沈阳西部城市污水有机污染物净化效果的研究. 应用生态学报, 1992, 3: 355-362

Zhang L

, Yu D

, Liu H

, Yao J

, Zhu

, Yin Z

, Jiang

, Ke

Purification effect of slow rate land treatment system on organic pollutants in municipal wastewater from west Shenyang.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 1992, 3: 355-362 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The purification effect of slow rate land treatment system (SR-LTS) on organic pollutants in wastewater and the residual rate of organic pollutants in soil are studied in this papter. It's shown that the sYstem has a good purifying effect on organic pollutants, most of the organic pollutants in wastewater being not detected in effluent and some priority organic pollutants in it being significantly decreased, among which, the concentrations of benzene, chlorobenzcne, 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, phenol, dibutyl-phthalate and γ-666 are much lower than the recommended quality standard of surface water, The removal efficiency for most priority organic pollutants is 95-100%, and their residual rate in soil is 0-3%.

本文研究了慢速渗滤土地处理系统对沈阳西部城市污水中有机污染物的净化效果和有机污染物在土地处理系统土壤中的残留情况。结果表明,在试验条件下,系统对有机污染物具有良好的净化效果,大多数有机污染物在系统输出水中未被检出,少数重点有机污染物在系统输出水中的浓度也明显降低,其中苯、氯苯、1,2-和1,4-二氯苯、苯酚,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、γ-666等的含量已明显低于地面水水质标准建议值。系统对绝大多数重点有机污染物的去除率达95-100%,而不同重点有机污染物在土壤中的残留率为0-3%。

... 93 mg kg^{-1 [9,10]} ...

2001

0.0

蔡全英, 莫测辉, 吴启堂, 王伯光. 城市污泥堆肥处理过程中有机污染物的变化. 农业环境保护, 2001, 20(3): 186-189

Cai Q

, Mo C

, Wu Q

, Wang B

Variation of organic pollutants in treatment of sewage sludge during composting.

Agric Environ Prot, 2001, 20(3): 186-189 (in Chinese with English abstract)

根据国内外研究资料，综述了城市污泥在堆肥处理过程中氯代酚 (CPs)、 PCDD/Fs、多环芳烃 (PAHs)类、氯苯类 (PCBs、 CBs)等有机污染物的变化，提出将城市污泥进行堆肥处理 ,可以不同程度降解其中各种有机污染物 ,达到农用的目的。有机污染物降解的效果与其种类和性质、污泥的性质、环境因素 (包括微生物类型和数量、 C/N比、水分含量、温度、通气状况 )等有关。

... 93 mg kg^{-1 [9,10]} ...

2006

0.0

杜青平, 贾晓珊, 袁保红. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生长的毒性机理. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 2185-2188

Du Q

, Jia X

, Yuan B

Toxic effects of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene on rice seed germ ination and seedling growth.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 2185-2188 (in Chinese with English abstract)

By the method of water culture, this paper studied the effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) on the seed germination and seedling growth of rice, with the chlorophyll, protein and proline contents and cytomembrane permeability of seedling leaf measured. The results showed the seed germination rate and vigor index were decreased with increasing concentration of 1,2,4-TCB, showing a definite dose-response relationship, and the seedling growth and root length were inhibited, showing definite time-response and dose-response relationships. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and protein contents in seedling leaf decreased with increasing concentration of 1,2,4-TCB, while the free proline content and cytomembrane permeability had a sharp increase when the concentration of 1,2,4-TCB was higher than 15 mg·L -1 . All of these suggested that the damage of rice seedling was a complicated process, which might be related to the structural and functional damage of cellular membrane, protein, and organelles.

以水稻为试材，采用水培方法研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、细胞膜通透性的影响.结果表明，水稻种子的萌发率和活力指数随1,2,4-TCB处理浓度的升高而逐渐降低，呈现一定的浓度-效应关系，高浓度(80和100 mg·L -1 ) 1,2,4-TCB处理组水稻种子的活力指数仅为对照组的7. 89％和1.92％，水稻幼苗的株高和根长均受到抑制，表现出一定的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.水稻叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和蛋白质含量均随1,2,4-TCB浓度的升高而降低.水稻叶片游离脯氨酸含量和细胞膜的通透性随处理浓度的升高而增加.当1,2,4-TCB处理浓度＞15 mg·L -1 时，游离脯氨酸含量和叶片细胞膜的通透性急剧增加，与对照组相比各组差异均显著( P ＜0.01).这表明1,2,4-TCB对水稻幼苗的损伤是一个复杂的过程，其机理可能与1,2,4-TCB使植物细胞膜、细胞内蛋白质和细胞器结构和功能损伤有关.

... 水稻是我国第一大粮食作物, 氯苯类有机化合物对水稻影响的研究以往主要集中在苗期^{[11,12,13,14]}、分蘖期^[15]生理响应和稻米产量、品质^[16,17]等方面, 而对光合作用、叶绿素荧光特性的研究很少^[18] ...

... 1 1,2,4-三氯苯对灌浆期水稻株高、地上部和地下部鲜重的影响及品种间差异已有研究表明, 1,2,4-三氯苯对小麦苗期^[23]、水稻苗期^{[11,12,13,14]}、分蘖盛期^[15]以及其他高等植物的株高、干物重及相关生理活性产生严重的影响^[24,25] ...

2006

0.0

王泽港, 葛才林, 万定珍, 郦志文, 罗时石, 杨建昌. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯和萘对水稻幼苗生长的影响. 农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25: 1402-1407

Wang Z

, Ge C

, Wan D

, Li Z

, Luo S

, Yang J

Effects of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene and Naphthalene on growth of rice seedling.

