北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬的临界指标分析

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孙万仓, 刘海卿, 刘自刚, 武军艳, 李学才, 方彦, 曾秀存, 许耀照, 张亚宏, 董云. . 北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬的临界指标分析. 作物学报, 2016, 42(4): 609-618
SUN Wan-Cang, LIU Hai-Qing, LIU Zi-Gang, WU Jun-Yan, LI Xue-Cai, FANG Yan, ZENG Xiu-Cun, XU Yao-Zhao, ZHANG Ya-Hong, DONG Yun. . Critical Index Analysis of Safe Over-wintering Rate of Winter Rapeseed ( Brassica rapa) in Cold and Arid Region in North China . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(4): 609-618 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜安全越冬的临界指标分析

孙万仓^1,^*, 刘海卿^1,^*, 刘自刚^1,^*, 武军艳¹, 李学才¹, 方彦¹, 曾秀存², 许耀照², 张亚宏³, 董云⁴

¹甘肃农业大学农学院 / 甘肃省油菜工程与技术研究中心 / 甘肃省作物遗传改良与种质创新重点实验室 / 甘肃省干旱生境作物重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070

²河西学院农业与生物技术学院, 甘肃张掖 734000

³天水农业科学研究所, 甘肃天水 741000

⁴甘肃省农业科学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 刘自刚, E-mail: lzgworking@163.com, Tel: 13919812415

第一作者联系方式: 孙万仓, E-mail: 18293121851@163.com, Tel: 18293121851; 刘海卿, E-mail: 1289754164@qq.com, Tel: 15117162792

收稿日期:2015-09-07 接受日期:2016-01-11 网络出版日期:2016-01-19

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31260334, 31460356, 31560397), 国家现代产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-13), 国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目(2015CB150206), 国家农业科技成果转化项目(2014G10000317)和甘肃省自然科学基金项目(14RJZG050)资助

摘要

利用2011—2014年北方13个省、市、区48个不同生态点的试验数据, 分析不同品种在不同生态点的越冬率、产量变化, 越冬率与产量的相关性, 旨在研究白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的越冬安全性, 确定北方冬油菜通用的安全越冬的越冬率临界值, 明确影响北方冬油菜越冬率的主要因子。结果表明, 不同白菜型冬油菜品种在北方不同生态地区越冬率差异较大, 产量也差异较大, 越冬率变幅为10%~99%, 强抗寒品种越冬率>70%。回归分析表明, 越冬率与产量存在明显的线性正相关, 回归方程符合 y = ax+ b, 当越冬率<70%时, 产量随越冬率的增加而增加, 当越冬率为70%时单位面积产量基本趋于稳定, 越冬率大于70%时, 越冬率对产量的影响不明显。协方差分析表明, 与冬油菜越冬率相关性最为密切的因子是品种, 其次是极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤0℃的冬季负积温、纬度、经度等。因此, 70%的越冬率可作为北方地区冬油菜通用安全越冬的越冬率临界值, 采用强抗寒品种, 极端最低气温-31.79℃、冬季气温-7.20℃、年均气温6.38℃、负积温-997.57℃, 纬度低于44.83°, 经度高于80.34°是保证冬油菜安全越冬的必要条件。

关键词: 白菜型; 冬油菜; 北方寒旱区; 越冬率; 影响因子; 回归分析

Critical Index Analysis of Safe Over-wintering Rate of Winter Rapeseed ( Brassica rapa) in Cold and Arid Region in North China

SUN Wan-Cang^1,^**, LIU Hai-Qing^1,^**, LIU Zi-Gang^1,^*, WU Jun-Yan¹, LI Xue-Cai¹, FANG Yan¹, ZENG Xiu-Cun², XU Yao-Zhao², ZHANG Ya-Hong³, DONG Yun⁴

¹College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / Gansu Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China

²College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China

³Tianshui Institute of Agriculture, Tianshui 741000, China

⁴Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China

Fund:This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (31260334, 31460356, 31560397), the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-13), the National Basic Research Program of China (2015CB150206), the National Agricultural Science and Technology Achievements Transformation Projects (2014G10000317), and the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (14RJZG050)

Abstract

To research the safe over-wintering rate of winter rapeseed ( Brassica rapa) in different ecological areas in North China, to confirm the critical value of over-wintering rate, and to clarify the main factors affecting over-wintering rate, we collected the data of long term multi-location field experiments at 48 ecological sites in 13 provinces and cities and areas in 2011-2014 with winter rapeseed variety Longyou 7, Longyou 6, Longyou 8, Longyou 9, Tianyou 4, Tianyou 2 to analyze the over-wintering rate and yield and the correlations between them. The results indicated that there were significant differences of over-wintering rate in different ecological areas, which ranged from 10% to 99% and the yield also had significant difference in different locations. The over-wintering rates of varieties with strong cold resistance were over 70%. Regression analysis showed a significant linear correlation between over-wintering rate and yield, with the regression equation of y = ax+ b. The yield increased with the increase of over-wintering rate when the over-wintering rate < 70%, and tended to stable when the over-wintering rate was 70%, but didn’t had significant influence on yield when > 70%. In conclusion, variety is one of the key factors affecting the over-wintering rate of winter rapeseed. The critical value of safe over-wintering rate in north China is 70%, and the corresponding planting conditions are the strong cold resistant varieties, the extreme lowest temperature -31.79°C, the temperature of winter -7.20°C, annual average temperature 6.38°C, negative cumulative temperatures in winter -997.57°C in planting areas, latitude below 44.83° and longitude over 80.34°.

Keyword: Brassica rapa.; Winter rapeseed; Cold and arid region in the north of China; Over-wintering rate; Affecting factor; Regression analysis

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我国北方地区多处于中纬度地带, 具有光能丰富、温差大、夏季短而酷热、冬季长而严寒、干旱少雨等特点^{[1, 2]}。热量是该地区农业生产的主要限制因子, 大部分地区、大部分作物两季不足而一季有余, 属传统一年一熟制区, 晚秋到翌年初春大面积土地闲置, 而种植白菜型冬油菜对冬闲田的开发利用具有重大现实意义与战略意义^[3]。选用抗寒品种和保证安全越冬是推动北方严寒地区冬油菜进一步发展的保障。如何鉴定品种的抗寒性以及评价安全越冬的临界值就成为北方冬油菜科研与生产必须探讨的重大选题。超强抗寒冬油菜品种的选育与应用, 初步解决了北方地区冬油菜越冬问题, 推动了冬油菜种植区北移, 在西北(甘肃天水以西以北)、华北地区形成了一个新的冬油菜产区^[4], 带来了两大效益: 一是冬油菜是北方冬、春季覆盖作物和景观作物, 产生了重大生态效益^[5], 二是促进了种植制度变革, 改革传统的一年一熟为一年二熟/二年三熟, 提高了复种指数与单位面积经济效益^[6]。冬油菜北移的初步成功, 品种是关键(新品种抗寒性大幅提高)。品种抗寒性鉴定问题, 有大量报道。抗寒性强的品种在植物学形态上表现为叶片匍匐贴地生长, 生长点凹陷低于地表, 叶色深绿色等^[7]。根是北方冬油菜越冬的唯一营养器官, 强抗寒品种较弱抗寒品种光合作用强, 冬前有机物质优先分配给根部, 建立庞大的根系, 为冬油菜安全越冬及冬后营养体的重建提供保障^[8], 且其枯叶期提前, 越冬期延长, 籽粒灌浆成熟期延长, 使角粒数和千粒重增加^[9]。抗寒性不同的材料在低温下生理特性变化存在差异^{[10, 11, 12, 13, 14]}。许多研究指出, 越冬率高低是品种抗寒性强弱和栽培技术适合度的最客观反映, 也是安全越冬的重要评价指标, 凡越冬率高的品种一般适应性好^[15], 可作为北方旱寒区选择适宜冬油菜品种和技术的依据^[16]。从现有关于北方冬油菜抗寒性研究成果看, 越冬率是评价品种利用价值的最重要因子, 而且具有直观、可操作性强的优势。但是利用越冬率判断北方寒旱区冬油菜抗寒性和安全越冬问题, 尚缺乏一个可操作性强的科学的临界值与标准。越冬率通过影响单位面积返青群体大小进而影响农艺性状并决定产量的高低, 因此以越冬率和产量的相关性来确定安全越冬的越冬率临界值是较适宜的, 而越冬率对产量的直接影响由显著到不显著的临界值(阈值)即可作为安全越冬的临界值, 高于该值, 越冬率对产量的直接影响较小。因此本研究通过多年多点试验, 研究白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的越冬安全性及影响越冬率的主要因子。以期明确北方白菜型冬油菜越冬率对产量等(重要性状)的影响, 确定安全越冬的越冬率临界值及影响越冬率的因子, 为合理选择品种与栽培技术, 指导冬油菜的安全生产提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

超强抗寒冬油菜品种(陇油6号、陇油7号)和强抗寒品种(陇油8号、陇油9号)种子由甘肃农业大学提供。耐寒性品种(天油2号、天油4号)由甘肃省天水市农科所提供。

1.2 试验地点及试区主要气象因子

设我国北方西藏、新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏、陕西、山西、内蒙古、河北、北京、天津、辽宁、吉林等13个省、自治区、直辖市的48个试点。试区主要气象因子如表1 (数据来源于中国气象数据共享网), 纬度变化范围为29° 59′ N~ 47° 86′ N, 跨越18个纬度, 经度变化范围为79° 52′ E~ 129° 52′ E, 跨越50个经度。海拔高度43.6~3650.0 m。最冷月平均气温-17.0~1.0℃, 极端最低温度-41.7~ -13.7℃, ≤ 0℃积温-1623.9~ -18.3℃, 年均温度4.8~13.9℃, 冬季气温-11.9~2.8℃, 最大冻土深度34.0~212.0 cm。

