施硅量对甬优系列籼粳交超级稻产量及相关形态生理性状的影响

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韦还和, 孟天瑶, 李超, 张洪程, 史天宇, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 杨筠文, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. . 施硅量对甬优系列籼粳交超级稻产量及相关形态生理性状的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 42(3): 437-445
WEI Huan-He, MENG Tian-Yao, LI Chao, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, SHI Tian-Yu, MA Rong-Rong, WANG Xiao-Yan, YANG Jun-Wen, DAI Qi-Gen, HUO Zhong-Yang, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GUO Bao-Wei. . Effects of Silicon Fertilizer Rate on Grain Yield and Related morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Super Rice of Yongyou Japonica/ indica Hybrids Series . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2015, 42(3): 437-445 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

施硅量对甬优系列籼粳交超级稻产量及相关形态生理性状的影响

韦还和¹, 孟天瑶¹, 李超¹, 张洪程^1,^*, 史天宇¹, 马荣荣², 王晓燕³, 杨筠文⁴, 戴其根^1,^*, 霍中洋¹, 许轲¹, 魏海燕¹, 郭保卫¹

¹扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

²浙江省宁波市农业科学院作物研究所, 浙江宁波 315101

³浙江省宁波市种子公司, 浙江宁波315101

⁴浙江省宁波市鄞州区农业技术服务站, 浙江宁波 315100

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 张洪程, E-mail: hczhang@yzu.edu.cn; 戴其根, E-mail: qgdai@yzu.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 920964110@qq.com

收稿日期:2015-06-26 接受日期:2015-09-06 网络出版日期:2015-10-08

基金:本研究由农业部超级稻专项(02318802013231), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102), 宁波市重大科技项目(2013C11001), 江苏省重点研发项目(BE2015340)和江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(KYLX15_1371)资助

摘要

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12和甬优15为试材, 比较研究了不同硅肥施用量(0、75、150、225、300 kg hm^-2)对甬优籼粳交超级稻产量及其形态生理特征的影响。结果表明: (1)甬优12和甬优15产量均随硅肥施用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势, 且均以硅肥用量225 kg hm^-2处理的产量最高。产量构成因素穗数随硅肥施用量增加而递增, 结实率和千粒重则随之递减。(2)甬优12和甬优15在拔节、抽穗和成熟期的茎蘖数均随硅肥施用量的增加而增加, 茎蘖成穗率则呈先增加后降低的趋势, 以225 kg hm^-2处理最高。(3)与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比, 施硅处理显著增加了拔节、抽穗和成熟期的干物重和叶面积指数, 拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量和光合势也随硅肥施用量增加而递增。(4)随硅肥施用量的增加, 倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶长和叶宽随之递增, 倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶基角和披垂度随之递减。此外, 与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比, 施硅处理显著提高了茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重。文章还讨论了甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术。

关键词: 硅; 甬优籼粳交超级稻; 产量; 产量形成特征

Effects of Silicon Fertilizer Rate on Grain Yield and Related morphological and Physiological Characteristics in Super Rice of Yongyou Japonica/ indica Hybrids Series

WEI Huan-He¹, MENG Tian-Yao¹, LI Chao¹, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^1,^*, SHI Tian-Yu¹, MA Rong-Rong², WANG Xiao-Yan³, YANG Jun-Wen⁴, DAI Qi-Gen^1,^*, HUO Zhong-Yang¹, XU Ke¹, WEI Hai-Yan¹, GUO Bao-Wei¹

¹ Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

² Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

³Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China

⁴Agricultural Technology Extension and Service, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China

Fund:This research was supported by the Special Program of Super Rice of the Ministry of Agricultural (02318802013231), China Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102), the Great Technology Project of Ningbo City (2013C11001), the Key Projects of Jiangsu Province (BE2015340) and Innovative Training Program for Jiangsu University (KYLX15_1371)

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted using Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 with five treatments of 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha^-1 silicon application. Results indicated that grain yield of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased firstly and then decreased with increase of the silicon application rate. The highest grain yield of both Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 achieved at the silicon rate of 225 kg ha^-1. Analysis on yield components showed that number of panicles of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased with the increase of silicon application rate, while 1000-grain weight and seed-setting rate were both decreased with the increased silicon application rate. With the increase of silicon application rate, number of tillers and stems of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 at jointing, heading, and maturity stages increased synchronously. Panicle rate of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of silicon application rate, and the peak value was at the silicon rate of 225 kg ha^-1. With the increase of silicon application rate, dry matter weight and leaf area index at jointing, heading, and maturity stages as well as dry matter accumulation and leaf area duration from jointing to heading and from heading to maturity increased. With the increase of silicon application rate, leaf length and leaf width of the 1st leaf, 2nd leaf, and 3rd leaf of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 increased synchronously, while leaf basal angle and dropping angle of the 1st leaf, 2nd leaf, and 3rd leaf of Yongyou 12 and Yongyou 15 decreased synchronously. Moreover, compared with check (0 kg ha^-1), silicon application significantly increased dry matter per stem, per sheath, and per length of stem. At last, the technology on the effective application of silicon was discussed.

Keyword: Silicon; Super rice of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series; Grain yield; Characteristics of yield formation

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硅是水稻生长的有益元素^[1]。大量研究表明, 施用硅肥可促进光合作用^[2]、提高抗倒伏能力^[3]、协同提高产量与米质^[4]等。对抗生物胁迫方面, 硅肥可提高水稻对纹枯病^[5]、稻瘟病^[6]、二化螟^[7]等抗性。此外, 硅肥对于非生物胁迫如水分胁迫^[8]、UV-B辐射胁迫^[9]、铝胁迫^[10]、镉胁迫^[11]等也具有较好的调控作用。甬优系列籼粳杂交稻已在生产上表现出较高的产量潜力, 近几年在浙江、江苏、江西等地推广种植面积迅速增加^{[12, 13]}, 如在浙江省, 仅2012年, 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的种植面积就达15.5万公顷(马荣荣, 个人通讯), 且在浙江省多地创造高产记录, 如籼粳交超级稻甬优12在宁波市连续多年创造13.5 t hm^-2以上高产记录^[14]。近年来, 已有浙江省宁波市土壤中缺乏硅元素的报道^[15]。此外, 该地区在水稻生长中后期易遭受台风引起倒伏, 且该地区高温高湿的气候条件, 也易导致纹枯病、稻瘟病、二化螟等病虫害的发生, 因此增施硅肥在该地区水稻生产上已引起足够重视^[15], 但当前就甬优籼粳杂交稻适宜的硅肥用量及其对产量影响的报道较少, 且缺乏系统的比较研究。本文旨在研究该地区甬优籼粳杂交稻适宜的硅肥施用量及其对产量的影响, 以期充分发挥甬优籼粳杂交稻的产量潜力以及为其配套的高产栽培措施提供理论与实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与栽培管理概况

选用甬优系列籼粳交超级稻甬优12、甬优15为试材。2012— 2013年供试品种的主要生育期见表1。

表1 主要生育期以及生育阶段天数 Table 1 Development stage and period of the tested varieties

试验于2012— 2013年在浙江省宁波市鄞州区洞桥镇百梁桥村进行。土壤类型为黄化青紫泥田, pH 5.51、含有机质38.37 g kg^-1、全氮0.16%、碱解氮82.45 mg kg^-1、速效磷20.14 mg kg^-1、速效钾78.45 mg kg^-1、水溶性盐总量0.13 g kg^-1、有效硅88.64 mg kg^-1。2年中水稻生长期间的平均温度、日照时数、降雨量见表2。

设硅肥0 (对照)、75、150、225、300 kg hm^-2共5个处理, 每处理3次重复, 随机区组设计, 小区面积20 m² (5 m × 4 m)。小区间作埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 保证单独排灌。毯苗育秧, 2年中具体播种期见表1, 秧龄20 d, 栽插株行距为30.0 cm × 13.2 cm, 每穴2苗。施纯氮270 kg hm^-2, 氮肥按基蘖肥∶ 穗粒肥=6∶ 4施用。各小区磷、钾肥施用量一致, 即过磷酸钙(含12% P₂O₅) 1125 kg hm^-2, 全部基施。钾肥(含60% K₂O) 450 kg hm^-2, 按基蘖肥∶ 穗粒肥= 4∶ 6施用。硅肥为俄罗斯进口矿物硅(必奥力, SiO₂> 70%), 分基施和倒四叶叶龄期2次等量施用。秧苗移栽后采用湿润灌溉为主, 建立浅水层; 群体达到目标穗数的80%时搁田, 控制无效分蘖发生; 抽穗扬花期田间保持3 cm水层, 灌浆结实期间歇灌溉, 干湿交替, 收割前7 d断水搁田。按常规高产栽培要求防治病虫害。

1.2 测定项目与方法

1.2.1 茎蘖动态

于每小区定3个观察点, 每点20穴, 拔节期前每隔5 d一次记录茎蘖数, 拔节后每隔7 d依次记录茎蘖数。

表2 水稻生长期间的气象资料 Table 2 Climate conditions during rice growing seasons

1.2.2 叶面积和干物重

于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均值取10穴测定叶面积和干物重。按长宽系数法测定叶面积。将样株按器官放在105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘干至恒重, 测定干物重。

1.2.3 光合势

光合势(m² d hm^-2) = 1/2× (L₁+ L₂)× (t₂-t₁)。式中, L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积(m² hm^-2), t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d)。

1.2.4 上三叶的长、宽及角度

于乳熟期(抽穗后25 d), 从每小区取生长基本一致的植株10穴, 测量主茎上三叶的长、宽、叶基角(茎秆与叶片基部夹角)、披垂角(茎秆与叶枕至叶尖连线的夹角)。披垂度等于披垂角与叶基角之差。

1.2.5 产量

成熟期调查每小区100穴, 计算有效穗数, 取25穴调查每穗粒数、结实率和测定千粒重及理论产量; 每小区实产收割面积8 m², 脱粒后晾晒, 并称重。

1.3 数据处理

运用Microsoft Excel录入数据、计算, 用DPS软件统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量及其构成因素

由表3可知, 硅肥处理对甬优12的产量增幅为3.1%~9.3% (2年数据), 甬优15的产量增幅为5.1%~9.8% (2年数据)。2年中甬优12和甬优15的产量均以施硅量225 kg hm^-2处理最高。穗数随硅肥施用量增加而递增, 结实率和千粒重则随硅肥施用量增加而递减。与不施硅处理相比, 施硅处理显著增加了每穗粒数, 但每穗粒数在各施硅处理间并未表现出明显的规律(表3)。由于2年产量趋势基本一致, 因此若无特殊说明, 下文以2013年数据为主。