J Agro-Environ Sci, 2006, 25: 1402-1407 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以水稻汕优63和武运粳7号为材料,在室外遮雨塑料棚下进行培养与处理,研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)和萘(NAP)对水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理生化的影响.结果表明:①TCB和NAP对水稻种子发芽率几乎无影响,对幼苗株高、根长、根数有显著抑制作用,在水培条件下,较低浓度的TCB(10 mg·L-1)、NAP(20 mg·L-1)可显著抑制根系的伸长生长,但低浓度的有机污染物促进武运粳7号根数增加;②低浓度的TCB和NAP对水稻幼苗根系活力影响较小,但高浓度的污染物则显著抑制根系活力,影响根的吸收功能;③两有机污染物均导致水稻幼苗叶绿素含量的下降,Rubisco酶活性也明显受到抑制;④叶片中ATP含量随处理浓度增加而呈先降低后升高的变化趋势,而根系中ATP含量则呈先升高后降低的趋势;⑤地上部和根系中丙二醛(MDA)含量均随有机污染物浓度的增加而呈上升的变化趋势.研究结果显示,水中微量的1,2,4-三氯苯和萘均会明显影响水稻幼苗的生长,这对水稻育秧期水质管理具有重要的参考意义,同时, 根长可作为确定有机污染物发生事件的植物形态学参考指标.

... 本研究表明, 低浓度TCB (10 mg kg^-1、20 mg kg^-1)处理使扬辐粳8号叶片叶绿素含量有所增加, 这与王泽港的研究结果相一致^[12,18], 而宁粳1号在20 mg kg^-1 TCB处理下即开始显著降低, 这与分蘖盛期TCB对叶绿素含量的影响相一致^[15], 中高浓度TCB处理下, 宁粳1号降幅较大, 受胁迫程度较深 ...

2009

0.0

张国良, 陈文军, 仇利民, 孙国荣, 戴其根, 张洪程. 不同基因型水稻苗期对1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 733-740

Zhang G

, Chen W

, Qiu L

, Sun G

, Dai Q

, Zhang H

Physiological response to 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene stress of different rice genotypes in seedlings.

Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 733-740 (in Chinese with English abstract)

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (TCB) has pervaded in industrial and agricultural production. Because of a series of problems due to its longevity and amassment, TCB has been added into the environmental pollutant list. In order to know how TCB affects the rice seed germination, seedling growth and its physiological characteristics, the seed germination, seedling biomass, soluble protein, and malnodialdehyde (MDA) contents, as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in leaves and roots of seedlings treated with TCB were investigated in a sand culture experiment using rice cultivars, Xiangjing 20-18 ( TCB tolerant genotype )and Siyang 1382( TCB sensitive genotype ). The results indicated that TCB had little effect on the seed germination rate and index, however caused the significant reduction of seedling biomass, with Xiangjing 20-18 being more affected than Siyang 1382 . With TCB stress degree strengthening, soluble protein content of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves and roots presented an increasing tendency, while that of Siyang 1382 leaves decreased significantly, and that of its roots decreased too under treatment of high TCB concentration. O 2 ? producing velocity of leaves in two genotypes decreased firstly, then increased with increasing TCB concentration. That of Xiangjing 20-18 roots presented the same tendency, and significantly higher than the control at TCB ≥0.6 mmol kg -1 , while that of Siyang 1382 roots had no significant difference with that of the control. SOD activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves increased, and that of roots increased significantly. After TCB ≥0.2 mmol kg -1 , SOD activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves was significantly higher than that of the control, that of Siyang 1382 leaves and roots was not significantly different with that of the control. POD activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves increased firstly, then decreased, and that of roots was significantly higher than the control, while that of Siyang 1382 leaves and roots decreased significantly. CAT activity of Xiangjing 20-18 leaves was higher or significantly higher than that of the control, and that of Siyang 1382 was contrary to the result of Xiangjing 20-18. MDA content of leaves decreased firstly, then increased, being significantly higher than that of the control at high TCB concentration, and that of roots increased significantly in two genotype. In conclusion, lower reduction of seedling biomass, high protein content of leaves and roots, the better active oxygen’s elimination ability and lower MDA content in plants would be considered as the physiological traits in TCB-tolerant genotypes of rice.

利用沙培试验，研究了 6 种浓度 (0 、 0.1 、 0.2 、 0.4 、 0.6 、 0.8 mmol kg -1 沙 ) 的 1,2,4- 三氯苯 (TCB) 对两水稻品种香粳 20-18( 耐性基因型 ) 和泗阳 1382( 敏感基因型 ) 种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量以及叶片和根系的蛋白质含量、丙二醛含量 (MDA) 、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 活性、过氧化物酶 (POD) 活性、过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性等生理指标的影响。结果表明， TCB 胁迫下，水稻种子发芽率和发芽指数变化不明显，幼苗的生物量显著下降，香粳 20-18 下降幅度比泗阳 1382 小；随 TCB 胁迫程度的增强，香粳 20-18 叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量呈增加的趋势，泗阳 1382 叶片蛋白质含量显著下降，高浓度 TCB 胁迫下其根系蛋白质含量显著下降；两个基因型叶片的 O 2 ? 产生速率先降后升，香粳 20-18 根系的 O 2 ? 产生速率先降后升，高浓度 TCB 胁迫下显著高于对照，而泗阳 1382 与对照差异不显著；香粳 20-18 叶片 SOD 活性随 TCB 胁迫程度的增强呈上升趋势，低浓度 TCB 胁迫下就开始显著高于对照，根系 SOD 活性显著增强，而泗阳 1382 叶片和根系 SOD 活性与对照差异不显著；香粳 20-18 叶片 POD 活性先升后降，根系 POD 活性显著高于对照，而泗阳 1382 叶片和根系 POD 活性均显著下降；香粳 20-18 叶片 CAT 活性高于或显著高于对照，泗阳 1382 低于或显著低于对照；两个基因型叶片的 MDA 含量先降后升，高浓度 TCB 胁迫下 MDA 含量显著高于对照，根系 MDA 含量均随 TCB 胁迫程度的增强而显著增加。总之，生物量降低幅度小、叶片和根系的蛋白质含量高、抗氧化酶系统清除活性氧的能力强、 MDA 含量低是耐性基因型的主要生理特征。

2008

0.0

陈文军, 张国良, 孙国荣, 戴其根, 张洪程, 陶金飞, 孙洁, 严林锋. 水稻耐1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫基因型的苗期筛选. 中国农业科学, 2008, 27: 1003-1008

Chen W

, Zhang G

, Sun G

, Dai Q

, Zhang H

, Tao J

, Sun

, Yan L

Screening of tolerant rice genotypes to 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene stress at seedling stage.