表1 主要试区主要气象因子 Table 1 Main meteorological factor of main experiment sites

1.3 试验设计

2011— 2014年各试点分别按照当地适宜的播种时间播种, 甘肃、新疆等西部冷凉地区一般8月中下旬播种, 华北地区一般9月上旬播种, 随机区组排列, 3次重复, 行距15 cm, 株距10 cm, 播种时结合整地施1.2× 10⁴ kg hm^-2农家肥和450 kg hm^-2 (NH₄)₂HCO₃用作底肥, 出苗后三叶期间苗, 定苗, 每公顷留60万株, 11月中旬浇冬水。第二年4月15日至30日浇第一水, 终花后, 第2次浇水。油菜角果70%左右蜡黄时收获。

1.4 测定指标与方法

1.4.1 越冬率调查

统计每个品种越冬前和返青后存活苗数并计算越冬率。越冬率 = (冬后苗数/冬前苗数) × 100%。

1.4.2 产量测定

于冬油菜成熟期按小区收获、脱粒, 统计小区产量, 折算为单位面积产量。

1.4.3 安全越冬的临界值分析

通过回归分析越冬率对产量的影响由显著到不显著时的阈值为安全越冬的越冬率临界值, 高于此临界值的越冬率对产量影响较小, 即越冬率与产量的相关性不显著, 且产量间无明显差异。

1.5 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2003作图和回归分析, 用SPSS19.0进行方差分析和协方差分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的越冬率变化

根据连续变数的次数分布统计方法, 以组距为10%将6个品种在48个不同生态点的越冬率分为6个子区间, 通过计算每个品种在各区间的频率, 表明不同品种在不同生态点的越冬率次数分布差异较大(图1)。抗寒性强的的陇油6号和陇油7号, 无论在任何生态点越冬率均高于50%, 且80%的生态点越冬率均高于80%。抗寒性中等的陇油8号和陇油9号80%的生态点越冬率在60%~90%之间。而抗寒性较弱的天油2号和天油4号越冬率在40%~80%之间。说明不同抗寒性品种在不同生态点越冬率差异较大。

2.2 白菜型冬油菜在北方不同地区的产量方差分析

6个不同品种在20个典型生态点产量(多年平均)的联合方差分析(表2)表明, 不同品种间和不同地点间产量差异均极显著, 品种和地点互作也极显著。说明品种特性和不同生态点的气象差异均对产量影响明显, 要保证冬油菜高产必须选择合适的品种和适宜的地区。

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	图1 白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的越冬率次数分布Fig. 1 Frequency distribution of overwintering rate of winter Brassica rapa in different regions

表2 白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的产量方差分析 Table 2 Variance analysis of yield of winter rapeseed in different regions

2.3 越冬率和产量回归分析

图2(A、B、C、D)表明越冬率与产量呈极显著正相关, 即随着越冬率的增加产量增加, 回归方程符合y = ax+b。但当越冬率小于70%时, 随着越冬率的增加产量明显增加, 当越冬率为70%时产量为3500 kg hm^-2左右, 产量基本达到最高, 趋于稳定, 当越冬率大于70%时, 随着越冬率的增加产量增加不明显, 年份间变化趋势一致。说明70%的越冬率是影响产量的临界越冬率, 越冬率大于70%时对产量影响不明显。

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	图2 2011-2014年越冬率与产量回归分析Fig. 2 Regression analysis of over-wintering rate and yield in 2011-2014

2.4 影响越冬率的因子分析

2.4.1 越冬率与影响因子协方差和回归分析

表3表明影响越冬率的主要因子是品种, 差异极显著。除此之外极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均温度、≤ 0℃冬季负积温对越冬率的影响也极显著。而海拔、最冷月平均气温、最大冻土深度、纬度、经度对越冬率无明显的影响。说明越冬率的高低主要受品种抗寒性和种植地区冬季低温的影响, 保证安全越冬品种是关键。图3表明, 越冬率与纬度、海拔呈负相关, 随着纬度和海拔的升高越冬率降低, 方程为y = -ax+b。越冬率与极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤ 0℃冬季负积温、最冷月平均气温、经度呈正相关, 即随着温度的升高越冬率增加, 方程为y = -ax+b。通过回归方程可知, 要使越冬率大于70%, 该地区极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤ 0℃冬季负积温、最冷月平均气温必须分别大于-31.79℃、-7.20℃、6.38℃、-997.57℃、-12.04℃, 纬度低于44.83° , 经度高于80.34° 。

2.4.2 不同品种越冬率与温度因子回归分析协方差分析表明, 影响越冬率的主要因子是品种, 其次是极端最低气温(x₁)、冬季气温(x₂)、年均气温(x₃)和≤ 0℃冬季负积温(x₄)。通过不同品种越冬率与极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤ 0℃的冬季负积温的回归分析表明, 不同品种的越冬率与极端最低气温、冬季气温、年均气温存在一定的线性关系, 回归方程符合y = ax₁+bx₂+cx₃+d, 回归方程显示, 不同的品种适应的生态地区不同(表4)。

表3 越冬率与影响因子协方差分析 Table 3 Covariance analysis of over-wintering rate and impact factors

表4 不同品种越冬率与气象因子回归分析 Table 4 Regression analysis of over-wintering rate and meteorological factors in different varieties

3 讨论

3.1 以越冬率作为冬油菜抗寒性评价的科学性与可行性

评价抗寒性有多种途径与方法, 不同作物或植物抗寒性评价的途径和方法不同, 如冬小麦、苜蓿抗寒性评价, 包括生理生化性状评价, 植物学特征特性和生长发育特性等^{[17, 18]}。且均提出越冬率是评价其抗寒性较为准确的指标^{[19, 20, 21]}。抗寒性评价是北方地区评价每一项大田冬季农业技术适宜性的必要环节, 包括栽培技术、品种等, 无一例外。北方寒旱区由于纬度高, 海拔高, 气候严寒, 冬季漫长, 晚冬初春常受寒潮侵袭, 冬油菜整个生育过程均处在严酷的气候条件之下, 保收率低, 只有强抗寒品种才能越冬, 越冬率是品种抗寒性的客观反映, 是农业生产上评价冬油菜品种抗寒性及栽培技术适应性的有效、直观指标, 品种抗寒性优异, 则越冬率高; 反之则低^[22]。孙万仓等^[4]以极端低温为-24~ -28℃条件下的越冬率为判断参试品种(系)抗寒性强弱的依据: 认为越冬率90%~100%为超强抗寒性品种; 越冬率80%~89%为强抗寒性品种; 越冬率70%~79%为抗寒品种; 越冬率< 50%为耐寒性品种。同时发现, 超强抗寒品种和强抗寒品种在北方地区越冬率均大于70%, 安全越冬是有保障的。本研究表明越冬率与产量、农艺性状之间存在极显著的相关性, 在一定的越冬率范围内, 越冬率越高则产量越高、农艺性状越优良。因此, 以越冬率评价抗寒性是可行的。

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	图3 越冬率与气象因子回归分析Fig. 3 Regression analysis between overwintering rate and meteorological factors

3.2 冬油菜安全越冬的越冬率临界值

关于安全越冬率的临界越冬率无论对冬小麦、苜蓿、还是冬油菜, 均未见报道。杨芳萍等^[23]认为, 甘肃地区冬小麦的越冬率达到70%即为安全越冬, 邢丽萍等^[24]研究认为, 苜蓿的越冬率达到70%即可安全越冬。本研究结果表明, 越冬率与产量之间存在明显的正相关, 回归方程为y= ax+b, 当越冬率小于70%时, 随着越冬率的增加产量增加。由于随着越冬率的升高单位面积群体增大, 单位面积的角果数增加。而越冬率大于70%时, 产量反而降低或增加不明显, 说明此时影响产量的主要因素不再是越冬率, 主要是由于越冬率通过影响冬油菜返青后的群体大小最终来影响产量, 当越冬率达到70%时, 基本能保证田间群体, 单位面积角果数也达到最大, 且个体得到充分发育, 单株角果数、角粒数和千粒重也较优, 能保持产量总体稳定, 而当越冬率再增加时, 由于群体较大, 光热资源不足, 个体得不到充分发育, 单位面积角果数明显较越冬率为70%时降低, 对产量造成不利影响, 产量较越冬率为70%时并无明显差异。越冬率小于70%时越冬率对产量的影响极显著, 而越冬率大于70%时, 越冬率对产量的影响不显著, 因此可认为70%的越冬率是衡量安全越冬的临界值。