表3 产量及其构成因素 Table 3 Grain yield and its components of the tested variety

2.2 茎蘖动态及成穗率

甬优12和甬优15在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期各处理的茎蘖数均随硅用量的增加而递增。茎蘖成穗率随硅用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势, 以硅用量225 kg hm^-2为拐点(表4)。

表4 关键生育时期的茎蘖数和成穗率 Table 4 Number of tillers at the main growth stages and the panicle rate

2.3 主要生育时期干物重及阶段积累量

由表5可知, 施硅处理显著增加了拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物重, 如甬优12施硅处理225 kg hm^-2在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的干物重分别较对照(0 kg hm^-2)高6.9%、5.7%和7.9%。就阶段干物重积累量而言, 甬优12拔节至抽穗期以硅用量225 kg hm^-2处理最高, 甬优15则以硅用量300 kg hm^-2处理最高。甬优12和甬优15抽穗至成熟期的干物重积累量均以硅用量225 kg hm^-2处理最高(表5)。

表5 关键生育时期的干物重及阶段干物重积累量 Table 5 Dry matter weight and dry matter accumulation at the main growth stages

2.4 主要生育时期叶面积指数和光合势

与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比, 施硅处理显著增加了拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的叶面积指数, 甬优12施硅处理225 kg hm^-2在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的叶面积指数分别较对照高15.1%、7.5%和9.5%。与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比, 施硅处理也增加了拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期的光合势, 差异显著(表6)。

表6 关键生育时期的叶面积指数和阶段光合势 Table 6 Leaf area index and leaf area duration at the main stages

2.5 上三叶的形态特征及茎秆特征

与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比, 施硅处理显著增加了倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶长和叶宽, 且随硅肥施用量增加而递增; 与之相反, 施硅处理显著降低了倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶基角和披垂度(表7); 而施硅处理显著提高了茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重(表8)。

表7 上三叶的叶片大小及叶姿 Table 7 Size and leaf posture of the top three leaves

表8 茎、鞘干重及单位节间干重 Table 8 Dry weight per culm, per sheath, and per unit internode

3 讨论

3.1 施硅量对甬优籼粳交超级稻产量及其构成因素的影响

因各地气候条件、土壤类型、种植制度等的差异, 至今我国尚未有统一的土壤有效硅含量的丰缺指标^[16]。秦方锦等^[15]依据宁波市9个县的747个土样的有效硅含量数据, 将土壤有效硅含量划分为4个等级, 即土壤有效硅含量丰富(130 mg kg^-1)、中等(100~130 mg kg^-1)、缺乏(50~100 mg kg^-1)和极缺(< 50 mg kg^-1)。本研究试验田的土壤有效硅含量为88.64 mg kg^-1, 属缺硅土壤。

较多的研究已表明, 施用硅肥可增加水稻产量, 但增产幅度因生态条件、供试品种、硅肥类型、土壤质地等的差异而不同^{[4, 17, 18]}。张国良等^[17]研究表明, 在大田基施硅肥(有效硅含量≥ 20%) 0~450 kg hm^-2范围内, 随硅肥施用量的增加, 武育粳3号的产量呈先增加后降低的趋势, 施硅量225 kg hm^-2处理的产量最高。商全玉等^[4]提出施硅量(有效硅含量为67%) 180~240 kg hm^-2是北方粳稻适宜的硅肥用量。龚金龙等^[18]研究表明, 施硅可显著提高江苏里下河地区粳型超级稻武运粳24和淮稻9号的产量, 增幅达4.59%~19.54%, 以硅肥(可溶硅含量> 50%)用量90 kg hm^-2且在有效分蘖临界叶龄期追施的处理产量最高。本研究结果表明, 硅肥施用显著提高甬优12和甬优15的产量, 增幅达5%~10%。随硅肥用量的增加, 甬优12和甬优15的产量均呈先增加后下降的趋势, 且均以施硅量225 kg hm^-2处理的产量最高。

商全玉等^[4]、张国良等^[17]研究表明施硅通过提高穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重提高水稻产量。陈健晓等^[19]研究表明, 施硅可提高超级早稻的穗数和每穗粒数, 但降低了结实率。陆福勇等^[20]研究表明施硅增加有效穗数提高水稻产量, 而对每穗粒数、千粒重和结实率影响不大。本研究表明, 施硅处理显著增加有效穗数和每穗粒数, 而千粒重和结实率则呈下降趋势。本试验中, 硅肥分基施和倒四叶叶龄期施用, 硅肥基施促进了分蘖的发生和生长, 提高了分蘖成穗, 从而增加了有效穗数; 倒四叶叶龄期施用硅肥可促进籼粳交杂种F₁代的花粉萌发和颖花分化^[21], 增加每穗粒数。此外, 本试验中2012年的穗数总体上低于2013年, 这可能与2012年试验田二化螟发生(7月中旬左右)较为严重有关。我们观察到, 与不施硅处理相比, 各施硅处理下的二化螟发生数量以及受害程度明显减轻, 这也从大田试验角度验证了硅肥可提高水稻对二化螟的抗性^[7]。

3.2 施硅量对甬优籼粳交超级稻相关形态与生理特征的影响

王显等^[22]研究表明, 施用硅肥可提高光合作用、改善植株营养状况、提高地上部干物质积累。陈健晓等^[19]研究表明, 施硅提高叶面积指数、干物质积累量及物质转运率, 协调了库源关系。张国良等^[23]研究表明, 施硅显著提高了成穗率、花后干物质积累能力, 明显改善了作物群体质量。本研究结果表明, 各施硅处理拔节、抽穗和成熟期的茎蘖数显著增加, 成穗率也显著提高, 改善了作物群体质量。此外, 施硅处理提高了拔节、抽穗和成熟期的干物重和叶面积指数, 拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量和光合势也显著提高。

施用硅肥可改善叶片姿态、植株冠层结构、提高茎秆抗倒伏能力^[24]。陈健晓等^[3]研究表明, 施用硅肥提高了单茎叶面积、减小剑叶夹角、增粗茎秆。邓文等^[25]研究表明, 施硅明显提高了超级杂交稻倒四节间抗折断能力。韦还和等^[26]研究表明, 茎、鞘中较高的K、Si含量提高了甬优12超高产群体的抗倒伏能力。本研究表明, 随硅肥施用量的增加, 单茎上三叶的叶长和叶宽随之增加, 上三叶的叶基角和披垂度随之降低。施硅提高了上部高效叶叶面积以及叶片直挺度, 有利于提高光能利用率。此外, 与对照(0 kg hm^-2)相比, 施硅处理也显著增加了单茎茎重、单茎鞘重和单位节间干重, 提高了茎秆充实度, 有利于增强茎秆的抗折力。

3.3 甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术的探讨

尽管硅肥的增产作用低于氮肥, 但水稻对硅的吸收量却很高, 超过氮、磷、钾的吸收总量^[27]。近几年, 随着超级稻高产品种的推广种植, 水稻从耕地中吸收的硅素也逐年增加, 传统的栽培技术如稻草还田给土壤提供的有效硅有限, 因此, 要解决水稻缺硅问题, 应重视补施硅肥^[15]。就甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术, 我们提出以下两点: (1)硅肥施用量应根据土壤有效硅含量而定, 在宁波当地可参考秦方锦等^[15]提出的对土壤有效硅丰缺程度的划分, 即土壤有效硅含量丰富(130 mg kg^-1)、中等(100~130 mg kg^-1)、缺乏(50~100 mg kg^-1)和极缺(< 50 mg kg^-1) 4个水平, 土壤中硅素缺乏的要多施硅肥, 中等程度可少施, 丰富程度的当年可不施。本试验条件下, 土壤有效硅含量为88.64 mg kg^-1, 属缺硅土壤, 硅肥(SiO₂> 70%)最适施用量为225 kg hm^-2, 较不施硅处理的增产9.5%左右。这可为该地区不同有效硅含量土壤的硅肥适宜施用量提供参考。(2)以往的文献中硅肥一般都是作基肥一次性施用, 但有报道称基施降低了硅肥利用率^[18]。根据甬优12和甬优15在当地的高产栽培经验, 一般在搁田复水后即倒四叶叶龄期左右, 施尿素和氯化钾作壮秆促花肥。此外, 有报道称倒四叶叶龄期施用硅肥可促进籼粳交杂种F₁代的花粉萌发和颖花分化, 提高结实率^[22]。因此, 我们认为硅肥可分基施和倒四叶叶龄期2次等量施用, 可达到省工、促进颖花分化、充实茎秆, 从而实现硅肥的高效利用。

4 结论

施硅处理使甬优12增产3.1%~9.3%, 甬优15增产在5.1%~9.8%, 均以硅肥用量225 kg hm^-2处理下的产量最高。施硅处理显著增加了主要生育时期的干物重和叶面积指数, 以及主要生育阶段的干物质积累量和光合势, 且改善了植株受光姿态, 提高了茎秆抗折力。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2014

0.0

... 硅是水稻生长的有益元素^[1] ...

2012

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陈伟, 蔡昆争, 陈基宁. 硅和干旱胁迫对水稻叶片光合特性和矿质养分吸收的影响. 生态学报, 2012, 32: 2620-2628

Chen

, Cai K

, Chen J

. Effects of silicon application and drought stress on photosynthetic traits and mineral nutrient absorption of rice leaves. Acta Ecol Sin, 2012, 32: 2620-2628 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Drought stress is one of the major constraints for rice production in the rainfed lowlands in the world. Silicon (Si) has been verified to play an important role in increasing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, although it is not considered an essential element to higher plants. In addition, there were some reports about the beneficial role of Si in alleviating drought stress, yet the mechanism is still poorly understood. Here, two near-isogenic lines of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), w-14 (drought susceptible) and w-20 (drought resistant), were chosen to study the effects of exogenous Si application on the growth traits, photosynthetic characteristics and mineral nutrient absorption of rice plant under drought stress. Water was withheld 10 days during heading stage. The results showed that 1.5 mmol/L Si supply had no significant effects on growth and physiological parameters of rice plants under well-watered conditions. Drought stress was found to reduce dry weight, leaf water potential, photosynthetic parameters, basal quantum yield ( Fv/F 0 ) and maximum quantum efficiency of PSⅡ photochemistry ( Fv/Fm ) in rice plants, while Si application significantly increased dry matter accumulation, water utilization efficiency, water potential, chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm and Fv/F 0 , photosynthetic rate ( Pr ), transpiration rate ( Tr ) of leaves for both rice lines under drought stress, but stomatal conductance ( G s ) and intercellular CO 2 concentration ( Ci ) were decreased. Silicon content in leaves was significantly increased by Si treatment whether drought stress occurred or not. In addition, Si supply could influence mineral nutrient level of rice leaves. Significant increase in the content of inorganic ions level of leaves were found in the two near-isogenic rice lines under drought stress, but Si treatment significantly reduced these ions, K + 、Na + 、Ca 2+ 、Mg 2+ 、Fe 3+ content in leaves were reduced by 16.38%, 24.50%, 19.70%, 21.52% and 18.58% for line w-14, 11.64%, 12.11%, 16.06%, 11.11% and 19.15% for line w-20, respectively. These results suggested that silicon application is useful to alleviate drought stress of rice through the enhancement of photochemical efficiency and adjustment of the mineral nutrient absorption in rice plants.

