微喷灌模式下冬小麦产量和水分利用特性

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董志强, 张丽华, 李谦, 吕丽华, 申海平, 崔永增, 梁双波, 贾秀领. . 微喷灌模式下冬小麦产量和水分利用特性. 作物学报, 2016, 42(5): 725-733
DONG Zhi-Qiang, ZHANG Li-Hua, LI Qian, L#cod#x000dc; Li-Hua, SHEN Hai-Ping, CUI Yong-Zeng, LIANG Shuang-Bo, JIA Xiu-Ling. . Grain Yield and Water Use Characteristics of Winter Wheat under Micro- sprinkler Irrigation. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(5): 725-733 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

微喷灌模式下冬小麦产量和水分利用特性

董志强, 张丽华, 李谦, 吕丽华, 申海平, 崔永增, 梁双波^*, 贾秀领

河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所 / 农业部华北地区作物栽培科学观测实验站, 河北石家庄 050035

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 梁双波, E-mail: l2208@163.com, Tel: 0311-87670601

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: woshidongzhiqiang81@126.com, Tel: 0311-87670620

收稿日期:2015-09-04 接受日期:2016-03-02 网络出版日期:2016-03-11

基金:本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303133-1-1, 201203100), 河北省自然科学基金项目(C2014301007)和河北省渤海粮仓科技示范工程专项资助

摘要

为探讨华北地区微喷灌模式下冬小麦节水高产栽培适宜的灌溉制度, 于2012—2013年(平水年)和2013—2014年度(枯水年), 在同一块地观测了微喷灌和畦灌模式不同灌水处理对冬小麦群体变化、叶面积指数和籽粒产量, 以及水分利用效率和耗水特性的影响。微喷灌模式灌水次数为2~6次, 总灌水量为60~180 mm; 畦灌模式灌水次数为1~3次, 总灌水量为74~229 mm。2012—2013年度, 微喷灌各处理小麦平均产量较畦灌增加5.6%, 灌水量低于或等于90 mm时, 微喷灌的产量显著高于畦灌; 微喷灌模式下, 灌水量120 mm时获得最高产量, 但灌水量超过150 mm时, 微喷灌模式产量显著低于畦灌模式。2013—2014年度, 微喷灌模式平均产量较畦灌模式增加0.8%, 灌水量150 mm时微喷灌模式的产量最高。千粒重和水分利用效率也表现为微喷灌模式高于畦灌模式, 2012—2013年度分别增加5.1%和8.7%, 2013—2014年度分别增加7.9%和10.7%。在本试验条件下, 为获得冬小麦高产、高水分利用效率, 建议微喷灌模式在平水年灌水量90~120 mm、耗水量325~355 mm, 在枯水年灌水量105~150 mm、耗水量335~380 mm, 单次灌水定额30~45 mm。微喷灌与畦灌相比, 在同等产量水平下, 平水年节水潜力为20~50 mm, 枯水年为70~110 mm。

关键词: 冬小麦; 微喷灌; 畦灌; 产量; 水分利用效率

Grain Yield and Water Use Characteristics of Winter Wheat under Micro- sprinkler Irrigation

DONG Zhi-Qiang, ZHANG Li-Hua, LI Qian, LÜ Li-Hua, SHEN Hai-Ping, CUI Yong-Zeng, LIANG Shuang-Bo^*, JIA Xiu-Ling

Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences / Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture, Shijiazhuang 050035, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interests (201303133-1-1, 201203100), the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China (C2014301007) and Hebei Provincial Special Fund for Building up Bohai Grain-Store” of Hebei Province