3.3 影响冬油菜越冬率的主要因子

影响冬油菜越冬的主要因子包括两方面, 一是品种抗寒性, 二是气候条件^{[25, 26]}。本研究结果表明, 影响冬油菜越冬的主要因子是品种, 在同一生态点, 品种抗寒性强则越冬率高。在一个地区能否安全越冬是以选用强抗寒品种为支撑条件的^[27], 在一个能够安全越冬的地区如果选用抗寒性差的品种仍然不能保证安全越冬。不同生态区, 由于温度差异较大, 越冬率差异较大, 随着冬油菜种植区向北向西推移, 年均温度逐渐降低, 冬季有效积温逐渐降低, 极端低温低, 持续时间长, 越冬率逐渐降低。冬油菜由原种植北界天水附近北移至兰州、秦川、武威、张掖、酒泉后, 越冬率逐渐降低, 在天水、兰州, 陇油系列和天油系列品种均能安全越冬; 在秦川、武威, 天油系列品种不能安全越冬, 陇油系列品种陇油6号、陇油7号、陇油8号、陇油9号均能安全越冬; 在张掖地区, 只有陇油6号、陇油7号、陇油8号才能安全越冬; 酒泉则只有超强抗寒陇油6号、陇油7号才能安全越冬。在华北, 如祁县、天津等地冬季气温较高, 均能安全越冬。保证安全越冬的措施是选择抗寒性强的品种和采用科学的栽培技术, 地区间越冬率差异较大, 但抗寒性强的品种在不同生态区均能保持较高越冬率。因此北方冬油菜越冬的关键是选用品种。协方差分析表明, 影响冬油菜越冬率的主要气象因子为极端低温、冬季气温、年均气温、≤ 0℃冬季负积温等。冬前生长期所需积温基本可通过人为调节播种期来满足, 冬后积温则决定冬后生长期的长短和成熟期早与迟, 积温高则成熟早, 否则成熟晚。而冬季的负积温、极端低温和最冷月温度等因子则决定冬油菜能否安全越冬。因此, 对北方冬油菜来说, 影响其越冬率的最关键气象因子是极端最低气温、冬季气温、≤ 0℃的冬季负积温, 国内外^{[28, 29]}研究也得到相似的结果, 因此冬油菜能否安全越冬, 在选择强抗寒品种的前提下要选择适宜的种植区。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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2008

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张强, 邓振镛, 赵映东, 乔娟. 全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业的影响. 生态学报, 2008, 28: 1210-1218

Zhang

, Deng Z

, Zhao Y

, Qiao

The impacts of global climatic change on the agriculture in northwest China.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2008, 28: 1210-1218 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In the paper, Based on systematically concluding the main research achievements on impacts of global climatic change on the agriculture in Northwest China. The main characteristics of modern climatic change in Northwest China are presented. Regularity of impacts of modern climatic change on soil moisture, surface evaporation and crop climatic productivity are expounded. Responses of the agricultural activities such as procreation, growth, insect pest, planting acreage and climatic yield etc. of nine sorts of crops include winter wheat, spring wheat, corn, potato, winter rapeseed, cotton, flax, forage, grape in Northwest China to global climatic change is generalized. It is found that impact of climatic change on the crops is not only of advantageous aspects but also of disadvantageous. And characteristics of the response to climatic change are very different with different crops. The research work is of scientific meaning for agricultural activities in Northwest China.

在比较系统总结全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业影响的主要研究成果的基础上，揭示了我国西北地区现代气候变化对全球气候变暖响应的基本特征，阐述了现代气候变化对土壤水分、地表蒸发和作物气候生产力的影响规律；并且比较全面地概括了西北地区冬、春小麦、玉米、马铃薯、冬油菜、棉花、胡麻、牧草、葡萄等9种主要农作物的生长发育、病虫害、种植面积、气候产量以及畜牧业活动等对气候变化的响应特征，发现气候变化对农业生产过程的影响利弊皆存，而且不同农作物对气候变化的响应特征差异较大。研究对西北地区农业生产具有比较重要的科学指导意见。

... 我国北方地区多处于中纬度地带, 具有光能丰富、温差大、夏季短而酷热、冬季长而严寒、干旱少雨等特点^[1,2] ...

2013

0.0

高辉明, 张正斌, 徐萍, 杨引福, 卫云宗, 刘新月. 2001-2009年中国北部冬小麦生育期和产量变化. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 2201-2210

Gao H

, Zhang Z

, Xu

, Yang Y

, Wei Y

, Liu X

Changes of winter wheat growth period and yield in northern China from 2001-2009.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 2201-2210 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study is to analyze the changes of wheat agronomic traits in northern China winter wheat zone adapted to climate warming, and provide scientific evidence for the variety improvement in the future.【Method】Agronomic traits data and meteorological data from 2001 to 2009 in Northern China were analyzed, and the correlation analysis was done in this paper. 【Result】 For check variety, its emergence and maturation date were later; and the growth period were shorten. Correlation analysis showed that there was a negative correlation with annual average temperature and ≥0℃ accumulated temperature in growth period. Along with the increase of ≥0℃ accumulated temperature corresponding period, reproductive growth stage tended to be longer, the 1000-kernal weight and yield per hectare increased. Correlation analysis also showed that the yield per hectare had a positive correlation significantly with 1000-kernal weight and reproductive growth stage. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that 95.7% of yield per hectare variation was determined by plant height and 1000-kernal weight. 【Conclusion】 The impact of climate warming on wheat growth and development in irrigated land winter wheat zone in Northern China was obvious. Therefore, the variety improving direction needs to be adjusted to fit the climate warming, shorter growth period, longer reproductive growth stage, larger 1000-kernal weight and high yield should be the improving direction in irrigated land winter wheat zone in Northern China.

1.College of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi 2.Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021 3.Institute of Wheat Research, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linfen 041000, Shanxi

【目的】研究中国北部冬麦区水地组小麦品种农艺性状适应气候变暖的变化规律，为小麦品种改良提供理论依据和指导方法。【方法】利用2001—2009年国家冬小麦区域试验北部冬麦区水地组对照品种的农艺性状和该地区相关气象资料，研究对照品种农艺性状变化规律，并进行农艺性状和气象要素的相关分析。【结果】对照品种出苗日期和成熟日期逐渐推迟；生育期逐渐缩短，且与年平均温度和生育期≥0℃积温呈负相关；生殖生长阶段随着相应期间≥0℃积温的增加而延长；随着气候变暖，千粒重和每公顷产量呈增加趋势。农艺性状相关分析表明，千粒重与每公顷产量呈极显著正相关，生殖生长阶段与每公顷产量呈较强正相关；多元线性回归分析表明，株高和千粒重2 性状决定了产量变异的95.7%。【结论】气候变暖对北部冬麦区冬小麦生长发育有较强的影响，选育生育期较短，但生殖生长阶段较长，千粒重大的高产品种是北部冬麦区未来适应气候变暖的品种改良方向。

... 我国北方地区多处于中纬度地带, 具有光能丰富、温差大、夏季短而酷热、冬季长而严寒、干旱少雨等特点^[1,2] ...

2003

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官春云. 俄罗斯的油菜育种. 作物研究, 2003, 17(2): 99-102

Guan C

Rapeseed breeding of Russia.

Crops Res, 2003, 17(2): 99-102 (in Chinese with English abstract)

俄罗斯的油菜育种工作开展较早,育成品种较多.主要介绍了俄罗斯在油菜双低育种、黄籽育种、低纤维育种、抗寒育种、芥菜型油菜芳香油育种等方面的成果与进展,并对俄罗斯油料作物研究所育成的部分品种进行了介绍.

... 热量是该地区农业生产的主要限制因子, 大部分地区、大部分作物两季不足而一季有余, 属传统一年一熟制区, 晚秋到翌年初春大面积土地闲置, 而种植白菜型冬油菜对冬闲田的开发利用具有重大现实意义与战略意义^[3] ...

2007

0.0

孙万仓, 马卫国, 雷建民, 刘秦, 杨仁义, 武军艳, 王学芳, 叶剑, 曾军, 张亚宏, 康艳丽, 郭秀娟, 魏文惠, 杨杰, 蒲媛媛, 曾潮武, 刘红霞. 冬油菜在西北旱寒区的适应性和北移的可行性研究. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 2716-2726

Sun W

, Ma W

, Lei J

, Liu

, Yang R

, Wu J

, Wang X

, Ye

, Zeng

, Zhang Y

, Kang Y

, Guo X

, Wei W

, Yang

, Pu Y

, Zeng C

, Liu H

Study on adaptation and introduction possibility of winter rapeseed to dry and cold areas in north-west china.

Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 2716-2726 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract:【Objective】The studies were conducted for studying on feasibility of expanding winter rapeseed northwards into dry,cold regions in Northwest China and screening of the winter type rapeseeds cultivars adaped to this area.【Method】Field experiments were carried out in 2001-2006 at 10 locations in northwest China’s Gansu Province where latitude ranged 35°30’-39°46’N, elevation ranged 1477-2300 m, precipitation ranged 92.0-630 mm, and annual average temperature ranged 5.9-8.7 oC.【Result】The 40 Brassica napus cultivars or breeding lines tested did not survive the local winter. All the 15 B. rapa materials tested, all of which were native of northwest China, had >70% overwintering rates at most locations. At Jiuquan, the northernmost location , only the ultra winter-hardy lines MXW-1 and DQW-1 survived the winter. The B. rapa winter rapeseed had desirable agronomic characteristics and outyielded spring rapeseed and flax. Its early maturity maximized the multiple crop index and increased unit land cash return. 【Conclusion】As a winter cover crop, it may eliminate a dust source that furnishes the damaging sand storms in northern China. It is not only possible but also beneficial economically, environmentally and ecologically to grow winter rapeseed in the dried and cold regions in northwest China.