硅被认为是植物生长的有益元素,它能增强植物对非生物逆境和生物逆境胁迫的抗性。以抗旱性不同的一对水稻近等基因系w-14-和 w-20为实验材料,采用盆栽实验,研究了干旱胁迫下硅处理对水稻生长性状、光合生理特性和矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,在正常水分条件下硅处理对水稻的生长及生理特性没有明显影响。干旱胁迫显著降低水稻植株的生长,叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数 Fv/Fm 及 Fv/F 0 值显著降低,光合作用受到明显抑制。加硅能提高干旱胁迫条件下水稻植株的生物量、水分利用效率、叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和蒸腾速率,而气孔导度和细胞间隙CO 2 浓度则下降。无论干旱与否,施硅后水稻的叶片硅含量均显著上升。两个水稻品系叶片的无机离子含量在干旱胁迫条件下均呈显著增加的趋势,而硅处理后材料w-14的叶片K + 、Na + 、Ca 2+ 、Mg 2+ 、Fe 3+ 含量分别降低16.38%, 24.50%, 19.70%, 21.52%, 18.58%,w-20则分别降低11.64%, 12.11%, 16.06%, 11.11% 和 19.15%,并使之回复到与对照更接近的水平。研究结果表明了硅提高水稻植株的抗旱性与光合作用的改善和矿质养分的调节有关。

... 大量研究表明, 施用硅肥可促进光合作用^[2]、提高抗倒伏能力^[3]、协同提高产量与米质^[4]等 ...

2011

0.0

陈健晓, 屠乃美, 易镇邪, 朱红林. 硅肥对超级早稻茎叶形态与抗倒伏特性的影响. 作物研究, 2011, 25: 209-212

Chen J

, Tu N

, Yi Z

, Zhu H

. Effects of silicon fertilizer on morphology of stem and leaves and lodging resistance in early super hybrid rice. Crop Res, 2011, 25: 209-212 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以超级早稻组合株两优819(倒伏敏感品种)与陆两优996(抗倒伏品种)为材料,研究了硅肥对超级早稻茎叶形态与抗倒伏特性的影响.结果表明:硅肥能改善超级早稻茎叶形态与抗倒伏能力,主要表现为提高单茎叶面积,减小剑叶夹角,增粗茎秆,缩短基部一、二节间,增强抗倒力等,且在施氮150 kg/hm2条件下施硅效果最好,且陆两优996抗倒性提高更好.

... 大量研究表明, 施用硅肥可促进光合作用^[2]、提高抗倒伏能力^[3]、协同提高产量与米质^[4]等 ...

... 陈健晓等^[3]研究表明, 施用硅肥提高了单茎叶面积、减小剑叶夹角、增粗茎秆 ...

2009

0.0

商全玉, 张文忠, 韩亚东, 荣蓉, 徐海, 徐正进, 陈温福. 硅肥对北方粳稻产量和品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2009, 23: 661-664

Shang Q

, Zhang W

, Han Y

, Rong

, Xu

, Xu Z

, Chen W

. Effect of silicon fertilizer application on yield and quality of japonica rice from Northeast China. Chin J Rice Sci, 2009, 23: 661-664 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：以沈农265和丰优2000为材料,在盆栽条件下,研究了硅肥不同施用量对水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用硅肥能提高水稻产量,其中有效硅240 kg/hm2使沈农265显著增产,有效硅180 kg/hm2对丰优2000增产效果达到显著水平。从产量构成因素上看,施用硅肥能提高每穴穗数、一次枝梗上籽粒千粒重、二次枝梗上籽粒千粒重、每穗粒数。施用硅肥能显著改善稻米品质,主要表现为稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率显著提高,稻米的垩白粒率和垩白度显著降低。相关分析表明,两品种的精米率和整精米率与有效硅施用量呈正相关。沈农265的稻米脂肪酸含量与有效硅施用量呈正相关,食味值与有效硅施用量呈负相关。有效硅施量在0～240 kg/hm2内,两品种直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量与有效硅施用量相关不显著。综合考虑各处理稻米产量和品质,以180～240 kg/hm2的有效硅施用量较好。

... 大量研究表明, 施用硅肥可促进光合作用^[2]、提高抗倒伏能力^[3]、协同提高产量与米质^[4]等 ...

... 较多的研究已表明, 施用硅肥可增加水稻产量, 但增产幅度因生态条件、供试品种、硅肥类型、土壤质地等的差异而不同^[4,17,18] ...

... 商全玉等^[4]提出施硅量(有效硅含量为67%) 180~240 kg hm^-2是北方粳稻适宜的硅肥用量 ...

... 商全玉等^[4]、张国良等^[17]研究表明施硅通过提高穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重提高水稻产量 ...

2010

0.0

张国良, 丁原, 王清清, 戴其根, 黄慧宇, 霍中洋, 张洪程. 硅对水稻几丁质酶和β-1, 3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响及其与抗纹枯病的关系. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 598-604

Zhang G

, Ding

, Wang Q

, Dai Q

, Huang H

, Huo Z

, Zhang H

. Effects of silicon on chitinase and β-1, 3-glucananse activities of rice infected by Rhizoctonia solani and its relation to resistance. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 598-604 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to understand the mechanism of sodium silicate on enhancing the resistance of rice to sheath blight. We hydroponically cultured two rice cultivars with different resistances to Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani) infection (resistant cultivar 91SP, susceptible cultivar Lemont) and invested the impacts of sodium silicate on rice exochitinase, endochitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities under R. solani infection. The results showed that after being inoculated with R. solani, the rice with sodium silicate application (the Si+ rice) had lower (but not statistically significant) disease rating and disease index compared to the Si-rice plants in resistant cultivar 91SP, but the Si+ rice plants of susceptible cultivar Lemont had significantly lower rating and disease index with relative control effect of 27.42% compared to the Si-rice plants. Uninoculated with R. solani, applying sodium silicate could increase chitinase activities of 91SP, and increase or significantly increase chitinase activities of Lemont, but it had little effect on β-1,3-glucanase activities of 91SP and Lemont. After being inoculated with R. solani, chitinase activities were induced to increase firstly, and then decreased. In conclusion, applying sodium silicate could enhance the resistance of 91SP to sheath blight by increasing chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase activities, and enhance the resistance of Lemont to sheath blight by increasing chitinase activities, but the reduction scale of chitinase activities in Lemont with sodium silicate application were lower than those of 91SP.

1 College of Life Science and Chemistry Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian，Jiangsu 223003, China;2 Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou，Jiangsu 225009, China

在溶液培养条件下，以水稻抗病品种91SP和感病品种Lemont为材料，研究施硅和接种纹枯病菌对水稻纹枯病发生情况、外切几丁质酶、内切几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性的影响。结果表明，施硅能降低抗病品种91SP的纹枯病病级和病情指数，显著降低感病品种Lemont的病级和病情指数。在未接种纹枯病菌条件下，施硅增加了抗病品种几丁质酶活性，增加了感病品种的几丁质酶活性，但对β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性影响不大。接种纹枯病菌后，水稻几丁质酶活性被迅速激活后又下降，施硅通过提高抗病品种91SP几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性，以及通过提高感病品种Lemont几丁质酶活性来增强对纹枯病的抗性，但感病品种Lemont施硅处理的几丁质酶活性降低幅度小于抗病品种91SP。

... 对抗生物胁迫方面, 硅肥可提高水稻对纹枯病^[5]、稻瘟病^[6]、二化螟^[7]等抗性 ...

2014

0.0

葛少彬, 刘敏, 骆世明, 蔡昆争. 硅和稻瘟病菌接种对水稻植株有机酸含量的影响. 生态学杂志, 2014, 33: 3002-3009

Ge S

, Liu

, Luo S

, Cai K

. Influence of silicon application and Magnaporthe oryzae infection on organic acids contents. Chin J Ecol, 2014, 33: 3002-3009 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Two rice near-isogenic lines (NILs) with different resistance to blast, i.e . CO39 (susceptible) and C101LAC( Pi-1 ) (resistant), were used to investigate the impacts of silicon application on organic acid content of rice plants infected by  Magnaporthe oryzae , the pathogen of rice blast. In infected leaves, Si application significantly increased oxalic acid and maleic acid contents and reduced fumaric acid and citric acid contents of both rice lines. Malic acid and oxalic acid contents in roots of infected plants for both lines were also increased by Si application. Tartaric acid content in the infected leaves was significantly reduced by Si application in CO39 on the third day after the pathogen infection, but it increased in C101LAC( Pi-1 ) on the seventh day after the infection. The distribution of organic acids in both lines of rice plants varied: Citric acid was mainly distributed in leaves, malic acid in roots, and maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid and oxalic acid in both leaves and roots. These results suggest that Si application influences plant metabolism and thus enhances the resistance to blast under  M. oryzae infected conditions.

以抗病性不同的一对水稻近等基因系——感病CO39和抗病C101LAC Pi-1 )为实验材料，在水培条件下研究了施硅和稻瘟病接菌对水稻根系和叶片抗性物质有机酸含量的影响，揭示硅提高水稻对稻瘟病抗性的机理。结果表明：接菌条件下硅处理显著降低了2个基因型材料的叶片反丁烯二酸、柠檬酸的含量，而增加了叶片中草酸、顺丁烯二酸的含量；加硅显著降低接菌后第3天的CO39叶片酒石酸含量，但增加了C101LAC( Pi-1 )接菌后第7天的叶片酒石酸含量；硅处理还显著增加了根系中苹果酸和草酸的含量；各种有机酸在水稻植株体内的分布也不尽相同，如柠檬酸主要分布在叶片中，苹果酸主要分布在根系中，顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、酒石酸和草酸在叶片和根系中都有分布。研究表明，硅可能通过影响植株体内的有机酸代谢而增强稻瘟病的抗性。

... 对抗生物胁迫方面, 硅肥可提高水稻对纹枯病^[5]、稻瘟病^[6]、二化螟^[7]等抗性 ...