Abstract

The objective of this study was to establish the water-saving and high-yield irrigation system using micro-sprinkler in winter wheat in North China Plain. A two-yield experiment was carried out in the same field in 2012-2013 (normal precipitation) and 2013-2014 (dry year) wheat growing seasons to compare the effects of different irrigation amounts in micro-sprinkler and furrow irrigation modes on wheat population, leaf area index, grain yield, water use efficiency, and water consumption. The total water amount in micro-sprinkler mode ranged from 60 to 180 mm in 2-6 irrigations and the total water amount in furrow irrigation mode ranged from 74 to 229 mm in 1-3 irrigations. In the 2012-2013 growing season, the average wheat yield of micro-sprinkler irrigation was 5.6% higher than that of furrow irrigation, and the highest yield was obtained under micro-sprinkler irrigation of 120 mm. Yield increased significantly in the micro-sprinkler treatment than in the furrow irrigation treatment when water amount ≤90 mm, but decreased significantly when the water amount was larger than 150 mm. In the 2013-2014 growing season, the average yield of micro-sprinkler irrigation was 0.8% higher than that of furrow irrigation, and the highest yield was obtained under micro-sprinkler irrigation of 150 mm. Thousand-grain weight and water use efficiency under micro-sprinkler irrigation were also higher than those under furrow irrigation, and the increased rations were 5.1% and 8.7% in 2012-2013 growing season and 7.9% and 10.7% in 2013-2014 growing season, respectively. We recommend that winter wheat production with micro-sprinkler under the similar condition of this experiment should be irrigated with water amount of 90-120 mm and water consumption of 325-355 mm in normal precipitation year and with water amount of 105-150 mm (30-45 mm for each irrigation) and water consumption of 335-380 mm in dry year. Compared with furrow irrigation, micro-sprinkler irrigation has the water-saving potential of 20-50 mm in normal year and 70-110 mm in dry year at the same yield level.

Keyword: Winter wheat; Micro-sprinkler irrigation; Furrow irrigation; Yield; Water use efficiency

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冬小麦是我国华北平原主要粮食作物, 其产量约占粮食总产量的61%^[1]。该地区冬小麦生育期耗水量为450 mm左右^{[2, 3]}, 河北省山前平原冬小麦生育期降水量范围为60~150 mm^[4], 不能满足生长发育需求, 易造成冬小麦生育期的水分亏缺^[5], 补充灌溉是保证该地区小麦高产的重要措施之一。长期以来, 小麦采用地面漫灌方式, 灌水定额大、水分利用效率低、水资源浪费严重, 导致地下水严重超采、地下水位下降、地基沉降等一系列生态环境问题。因此, 如何合理高效利用有限水资源, 提高作物水分生产效率是小麦生产面临的严峻挑战^[6]。

传统的地面大水漫灌方式是节水生产中亟需替换的灌溉技术。近年来, 针对冬小麦节水灌溉国内外已开展了大量研究, 多数以地面灌溉模式下水分高效利用研究为主。研究表明, 在一定范围内, 小麦籽粒产量随土壤水分含量的增加而增加^[7]; 通过调控灌水量^{[8, 9]}和灌水时期^[10]形成适度水分胁迫, 可提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率。与传统地面灌溉相比, 喷灌能有效地控制灌水定额, 显著减少总灌水量, 改善麦田生态环境, 提高灌水分布均匀系数^{[11, 12]}, 显著提高小麦产量和水分利用效率^{[13, 14]}。

微喷带灌溉是在喷灌和滴灌基础上发展起来的一种新型灌溉方式, 利用微喷带^[15]将水均匀地喷洒在田间, 所用设施相对简单、廉价^[16]。与畦灌相比, 微喷带灌溉可减少灌水量67.5~75.0 mm, 降低表层土壤容重, 抑制土壤养分下渗, 具有节水和灌溉均匀等特点^{[17, 18]}。满建国等^[19]研究表明, 冬小麦拔节期和开花期采用微喷带测墒补灌, 各处理总耗水量为383.6~475.2 mm, 且表现为随喷灌带带长缩短, 开花期灌水量和总灌水量减少, 总耗水量显著减少, 而籽粒产量和水分利用效率显著增加的趋势。目前, 关于冬小麦微喷灌条件下水肥一体化模式的研究报道甚少。本研究在该模式下对不同灌水处理冬小麦籽粒产量、耗水特征、群体动态变化和水分利用效率进行了探讨, 针对华北山前平原高产限水区不同降水年型提出微喷带灌溉水肥一体化模式冬小麦优化灌溉制度, 为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供相应的理论依据和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