【目的】对不同冬油菜类型和品种在西北旱寒区的越冬抗寒性、适应性进行分析比较，研究冬油菜北移的可行性。【方法】在张掖、酒泉等不同生态条件下，对55份不同类型和来源的冬油菜品种（系）的抗寒性、经济性状、生育期、含油率、产量表现等进行了研究分析。【结果】在西北旱寒区海拔1 477～2 300 m、极端最低气温-22.7～-31.6℃、年平均气温5.9～8.7℃、年平均降水量92.0～630 mm、无霜期150～172 d的地区，甘蓝型和白菜型两种类型的冬油菜，仅白菜型冬油菜能够越冬，越冬率最高达到100.00%，生长发育正常，且表现出良好的适应性和农艺性状，生育期275～295 d，含油率40.84%～44.15%，产量1 500.0～4 400.3 kg•ha-1。不同白菜型冬油菜品种（系）抗寒性和适应性存在巨大差异，越冬率0～100%。根据越冬率与抗寒性，可将参试白菜型冬油菜品种（系）划分为超强抗寒性、强抗寒性、抗寒性和弱抗寒性品种（系）4种类型。在乌稍岭以东地区，一般抗寒品种（系）均能越冬，但在河西走廊，只有超强抗寒性品种（系）和强抗寒性品种（系）才能越冬，【结论】在西北旱寒区，发展白菜型冬油菜生产是可行的，从而使冬油菜栽培种植北界向北向西延伸1 000多公里，海拔由1 000 m提高到2 300 m左右，纬度由35°30′提高到39°46′。冬油菜北移进入中国西北旱寒区种植能够有效地增加该区冬春季植被覆盖度，同时为该区发展一年二熟耕作制创造了条件，具有显著的经济效益和生态效益，对促进北方寒区冬油菜生产和农业的可持续发展、生态环境建设具有十分重要的意义。

... 超强抗寒冬油菜品种的选育与应用, 初步解决了北方地区冬油菜越冬问题, 推动了冬油菜种植区北移, 在西北(甘肃天水以西以北)、华北地区形成了一个新的冬油菜产区^[4], 带来了两大效益: 一是冬油菜是北方冬、春季覆盖作物和景观作物, 产生了重大生态效益^[5], 二是促进了种植制度变革, 改革传统的一年一熟为一年二熟/二年三熟, 提高了复种指数与单位面积经济效益^[6] ...

... 孙万仓等^[4]以极端低温为-24~ -28℃条件下的越冬率为判断参试品种(系)抗寒性强弱的依据: 认为越冬率90%~100%为超强抗寒性品种 ...

2009

0.0

王学芳, 孙万仓. 我国北方风蚀区冬油菜抗风蚀效果. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 6572-6577

Wang X

, Sun W

Wind erosion-resistance of fields planted winter rapeseed in the wind erosion region of northern China.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 6572-6577 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wind erosion is very severe in some regions of Northern China. This study was conducted to determine wind-resistance of fields planted with winter rapeseed using a simulated wind tunnel experiment. Treatments included four typical farmland surfaces, i.e., winter rapeseed, winter wheat, wheat stubble without crop, and spring seeding of rapeseed; all being in Hexi Corridor, Northern China., The results showed that the degrees of roughness for winter rapeseed, winter wheat, wheat stubble and spring seeding were 4.2, 4.1, 3.9, and 0.7, respectively; starting wind speeds were 14, 13, 12, and 6 m?s-1, respectively; mean values of modulus of wind erosion were 22.3, 23.3, 42.5, and 543.6 kg?hm-2?h-1, respectively; and the rates of transportation were 0.1, 0.1, 0.2, and 23.3 g?m-2?min-1, respectively. Furthermore, by that the roughness and the starting wind speed change from bigger to little, and that the modulus values of wind erosion and rates of transportation change from little to bigger, Based on these four parameters described above, the wind erosion-resistance of these four farmland surfaces can be ranked in order of: winter rapeseed > winter wheat > wheat stubble > spring seeding. Our results suggest that in order to reduce soil wind erosion, desertification and the sources of sand and dust storms, in the windy regions of Northern China, one should firstly adapt those crops living through the winter periods, including winter rapeseed and winter wheat, especially winter rapeseed; and secondly one should decrease the area of spring seeding as much as possible; and thirdly spread wheat stubble area to the areas where spring wheat has been traditionally planted using tillage practices.

河西走廊地区属我国北方风蚀区，通过对河西走廊冬油菜、冬小麦、麦茬和春播等4种主要农田地表类型（处理）进行风洞模拟实验，比较各个处理的抗风蚀效果。结果表明：冬油菜、冬小麦、麦茬和春播4种处理地表的粗糙度分别为4.2、4.1、3.9和0.7；起动风速分别为14、13、12 m·s-1和6 m·s-1；平均风蚀模数分别为22.3 、23.3、42.5 kg·hm-2·h-1和543.6 kg·hm-2·h-1；输沙率分别为0.1、0.1、0.2 g·m-2·min-1和23.3 g·m-2·min-1。依据粗糙度、起动风速、风蚀模数和输沙率评判，4种主要地表类型的抗风蚀效果依次为，冬油菜＞冬小麦＞麦茬＞，春播最差。因此，推广冬油菜、冬小麦等越冬作物的种植是解决我国北方风蚀区农田土壤风蚀、土地沙漠化以及根治沙尘暴尘源的有效途径和措施。

2013

0.0

孙万仓. 北方寒旱区白菜型冬油菜栽培技术. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2013. pp 50-106

Sun W

Cultivation Techniques of Winter Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ) in Cold and Arid Regions of North China. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2013. pp 50-106(in Chinese)

互助县属青海东部农业区,全县海拔2871.3米以上.年降水量597.9毫米,年平均气温1.5℃,积温733.8℃,无霜期66天,土壤类型黑钙土、土种荒黑土、质地中壤的耕地面积占一定的比例.在这样的地理条件下甘蓝型油菜不能正常成熟,而白菜型油菜能正常成熟.为此将白菜型油菜栽堵技术介绍如下.

2014

0.0

刘自刚, 张长生, 孙万仓, 杨宁宁, 王月, 何丽, 赵彩霞, 武军艳, 方彦, 曾秀存. 不同生态区冬前低温下白菜型冬油菜不同抗寒品种(系)的比较. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 346-354

Liu Z

, Zhang C

, Sun W

, Yang N

, Wang

, He

, Zhao C

, Wu J

, Fang

, Zeng X

Comparison of winter rapeseed varieties (lines) with different cold resistance planted in the northern-extending regions in China under low temperature before winter.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 346-354 (in Chinese with English abstract)

We arranged filed experiments in Tianshui (original planting area), Lintao, Lanzhou, and Yongdeng (extending northern areas), Gansu province, Brassica campestris varieties (lines) to investigate the seedling morphology, photosynthetic parameters, and stomatal morphological characteristics. The results showed that growth habit of winter rapeseed seedlings was changed from suboptimal-erection into prostrate in the northern regions as compared with that grew in the original region. G s and C i of leaf were decreased, while T r was increased in low temperature treatment. When moved to the northern-extended regions, P n of the cold-sensitive varieties (lines) was decreased, while P n of strong cold-resistant varieties (lines) was increased. The number of daily emergency of leaf in northern-extended winter rapeseeds was reduced. The root length and root diameter were increased. Stomata of strong cold-resistant varieties (lines) maintained open, while the majority of stomata of weak cold-tolerant varieties (lines) were closed or semi-closed. When moved to northern-extended regions, seedlings of winter rapeseed were prostrate; the photosynthesis of strong cold-resistant cultivars was enhanced, while those of weak cold-tolerant varieties (lines) was reduced. The photosynthates products were preferentially transported into the underground parts and stored in roots.

以白菜型冬油菜不同抗寒品种 ( 系 ) 为材料 , 分别在原种植区 ( 甘肃天水 ) 及北移区 ( 甘肃临洮、兰州和永登 ) 设置田间试验 , 采用田间记载、光合参数测定和显微观察结合的方法 , 调查参试品种 ( 系 ) 在 4 个生态区的苗期形态、光合参数及气孔形态。结果表明 , 与原种植区 ( 天水 ) 相比 , 冬油菜北移后苗期生长习性由半直立逐渐变为匍匐生长；冬前低温阶段叶片 G s 、 C i 明显下降 , T r 明显上升 , 弱抗寒的天油品种冬前低温下叶片气孔处于关闭或半关闭状态、 P n 下降 , 而强抗寒的陇油品种叶片气孔仍完全开放、 P n 明显升高；北移区冬油菜日出叶数减少 , 根长、根直径增加。冬油菜北移后 , 苗期匍匐生长 , 强抗寒品种叶片光合作用增强 , 弱抗寒品种减弱 , 有机物被优先分配到根部。

... 抗寒性强的品种在植物学形态上表现为叶片匍匐贴地生长, 生长点凹陷低于地表, 叶色深绿色等^[7] ...

2013

0.0

刘自刚, 孙万仓, 杨宁宁, 王月, 何丽, 赵彩霞, 史鹏飞, 杨刚, 李学才, 武军艳, 方彦, 曾秀存. 冬前低温胁迫下白菜型冬油菜抗寒性的形态及生理特征, 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4679-4687

Liu Z

, Sun W

, Yang N

, Wang

, He

, Zhao C

, Shi P

, Yang

, Li X

, Wu J

, Fang

, Zeng X

Morphology and physiological characteristics of cultivars with different levels of cold-resistance in winter rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ) during cold acclimation.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4679-4687 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The objective of this study was to provide an evaluation method for the development of cold tolerant Brassica campestris germplasm. 【Method】 In this study, the plant morphological characteristics and physiological parameters were measured, and the molecular mechanism of cold-resistance of several cultivars was discussed. 【Result】 Under low temperature, the majority of the stomata in cold sensitive cultivars were closed or semi-closed. But the stomata in strong cold-tolerant cultivars (Longyou 6) maintained opening. The photosynthetic rate and root/shoot ratio were higher, dry matter accumulation in root of Longyou 6 was higher than those of other cultivars. Simple correlation analysis indicated that the soluble protein content was positively correlated with cold-tolerance, but no significant correlation was observed between cold-tolerance and SOD activity, POD activity, CAT activity, free proline content or MDA content. At low temperature, in comparison with cold tolerant variety Tianyou 2, the ice crystals in apoplast proteins extracting solution of ultra strong cold resistant variety Longyou 7 were slight and symmetrical. The shape of ice crystal was pentagon, elliptocytosis or bipyramidal. 【Conclusion】 During the pre-winter cold acclimation stage, the soluble protein content in leaves of strong cold-tolerant winter rapeseeds was high, and the majority of stomata in leaves remained opening, the photosynthetic rate was high, too. Photosynthates might be preferentially transported and stored in the roots. The expression of the antifreeze proteins (AFPs) was up-regulated in roots, which might ease the damage to cells in roots caused by restraining extracellular frozen.