2010

0.0

韩永强, 刘川, 侯茂林. 硅介导的水稻对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的影响. 生态学报, 2010, 30: 5967-5974

Han Y

, Liu

, Hou M

. Silicon-mediated effects of rice plants on boring behavior of Chilo suppressalis larvae. Acta Ecol Sin, 2010, 30: 5967-5974 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Boring behavior of first and third instar larvae of the rice stem borer (RSB), Chilo suppressalis, on calcium silicate (Si)-treated susceptible (Shanyou63) and moderately resistant (Yanfeng47) rice cultivars was compared in terms of percentage of larvae bored (PLB), percentage of larvae penetrated (PLP) and penetration duration (PD), and number of silica cells in leaf sheaths and SiO2 content in soil and rice culms were determined, with the aims to clarify the influence of Si amendment on RSB boring behavior and whether there are differences in the Si-mediated influence regarding larval instars and rice cultivars. PLB decreased 5%-28% with increase in Si addition. PLP did not differ among Si treatments or between rice cultivars for the first instars; for the third instars, PLP significantly decreased 10%-40% with increase in Si supply and was 10% to 30% lower on Yanfeng47 than on Shanyou63. Si addition significantly prolonged PD in the first instars and, Yanfeng47 compared to Shanyou63 extended PD in the third instars. Increased SiO2 content in rice culms due to Si addition contributed to the reduction in PLP and prolong in PD of the third instar larvae. The current results indicate that Si amendment may contribute to the suppression of C. suppressalis directly through impeding larval penetration, and indirectly by delaying penetration, resulting in prolonged exposure of larvae to other control measures; Si supply impairs penetration more strongly in the third instars than in the first instars; and, susceptible rice cultivar benefits more from Si addition than resistant one in deterring boring by RSB larvae.

采用对二化螟敏感（汕优63）和中抗（盐丰47）的水稻品种，设置硅酸钙处理，观察二化螟蚁螟和三龄幼虫在不同处理稻茎上的钻蛀率、蛀入率和蛀入耗时，同时测定不同处理植株的硅细胞数量及植株与土壤的二氧化硅含量，旨在明确水稻施用硅肥对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的影响以及这种影响在不同龄期幼虫和不同抗虫性水稻品种间是否存在差异。蚁螟和三龄幼虫钻蛀率随硅肥施用量增加而降低（幅度为5%—28%）。蚁螟蛀入率在硅肥处理之间和水稻品种之间均没有差异；三龄幼虫蛀入率随硅肥施用量增加而显著下降10%—40%，盐丰47上的蛀入率显著低于汕优63（差异10%—30%）。蚁螟蛀入耗时随硅肥施用量增加而显著延长，三龄幼虫蛀入耗时与品种抗性有显著关系。稻茎硅含量随硅肥施用量增加而增大，并且与三龄幼虫蛀入率呈负相关、与三龄幼虫蛀入耗时呈正相关关系。因此，施用硅肥可直接抑制二化螟幼虫钻蛀，蛀入耗时的延长可间接地延长幼虫暴力于其它防治措施的时间；施用硅肥对三龄幼虫成功蛀入的影响大于对蚁螟的影响；相对于抗虫品种，施用硅肥能在更大程度上增强感虫品种对二化螟幼虫钻蛀行为的抑制作用。

... 对抗生物胁迫方面, 硅肥可提高水稻对纹枯病^[5]、稻瘟病^[6]、二化螟^[7]等抗性 ...

... 我们观察到, 与不施硅处理相比, 各施硅处理下的二化螟发生数量以及受害程度明显减轻, 这也从大田试验角度验证了硅肥可提高水稻对二化螟的抗性^[7] ...

2012

0.0

明东风, 袁红梅, 王玉海, 宫海军, 周伟军. 水稻胁迫下硅对水稻苗期根系生理生化性状的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 2510-2519

Ming D

, Yuan H

, Wang Y

, Gong H

, Zhou W

. Effects of silicon on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of roots of rice seedlings under water stress. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 2510-2519 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 In order to clarify the mechanism of silicon (Si) in enhancing the resistance to water stress, the effects of Si on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the roots of rice seedlings were investigated under water stress. 【Method】 The effects of exogenous Si on the physiological and biochemical parameters of roots of rice [(Oryza sativa ssp. (keng) Ting cv. Xiushui 11) and Brazilian upland rice (O. sativa cv. IAPAR 9)] were investigated under water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in hydroponic conditions. 【Result】 Exogenous Si could restrain excessive respiration, and increase the dry matter weight and relative water content of the PEG-stressed rice roots. On the 8th day after PEG treatment, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the roots of both Si-treated rice cultivars was decreased by 23% and 21%, and the relative electrolyte leakage was decreased by 39% and 38%, respectively, as compared to those of PEG treatment only. Consequently, the plasma membrane stability of the stressed roots was enhanced by Si application. In addition, exogenous Si also increased the root antioxidant defense capacity, slowed down the degradation of abscisic acid (ABA) in rice roots under PEG stress. 【Conclusion】 Silicon application could enhance the resistance of rice roots to water deficit stress by preventing the rapid decline of physiological and biochemical activities in roots.

1.浙江大学农业与生物技术学院，杭州 310058 2.枣庄学院生命科学学院，山东枣庄 277160 3.枣庄学院化学化工与材料科学学院，山东枣庄 277160 4.西北农林科技大学园艺学院，陕西杨凌 712100

【目的】分析施硅对水分胁迫下水稻苗期根系生理生化性状的影响，阐明施硅提高根系抗水分胁迫能力的机理。【方法】采用水培试验，以聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）模拟水分胁迫，以秀水11和巴西陆稻两个水稻品种为材料，研究施硅对根系相关生理生化指标的影响。【结果】施硅能够显著提高PEG诱导的水分胁迫下水稻根系的干物重和相对含水量，并抑制根系过度呼吸消耗。在处理第8天时，与单纯PEG处理相比，施硅使水分胁迫下的秀水11和巴西陆稻根系丙二醛（MDA）含量分别下降了23%和21%，相对电渗透率分别减少了39%和38%，增加了根系质膜的稳定性。施硅还抑制了活性氧的产生、增强了根系抗氧化能力，减缓了根系细胞中脱落酸（ABA）的快速降解。【结论】施硅能减轻水分亏缺所引起的水稻根系生理活性快速下降，从而增强苗期水稻根系对水分胁迫的抗性。

... 此外, 硅肥对于非生物胁迫如水分胁迫^[8]、UV-B辐射胁迫^[9]、铝胁迫^[10]、镉胁迫^[11]等也具有较好的调控作用 ...

2015

0.0

吴蕾, 娄运生, 孟艳, 王卫清, 崔合洋. UV-B增强下施硅对水稻抽穗期生理特性日变化的影响. 应用生态学报, 2015, 26: 32-38

, Lou Y

, Meng

, Wang W

, Cui H

. Effects of silicon supply on diurnal variations of physiological properties at rice heading stage. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2015, 26: 32-38 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of silicon (Si) supply on diurnal variations of photosynthesis and transpirationrelated physiological parameters at rice heading stage under elevated UV-B radiation. The experiment was designed with two UV-B radiation levels,  i.e . ambient UV-B (ambient, A) and elevated UV-B (elevated by 20%, E), and four Si supply levels, i.e . Si 0 (control, 0 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 ), Si 1 (sodium silicate, 100 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 ), Si 2 (sodium silicate, 200 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 ), Si 3 (slag fertilizer, 200 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 ). The results showed that, compared with ambient UV-B radiation, elevated UV-B radiation decreased the net photosynthesis rate ( P n ), intercellular CO 2  concentration ( C i ), transpiration rate ( T r ), stomatal conductivity ( g  s ) and water use efficiency (WUE) by 11.3%, 5.5%, 10.4%, 20.3% and 6.3%, respectively, in the treatment without Si supply (Si 0  level), and decreased the above parameters by 3.8%-5.5%, 0.7%-4.8%, 4.0%-8.7%, 7.4%-20.2% and 0.7%-5.9% in the treatments with Si supply (Si 1 , Si 2  and Si 3  levels), respectively. Namely, elevated UV-B radiation decreased the photosynthesis and transpirationrelated physiological parameters, but silicon supply could obviously mitigate the depressive effects of elevated UV-B radiation. Under elevated UV-B radiation, compared with control (Si 0  level), silicon supply increased  P n , C i , g s  and WUE by 16.9%-28.0%, 3.5%-14.3%, 16.8%-38.7% and 29.0%-51.2%, respectively, but decreased  T r by 1.9%-10.8% in the treatments with Si supply (Si 1 , Si 2  and Si 3  levels). That is, silicon supply could mitigate the depressive effects of elevated UVB radiation through significantly increasing  P n , C i ,  g s  and WUE, but decreasing  T r . However, the difference existed in ameliorating the depressive effects of elevated UV-B radiation on diurnal variations of physiological parameters among the treatments of silicon supply, with the sequence of Si 3 > Si 2 > Si 1 >S /a# 0 . This study suggested that fertilizing slag was helpful not only in recycling industrial wastes, but also in effectively mitigating the depressive effects of elevated UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and transpiration in rice production.

通过盆栽试验,研究了UV-B增强下施硅对水稻抽穗期光合和蒸腾生理相关参数日变化的影响.光辐射设对照(自然光,A)和UV-B辐射增强(比自然光增加20%,E)2个水平;硅肥设4个水平,即Si 0 (不施硅,0 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 )、Si 1 (硅酸钠,100 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 )、Si 2 (硅酸钠,200 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 )和Si 3 (钢渣硅肥,200 kg SiO 2 ·hm -2 ).结果表明: 不施硅条件下(Si 0 ),UV-B增强处理的净光合速率( P n )、胞间二氧化碳浓度( C i )、蒸腾速率( T r )、气孔导度( g s )和水分利用效率(WUE)的日均值比对照(A)分别下降了11.3%、5.5%、10.4%、20.3%和6.3%,施硅条件下(Si 1 、Si 2 和Si 3 )上述参数则分别下降了3.8%～5.5%、0.7%～4.8%、4.0%～8.7%、 7.4%～20.2%和0.7%～5.9%,说明UV-B增强降低了水稻 P n 、 C i 、 T r 、 g s 和WUE,而施硅能缓解UV-B增强引起的抑制效应.UV-B增强下施硅处理(Si 1 、Si 2 和Si 3 )的 P n 、 C i 、 g s 和WUE的日均值比不施硅对照(E+Si 0 )分别提高了16.9%～28.0%、3.5%～14.3%、16.8%～38.7%、29.0%～51.2%, T r 降低了1.9%～10.8%,说明施硅通过显著提高水稻 P n 、 C i 、 g s 和WUE,降低 T r ,以缓解UV-B增强引起的抑制效应.不同施硅处理对UV-B增强的缓解效应存在明显差异,表现为Si 3 >S /a# 2 > Si 1 > Si 0 .表明在水稻生产中,施用钢渣硅肥不仅能实现废弃物再利用,而且可有效缓解UV-B增强对水稻光合和蒸腾生理的抑制作用.