J Agro-Environ Sci, 2008, 27: 1003-1008 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了评定不同水稻基凶型对1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)的耐性强弱,确定合适的筛选指标和筛选浓度,在人工气候箱条件下,采用发芽试验和砂培水稻幼苗的方法,对幼苗期水稻基凶型耐TCB胁迫的差异性进行了鉴定,并确定了水稻基因型耐TGB胁迫合适的筛选指标和筛选环境.结果表明,以0.35 mmol·kg-1沙浓度TCB更适合用于水稻基因型的耐性鉴定.以发芽势、发芽率、最长根长、根数、株高、地上部干重、根干重和总干重的性状相对值(处理测定值/对照测定值×100%)作为幼苗耐性指数(tolerance index,TI),其中相对最长根长、相对株高、相对地上部分干重、相对根干重和总干重是评价水稻对TCB胁迫耐性强弱的较好指标.基于耐性指数对各基因型进行聚类分析,将50个水稻基因型聚为耐性、较耐、较敏感和敏感4类.

2014

0.0

丁秀文, 张国良, 戴其根, 朱青. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫对水稻分蘖盛期植株生长和生理特性的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 487-496

Ding X

, Zhang G

, Dai Q

, Zhu

Effects of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene on growth and physiological characteristics of rice at maximum tillering stage.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 487-496 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A soil culture experiment was conducted to study the effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) on morphological and physiological indexes of rice at top tillering stage, using rice cultivars of Ningjing 1 (TCB sensitive genotype) and Yangfujing 8 (TCB tolerant genotype), with four treatments of TCB concentrations including 0 (CK), 20, 40 and 60 mg kg -1 . The results indicated that the maximum root length, plant height, tillers per hill, shoot and root dry weight of Ningjing 1 were all decreased significantly ( P (20 mg kg -1 ) significantly increased Yangfujing 8’s maximum root length, shoot and root dry weight , root activity ( P -1 ) decreased maximum root length, plant height, tillers per hill, shoot and root dry weight significantly( P O 2 ? producing velocity and malnodialdehyde (MDA) content increased significantly ( P (20 mg kg -1 ) significantly increased Yangfujing 8’s soluble protein content and activities of SOD, POD, CAT in leaves and roots, and significantly ( P O 2 ? producing velocity and MDA content. Under medium TCB stress (40 mg kg -1 ), the activities of SOD, POD, CAT in leaves and roots were enhanced, however, its O 2 ? producing velocity and MDA content increased significantly. High TCB stress (60 mg kg -1 ) decreased its root activity, chlorophyll content, the activities of SOD, POD, CAT in leaves and roots, and increased O 2 ? producing velocity and MDA content significantly ( P (20 mg kg -1 ) are regarded as the main features of TCB tolerant genotype in rice.

在土培条件下，以对 1,2,4- 三氯苯 (TCB) 敏感性显著差异的宁粳 1 号 ( 敏感 ) 和扬辐粳 8 号 ( 耐性 ) 为对象，研究了不同浓度 1,2,4- 三氯苯 (TCB) 胁迫对两种水稻分蘖盛期生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明，不同浓度 TCB 胁迫下，敏感基因型宁粳 1 号最长根长、株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部和地下部干物重随胁迫程度加深均显著递减 ; 耐性基因型扬辐粳 8 号在低浓度 (20 mg kg -1 ) TCB 胁迫下，最长根长、地上部和地下部干物重极显著增加，当中高浓度 (40 mg kg -1 、 60 mg kg -1 ) TCB 胁迫时，最长根长、株高、单穴分蘖数、地上部和地下部干物重显著下降。不同浓度 TCB 胁迫下，敏感基因型宁粳 1 号根系活力、叶绿素含量、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量相对较低，叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 、过氧化物酶 (POD) 、过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性明显降低， O 2 ? 产生速率和丙二醛 (MDA) 含量显著增高 ; 耐性基因型扬辐粳 8 号在低浓度 (20 mg kg -1 ) TCB 胁迫下，根系活力、叶片和根系的可溶性蛋白含量、 SOD 、 POD 、 CAT 活性极显著增加， O 2 ? 产生速率和 MDA 含量极显著降低，当中等浓度 (40 mg kg -1 ) TCB 胁迫时， SOD 、 POD 、 CAT 活性虽然增强，但 O 2 ? 产生速率显著增加， MDA 大量积累，当高浓度 (60 mg kg -1 ) TCB 胁迫时，其根系活力、叶绿素含量极显著降低，根系中 SOD 、 CAT 活性显著降低， O 2 ? 产生速率和 MDA 含量显著增加。总之，低浓度 TCB 胁迫下，长势良好、叶片和根系可溶性蛋白质含量高、抗氧化系统清除活性氧能力强、膜脂过氧化程度低是耐性基因型扬辐粳 8 号区别于敏感型宁粳 1 号的主要特征。

... 本文以前期筛选出1,2,4-三氯苯胁迫耐性显著差异的水稻品种^[15]为材料, 研究1,2,4-三氯苯对水稻灌浆期光合特性及产量的影响机理及品种间差异, 以期为水稻安全生产、高产稳产提供理论依据 ...

... 1 试验材料选用敏感品种宁粳1号和耐性品种扬辐粳8号, 两者均为前期筛选出的对1,2,4-三氯苯不同耐性水稻的代表品种^[15] ...