【目的】为白菜型冬油菜抗寒种质创新及抗寒品种选育提供依据。【方法】以抗寒性不同的白菜型冬油菜品种为材料，采用田间观察、比色法、冰晶消长法、显微测微、光合测定等技术，探讨北方寒旱区主要冬油菜品种抗寒性差异形成的形态、生理及分子机理。【结果】冬前低温阶段，弱抗寒品种多数气孔关闭或半开放，而强抗寒品种（陇油6号）气孔仍保持完全开放状态，且光合速率、根冠比、根部干物质积累均较高；可溶性蛋白与抗寒性显著正相关，而SOD、POD、CAT活性、游离脯氨酸、MDA含量与抗寒性无明显相关关系；与天油2号相比，低温下陇油7号质外体蛋白提取液形成冰晶体积小、分布均匀，形态以五边形、椭圆形和双菱形为主，具有明显重结晶抑制活性和饰晶活性。【结论】冬前低温阶段，白菜型冬油菜强抗寒品种叶片气孔多数仍保持开放，Pn较高，光合产物优先分配至地下部贮存；根部抗冻蛋白表达上调，增强了其抗寒性。

... 根是北方冬油菜越冬的唯一营养器官, 强抗寒品种较弱抗寒品种光合作用强, 冬前有机物质优先分配给根部, 建立庞大的根系, 为冬油菜安全越冬及冬后营养体的重建提供保障^[8], 且其枯叶期提前, 越冬期延长, 籽粒灌浆成熟期延长, 使角粒数和千粒重增加^[9] ...

2010

0.0

孙万仓, 武军艳, 方彦, 刘秦, 杨仁义, 马维国, 李学才, 张俊杰, 张鹏飞, 曹建明, 孙佳. 北方旱寒区北移冬油菜生长发育特性. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 2124-2134

Sun W

, Wu J

, Fang

, Liu

, Yang R

, Ma W

, Li X

, Zhang J

, Zhang P

, Cao J

, Sun

Growth and development Characteristics of winter rapeseed northern-extended from the cold and arid regions in China.

Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 2124-2134 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用多点试验,对冬油菜在原种植区(天水)与北移种植区(张掖等)的主要气候因子、越冬率、生育时期及经济性状进行分析比较.研究结果表明,冬油菜北移后越冬率由原种植区的93.0%～100.0%降为 40.0%～95.0%;生育期由280～284d延至287～289 d,其冬前与冬后生长期缩短,而越冬期延长1倍左右,即140 d左右,整个生长期呈"短-长-短"的特点,即营养生长有效期缩短及营养生长至生殖生长的过渡期均缩短;株高与分枝部位降低,分枝数减少,单株角果数减少,但千粒重、角粒数等相对增加.冬油菜北移后产量发生了较大变化,抗寒性弱的早熟品种天油8号由原种植区的2 518.8 kg hm-2降为1 666.5 kg hm-2,减产34.0%,而抗寒性强的晚熟品种陇油6号等由原种植区的741 kg hm-2增加到3 333 kg hm-2,增幅349.5%.由于生长在相对恶劣的气候生态条件下,越冬期漫长而极端低温低,北移冬油菜栽培品种必须具备优异的抗寒性,同时采用合理播期和密度,保证冬前营养生长期和营养生长量,以确保安全越冬.

2014

0.0

杨宁宁, 孙万仓, 刘自刚, 史鹏辉, 方彦, 武军艳, 曾秀存, 孔德晶, 鲁美宏, 王月. 北方冬油菜抗寒性的形态与生理机制. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 452-461

Yang N

, Sun W

, Liu Z

, Shi P

, Fang

, Wu J

, Zeng X

, Kong D

, Lu M

, Wang

Morphological characters and physiological mechanisms of cold resistance of winter rapeseed in northern China.

Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 452-461 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Low temperature is one of the important factors affecting the growth of the northern winter rapeseed, so it is very essential to study the mechanism of the cold resistance of winter rapeseed. The aim of the paper was to study the cold resistance of winter rapeseed by morphological characters, physiological and anatomical characteristics, then evaluate an relationship between the indexes and cold resistance, select reliable index of the cold resistance of winter rapeseed and establish an evaluation model for cold resistance, which will provide a basis for germplasm discovery and identification of cold resistance in Northern China.【Method】Seven different cold resistant winter rapeseeds were treated under low temperature at 8-leaf stage, the growth habits and leaf anatomical characteristics were observed and the physiologic index, biochemical index, root diameter and root dry weight were determined. The cold resistance of these winter rapeseeds was analyzed and a evaluation model was built by main component analysis, regression analysis, cluster analysis and path analysis. 【Result】A negative correlation was presented between LT50 and wintering rate, POD activity at 5℃ to 0℃, CAT activity at 0℃ to -5℃, free proline content at 10℃ to 5℃ (X1), soluble protein content at 5℃ to 0℃ (X2), growth habits (X5), root diameter and underground dry matter (X6). A positive correlation was presented between LT50 and POD activity at 0℃ to -5℃, ratio of palisade tissue against spongy tissue (X3), thickness of palisade tissue, thickness of leaf, stomatal area (X4). 【Conclusion】The cold resistance order of 7 cultivars by principal component analysis was the same as the wintering rate. Six indexes were chosen by regression analysis to build mathematical evaluation model, i.e., Y=-7.58-0.018X1- 0.542X2+3.903 X3-0.002 X4+0.195X5-0.066X6, (R2=1.000). The materials were divided into five clases by cluster analysis, and for the winter rapeseed classification of strong cold resistance, it showed creeping growth, small ratio of palisade tissue against spongy tissue, small stomatal area, large dry weight of root, large increase of POD activity and SP content when it is cold. The result is consistent with the sort. The path analysis result indicates that soluble protein content is the direct factor for the cold resistance of winter rapeseed.

【目的】低温是影响中国北方冬油菜生长的重要因素之一，冬油菜抗寒机制研究至关重要。从形态、生理、解剖等水平对冬油菜抗寒特性进行研究，探讨各相关指标与冬油菜抗寒性之间的关系，筛选可靠的抗寒鉴定指标，建立冬油菜抗寒性评价数学模型，为中国北方冬油菜抗寒种质筛选及品种抗寒性鉴定提供依据。【方法】对7个不同抗寒性代表性冬油菜品种幼苗进行低温处理，观察其生长习性和叶片解剖特征，测定叶片的生理生化指标、根颈直径及根部干重，采用主成分分析、回归分析、聚类分析和通径分析等方法，对抗寒性进行分析并建立抗寒性评价模型。【结果】研究结果表明，冬油菜低温半致死温度（LT50）与越冬率、5—0℃的POD活性变化、0—-5℃的CAT活性变化、10—5℃的游离脯氨酸变化量（X1）、5—0℃的可溶性蛋白变化量（X2）、生长习性（X5）、根颈直径及地下部干重（X6）呈显著负相关，与0—-5℃的POD变化量、栅海比（X3）、栅栏组织厚度、叶片厚度和气孔面积（X4）呈显著正相关。【结论】主成分分析得到7个品种抗寒性排序与田间越冬率一致；以回归分析筛选出6个指标建立冬油菜抗寒性评价数学模型：Y=-7.58-0.018X1-0.542X2+3.903X3-0.002X4+0.195X5-0.066X6，（R2=1.000）；聚类分析将7个品种按抗寒性强弱分为5类，抗寒性强的类型中冬油菜苗期表现匍匐生长，栅海比小，气孔面积小，地下部干重大，Pro活性和SP含量随温度降低增加量大，与之前所做抗寒性排序一致，通径分析表明可溶性蛋白的含量变化是影响冬油菜抗寒性的直接因素。

... 抗寒性不同的材料在低温下生理特性变化存在差异^{[10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2014

0.0

孔德晶, 王月, 孙万仓, 曾秀存, 方彦, 鲁美宏, 杨宁宁. 北方白菜型冬油菜F₂主要生理生化特性的变异与抗寒性相关分析. 草业学报, 2014, 23(4): 79-86

Kong D

, Wang

, Sun W

, Zeng X

, Fang

, Lu M

, Yang N

Analysis of variation in physiobiochemical characteristics and resistance in winter rapeseed F₂ populations.

Acta Pratac Sin, 2014, 23(4): 79-86 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Overwintering rates,seedling habits,SOD activity,and five other physio-biochemical indicators in 103 F 2 populations of a winter rapeseed ( Brassica rapa ) cross between Longyou 7 and Longyou 9 were studied using variance analysis,correlation analysis,cluster analysis and path analysis. The frequency of all indicators (except SOD) activity in the F 2 populations was approximately normally distributed but with a slight skew. A tremendous transgressive segregation for all indicators was observed in the populations. At a cluster distance of 3.58,F 2 populations were divided into eight groups,with great genetic differences. Correlation analysis showed that all indicators had significant differences in overwintering rates. The path coefficient and correlation coefficient between all indicators and overwintering rate were consistent,but the explanation of their relationships were better explained by the path coefficient. Through path analysis,the relative importance in descending order of B. rapa winter survival rate was: Seedling habits,SOD activity,MDA content,free proline content,POD activity,CAT activity,and soluble protein content. Seedling habits directly impacted winter survival rates,and the influence reached 79.8%,but CAT activity was mainly through indirect effects and the indirect affect rate was 68.7%,with the rest of the indexes co-acting through both direct and indirect effects. These results provide useful information for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping.