... 此外, 硅肥对于非生物胁迫如水分胁迫^[8]、UV-B辐射胁迫^[9]、铝胁迫^[10]、镉胁迫^[11]等也具有较好的调控作用 ...

2002

0.0

顾明华, 黎晓峰. 硅对减轻水稻的铝胁迫效应及其机理研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2002, 8: 360-366

Gu M

, Li X

. Effect of silicon on alleviation of aluminum toxicity and corresponded mechanisms in rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2002, 8: 360-366 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effect of silicon (Si) on alleviation of aluminum (Al) phytotoxicity and corresponded mechanisms were investigated in this study by analyzing Al chemical forms in solutions and the distribution of Al in rice roots. The results indicated that the root growth was inhibited quickly and remarkably by Al treatment at pH 4.5,while this inhibition was alleviated by addition of Si in different forms and the elongation of root was approached or come up to those of control plants without Si addition. Al forms in the solution changed because of Si addition. A new Al-complex was found by investigating Al-forms in the solution with molecular-sieve chromatography and cation exchange resin, while the monomer Al concentration decreased. The ratio of exchangeable Al reduced from 78% to 48%, while the ratio of exchangeable Si increased from 0% to 20% with Si addition. Al in the roots was mainly accumulated in apoplastic tissues, especially in cell walls. In other hands, total Al content and Al content in the apoplast of roots increased, while Al content in the cell wall fraction decreased with the low molecular Si addition in the Al solutions. However, in the case of the high molecular Si addition to the Al solution, the contents of total Al, Al in the apoplast, in symplast fractions, and in cell wall decreased markedly.

通过分析溶液中Al离子形态变化和根内Al的分布 ,探讨Si对减轻水稻Al胁迫的效应及其机理。结果表明 ,pH4.5的溶液培养条件下Al在短时间内即可明显地抑制水稻根系的生长 ,加入不同形态的硅酸可有效地减轻Al对水稻的胁迫 ,根的伸长量接近或达到对照处理的水平。加Si降低了溶液中单质态Al离子的浓度 ,改变了溶液中Al的形态。分子筛柱层析分离和离子交换树脂吸附分析发现 ,溶液中产生了新的Al化合物 ,阳离子交换态Al的比率由 78%降低到 48% ,而交换态Si的比率由 0 %增加到 20%。Al主要聚集于根质外体特别是细胞壁中 ,加入低分子态硅酸增加了根全Al和质外体Al的含量 ,但是却降低了细胞壁Al的含量 ,而加入高分子态硅酸明显地降低了根全Al、质外体、共质体和细胞壁Al的含量

... 此外, 硅肥对于非生物胁迫如水分胁迫^[8]、UV-B辐射胁迫^[9]、铝胁迫^[10]、镉胁迫^[11]等也具有较好的调控作用 ...

2010

0.0

刘鸣达, 王丽丽, 李艳丽. 镉胁迫下硅对水稻生物量及生理特性的影响. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(13): 187-190

Liu M

, Wang L

, Li Y

. Effect of silicon on biomass and physiological characteristics of rice under Cd stress. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2010, 26(13): 187-190 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract：The water culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Si (0、30、60、90 mg/L, SiO2) under 3 mg/L Cd stress on seedling biomass, Cd content in plants, catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and proline (Pro) content. The results showed: the fresh weight of rice shoots and stems was increased by 11.1%～14.39%, that of roots was increased by 15.7%～25.7%, the height of plants was increased by 8.0%～13.6%, the content of Cd in plants was decreased by 23.9%～26.5%, the activity of CAT was increased by 12.3%～16.6%, the content of MDA was decreased by18%～25% and the content of Pro was decreased by 31.5%～33.7% compared with the treatment without Si addition. The correlation was significant between the treatment adding Si and not. A negative correlation between CAT activity and Cd content of rice plant was found(r=0.980＊＊;n=5). A positive correlation between MDA content and Cd content of rice plant was found(r=0.956＊;n=5) and the same correlation was found between Pro and Cd content of rice plant(r=0.990＊＊;n=5). These results suggested that Si addition could inhibit Cd adsorption by the plants, improve physiological characteristics of rice, alleviate the toxicity of Cd to rice and promote the growth of it.

摘要：通过水培试验，研究了镉胁迫(3 mg/L，以Cd计)下不同加硅量(0、30、60、90 、120mg/L，以SiO2计)对水稻生物量、植株含镉量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性、丙二醛(MDA)和游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量的影响，结果表明：与无硅处理相比，加硅使水稻茎叶鲜重增加11.1%～14.39%，根重增加15.7%～25.7%，株高增加8.0%～13.6%；植株含镉量23.9%～26.5%；叶片CAT活性增加12.3%～16.6%，MDA含量降低18.0%～24.6%，Pro含量降低31.5%～33.7%。加硅处理与对照间的差异均达到5%显著水平。水稻叶片CAT活性与植株镉含量间呈线性负相关关系(r=0.980＊＊,n=5)， MDA含量与植株镉含量间呈线性正相关关系(r=0.956＊,n=5)，Pro含量与植株镉含量间呈线性正相关关系(r=0.990＊＊,n=5)。上述结果说明，加硅抑制水稻吸收镉，改善水稻逆境生理状况，缓解了镉对水稻的毒害作用，促进了水稻的生长发育。

... 此外, 硅肥对于非生物胁迫如水分胁迫^[8]、UV-B辐射胁迫^[9]、铝胁迫^[10]、镉胁迫^[11]等也具有较好的调控作用 ...

2013

0.0

韦还和, 姜元华, 赵可, 许俊伟, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郑飞. 甬优系列杂交稻品种的超高产群体特征. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 2201-2210

Wei H

, Jiang Y

, Zhao

, Xu J

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Zheng

. Characteristics of super-high yield population in Yongyou series of hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 2201-2210 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted using the representative indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 11 , Yongyou 12, Yongyou 13, Yongyou 15, Yongyou 17 to compare between super-high and high yield populations formed by the regulation of cultivation measures. The results showed that the spikelets of the super-high yield population was higher than that of high yield population, with difference very significant, but the seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of the super-high yield population were lower than those of high yield population. The average spikeletsper panicle was significantly higher than that of high yield population, meanwhile the number of the primary and secondary branches and total grains were higher than those of high yield population, showing a significant or very significant difference. The dry matter accumulation of the super-high yield population was a little lower than that of the high yield population at the jointing stage, but higher at heading and maturity stages. From the critical leaf-age for productive tillers to jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady growth with less ineffective tillers and lower peak number of tillers after jointing stage, the super-high yield population had a steady decline in number of tillers and had higher productive tillers rate, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation, compared with the high yield population. The super-high yield population had higher culm diameter and culm wall thickness in the basal first , second and third internodes, as well as higher bender moment and anti-broken strength, and lower lodging index than the high yield population.

以籼粳杂交稻有代表性的品种甬优 11 、甬优 12 、甬优 13 、甬优 15 、甬优 17 为试材 , 通过栽培措施的调控 , 形成超高产 ( 产量 ≥12.0 t hm -2 ) 和高产 (10.5 t hm -2 ≤ 产量＜ 12.0 t hm -2 ) 群体。比较研究其特征表明 , 与高产群体比，超高产群体的总颖花量极显著提高 , 而结实率和千粒重略降低；平均每穗粒数极显著提高 , 并且一、二次枝粳数以及粒数显著或极显著提高；拔节期的干物重略低 , 但抽穗期和成熟期的干物重均显著或极显著提高；其有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的生长平稳 , 无效分蘖发生少 , 高峰苗低 , 拔节期以后茎蘖数下降平缓 , 成穗率、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累量等均较高；基部第 1 、第 2 、第 3 节间的茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度及基部第 1 、第 2 、第 3 节间的弯曲力矩、抗折力均显著或极显著提高 , 且倒伏指数减小。

... 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻已在生产上表现出较高的产量潜力, 近几年在浙江、江苏、江西等地推广种植面积迅速增加^[12,13], 如在浙江省, 仅2012年, 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻的种植面积就达15 ...

2014

0.0

姜元华, 张洪程, 赵可, 许俊伟, 韦还和, 龙厚元, 王文婷, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 长江下游地区不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成因素特征的研究. 中国水稻科学, 2014, 28: 621-631

Jiang Y

, Zhang H

, Zhao

, Xu J

, Wei H

, Long H

, Wang W

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

. Difference in yield and its components characteristics of different type rice cultivars in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Chin J Rice Sci, 2014, 28: 621-631 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With 20 representative rice cultivars belonging to four types as materials, a field experiment was conducted to reveal the difference in yield and its components in the ricewheat cropping areas(Yangzhou, Changshu) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2012-2013. Grain yield and its components, stems and tillers and panicle traits and grainfilling were analyzed systematically.Result show that, 1)under the high yielding cultivation conditions, rice grain yield followed a decline trend of indicajaponica hybrid rice(IJHR) >japonica hybrid rice(JHR)>traditional japonica rice(TJR)>indica hybrid rice(IHR) in different sites and years.The average yield of IJHR in both years in Yangzhou was 12499.4 kg·hm-2, 4.82%,11.94% and 19.68% higher than those of JHR,TJR and IHR.2)The contribution of yield components to yield was total spikelet number>seedsetting rate>1000grain weight,and the contribution to total spikelet number was grain number per panicle>number of effective panicles.It illustrated that big panicle remained the main way for high yield of rice.3)The number of stems and tillers at jointing stage was TJR>IHR>JHR>IJHR,the contribution rates of stems and primary tillers were IJHR>IHR>TJR>JHR, while the contribution rate of the secondary tillers was JHR>TJR>IHR>IJHR, the composition of stems and tillers at waxy stage was the same as that at jointing stage;percentage of effective tillers of TJR(7576%) ranked first，followed by JHR(7287%),IJHR(6680%) and IHR(63.24%).4)Panicle length followed a trend of IHR>IJHR>JHR>TJR;grain density,single panicle weight were IJHR>JHR>IHR>TJR;grain number on the primary rachis branch was JHR>IJHR>TJR>IHR,while number of branches and total grain number on the primary rachis branch were IJHR>JHR>TJR>IHR,the trend of the contribution rate of grain number on the primary rachis branch to grain number per panicle from high to low was TJR（41.00%）,JHR（35.50%）,IJHR（31.83%）,IHR（27.92%）;grain number on the secondary rachis branch was IHR>IJHR>TJR>JHR,while number of branches and total grain number on the secondary rachis branch were IJHR>JHR>IHR>TJR,the trend of the contribution rate of grain number on the secondary rachis branch to grain number per panicle from high to low was IHR(72.80%),IJHR(68.17%),JHR(64.50%),TJR(59.00%). 5)The final grain weight was TJR>JHR>IHR>IJHR，maximum grainfilling rate was IHR>TJR>JHR>IJHR,the time reaching the maximum grainfilling rate was JHR>TJR>IJHR>IHR,mean grainfilling rate was IHR>TJR>JHR>IJHR,effective grainfilling time was JHR>IJHR>TJR>IHR;For grainfilling characteristics during different stages，grainfilling amount of gradual growth stage, fast growth stage and slow growth stage were TJR>JHR>IHR>IJHR;grainfilling time of gradual growth stage was JHR>TJR>IJHR>IHR,grainfilling time of fast growth stage and slow growth stage were JHR>IJHR>TJR>IHR; mean grainfilling rate of gradual growth stage was IHR>TJR>IJHR>JHR,grainfilling rate of fast growth stage and slow growth stage were IHR>TJR>JHR>IJHR.Compared with JHR ,TJR and IHR, IJHR had obvious advantages in productivity with big panicle as the basis.