... 根据前人相关研究^[15,18,20]和预备试验结果, 设置每千克土0 (对照)、10、20、40、80 mg 1,2,4-TCB 5个处理, 各处理重复8次 ...

... 本研究表明, 低浓度TCB对扬辐粳8号的生长具有一定的促进作用, 株高和鲜重略有增高, 这与分蘖盛期^[15]的研究相一致, 中高浓度TCB处理下, 2个水稻品种均受到显著的抑制作用, 且宁粳1号受抑制程度大, 植株矮小, 叶色发黄, 干物重降幅较大 ...

... TCB造成减产的主要原因是穗数、穗粒数的大幅降低, 这与洛育等^[17]研究相一致, TCB胁迫导致水稻前期分蘖受抑制^[15], 进而影响穗数, 颖花分化也少, 抽穗结实期光合产物不足, 籽粒灌浆不充实, 结实率低, 不同TCB浓度处理时2个品种千粒重变化趋势不明显 ...

2006

0.0

王泽港, 万定珍, 杨亚春, 葛才林, 马飞, 杨建昌. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯和萘对水稻产量及品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2006, 20: 295-300

Wang Z

, Wan D

, Yang Y

, Ge C

, Ma

, Yang J

Effects of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene and naphthalene on grain yield and quality of rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2006, 20: 295-300 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With rice varieties Shanyou 63 (indica hybrid) and Wuyujing 7 (japonica) as materials, the effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and naphthalene (NAP) on grain yield, yield components, and grain quality were studied and regulation strategies to reduce the residue in rice grain were proposed. The survival percentage of rice seedlings was significantly reduced by TCB, which was the main reason for the decrease of the grain yield, while NAP had little effect. Both TCB and NAP delayed the heading date of rice. Among the yield components, decreases in number of panicles per pot and seed setting rate were two main reasons for the yield reduction. Both of the organic pollutants affected the grain quality, and their effects on chalkiness were the greatest, the next was on milled rice rate, head rice rate, protein content and amylose content in order, and the both pollutants had little effect on brown rice rate of the two tested varieties. The NAP content was as ten times as TCB content in grains, indicating that the bioavailability of NAP was higher than that of TCB. Shanyou 63 accumulated more organic pollutants than Wuyunjing 7. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer could reduce the harm of TCB and NAP, and increase grain yield. The results suggested that in sewage water irrigation practice, the supply of irrigation water in good quality is necessary for higher survival percentage of seedlings after transplanting, and controlling TCB, especially NAP content, and adoption of reasonable cultivation strategies are very important for high grain yield and food safety.

以汕优63和武运粳7号为材料，研究了两种有机污染物1,2,4-三氯苯（TCB）和萘（NAP）对水稻产量及其构成因子的影响并提出了减少籽粒中残留的调控措施。 TCB明显降低两个水稻品种的移栽成活率，这是导致产量明显降低的主要原因；NAP对水稻移栽成活率影响较小。两种有机污染物都引起水稻抽穗期延迟。在产量构成因子中，每盆穗数和结实率是影响产量的两个主要因子。两种有机污染物均影响稻米品质，对稻米的垩白度影响最明显，其次是精米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量，而对出糙率几乎无影响。TCB和NAP在水稻籽粒中都有残留，而NAP的含量几乎是TCB的10倍，表明NAP的生物可利用性要比TCB高。汕优63籽粒积累两种有机物的能力明显高于武运粳7号。增施有机肥以及N、P、K肥可明显减轻有机污染物的毒害作用，从而提高产量。上述结果说明，在污水灌溉实践中要注意控制秧苗移栽期灌溉水的质量，严格控制水中TCB尤其是NAP的含量，并通过适当的肥水等栽培措施进行调控，以保证产量和粮食安全。

2009

0.0

洛育, 张凤鸣, 白良明, 孙世臣, 姜辉, 张玉华, 耿立清. 硝基苯污染对水稻生长发育及稻米安全性的影响. 中国农学通报, 2009, 25(24): 468-471

Luo

, Zhang F

, Bai L

, Sun S

, Jiang

, Zhang Y

, Geng L

Effect of contamination of nitrobenzene on rice growth and food safety of rice.

Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2009, 25(24): 468-471 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: Nitrobenze is oily colorless liquid with flavor of bitter, which is denser than water. Nitrobenze ,which is poisonous, is important material to manufacture dyestuff. There were less research of nitrbenze on growth of crop. Take rice line Ha04-34 as material, effect of contamination of nitrobenze on rice growth, yield traits and food security were studied. The results were as follows: effect of nitrobenze on rice growth were delaying heading and maturity, and reducing spikes per hill. The paddy, when concentration of nitrobenze was above 3 times of state standard in irrigating water, could not cultivated rice, and it had not detected nitrobenze residue in seed only the rice could to maturity.

摘要：硝基苯是一种带有苦杏仁味的、无色的油状液体，密度比水大。硝基苯有毒，是制造染料的重要原料。硝基苯对农作物的生长发育有多大的影响，以往的研究得并不多。本研究以水稻哈04-34为材料，研究了有机污染物硝基苯对水稻生长发育、产量性状及稻米安全性的影响。结果表明硝基苯处理抑制水稻的生长发育，表现为拖后抽穗、延缓抽穗进程、延迟成熟等症状；水稻在产量上均有不同程度的下降，主要是由于每穴穗数明显下降；用硝基苯污染水灌溉的水稻，污染达到国家标准浓度的3倍以上的稻田区没有种植水稻的价值，低浓度条件下只要水稻能正常成熟，其植株和籽粒中均不能检测出有机污染物的残留。

2005

0.0

王泽港, 骆剑峰, 高红明, 万定珍, 葛才林, 罗时石, 杨建昌. 1, 2, 4-三氯苯和萘对水稻抽穗期叶片光合特性的影响. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 1113-1119

Wang Z

, Luo J

, Gao H

, Wan D

, Ge C

, Luo S

, Yang J

Effects of 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene and naphthalene stress on photosynthetic characteristics of rice at heading period.

Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 1113-1119 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and naphthalene (NAP) on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves were studied. The results showed that chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of PSII (ΦPSII), potential activity of PSII (Fv/Fo) and photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) decreased under TCB and NAP stress. The effects of TCB were more serious than that of NAP, while the sensitivity of Shanyou 63 was higher than that of Wuyunjing 7. Under low concentration of organic pollutants, stomatal limitation was a dominating factor for Pn decrease. Under high concentration of organic pollutants, the decrease of Pn was due mainly to stomatal limitation and the non-stomatal limitation. High concentration of pollutants suppressed the synthesis more strongly, and finally reduced the grain yield. Among all of the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of parameters, both Fv/Fo and qN are more sensitive to TCB and NAP than the other parameters. Therefore, both Fv/Fo and qN would be the sensitive reference indicator of harm of organic pollutants on rice.

研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)和萘（NAP）对抽穗期水稻叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明，随TCB和NAP胁迫浓度的增加，叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度( Gs)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、原初光能转换效率( Fv/Fm) 、PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN) 均呈下降趋势；而且TCB对以上指标的影响明显大于NAP的影响，汕优63的敏感性要大于武运粳7号；有机污染胁迫下，光合速率下降的原因，在低浓度时主要由于气孔限制引起，而在较高浓度下由气孔限制和非气孔限制共同引起。较高浓度的有机污染物使光合作用受到明显抑制，最终导致水稻产量显著降低。在各叶绿素荧光动力学参数中，以PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）和非光化学猝灭系数(qN)对有机污染胁迫最为敏感。建议将这两个参数作为衡量水稻发生有机污染伤害的参考指标。

... 根据前人相关研究^[15,18,20]和预备试验结果, 设置每千克土0 (对照)、10、20、40、80 mg 1,2,4-TCB 5个处理, 各处理重复8次 ...

... 王泽港等研究表明, TCB可以显著降低抽穗期叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)及蒸腾速率(T_r)^[18] ...

... _PSII显著降低, F_v/F_o比F_v/F_m更为敏感, 降幅较大, 与王泽港等^[18]研究相一致, q_P极显著降低, 表明其PSII的电子传递活性受到极显著抑制^[43], 热耗散能力降低, 而扬辐粳8号#cod#x00424 ...

0.0

... 灌浆期是决定水稻产量和品质的关键时期, 光合作用是这一时期最重要的物质基础^[19] ...

2011

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丁艳, 葛才林, 王泽港, 杜庆才. 小麦幼苗对镉和1, 2, 4-三氯苯污染的响应. 中国农业大学学报, 2011, 16(3): 48-52

Ding

, Ge C

, Wang Z

, Du Q

Response of Cd and 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene pollutants on growth of wheat seedlings.

J China Agric Univ, 2011, 16(3): 48-52 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of wheat seedlings to Cd and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) pollutants were investigated by methods of Two-dimensional Electrophoresis,combined with water content,and lipid peroxide determination.The results showed that Cd and TCB pollutants inhibited the growth of leaves and roots which ledding to water deficit and causing lipid peroxidation in wheat s seedlings.Moreover,Cd and TCB stress had significant effect on global proteome in wheat leaves.Comparing with the contrast,we found that there were 12 stress inducible proteins of TCB,and 10 stress inducible proteins of Cd.The appearence of these induced proteins may be the important mechanism for Yangmai No.13 adapting to Cd and TCB pollutants.

应用双向凝胶电泳技术,结合含水率及膜脂过氧化物测定等方法,研究镉(Cd)和1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)污染对扬麦13幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:Cd和TCB污染造成扬麦13幼苗含水率降低,导致膜脂过氧化。Cd和TCB污染对小麦叶片中的蛋白质组分也有较大影响:与对照相比,污染处理后的叶片蛋白组分中检测出12个TCB胁迫诱导蛋白和10个Cd胁迫诱导蛋白,其中有些蛋白是TCB特异性诱导蛋白,也有一些蛋白为Cd 2+ 胁迫特异性诱导蛋白。这些诱导蛋白的产生可能是扬麦13对Cd或TCB污染的一种适应性响应。

... 根据前人相关研究^[15,18,20]和预备试验结果, 设置每千克土0 (对照)、10、20、40、80 mg 1,2,4-TCB 5个处理, 各处理重复8次 ...

1994

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... )/(F_m-F_o)^[21,22] ...

2005

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... )/(F_m-F_o)^[21,22] ...

2004

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徐应明, 袁志华, 李军幸, 戴晓华. 硝基苯和氯苯灌溉对春小麦品质影响研究. 灌溉排水学报, 2004, 23(3): 17-19

Xu Y

, Yuan Z

, Li J

, Dai X

Research nitrobenzene and chlorobenzene irrigation on spring wheat quality.

J Irrig Drain, 2004, 23(3): 17-19 (in Chinese)

通过小区试验,研究了不同浓度硝基苯、氯苯溶液灌溉小麦生长期受害症状、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:灌溉水中硝基苯降低了小麦的结实率和千粒重,氯苯在低浓度时增加小麦的结实率和千粒重,在高浓度时则降低小麦的结实率和千粒重;硝基苯和氯苯对小麦品质指标的影响随着浓度的变化而变化.

2002

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2001

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刘宛, 宋玉芳, 周启星, 李培军, 孙铁珩, 姚德明. 氯苯胁迫对小麦种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响. 农业环境保护, 2001, 20(2): 65-68

Liu

, Song Y

, Zhou Q

, Li P

, Sun T

, Yao D

Effect of chlorobenzene-stress on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat.