1.Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Sciences,Lanzhou 730070,China; 2.Hexi University,Zhangye 734000,China; 3.Research and Testing Center of Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China

对白菜型冬油菜F 2 群体主要生理生化特性的变化进行分析,利用陇油7号和陇油9号杂交得到103个F 2 单株,对越冬率、幼苗习性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等8个指标进行调查、测定。对所得数据进行方差分析、聚类分析、相关分析、通径分析。结果表明,除SOD活性外,其余各指标在F 2 群体中呈连续变异,分布频率大致接近正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象。在聚类距离为3.58处,F 2 群体分为 8个类群,群体间具有较大的遗传差异。相关分析表明所有指标与越冬率均有显著或极显著相关。各生理生化指标对越冬率的通径系数与相关系数方向均一致,但通径系数更有利于解释其本质,通过通径分析得到各指标对白菜型冬油菜越冬率相对重要性从大到小的顺序是:幼苗习性,SOD活性,MDA含量,游离脯氨酸含量,POD活性,CAT活性,可溶性蛋白含量。幼苗习性对越冬率主要是通过直接影响起作用,影响率达79.8%,CAT活性对越冬率的影响主要是通过间接影响起作用的,间接影响率达68.7%,而其余各指标对越冬率的影响均是通过直接和间接影响共同起作用的。这些结果可为白菜型冬油菜数量性状抗寒基因定位分析提供有用的信息。

... 抗寒性不同的材料在低温下生理特性变化存在差异^{[10,11,12,13,14]} ...

1994

0.0

... 抗寒性不同的材料在低温下生理特性变化存在差异^{[10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2010

0.0

... 抗寒性不同的材料在低温下生理特性变化存在差异^{[10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2005

0.0

李锋, 张春雷, 李光明. 栽培措施对直播油菜冬前生物学性状及产量的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 2005, 27(2): 40-45

, Zhang C

, Li G

Study on the effects of agronomic practice on biological characteristics before winter and yield of direct-seeding rape.

Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2005, 27(2): 40-45 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用三元二次回归旋转组合设计,研究油菜直播栽培方式下,栽培密度、施氮量、施磷量与冬前植株各形态、生理指标及产量之间的关系,获得了产量高于3 000kg/hm2的优化农艺措施方案,以及冬前各形态、生理指标与产量之间的关系.

... 抗寒性不同的材料在低温下生理特性变化存在差异^{[10,11,12,13,14]} ...

2011

0.0

李强, 顾元国, 林萍, 贾东海, 王红波, 张玉华, 陈跃华. 新疆冬油菜不同密度水平生育特性及经济性状比较研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 2011, 29(2): 59-64

, Gu Y

, Lin

, Jia D

, Wang H

, Zhang Y

, Chen Y

Comparison of growth and developmental characters and economic characters of winter rape in different density in Xinjiang.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2011, 29(2): 59-64 (in Chinese with English abstract)

结合新疆地区冬油菜生长情况,研究了不同密度条件下冬油菜越冬率及叶面积和叶面积指数、鲜重净增量、单位面积干物质积累量、经济性状及产量、含油量.结果表明,密度对冬油菜越冬率、叶面积和叶面积指数、鲜重净增量、单位面积干物质积累量及产量和经济性状、含油量有着显著影响.30、60、90、120、150万株/hm2五个密度处理,低密度处理30万株/hm2叶面积较高,高密度处理150万株/hm2(CK)叶面积指数相对较高,而越冬率、鲜重净增量、单位面积干物质积累量、产量、经济性状和含油量均以90万株/hm2处理最高.适宜的密度水平能提高冬油菜越冬率和最终的产量、含油量.试验结论:在新疆地区冬油菜适宜密度在60～90万株/hm2.

... 许多研究指出, 越冬率高低是品种抗寒性强弱和栽培技术适合度的最客观反映, 也是安全越冬的重要评价指标, 凡越冬率高的品种一般适应性好^[15], 可作为北方旱寒区选择适宜冬油菜品种和技术的依据^[16] ...

2011

0.0

薛香, 吴玉娥, 郜庆炉. 不同类型小麦品种的主要抗寒性生理指标. 贵州农业科学, 2011, 39(7): 68-70

Xue

, Wu Y

, Gao Q

Main cold resistance physiological indexes of different wheat varieties.

Guizhou Agric Sci, 2011, 39(7): 68-70 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2014

0.0

张丽华, 梁双波, 崔永增, 张丽, 姚海坡, 贾秀领. 黄淮海南部小麦抗寒性比较及指标筛选. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(12): 77-81

Zhang L

, Liang S

, Cui Y

, Zhang

, Yao H

, Jia X

Comparison of cold resistance in winter wheat and index selection in the South of Huanghuaihai.

Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2014, 30(12): 77-81 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to choose the index of cold resistance of wheat, the comparison of the dead seedling tillering rate, percentage of withered leaves, leaf number, leaf length and width, plants erect, SPAD value, electrical conductivity was discussed among 12 wheat varieties in the field. The result showed that the dead seedling tillering rate was the reliable identification method, a signification correlation in percentage of withered leaves, plants erect, electrical conductivity with it was observed, the correlation coefficients reached 0.864, 0.609 and 0.578 respectively. Wheat variety with good cold resistance has lower percentage of withered leaves, electrical conductivity and higher creeping, which could be the index of cold resistance identification, although wheat variety with less leaf and higher SPAD value displayed the characteristic of good cold resistance wheat variety, little signification correlation existed, and uncertain relationship of cold resistance emerged in leaf length and width. Therefore, the three indexes as the direct target identification of winter wheat need further study confirmed.

为筛选鉴定小麦抗寒性的指标，于大田条件下对12个品种小麦的死苗死蘖率、枯叶率、叶片数、叶片长宽、植株直立性、SPAD值、电导率等进行了分析比较。结果表明：小麦的死苗死蘖率是可靠的抗寒性鉴定方法，小麦的枯叶率、直立性、电导率与其存在显著的相关关系，相关系数分别达到了0.864、0.595和0.609，抗寒性好的品种枯叶率较低、匍匐性强、电导率低，可作为小麦抗寒鉴定的指标，具有冬前叶片数少、叶片SPAD值高的小麦虽然也表现出抗寒性好的品种的特点，但其相关不显著，而不同叶位叶片长宽与小麦的抗寒性关系差异不稳定，因此，该三项指标作为小麦抗寒性鉴定的直接指标还需要进一步研究证实。

... 1 以越冬率作为冬油菜抗寒性评价的科学性与可行性评价抗寒性有多种途径与方法, 不同作物或植物抗寒性评价的途径和方法不同, 如冬小麦、苜蓿抗寒性评价, 包括生理生化性状评价, 植物学特征特性和生长发育特性等^[17,18] ...

2010

0.0

于林清, 云锦凤, 郭九峰, 孙国琴, 张利军, 孙娟娟. 苜蓿秋眠标准对照品种的幼苗形态与秋眠性、越冬率的关系. 华北农学报, 2010, 25(2): 182-187

Yu L

, Yun J

, Guo J

, Sun G

, Zhang L

, Sun J

Study on the relationship between stand ards fall-dormancy of alfalfa variety with fall-dormancy seedling morphology and winter hardiness.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2010, 25(2): 182-187 (in Chinese with English abstract)

For searching rapid testing alfalfa fall dormancy method,11 fall-dormancy standard checks of alfalfa varieties were measured in the distance of cotyledon to the first leaf,the distance between 1st-2nd leaf,and winter-survival rate in seedlings stage in this paper.The results showed there were extremely significant positive correlation not only between fall-dormancy and the distance of cotyledon to the first leaf,but also extremely significant(P0.01)positive correlation between fall-dormancy and the distance of 1st-2nd leaf;which showed there were relationship between fall dormancy and the distance of cotyledon to the 1st leaf,the distance of 1st-2nd leaf.The correlation of distance of cotyledon to the 1st leaf and the winter-survival rate was extremely significant negative,the distance of 1st-2nd leaf and the winter-survival rate was also extremely significant negative also;which suggest the distance of cotyledon to the 1st leaf and the distance of 1st-2nd leaf could be indexes to estimate alfalfa winter survival rate.Although there were significant differences between different fall dormancy groups,but there were no significant differences in alfalfa cultivars among fall dormancy groups;some varieties with higher fall dormancy,but with lower the 1st leaf to cotyledon distance and the distance of 1st-2nd leaf;which suggested that the 1st leaf to cotyledon distance and the distance of 1st-2nd leaf could be used as index to estimate alfalfa fall-dormancy in which group,but could not be used as index to measue fall dormancy accurately.