为阐明长江下游地区稻麦两熟制高产栽培条件下不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成因素特征的差异，2012-2013年，在江苏扬州、常熟以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻四种类型20个具有代表性的品种为材料，系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种产量、茎蘖组成、穗部性状、籽粒灌浆等方面的差异。结果表明：1）在高产栽培条件下，不同地点和年份间产量均呈籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻趋势，其中，籼粳杂交稻品种平均产量为12499.4kg/hm2，分别较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻高4.82%、11.94%和19.68%，籼粳杂交稻品种增产的主要原因为每穗粒数极显著高于其他品种类型。2）产量构成因素对产量的净贡献率表现为总颖花量>结实率>千粒重，对总颖花量的净贡献率表现为每穗粒数大于有效穗数，说明大穗依然是水稻高产的主要途径。3）不同类型水稻品种拔节期茎蘖数表现为常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻，主茎和一级分蘖贡献率表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交籼稻>常规粳稻>杂交粳稻，二级分蘖贡献率表现为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻；蜡熟期茎蘖组成特点与拔节期一致；不同类型水稻品种成穗率表现为常规粳稻最高（75.76%），杂交粳稻其次（72.87%），籼粳杂交稻再次（66.80%），杂交籼稻最低（63.24%）。4）不同类型水稻品种穗长表现为杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻，着粒密度、每穗粒数和单穗重均表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>杂交籼稻>常规粳稻；一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗总粒数和二次枝梗总粒数均表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻，一次枝梗粒数对总粒数的贡献率表现为常规粳稻最大（41.00%），其次为杂交粳稻（35.50%）和籼粳杂交稻（3183%），杂交籼稻最低（27.92%），二次枝梗总粒对每穗粒数的贡献率表现为杂交籼稻最大（72.80%），其次为籼粳杂交稻（6817%）和杂交粳稻（64.50%），常规粳稻最小（59.00%）。5）不同类型水稻品种终极生长量Wo呈常规粳稻>杂交粳稻>杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻趋势，最大灌浆速率Vmax表现为常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻，到达最大灌浆速率的时间Tmax表现为杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻，平均灌浆速率Vmean表现为杂交籼稻>常规粳稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻，有效灌浆时间T99表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻；阶段性灌浆特征方面，灌浆量在渐增期、快增期和缓增期均表现为常规粳稻>杂交粳稻>杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻；灌浆时间在渐增期表现为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>籼粳杂交稻>杂交籼稻，在快增期和缓增期均表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻；灌浆速率在渐增期表现为杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻>杂交粳稻，在快增期和缓增期表现为常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻。籼粳杂交稻较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻有明显的产量优势，“穗大粒多”是其产量优势形成的基础。

2014

0.0

王晓燕, 韦还和, 张洪程, 孙健, 张建民, 李超, 陆惠斌, 杨筠文, 马荣荣, 许久夫, 王珏, 许跃进, 孙玉海. 水稻甬优12产量13. 5 t hm^-2以上超高产群体的生育特征. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 2149-2159

Wang X

, Wei H

, Zhang H

, Sun

, Zhang J

, Li

, Lu H

, Yang J

, Ma R

, Xu J

, Wang

, Xu Y

, Sun Y

. Population characteristics for super-high yielding hybrid rice Yongyou 12 (>13. 5 t ha^-1). Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 2149-2159 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Using indica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12, by transplanting seedlings with tillers at the age of four leaves with one leaf bud and applying super sparse cultivation technology, we compared and studied grain yield and its components, tiller dynamic, leaf area dynamic and accumulation dynamic of dry matter in three types of populations (High yield: 10.5–12.0 t ha -1 ; Higher yield: 12.0–13.5 t ha -1 ; Super-high yield: >13.5 t ha -1 ). The results showed that super-high yielding rice had more population spikelets, and slightly lower seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight than high yielding and higher yielding rice. Compared with high yielding and higher yielding rice, super-high yielding rice showed more number of stems and tillers at transplanting stage and achieved the expected number of stems and tillers at the critical leaf-age for productive tillers. During jointing stage the number of stems and tillers increased steadily and up to the maximum with a panicle rate of nearly 60%. The leaf area index of super-high yielding rice was relatively smaller at the early stage and the maximum of 9.17 at booting stage, and then slowly declined to more than 4.0 at maturity; The dry matter weight was relatively smaller at jointing stage and then the highest at each phase of the super-high yielding rice, which was 14.38 t ha -1 at heading stage, 9.73 t ha -1 from heading to maturity stage, and 24.11 t ha -1 at maturity stage. The root dry weight, ratio of root to shoot and root bleeding intensity per stem of the super-high yielding rice population were all the highest from heading to maturity stages.

1 Ningbo Seed Company of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China; 2 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 3 Ningbo City Yinzhou District Agricultural Technology Service Station of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315100, China; 4 Ningbo City Crop Farming Management Station, Ningbo 315100, China; 5 Crop Research Institute, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315101, China; 6 Ningbo City Yinzhou District Dongqiao Town Government, Ningbo 315157, China

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材、四叶一心期带蘖小苗移栽，超稀植(12.45×104穴 hm -2 )栽培，对高产(10.5~12.0 t hm -2 )、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm -2 )、超高产(>13.5 t hm -2 ) 3个产量群体的产量及其结构、茎蘖动态、叶面积动态及干物质的积累与运转等进行了系统比较研究。结果表明，产量由高产(10.5~12.0 t hm -2 )到更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm -2 )再到超高产(>13.5 t hm -2 )，群体的颖花量不断提高，结实率和千粒重略微下降。与高产和更高产群体相比，超高产群体茎蘖数起点较高，在有效分蘖临界叶龄期及时够苗，至拔节期群体茎蘖数稳步增长，达高峰苗，此后群体茎蘖数平缓下降，成穗率近60%；群体叶面积指数生育前期较小，最大值出现在孕穗期，为9.17，此后平缓下降，成熟期在4.0以上；群体干物质积累量在拔节期略低，此后各生育时期均升高，抽穗期为14.38 t hm -2 ，抽穗至成熟期为9.73 t hm -2 ，成熟期为24.11 t hm -2 ；群体根系干重、根冠比及单茎伤流强度在后期(抽穗至成熟期)均较高。

... 5 t hm^-2以上高产记录^[14] ...

2012

0.0

秦方锦, 王飞, 陆宏, 岑汤校, 王斌, 韩红煊, 庄亚其, 张欢. 宁波市耕地有效硅含量及其影响因素. 浙江农业学报, 2012, 24: 263-267

Qin F

, Wang

, Lu

, Cen T

, Wang

, Han H

, Zhuang Y

, Zhang

. Study on available silicon contents in cultivated land and its influencing factors in Ningbo City. Acta Agric Zhejiangensis, 2012, 24: 263-267 (in Chinese with English abstract)

分析了宁波市9个县(市、区)的747个土壤样品的有效硅含量, 并探讨了土地利用方式、土壤类型、地貌类型及土壤化学性质对土壤有效硅含量的影响.结果表明,宁波市耕层土壤有效硅( SiO2)平均含量为68 mg·kg-1,土壤有效硅含量丰富(≥130 mg·kg-1)、中等(100～ 130 mg·kg-1)、缺乏(50～ 100 mg·kg-1)和极缺水平(＜ 50 mg· kg-1)的土壤分别占15.8％,5.5％,19.8％和58.9％.旱地有效硅的平均含量(95 mg·kg-1)高于水田(61 mg·kg-1),两者的缺硅土壤面积分别占各自总面积的58.8％和83.5％.不同土类的有效硅含量按以下次序递减:滨海盐土( 133 mg·kg-1)＞潮土(110mg·kg-1)＞水稻土(61 mg·kg-1).在水稻土中,有效硅含量以渗育水稻士最高(88 mg·kg-1),淹育水稻土最低(49 mg·kg-1).各地貌类型的土壤有效硅含量:滨海平原＞水网平原＞河谷平原＞丘陵山区.土壤有效硅含量与pH、有机质的相关性均达极显著水平 (P＜0.01)；而与有效磷、速效钾均无显著相关性.针对宁波市耕地严重的缺硅现状,提出了补施硅肥的建议.

... 近年来, 已有浙江省宁波市土壤中缺乏硅元素的报道^[15] ...

... 此外, 该地区在水稻生长中后期易遭受台风引起倒伏, 且该地区高温高湿的气候条件, 也易导致纹枯病、稻瘟病、二化螟等病虫害的发生, 因此增施硅肥在该地区水稻生产上已引起足够重视^[15], 但当前就甬优籼粳杂交稻适宜的硅肥用量及其对产量影响的报道较少, 且缺乏系统的比较研究 ...

... 秦方锦等^[15]依据宁波市9个县的747个土样的有效硅含量数据, 将土壤有效硅含量划分为4个等级, 即土壤有效硅含量丰富(130 mg kg^-1)、中等(100~130 mg kg^-1)、缺乏(50~100 mg kg^-1)和极缺(#cod#x0003C ...

... 近几年, 随着超级稻高产品种的推广种植, 水稻从耕地中吸收的硅素也逐年增加, 传统的栽培技术如稻草还田给土壤提供的有效硅有限, 因此, 要解决水稻缺硅问题, 应重视补施硅肥^[15] ...

... 就甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术, 我们提出以下两点: (1)硅肥施用量应根据土壤有效硅含量而定, 在宁波当地可参考秦方锦等^[15]提出的对土壤有效硅丰缺程度的划分, 即土壤有效硅含量丰富(130 mg kg^-1)、中等(100~130 mg kg^-1)、缺乏(50~100 mg kg^-1)和极缺(#cod#x0003C ...