Agro-Environ Prot, 2001, 20(2): 65-68 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：在实验室人工控制条件下研究了不同浓度1，2，4－三氯苯胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，50—250μg.g－1浓度胁迫对小麦种子的发芽率影响甚小，但延迟小麦种子的出苗速率；300μg.g－1浓度胁迫使种子的发芽率降低至57.9％。在正常条件下，小麦种子露白后第4dα－淀粉酶活性达到最大值，第12d以后迅速下降；在150—200μg.g－1浓度胁迫下，小麦种子内α－淀粉酶活性的峰值下降，贮藏物质的转化受阻；幼苗的生长受抑，干重、鲜重都有一定程度的下降，受害程度随着1，2，4－三氯苯浓度的增加而加重，且随着胁迫时间的延长而有所减弱。根部比地上部对1，2，4－三氯苯胁迫较为敏感。

2006

0.0

... 2 1,2,4-三氯苯对水稻灌浆期叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用的影响及品种间差异植物叶片的叶绿素含量是衡量植物抗逆性的重要指标之一^[26] ...

1982

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... 59%, 气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)及蒸腾速率(T_r)显著降低, 一般认为, 有机污染物胁迫导致植物光合速率降低的原因包括气孔限制因素和非气孔限制因素^[27,28], 在低浓度TCB处理时宁粳1号气孔导度(G_s)降幅较大, 随着TCB浓度的升高下降幅度逐渐趋于缓和, 说明TCB对宁粳1号光合作用的影响主要是气孔限制造成的 ...

2007

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葛江丽, 石雷, 谷卫彬, 唐宇丹, 张金政, 姜闯道, 任大明. 盐胁迫条件下甜高粱幼苗的光合特性及光系统II功能调节. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1272-1278

Ge J

, Shi

, Gu W

, Tang Y

, Zhang J

, Jiang C

, Ren D

Photosynthetic characteristics and the regulation of photosystem II function in salt stressed sweet sorghum seedlings.

Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1272-1278 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching kinetics were investigated to explore the effect of salt stress on carbon assimilation and photosystem Ⅱ photochemical efficiency in sweet sorghum seedlings in this study. Chlorophyll content, relative water content and membrane lipid peroxidation were not significantly changed in sweet sorghum seedlings when salt (NaCl) concentration was below 100 mmol L -1 ; while, 200 mmol L -1 NaCl treatment induced an obvious decrease in chlorophyll content, relative water content and an increase in membrane lipid peroxidation. Net photosynthetic rate (P n ) and stomatal conductance (G s ) began to decline strongly at NaCl concentration higher than 50 mmol L -1 , whereas, the intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ) increased strikingly. During this process, the stomatal limiting value (L s ) decreased with the increase of salt treatment. More important, the depression of carbon assimilation under salt stress could not be restored by the enhancement of CO 2 concentration. The measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that the initial fluorescence yield (F o ), the maximum fluorescence yield (F m ) and the maximal quantum yield of photosystem Ⅱ photochemistry (F v /F m ) significantly went down in 200 mmol L -1 NaCl treated seedlings. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence quenching kinetics parameters were not affected by 50 mmol L -1 NaCl treatment. When NaCl concentration was above 50 mmol L -1 , the efficiency of open centers of photosystem Ⅱ (F v ’/F m ’)，photochemical quenching (q p ) and actual photosystem Ⅱ efficiency (Φ PSⅡ ) decreased sharply, while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased gradually. Therefore, we suggest that the decreased net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in salt-stressed sweet sorghum seedlings is mainly due to non-stomatal limitation; the depression of carbon assimilation capacity significantly alters the excited energy distribution. Under moderate salt stress (100 mmol L -1 NaCl), it is the enhancement of thermal dissipation that dissipate excess excited energy protecting sweet sorghum seedlings against photodamage; however, severely salt treatment (200 mmol L -1 NaCl) causes the reduction of light absorption and improvement of thermal dissipation for keeping the balance in light capture and utilization.

1 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093; 2 College of Biology Science Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110161, Liaoning, China

通过气体交换和叶绿素荧光猝灭动力学研究了盐胁迫对甜高粱幼苗碳同化能力和光系统Ⅱ光化学效率的影响。结果表明，50和100 mmol L -1 的盐（NaCl）处理对叶绿素含量、相对含水量和膜质过氧化程度影响很小；200 mmol L -1 NaCl处理导致叶绿素含量和相对含水量明显下降、膜质过氧化程度增加。50 mmol L -1 NaCl处理未影响甜高粱幼苗的净光合速率；NaCl浓度大于50 mmol L -1 时，净光合速率开始迅速降低；同时，气孔限制值（L s ）也减小；而且，光合能力的下降未能通过增加CO 2 浓度得以恢复。甜高粱幼苗的初始荧光（F o ）、最大荧光产量（F m ）和最大光化学效率（F v /F m ）只在200 mmol L -1 NaCl处理时有较大程度的下降。此外，50 mmol L -1 NaCl胁迫也没有影响甜高粱幼苗的荧光猝灭动力学参数；当NaCl浓度大于50 mmol L -1 时，光系统Ⅱ开放反应中心转化效率（F v ’/F m ’），光化学猝灭系数（q p ）和光系统Ⅱ实际光化学效率（Φ PSⅡ ）开始下降，而非光化学猝灭（NPQ）提高。因此，认为盐胁迫导致的碳同化能力的降低属于非气孔限制；碳同化能力的降低改变了甜高粱光系统Ⅱ的激发能利用和分配。100 mmol L -1 盐胁迫条件下，甜高粱幼苗主要通过增加热耗散来消耗过多的激发能，而200 mmol L -1 盐胁迫条件下通过减少光能吸收和增加热耗散来维持光能捕获和利用的平衡。

2006

0.0

温国胜, 田海涛, 张明如, 蒋文伟. 叶绿素荧光分析技术在林木培育中的应用. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 1973-1977

Wen G

, Tian H

, Zhang M

, Jiang W

Application of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis in forest tree cultivation.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 1973-1977 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In recent years, chlorophyll fluorescence analysis has been developed into a kind of new, fast, simple, and accurate technique in photosynthesis research, and widely applied in agriculture and horticulture but few in forest tree cultivation. This paper introduced the relevant parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence analysis and their biological meanings, and summarized its application in forest tree cultivation and in the research of forest tree stress physiology. Some perspectives and suggestions were put forward.