为了寻找快速测定苜蓿秋眠性的方法,利用来自美国的11个苜蓿秋眠标准对照品种,分析了不同品种的幼苗子叶到第1真叶、第1、2真叶间距离与苜蓿的秋眠性、抗寒性的关系,发现苜蓿的秋眠级与子叶到第1真叶节间距极显著正相关,与第1～2真叶节间距也极显著正相关(P<0.01),与越冬率也极显著正相关;子叶到第1真叶节间距与越冬率极显著负相关(P<0.01),第1～2真叶节间距也与越冬率极显著负相关(P<0.01);以子叶到第1真叶节间距、第1～2真叶节间距可评价苜蓿品种的秋眠性与抗寒性。苜蓿不同秋眠类别组之间的子叶到第1真叶节间距、第1～2真叶节间距存在显著差异,可以用子叶到第1真叶节间距、第1～2真叶节间距大致测定苜蓿的秋眠类别,但是不同秋眠类别组内子叶到第1真叶节间距、第1～2真叶节间距在不同品种间多不存在显著差异,说明以子叶到第1真叶节间距、第1～2真叶节间距不能精确测定苜蓿的秋眠级。

2015

0.0

曹文昕, 万映秀, 张琪琪, 李炎, 张平治. 黄淮麦区主要推广小麦品种抗寒性的演变规律. 麦类作物学报, 2015, 35: 57-63

Cao W

, Wan Y

, Zhang Q

, Li

, Zhang P

Evolution of cold-resistance of the main wheat varieties released in Huanghuai wheat zone.

J Trticeae Crops, 2015, 35: 57-63 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To analyze the evolvement of cold-resistance in wheat varieties at seedling,tillering,wintering,jointing and booting stages,40 wheat varieties released between 1960 and 2000 in Huanghuai wheat zone were used in this study. Logistic equation was applied to estimate the half-lethal temperature based on the measurement by refrigeration treatment. The results indicated that the overall cold-resistance of wheat varieties was enhanced over time. The performance in cold-resistance of current wheat varieties was better than that of the earlier. Cold-resistance of wheat varieties from different regions was different and those varieties from Shandong and Shaanxi provinces were with stronger cold-resistance.Jimai 22,Yannong 19,Liangxing 66 and Wanmai 38 showed strong resistance to cold stress while Yumai 18 and Yanzhan 4110 were weak in the whole growth stage. The results were consistent with the performance in wheat production. Different varieties showed the similar rule of cold hardiness during the whole growth period.

为给黄淮地区小麦生产以及小麦抗寒育种提供参考依据，选取黄淮麦区20世纪60年代到2000年以后小麦主推品种40个，以实验室冷冻法结合logistic方程计算小麦的半致死温度（LT 50 ），分析不同年份、不同类型小麦品种冬前期(苗期)、越冬期、返青期（分蘖期）、拔节期、孕穗期的抗寒性变化规律。结果表明，随着品种育成时间的往后推移，小麦品种抗寒性总体有逐渐增强的趋势，当前生产上的主要品种的抗寒性要强于一些老品种；不同区域品种的抗寒性也有差异，山东和陕西的品种表现出较强的抗寒性。半冬性品种济麦22、烟农19、良星66和皖麦38在各生育时期均表现出较强的抗寒能力，弱春性品种豫麦18、偃展4110在各生育时期抗寒性均较弱，这与它们在生产上的表现相一致；不同小麦品种在其生育进程中的抗寒性变化规律基本相似。

... 且均提出越冬率是评价其抗寒性较为准确的指标^[19,20,21] ...

2015

0.0

刘志英, 李西良, 李峰, 陶雅, 刘磊, 王宗礼, 孙启忠. 越冬紫花苜蓿根系性状与秋眠性的关系及其抗寒效应, 中国农业科学, 2015, 48: 1689-1701

Liu Z

, Li X

, Li

, Tao

, Liu

, Wang Z

, Sun Q

Response of alfalfa root traits to fall dormancy and its effect on winter hardiness.

Sci Agric Sin, 2015, 48: 1689-1701 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】秋眠是紫花苜蓿 (Medicago sativa)对晚秋生长环境变化的一种适应性反应,根系是紫花苜蓿越冬的主要功能器官,秋眠性与其越冬具重要关联,但对于如何通过根系性状的越冬特征来实现抗寒效应,仍不清楚。文章中从根系性状越冬反应的角度,探究秋眠性对紫花苜蓿抗寒性的作用过程。【方法】采用11个标准秋眠级紫花苜蓿品种为材料,以紫花苜蓿在中国适宜分布区中较为寒冷的中温带地区为例,通过标准主轴分析(standardized major axis,SMA)等方法,研究不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿各根系性状在越冬过程的差异化响应及其异速生长关系,进一步采用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)等方法,研究不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿通过根系策略来实现其抗寒效应的关键作用因子。【结果】(1)随着秋眠性的减弱(即秋眠级提高),越冬紫花苜蓿根颈直径和侧根数显著减小(P0.05),秋眠性较强的紫花苜蓿具有增强储藏的表型特征,而主根直径、侧根直径等则随着秋眠性的减弱而显著趋于增大(P0.05),侧根数量与侧根的其他特性表现一定的权衡关系(P0.05);(2)受秋眠级的影响,根系性状之间表现显著的异速生长关系,主要表现在根颈入土深度、侧根位置、侧根数等性状之间,其异速生长斜率与1存在显著差异(P0.05),不同根系性状在越冬期间对秋眠级具有不同的响应策略;(3)紫花苜蓿越冬率与秋眠级具有显著的负相关关系,但并非线性响应,而是呈现逻辑斯蒂曲线变化特征,1—5秋眠级趋于稳定在高越冬率水平 (95%),中间级别5—8级的越冬率逐渐急剧减小(50%—70%),9—11级在中高纬度难以越冬(5%);(4)影响紫花苜蓿越冬率的正向贡献因子是根颈直径、侧根数(P0.05),而主根直径、侧根直径等因子的提高反而降低了紫花苜蓿的抗寒性(P0.05),根系直径等性状并非决定抗寒能力的主导因子。【结论】不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿的根系性状表现出对越冬低温胁迫的差异化响应特征,不同性状具有异速生长关系;紫花苜蓿主要通过增加根颈直径和侧根数来提高其抗寒性,并不取决于根系其他表型性状的绝对大小;越冬期间,不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿根系策略的适应性变化,是实现其抗寒效应的重要途径。

... 且均提出越冬率是评价其抗寒性较为准确的指标^[19,20,21] ...

2014

0.0

张彩枝, 高明文. 阿鲁科尔沁旗牧草基地苜蓿越冬情况调查与分析. 草原与草业, 2014, 26(1): 28-29

Zhang C

, Gao M

A survey on over-winter rate of alfalfa crop in Aluhorqin banner.

Grassland Pratac, 2014, 26(1): 28-29 (in Chinese with English abstract)

文章通过对苜蓿越冬情况的调查和影响越冬因素的分析,初步筛选出杂花苜蓿、敖汉苜蓿、皇后苜蓿等越冬能力较强的品种,归纳总结出品种选择、水肥管理、合理刈割等,提高苜蓿越冬率的具体措施,为阿鲁科尔沁旗牧草基地建设提供了技术支撑.

... 且均提出越冬率是评价其抗寒性较为准确的指标^[19,20,21] ...

1999

0.0

张树光, 朱万德, 盛庆来, 姜洪海. 提高北方寒地冬小麦越冬率机制初探. 黑龙江八一农垦大学学报, 1999, 11(4): 18-22

Zhang S

, Zhu W

, Sheng Q

, Jiang H

A preliminary study to increase the surviving ratio in winter on winter wheat in northern China.

J Heilongjiang August First Land Redanat Univ, 1999, 11(4): 18-22

在黑龙江省北纬Ｎ４６～４８° 区域试种冬小麦，五年试验表明，以高越冬率为指标，分蘖节处于可溶性糖等光合产物峰值区的分蘖盛期，为抗寒的最佳状态，分蘖盛期分蘖节可溶性糖含量的高低，亦可作为品种抗寒性选择的评价尺度。由于根前区对低温比分蘖节更为敏感，使冬小麦根前区位于温度相对稳定的３０ｃｍ地层以下，应是采取适当栽培调控措施的目的。

... 反之则低^[22] ...

2015

0.0

杨芳萍, 赵贞祥, 郭莹, 何春雨, 李志虎. 在甘肃省传统春麦区扩种冬小麦的研究初报. 麦类作物学报, 2015, 35: 785-791

Yang F

, Zhao Z

, Guo

, He C

A preliminary study on winter wheat planting in the traditional spring wheat region of Gansu.

J Trticeae Crops, 2015, 35: 785-791 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to plant winter wheat in the middle and west of Gansu province and select the variety with high yield and cold resistance,winter wheat varieties from southern and eastern Gansu were introduced and identified in Qinwangchuan region.The results showed that Longdong materials had higher plant height,better cold and drought resistance,higher overwintering percentage,middle spike rate of tiller,and higher yield.57.1% of Tianshui materials showed lower plant height,higher spike rate,vulnerable cold and drought resistance.Few materials from Longdong and Tianshui areas had high thousand kernel weight.However,the materials from the former were much weaker than those from the latter for resistance to stripe rust,indicating that Tianshui region paid more attention to stripe rust breeding.Seven materials from Longdong and five materials from Tianshui had better comprehensively agronomic characters in Zhongchuan experimental point,of which,Lantian 10,Longjian 386,Longyuan 034 and Lan 094 could be planted in irrigational regions of the middle and along Yellow river of Gansu.It was also indicated whether the winter wheat from southern or eastern Gansu could be planted in the middle and western regions was related to their drought resistance,and better drought resistant materials have stronger ability of cold resistance.However,the yield and agronomic characters distribution of the introduced winter wheat varieties implied novel varieties insensitive to photoperiod and temperature from Northern winter wheat and Huang huai valley winter wheat areas must be introduced and identified to increase winter wheat production in traditional spring planting region of Gansu.