2003

0.0

文春波, 高红莉, 蔡德龙, 陈常友. 水稻施用硅肥研究综述. 地域研究与开发, 2003, 22(3): 79-81

Wen C

, Gao H

, Cai D

, Chen C

. Present study situation of the silicon fertilizer application to rice. Areal Res Develop, 2003, 22(3): 79-81 (in Chinese with English abstract)

文章首先综述了水稻施用硅肥后增产的机理,以及施用硅肥对水稻的叶片、植株、根系和抗逆性产生的积极影响,然后对水稻施用硅肥的增产效果以及增产幅度与土壤有效硅含量的关系作了总结,认为各地区施用硅肥的增产幅度存在差别,且北方一般高于南方;不同土壤类型,缺硅临界值应不同,并提出了华北平原的缺硅临界值为250mg/kg.最后,对今后的研究趋势作了论述.

... 1 施硅量对甬优籼粳交超级稻产量及其构成因素的影响因各地气候条件、土壤类型、种植制度等的差异, 至今我国尚未有统一的土壤有效硅含量的丰缺指标^[16] ...

2007

0.0

张国良, 戴其根, 王建武, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 凌励, 王显, 张军. 施硅量对粳稻品种武育粳3号产量和品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 299-303

Zhang G

, Dai Q

, Wang J

, Zhang H

, Huo Z

, Ling

, Wang

, Zhang

. Effects of silicon fertilizer rate on yield and quality of japonica rice Wuyujing 3. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 299-303 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of silicon fertilizer rates on yield and quality of rice grain were studied with a mid-season japonica rice cultivar Wuyujing 3.With the increase of Si application rate,number of panicles per plant,number of grains per panicle,1000-grain weight and grain yield increased firstly and then decreased within the range of Si application rate of 0-450 kg/hm2,while milled rice rate and consistence showed a tendency to increase,and head rice rate increased significantly.The curves of RVA profile decreased,and amylose content,peak viscosity,hot viscosity,cool viscosity,peak time had the trend of descent,while setback decreased firstly and then increased.Meanwhile,brown rice rate and transparency had no obvious difference in the treatments.but proper Si rates decreased the chalky grain rate,chalkiness area and chalkiness,and increased protein content,gel consistency and breakdown.Considering the grain yield and quality together,225 kg/hm2 of Si fertilizer rate was suitable.

以迟熟中粳稻武育粳3号为材料,研究了不同硅肥水平对粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明，大田基施硅肥0~450 kg/hm2范围内，随着施硅量的增加，穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重、产量先增后降，精米率、回复值有增加的趋势，整精米率显著增加，RVA谱曲线降低，直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、到达峰值黏度时间呈下降的趋势，消减值则先下降然后上升。施硅对出糙率、透明度无明显影响。适量施硅可以降低垩白米率、垩白大小和垩白度，改善稻米的外观品质。施硅能提高稻米胶稠度、崩解值，有提高稻米蛋白质含量的趋势。综合产量和品质性状，以施硅肥225 kg/hm2的处理较好。

... 较多的研究已表明, 施用硅肥可增加水稻产量, 但增产幅度因生态条件、供试品种、硅肥类型、土壤质地等的差异而不同^[4,17,18] ...

... 张国良等^[17]研究表明, 在大田基施硅肥(有效硅含量#cod#x02265 ...

... 商全玉等^[4]、张国良等^[17]研究表明施硅通过提高穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重提高水稻产量 ...

2012

0.0

龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 龙厚元, 常勇, 葛梦婕, 高辉, 刘艳阳, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 李德剑, 沙安勤, 周有炎, 罗学超. 不同时期施硅对超级稻产量和硅素吸收、利用效率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 1475-1488

Gong J

, Hu Y

, Long H

, Chang

, Ge M

, Gao

, Liu Y

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Li D

, Sha A

, Zhou Y

, Luo X

. Effect of application of silicon at different periods on grain yield and silicon absorption, use efficiency in super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 1475-1488 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to identify the best period for application of Si and the mechanisms of efficient Si absorption and use efficiency in super rice. 【Method】A field experiment was conducted with two japonica super rice varieties Wuyunjing24 and Huaidao9 planted on a large scale in Jiangsu region as materials exposed to applied Si at different periods. Grain yield and its components, Si accumulation at the main growth and development stage, periodic Si accumulation, periodic Si uptake rate, Si use efficiency, etc, were investigated. Furthermore, correlation analysis of grain yield and its components and traits associated with Si uptake and use efficiency was studied. 【Result】 Applied Si increased grain yield and its components, Si accumulation at the main growth and development stage, periodic Si accumulation, periodic Si uptake rate and partial factor productivity of applied Si, but it decreased Si use efficiency for grain production, significantly. It not only promoted Si supplies, but also improved the ability of providing Si of the soil. Morover, it raised available Si level in the soil and promoted Si absorption of rice. With the delaying periods of applied Si, grain yield, panicles, grains per panicle, total amount of Si absorption, Si uptake per 100kg of grain, Si recovery efficiency, Si agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity of applied Si increased firstly and then decreased, while Si use efficiency for grain production showed an opposite trend, with applied Si at effective tillering reaching a peak for panicles and critical leaf-age for productive tillers for others. However, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain-weight followed an ascendent tendency accordingly, with 1000-grain-weight of applied Si at heading reaching a significant level, whereas Si physiological efficiency was not significantly correlated with the periods of applied Si. Si accumulation rate of rice were 20.69-29.02% from transplanting to panicle initiation, 47.46-59.65% from panicle initiation to heading, 17.99-25.52% from heading to maturity, panicle initiation-heading > transplanting-panicle initiation > heading-maturity, significantly, and the periodic Si uptake rate followed the same trend as it. Correlation analysis showed that, grain yield components of rice grew together with Si absorption in phase and there existed significant positive correlations between grain yield and total amount of Si absorption. The increase of periodic Si uptake rate and periodic Si accumulation from panicle initiation to heading improved by applied Si was the physiological basis of increasing grain yield improved by large panicle. 【Conclusion】Increase of periodic Si uptake rate and periodic Si accumulation, especially at panicle initiation-heading stage, could increase Si accumulation at heading and maturity satges and Si use efficiency. By achieving large panicle based on stabilizing and raising panicles, and promoting the enrichment of population sink, grain yield could be further improved by application of Si.

【目的】明确硅肥施用最佳时期并揭示超级稻硅素高效吸收、利用机理。【方法】采用大田试验，以江苏地区大面积推广种植的粳型超级稻品种武运粳24号和淮稻9号为材料，研究不同时期施硅对水稻产量及其构成因素、主要生育期硅素积累量、硅素阶段积累量、硅素阶段吸收速率、硅素利用效率等的影响，并对产量及其构成因素与硅素吸收、利用效率相关性状进行相关分析。【结果】施硅显著提高产量及其构成因素、主要生育期硅素积累量、硅素阶段积累量、硅素阶段吸收速率和硅肥偏生产力，降低硅素稻谷生产效率，不仅增加了硅素供应量，还能改善土壤的供硅能力，提高土壤有效硅水平，促进水稻对硅素的吸收。随着硅肥施用时期的推迟，产量、穗数、每穗粒数、硅素吸收总量、百公斤籽粒吸硅量、硅素吸收利用率、硅素农学利用率和硅肥偏生产力呈现先增后减的趋势，硅素稻谷生产效率则先降后升，穗数于有效分蘖期追硅表现最高，其它均于有效分蘖临界叶龄期追硅达到最高（低）水平；结实率和千粒重则随着施硅时期的推迟而不断增加，其中抽穗期追硅千粒重达到显著水平；而硅素生理利用率对施硅时期的响应不明显。水稻在各个生育阶段的硅素积累比例，移栽-幼穗分化期为20.69%—29.02%，幼穗分化-抽穗期为47.46%—59.65%，抽穗-成熟期为17.99%—25.52%，幼穗分化-抽穗期＞移栽-幼穗分化期＞抽穗-成熟期，差异极显著。硅素阶段吸收速率表现的趋势与之一致。相关分析表明，水稻产量构成因素的形成与硅素吸收呈现良好的协同增长性，产量与硅素吸收总量呈极显著的正相关，施硅提高幼穗分化-抽穗期硅素阶段吸收速率和硅素阶段积累量是大穗增产的生理基础。【结论】提高硅素阶段吸收速率和硅素阶段积累量，尤其是幼穗分化-抽穗期，能有效提高抽穗期和成熟期硅素积累量及硅素利用效率，进而在稳定提高穗数的基础上，通过主攻大穗，并促进库容的充实，进而达到施硅增产的目的。

... 较多的研究已表明, 施用硅肥可增加水稻产量, 但增产幅度因生态条件、供试品种、硅肥类型、土壤质地等的差异而不同^[4,17,18] ...

... 龚金龙等^[18]研究表明, 施硅可显著提高江苏里下河地区粳型超级稻武运粳24和淮稻9号的产量, 增幅达4 ...

... (2)以往的文献中硅肥一般都是作基肥一次性施用, 但有报道称基施降低了硅肥利用率^[18] ...

2011

0.0

陈健晓, 屠乃美, 易镇邪, 朱红林. 硅肥对超级早稻产量形成和部分生理特性的影响. 作物研究, 2011, 25: 544-549

Chen X

, Tu N

, Yi Z

, Zhu H

. Effects of silicon fertilizer on yield formation and some physiological characteristics of super early rice. Crop Res, 2011, 25: 544-549 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：以超级早稻组合株两优819（倒伏敏感品种）与陆两优996（抗倒伏品种）为材料，研究了硅肥对超级早稻产量形成和生理特性的影响。结果表明：硅肥对超级早稻具有显著增产作用，株两优819与陆两优996增产幅度分别为6．71％～18．25％和9．32％～21．89％。增产的主要原因在于施硅肥提高了叶面积指数与千物质积累量及物质转换率，协调了库源关系；硅肥能改善超级早稻生理杼陛，主要表现在叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖含量与硝酸还原胁活性的提高及根系体积的增大等方而；施氮150kg／hm2条件下施硅肥的增产和改善生理特性效果更好，且陆两优996效果比株两优819更好。

... 陈健晓等^[19]研究表明, 施硅可提高超级早稻的穗数和每穗粒数, 但降低了结实率 ...

... 陈健晓等^[19]研究表明, 施硅提高叶面积指数、干物质积累量及物质转运率, 协调了库源关系 ...