叶绿素荧光分析技术是近年来在光合作用机理研究中发展起来的一种新型、快速、简便、精确且整体无损伤检测植物光合作用生理状况的新技术.叶绿素荧光信号包含了十分丰富的光合作用过程变化的信息，因而被视为植物光合作用与环境关系的内在探针.该项技术在农业、园艺等方面已得到广泛应用，而在林木培育中的应用较少.本文介绍了叶绿素荧光分析相关参数及其生物学意义，总结了国内外关于叶绿素荧光分析技术在林木栽培、林木逆境生理等方面的应用，并对该技术在林木培育中的应用提出一些初步建议.

... 3 1,2,4-三氯苯对灌浆期荧光特性的影响及品种间差异叶绿素荧光分析技术作为植物光合作用与环境关系的内在探针^[29], 在监测作物光合性能^[30,31]、作物冻害、干旱、盐碱以及病虫害等胁迫方面已有大量的研究应用^{[32,33,34,35,36,37]}, 而关于有机污染物对农作物胁迫的研究较少 ...

2004

0.0

王北洪, 黄木易, 马智宏, 王纪华. 条锈病对冬小麦叶绿素荧光、光合及蒸腾作用的影响. 华北农学报, 2004, 19(2): 92-94

Wang B

, Huang M

, Ma Z

, Wang J

Effect of stripe rust on chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis of winter wheat.

Agta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2004, 19(2): 92-94 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Several physiological indicatrixes of healthy and diseased last expanding leaves were measured after inoculation a week later. With the farther infecting of stripe rust,water content of leaves,relative content of chlorophyll, the efficiency of primary light energy conversion and the potential activities of photo system Ⅱ decrease. The correlation analysis between net photosynthesis rate and severity showed that there was significantly negative correlation between net photosynthesis rate and severity. What's more,the correlation analysis between transpiration rate and severity showed that there was significantly negative correlation between transpiration rate and severity.

接种条锈菌7 d以后,对健康小麦和感病小麦最上部展开叶的一些生理指标进行测定,结果发现随着条锈菌侵入程度的不断加深,冬小麦叶片含水量、叶绿索相对含量不断降低,光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率及潜在活性受到抑制,同一天中同一时段内叶片净光合速率与发病严重度、蒸腾速率与严重度呈显著负相关.

2007

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2006

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张雪芬, 陈怀亮, 郑有飞, 邹春辉, 陈东, 付祥建. 冬小麦冻害遥感监测应用研究. 南京气象学院学报, 2006, 29(1): 94-100

Zhang X

, Chen H

, Zheng Y

, Zou C

, Chen

, Fu X

Monitoring the freezing injury of winter wheat by remote sensing.

J Nanjing Inst Meteorol, 2006, 29(1): 94-100 (in Chinese with English abstract)

使用分辨率为1.1 km的极轨气象卫星遥感资料,采用几种分裂窗算法反演得到地面温度,结合地基资料,利用变分技术订正得到遥感的地面栅格最低温度,通过对比几种方法的误差,确定在研究区域应用的遥感反演地面最低温度的分裂窗算法.利用反演并经过变分订正的地面最低温度、冻害指标及小麦发育期资料,制作出冬小麦冻害发生的空间分布,并统计出不同冻害等级的面积,从而实现了冬小麦冻害的遥感监测与不同冻害面积的精确计算.

2001

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2008

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2006

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翁永玲, 宫鹏. 土壤盐渍化遥感应用研究进展. 地理科学, 2006, 26: 369-375

Weng Y

, Gong

Research progress of application of soil salinization remote sensing.

Sci Geogr Sin, 2006, 26: 369-375 (in Chinese)

Soil salinity is one of the major problems that affect crop growth and yield,and often lead to degradation of cultivated land.Recent advance in mapping and monitoring salt-affected soils by means of remote sensing has shown that this technology holds great promise in generating accurate results at enhanced speed and reduced cost.This paper first summarizes the role of ground data in detecting salt-affected soils,such as electrical conductivity of soils,underground water table,degree of mineralization,field-derived spectra of saline soils,and vegetation.In situ collected and laboratory data are very important in mapping and detecting salinity based on remote sensing technique.This paper then discusses the spectral properties of salt-affected soils,visual interpretation of saline features from remote sensing images,and use of vegetation as an indirect indicator.Key issues in and approaches of identification and mapping of salt-affected areas based on remote sensing technique are reviewed next.This review reveals that a multiplicity of remotely sensed data has been employed widely to investigate,identify,and monitor the surface salinity status of soils and its spatial distribution.The obtained results have demonstrated the value of spectral reflectance data for the calibration of remotely sensed data,ascertained the optimal bands in detecting salt-affected soils using spectra unmixing,established training range selection and mapping methods based on hyperspectral data for the validation of the quantitative information extracted from satellite data.These studies have used digital image interpretation,image transformation,hyperspectroscopy techniques in combination with GIS in order to map the distribution of salt-affected soils.Some studies have shown that hyperspectral remote sensing data have been applied to study soil salinity at an increasing pace.This technology carries great promise in producing more detailed and accurate soil salt information.