为在甘肃中西部麦区扩种冬小麦，本研究在秦王川区域对从甘肃东南部引进的冬小麦品种（系）进行鉴定，以筛选出丰产、抗寒性突出的更新换代品种。结果表明，陇东地区材料秆高，抗寒、抗旱性好，越冬率高，成穗率中等，相对高产；天水材料矮秆比例占到57.1%，大部分材料成穗率高，抗旱、抗寒性弱；两个生态区域高千粒重材料较少，但天水材料明显较陇东材料抗条锈性强，进一步说明天水麦区在小麦条锈病育种方面更为重视。试验材料中7份（占58.3%）陇东系列材料和5份（10.2%）天水材料在中川镇试验点综合农艺性状表现优良，其中，兰天10号、陇鉴386、陇原034和兰094可向甘肃中部及沿黃灌区的水浇地延伸推广。甘肃东南部冬小麦能否向中西部延伸与其抗旱性相关，抗旱性好的材料抵御寒冷的潜力较强。此外，引进品种的产量潜力和农艺性状分布暗示，要提高甘肃传统春麦区冬小麦产量，应加大北方冬麦区和黄淮麦区其他光温迟钝型冬小麦新品种的引进鉴定工作。

... 杨芳萍等^[23]认为, 甘肃地区冬小麦的越冬率达到70%即为安全越冬, 邢丽萍等^[24]研究认为, 苜蓿的越冬率达到70%即可安全越冬 ...

2008

0.0

邢丽萍, 王铁梅, 卢欣石. 21个紫花苜蓿品种不同越冬率组间遗传性状的差异分析. 内蒙古林业科技, 2008, 34(1): 13-16

Xing L

, Wang T

, Lu X

Over-winter rate with the genetic traits coefficient of the introduced 21 varieties of Medicago sativa in arid grassland .

J Inner Mongol For Sci Technol, 2008, 34(1): 13-16 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以研究不同越冬率组间遗传性状的差异分析为目的,对内蒙古镶黄旗进行抗寒、抗旱的生态适应性试验引入的21个紫花苜蓿品种进行越冬率分析,并探讨了紫花苜蓿的7个遗传性状与越冬率之间的关系.结果表明:(1)国内4个紫花苜蓿品种越冬率均在80%以上,国外引进紫花苜蓿品种越冬率在80%以上的有4个,分别来自于美国和加拿大,从澳大利亚引进的4个品种全不能越冬;(2)按越冬率为标准将21个品种聚类为4组,以分析不同越冬率组之间遗传性状的差异,结果表明花色、叶片长、株丛高度、生长习性4个形态特征在组间差异显著;(3)生长习性、叶片长与越冬率呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.582和-0.537,表明叶片长短和生长习性与苜蓿抗寒进化有关.

... 杨芳萍等^[23]认为, 甘肃地区冬小麦的越冬率达到70%即为安全越冬, 邢丽萍等^[24]研究认为, 苜蓿的越冬率达到70%即可安全越冬 ...

2014

0.0

... 3 影响冬油菜越冬率的主要因子影响冬油菜越冬的主要因子包括两方面, 一是品种抗寒性, 二是气候条件^[25,26] ...

1993

0.0

... 3 影响冬油菜越冬率的主要因子影响冬油菜越冬的主要因子包括两方面, 一是品种抗寒性, 二是气候条件^[25,26] ...

2015

0.0

孙万仓, 曾秀存, 刘自刚, 杨刚, 方彦, 武军艳, 李学才. 轮回选择对白菜型冬油菜抗寒性及经济性状的影响. 中国油料作物学报, 2015, 37: 443-452

Sun W

, Zeng X

, Liu Z

, Yang

, Fang

, Wu J

, Li X

Effects of recurrent selection on cold tolerance and economic traits of Brassica rapa.

Chin J Oil Crop Sci, 2015, 37: 443-452 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了解轮回选择对白菜型冬油菜抗寒性及经济性状的影响,以改良北方白菜型冬油菜抗寒性和产量。以4个抗寒性不同的白菜型冬油菜品种在不同生态条件下轮回选择后代为材料,调查越冬率,鉴定农艺性状,分析生态环境与抗寒性之间的关系以及轮回选择的改良效果。结果表明,随轮回选择世代的升高,越冬率明显增加,轮回选择代数与越冬率存在显著的线性正相关,但轮选效果因材料而显著差异,抗寒性强的品种经轮回选择后越冬率的增幅与遗传增益幅度都要比抗寒性弱的品种小。株高、主花序角果数、角粒数、千粒重、单株产量均随轮选世代的增加呈显著增加,而单株角果数降低,抗寒性差的品种遗传增益增幅较大。生态环境对轮回选择效果有较大影响,在气候条件更为严酷的酒泉试点,轮回选择的遗传增益幅度更大。相关性和逐步回归分析结果表明,株高和主花序角果数均与轮回选择群体单株产量呈显著正相关。通径分析结果表明,在C0群体中,各性状对产量均有直接正向效应,但在C1、C2和C3群体中发生了变化,尤其单株角果数,在强抗寒品种陇油6号C1和C2群体中和耐寒品种天油2号C1和C3群体中通径系数均为负值,对单株产量有较大的负向作用。选择更寒冷的生态环境和抗寒性强的基因型进行轮回选择是改良北方冬油菜抗寒性及经济性状的有效途径。

... 在一个地区能否安全越冬是以选用强抗寒品种为支撑条件的^[27], 在一个能够安全越冬的地区如果选用抗寒性差的品种仍然不能保证安全越冬 ...

2014

0.0

周冬梅, 张仁陟, 孙万仓, 张军, 王鹤龄. 甘肃省冬油菜种植适宜性及影响因子评价. 中国生态农业学报, 2014, 22: 697-704

Zhou D

, Zhang R

, Sun W

, Zhang

, Wang H

Evaluation of the suitability and influencing factors of winter rapeseed planting in Gansu Province.

Chin J Eco-Agric, 2014, 22: 697-704 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Research have shown that under global climate change, the development of winter rapeseed cultivation technology and the introduction of new varieties have significantly changed traditional crop production patterns and structures of winter rapeseed. Winter rapeseed planting regions have extended northwards and the altitudes increased which have in turn increased crop planting area and output in Gansu Province. Through analysis of the adaption of winter rapeseed to climate change using GIS spatial platform and maximum entropy models, this paper provided the basic reference for improving winter rapeseed production layout and restructuring of agricultural construction. The study analyzed the main influencing factors and distribution characteristics of winter rapeseed planting patterns in Gansu Province. It also simulated the adaption of winter rapeseed to climate change and provided reasonable scientific suggestions on the production patterns of winter rapeseed in Gansu Province. The growth regions were divided into four types based on the degree of adaption to climate - unsuitable area, less suitable area, suitable area and optimum area. The results showed that the winter rapeseed planting area accounted for 60% of the total area, which was greater than the actual planting area in Gansu Province. The planting distribution probability of winter rapeseed was 0 0.89 and with significant potential for the development of winter rapeseed cultivation in Gansu Province. The key climatic factors affecting the cultivation, distribution of winter rapeseed production were precipitation during the growth period, negative cumulative temperatures, minimum temperature of the coldest month, average temperature of the coldest month, annual average temperature and extreme low temperature. And their limits were 50?200 mm, ≥?800, ≥?20 ℃, ≥?15 ℃, ≥4 ℃ and ≥-28 ℃.

全球气候变暖背景下, 随着气候变化、油菜栽培技术的进步和油菜新品种的育成推广, 我国传统油菜生产格局和种植结构发生明显变化, 甘肃省冬油菜的种植地带也随之向北扩展, 种植的海拔高度抬升, 种植面积和产量显著增加。研究甘肃省冬油菜种植适宜性, 对改进甘肃省油菜生产布局, 合理调整农作物种植结构具有重要意义。本研究获取多年田间试验数据, 初步筛选9个影响冬油菜种植分布的潜在气候因子, 采用基于DEM的小网格法建立9个影响冬油菜种植分布的潜在气象因子空间分布图层, 在此基础上利用最大熵模型和GIS空间分布技术, 构建冬油菜潜在分布模型, 分析影响甘肃省冬油菜种植分布的主要生态因子及其特征, 评价甘肃省冬油菜种植适宜性。研究结果表明: 甘肃省冬油菜种植分布概率为0~0.89, 按其分布概率可将甘肃省冬油菜种植区域划分为不适宜种植区域、次适宜种植区域、适宜种植区域和最适宜种植区域, 可以种植冬油菜的区域占甘肃省总面积的60%, 大于实际冬油菜种植面积, 冬油菜在甘肃省种植具有很大的发展潜力。按照9个潜在气象因子对冬油菜种植分布贡献率的大小, 确定影响甘肃省冬油菜种植分布的6个主导气象因子及其阈值为: 负积温≥ 800 ℃, 最冷月最低温度≥ 20 ℃, 最冷月平均温度≥ 15 ℃, 年平均温度≥4 ℃, 极端低温≥ 28 ℃, 50 mm≤生育期降水量≤200 mm。并以此指导甘肃省冬油菜种植布局, 调整甘肃省农作物种植结构, 引导农民优化种植模式, 提高经济效益。

... 0℃的冬季负积温, 国内外^[28,29]研究也得到相似的结果, 因此冬油菜能否安全越冬, 在选择强抗寒品种的前提下要选择适宜的种植区 ...

2013

0.0

... 0℃的冬季负积温, 国内外^[28,29]研究也得到相似的结果, 因此冬油菜能否安全越冬, 在选择强抗寒品种的前提下要选择适宜的种植区 ...