2005

0.0

陆福勇, 江立庚, 秦华东, 唐茂艳. 不同氮、硅用量对水稻产量和品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2005, 11: 846-850

Lu F

, Jiang L

, Qin H

, Tang M

. Effects of nitrogen and silicon levels on grain yield and qualities of rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2005, 11: 846-850 (in Chinese with English abstract)

硅素和氮素是水稻正常生长必需的两大营养元素.水稻氮肥的施用技术及氮肥对水稻产量和品质的影响已有大量的研究[1-5].结果表明,适宜的氮素施用量和施肥时期,可以提高抽穗期群体源库质量和群体成穗率,形成高势粒比群体而高产;氮肥施用量对水稻的品质也会产生一定的影响,但不同品种对氮素施用量的反应不同.

... 陆福勇等^[20]研究表明施硅增加有效穗数提高水稻产量, 而对每穗粒数、千粒重和结实率影响不大 ...

2011

0.0

李万昌, 邵云, 王俊伟, 余娇娇, 杨梦铱. 硅对水稻籼粳杂种雌雄配子育性和结实率的影响. 西北植物学报, 2011, 31: 1147-1151

Li W

, Shao

, Wang J

, Yu J

, Yang M

. Effects of silicon on gametes and spikelets fertility of F₁ hybrid between indica and japonica rice. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2011, 31: 1147-1151 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以2个籼稻品种和2个粳稻品种及其籼粳杂种一代为材料,通过水培试验研究了硅对籼粳亚种间杂种雌雄配子育性和结实率的影响.结果表明:4个水稻亲本的育性正常,而亚种问杂种'台中65'/'广陆矮4号'和'穞稻'/'秋光'F1花粉育性分别为40.1%和50.3%,小穗育性分别为25.8%和40.3%;其F1胚囊具有正常的卵细胞、助细胞、极核及反足细胞,胚囊败育率分别为5.33%和3.33%.加硅处理F1每个柱头上花粉粒多于25粒的小花数分别占90%和90.5%,而不加硅处理高于20粒的小花数仅占8%和10%;加硅处理F1花粉离体萌发率分别为75.15%和76.23%,小穗的结实率分别达到65.5%和68.7%,而不加硅处理的分别为46.7%和48.13%,小穗结实率分别只有25.8%和40.3%,且加硅处理极显著高于不加硅处理.研究表明,水稻籼粳杂种存在半不育现象,并主要由花粉半不育和花药开裂性差造成;硅肥能促进杂种F1植株的花药开裂,明显增加柱头上花粉粒数目,并促进花粉萌发,显著提高小穗的结实率.

... 倒四叶叶龄期施用硅肥可促进籼粳交杂种F₁代的花粉萌发和颖花分化^[21], 增加每穗粒数 ...

2010

0.0

王显, 张国良, 霍中洋, 肖跃成, 熊飞, 张洪程, 戴其根. 氮硅配施对水稻叶片光合作用和氮代谢酶活性的影响. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2010, 31(3): 44-49

Wang

, Zhang G

, Huo Z

, Xiao Y

, Xiong

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

. Effects of application of nitrogen combined with silicon on the photosynthesis and activities of nitrogen metabolic enzyme of rice leaf. J Yangzhou Univ (Agric & Life Sci Edn), 2010, 31(3): 44-49 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以宁粳1号和汕优63为试材,研究不同水平氮肥配施硅肥对水稻叶片叶绿素含量、光合作用、转氨酶活性以及叶片硅素营养的影响.结果表明: 在同一氮肥水平下,施用硅肥可不同程度地延缓成熟期剑叶叶绿素含量的下降,提高光合速率和气孔导度,降低胞间CO2浓度,改善叶片光合功能;施用氮肥和硅肥均能提高水稻剑叶中谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性,并且随着施硅肥量增加,水稻叶片硅素积累量与GOT活性呈极显著正相关关系.

... 2 施硅量对甬优籼粳交超级稻相关形态与生理特征的影响王显等^[22]研究表明, 施用硅肥可提高光合作用、改善植株营养状况、提高地上部干物质积累 ...

... 此外, 有报道称倒四叶叶龄期施用硅肥可促进籼粳交杂种F₁代的花粉萌发和颖花分化, 提高结实率^[22] ...

2004

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张国良, 戴其根, 周青, 潘国庆, 凌励, 张洪程. 硅肥对水稻群体质量及产量影响研究. 中国农学通报, 2004, 20(3): 114-117

Zhang G

, Dai Q

, Zhou

, Pan G

, Ling

, Zhang H

. Influences of silicon fertilizer on population quality and yield in rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2004, 20(3): 114-117 (in Chinese with English abstract)

施用多效硅肥可以明显增加单位面积上群体的总颖花量和结实粒数;提高成穗率;提高叶面积指数、粒/叶和粒重/叶;显著提高花后干物质的生产积累能力;改善茎系结构,提高抗倒伏能力,从而使群体质量明显提高。研究结果表明,150kg/hm2硅肥作基肥和分蘖肥对水稻群体质量和产量的影响效应较好,而拔节期不同硅肥用量中以225kg /hm2效果最好。

... 张国良等^[23]研究表明, 施硅显著提高了成穗率、花后干物质积累能力, 明显改善了作物群体质量 ...

2012

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龚金龙, 张洪程, 龙厚元, 胡雅杰, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉. 水稻中硅的营养功能及生理机制的研究进展. 植物生理学报, 2012, 48: 1-10

Gong J

, Zhang H

, Long H

, Hu Y

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Gao

. Progress in research of nutrition functions and physiological mechanisms of silicon in rice. Plant Physiol J, 2012, 48: 1-10 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：尽管硅还没有被列为植物生长的必需营养元素,但它在水稻生长发育、产量与品质形成、矿质营养吸收以及逆境生理等方面都具有重要的作用。硅不仅是水稻细胞结构成分和组成物质,还参与调节水稻各种生理生化代谢过程,促进光合作用,改善冠层结构,增强抗倒伏能力,提高群体质量,促进产量、品质和肥料吸收利用效率的协同提高。硅通过物理途径或生理生化途径增强水稻对重金属、盐渍、干旱、紫外线、高温等非生物胁迫以及病虫生物胁迫的抵抗力。还展望了水稻中硅研究的未来发展。

... 施用硅肥可改善叶片姿态、植株冠层结构、提高茎秆抗倒伏能力^[24] ...

2008

0.0

... 邓文等^[25]研究表明, 施硅明显提高了超级杂交稻倒四节间抗折断能力 ...

2014

0.0

韦还和, 李超, 张洪程, 孙玉海, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 杨筠文, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 水稻甬优12不同产量群体的株型特征. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 2160-2168

Wei H

, Li

, Zhang H

, Sun Y

, Ma R

, Wang X

, Yang J

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

. Plant-type characteristics in populations with different yield of Yongyou 12. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 2160-2168 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Using indica-japonica super rice Yongyou 12, we compared the plant-type characteristics among three types of populations (high yield: 10.5–12.0 t ha -1 ; higher yield: 12.0–13.5 t ha -1 ; super-high yield: >13.5 t ha -1 ). The main results indicated that in super-high yield population, the mean values of panicle length, total grains per spike, number of the primary and secondary rachises were 21.56, 356.34, 20.46, and 73.98, respectively, being higher than those in the high and higher yield populations. However, the seed-setting rate in the primary and secondary rachises showed slight reduction. Super-high yield population had longer length, larger width and higher rolling rate, smaller leaf basic angle and dropping angle, more green leaves after heading for the top-most three leaves in comparison with the other two populations. Compared with the other two populations, super-high yield population had higher plant height, longer length of top three internodes, higher ratio of sum of panicle and neck internode to plant height 39.84% and ratio of neck internode to stalk length 37.75%. The decreased length of basal three internodes, increased culm diameter, culm wall thickness and dry weight of culm and sheath made higher anti-broken strength and lower lodging index in super-high yield population.

以籼粳交超级稻甬优12为试材，比较研究高产(10.5~12.0 t hm -2 )、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm -2 )、超高产( >13.5 t hm -2 ) 3个群体的株型特征。结果表明，穗长、穗粒数、一次和二次枝梗数，超高产群体分别为21.56、356.34、20.46和73.98 (两年平均值)，均高于对应的高产和更高产群体，但一次和二次枝梗的结实率略微降低。超高产群体上部三叶的长、宽以及卷曲率高，倒一、二、三叶的卷曲率分别为1.84、1.47、1.26，叶基角和披垂度小，抽穗后的主茎绿叶数多。超高产群体株高为143.50 cm，分别较更高产、高产群体高1.98%和3.83%，上部第一、二、三节间长度增加，穗长加穗下节间长占株高比例、穗下节间占秆长比例高，分别为39.84%和37.75%；基部第一、二、三节间长度缩短，茎秆粗度和茎壁厚度增加，茎、鞘干物重以及K、Si含量高，提高了基部节间的抗折力同时降低了倒伏指数。

... 韦还和等^[26]研究表明, 茎、鞘中较高的K、Si含量提高了甬优12超高产群体的抗倒伏能力 ...

2013

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丁能飞, 郭彬, 李建强, 林义成, 刘琛, 李华, 李凝玉, 傅庆林. 氮硅互作对水稻营养和产量的影响. 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(12): 127-130

Ding N

, Guo

, Li J

, Lin Y

, Liu

, Li

, Li N

, Fu Q

. Effects of nitrogen and silicon interaction on the nutrition and yield of rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2013, 29(12): 127-130 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to provide adequate theoretical basis for reasonably nitrogen and silicon combined application, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen and silicon interaction on the nutrition and yield of rice. The results showed that, silicon application could significantly increase the solid grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight; while nitrogen application could significantly increase the valid panicle number per plant, nitrogen and silicon combined application could increase the yield of rice. Added silicon fertilizer could significantly increase soil available silicon content, but added nitrogen fertilizer could significantly decrease soil available silicon content. Nitrogen application could increase nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of rice plant on each period, but silicon application had no significant effects. The results of the present study suggested that, the effects of nitrogen fertilizer in the presence of silicon fertilizer could be improved, the treatment (N 180 kg/hm2 and SiO2 30 kg/hm2) could obtain balanced nutrition and the highest yield of rice.

为氮硅合理配施提供充分的理论依据，通过小区试验研究了氮硅互作对水稻营养与产量的影响。结果表明，施硅可明显增加穗实粒数与千粒重，而施氮可明显增加有效穗数，氮硅配施可以提高水稻产量。增施硅肥可明显提高土壤有效硅含量，而施氮明显降低了土壤有效硅含量。施氮对水稻各时期氮磷钾含量提高有促进作用，而施硅则影响不显著。说明氮硅配施具有相互平衡作用，中氮水平下(180 kg/hm2)配施SiO2 30 kg/hm2水稻营养较为均衡，产量最高。

... 3 甬优籼粳交超级稻硅肥高效施用技术的探讨尽管硅肥的增产作用低于氮肥, 但水稻对硅的吸收量却很高, 超过氮、磷、钾的吸收总量^[27] ...