文章从地面数据的调查、盐渍土影象的目视判读特征、光谱特征和土壤盐渍化区域的植被特征以及多光谱、高光谱遥感技术等方面综述国内外应用遥感数据探测土壤盐渍化程度及其制图的研究。利用数字图象并结合野外调查数据进行目视解译和计算机自动解译、图象变换提取盐渍土信息;结合GIS方法在分类中加入非遥感数据来提高分类精度;在研究盐渍土的光谱特征的基础上应用高光谱技术定量或半定量地提取盐渍土信息。这都是制定综合治理措施、决定土地利用方向的关键,也是进行区域土壤盐渍化动态预报的重要依据。

2008

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2007

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2003

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张雷明, 上官周平, 毛明策, 于贵端. 长期施氮对旱地小麦灌浆期叶绿素荧光参数的影响. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14: 695-698

Zhang L

, Shang-Guan Z P, Mao M C, Yu G D. Effects of long term application of nitrogen fertilizer on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence of upland winter wheat. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2003, 14: 695-698 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of long term nitrogen fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence of winter wheat at its grain filling stage on Loess Plateau highland were studied.The results showed that the actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡreaction center (ФPSⅡ) was decreased with leaf water stress aggravated, while was increased by nitrogen supply.The ФPSⅡ of 0 kg·hm -2 ,90 kg·hm -2 and 180 kg·hm -2 nitrogen treatments at noon were 0.197, 0.279 and 0.283, which decreased by 57.7%,56.4% and 40.2% compared to that of morning, respectively. While they were all resumed at afternoon, even it was higher, for 180 kg·hm -2 nitrogen treatment, than that of morning. Maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm),photochemical quenching coefficient (qP),and non photochemical quenching coefficient (qNP) were also increased by nitrogen supply,showing that the light energy conversion efficiency,and potential activity of photosynthetic reaction center and the non photochemical dissipation of excess light energy, which resisted the damage on photosynthetic apparatus of environmental stress, were improved.No significant difference was found between 90 kg·hm -2 and 180 kg·hm -2 Ntreatments,which indicated that excess nitrogen was not favorable to photosynthetic performance, and photosynthetic capacity was not improved in proportion with nitrogen supply.

探讨了长期施氮对黄土旱塬冬小麦灌浆期叶绿素荧光的影响.结果表明,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)随叶片水分胁迫的加剧而降低,施氮可明显提高ФPSⅡ.施氮量为0kg·hm -2 、90kg·hm -2 和180kg·hm -2 三个处理中午时叶片的ФPSⅡ分别为0.197、0.279和0.283,与上午相比分别降低了57.7%、56.4%和40.2%;下午各处理的ФPSⅡ均得以恢复,0kg·hm -2 和90kg·hm -2 处理分别恢复到上午的87.3%和81.5%,180kg·hm -2 处理则完全恢复,并稍高于上午.施氮可提高PSⅡ的最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(qNP)等荧光参数,表明施氮一方面提高了光能转换效率和PSⅡ的潜在活性,另一方面增强了过剩光能的非光化学耗散,有利于保护光合机构免受环境胁迫的破坏.但90kg·hm -2 和180kg·hm -2 施氮处理之间对光合的促进作用差异不显著,表明过量施氮无助于光合性能的提高,作物的光合能力并不随施氮量而同比例的改善.

... 本研究表明, 在低浓度TCB处理下, 宁粳1号PSII、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、q_P均开始少量下降, q_N呈上升趋势, 表明宁粳1号较为敏感, 实际光化学效率受抑制^[38], 光合电子传递受阻, 通过增加热耗散来消除因光化学效率降低所累积的过量光能^[39,40], 而扬辐粳8号启动相关保护机制, 具有较高的PSII实际光化学效率、最大光化学效率、PSII活性、可变荧光的光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数 ...

2003

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王荣富, 张云华, 钱立生, 于江龙. 超级杂交稻两优培九及其亲本的光氧化特性. 应用生态报, 2003, 14: 1309-1312

Wang R

, Zhang Y

, Qian L

, Yu J

Photooxidation characteristics of super hybrid rice “Liangyoupeijiu” and its parents.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2003, 14: 1309-1312 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With comparison of the differences of light absorption and active oxygen metabolism between super-hybrid rice "Liangyoupeijiu" and its parents, this paper provided a physiological foundation of matching and grouping for cultivating anti photooxidized hybrid rice. TPS-photosynthetic system and FMS2-fluorescence (Hansatech, UK) were used to respectively determine the photosynthetic rate and the chlorophyll fluorescence in the rice leaves that had been processed in artificial photooxidization. Meanwhile, the contents of chlorophyll, protein and malonaldehydic acid (MDA) as well as the activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were determined. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate of "Liangyoupeijiu" was 2.4% lower than that of its female parent, and 23% higher than that of its male parent. After eight days anti photooxidization process, its chlorophyll content was higher than that of its female parent by 33%, protein by 15%, initial photochemical efficiency by 30%, SOD by 32% and POD by 100%, while its photochemical quince coefficient was lower than that of its female parent by 9% and MDA by 50%. It showed that there was not much difference between the filial generation and its male parent. The super hybrid rice "Liangyoupeijiu" was very efficient for solar energy utilization under the condition of photooxidization, and had outgrown its parents in the aspect of anti photooxidization.

通过比较超级杂交稻两优培九和其亲本的光能利用与活性氧代谢的差异,为培育耐光氧化的杂交稻提供选亲配组的生理依据.使用TPS光合仪和FMS2荧光仪(Hansatech,UK)分别测定了人工光氧化处理后水稻叶片的光合速率与叶绿素荧光,同时测定了叶绿素、蛋白质和丙二醛的含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性.结果表明,两优培九的光合速率低于母本2.4%,高于父本23%;光氧化处理8d后,与母本相比,两优培九的叶绿素、蛋白质、原初光化学效率、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶分别高于母本33%、15%、30%、32%和100%;光化学猝灭系数和丙二醛分别低于母本9%和50%,与父本相比,则差异不大.超级杂交稻两优培九在光氧化条件下光能利用率较高,在耐光氧化特性上具有超亲的光合生理特性.

2006

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1999

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... Subhash等^[41]研究认为F_v/F_o较F_v/F_m更能敏感地反映出叶片衰老过程中光子转换效率的变化 ...

1990

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