在河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所藁城堤上试验站(38° 41' N, 116° 85' E, 海拔51.2 m)同一地块进行田间试验。前茬种植玉米, 试验地0~20 cm土壤含有机质15.68 g kg^-1、全氮1.04 g kg^-1、全磷2.13 g kg^-1、碱解氮80.0 mg kg^-1、速效磷21.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾113.9 mg kg^-1。

2012— 2013年度, 前茬玉米季降水量为380.0 mm, 冬小麦生育期总降水量为136.0 mm, 属平水年, 其中播种至越冬前29.6 mm、越冬至返青期27.1 mm、拔节至开花期22.4 mm、开花至成熟期56.9 mm; 2013— 2014年度玉米季降水量为520.0 mm, 小麦季降水量为66.4 mm, 属枯水年, 上述4个小麦生育阶段降水量分别为15.8、5.9、17.5和27.2 mm。

1.2 试验设计

采取裂区设计, 主区为灌溉模式, 设微喷带灌溉(简称微喷灌)和畦灌两种模式; 副区为灌水次数和总灌水量, 微喷灌模式设6个水平, 畦灌模式设3个水平, 小区随机排列, 4次重复, 小区面积7.0 m × 5.4 m, 处理间设1.0 m隔离区。微喷带为并列斜5孔、孔径0.8 mm、带宽40.0 mm、喷射角范围45° ~70° , 微喷带铺设间距1.8 m; 畦灌模式采用PE软管灌溉, 即每个小区用两根直径63.0 mm的软管(软管间距2.5 m)输送至小区中部。微喷灌模式和畦灌模式各处理的灌水时期、灌水量分别见表1和表2。

表1 畦灌模式下不同处理的灌溉量 Table 1 Irrigation quantities of different furrow irrigation treatments during two wheat growing seasons

表2 微喷灌模式下不同处理的灌溉量 Table 2 Irrigation quantities of different micro-sprinkler irrigation treatments during two wheat growing seasons

采用小麦小区播种机(8行)播种, 15 cm等行距种植。出水井口安装变频柜, 供水水压控制为0.1 MPa, 微喷灌模式灌水定额可控, 畦灌模式灌水量以畦(小区)自然灌满为标准。小麦品种为冀麦585, 前茬作物玉米收获后秸秆全部还田。2012年10月9日播种, 2013年6月14日收获, 播种量180 kg hm^-2; 2013年10月8日播种, 2014年6月10日收获, 播种量210 kg hm^-2。整地播种前施入小麦专用复合肥600 kg hm^-2 (N∶ P₂O₅∶ K₂O = 20∶ 26∶ 8), 春季追施尿素270 kg hm^-2 (含氮46.4%), 畦灌模式于小麦拔节期随灌水一次性撒施, 微喷灌模式采用水肥一体化技术于拔节期追施189 kg hm^-2, 抽穗开花期追施81 kg hm^-2。两年度微喷灌模式和畦灌模式各处理均未灌溉底墒水。

1.3 小麦耗水量和水分利用效率测定方法

于小麦播种后、收获前和各生育期浇水前用CNC503B型中子土壤水分仪(北京核子仪器公司)测定0~200 cm土层水分含量, 以20 cm为一个土壤层次。作物生育期耗水量ETα = P + U - R - F + Δ W + I ^[20], 式中Δ W为土壤贮水消耗量, P为该时段降水量(mm), U为地下水通过毛管作用上移补给作物水量(mm), R为地表径流量(mm), F为补给地下水量(mm), I为灌水量(mm)。本试验地块地势平坦, 地下水埋深5 m以下, 降水入渗深度不超过2 m, 因此U、R、F均为0。

水分利用效率WUE_y=Y/ETa ^[21], 式中Y为籽粒产量(kg hm^-2), ETa为作物全生育期总耗水量(mm)。

1.4 小麦群体调查指标和产量相关性状测定方法

小麦出苗后选取长势均一、有代表性的1 m双行定点, 出苗后计数定点区域的株数, 分别在冬前、起身末期和成熟期计数分蘖数, 开花前后用SunScan冠层分析系统(Delta-T, 英国)测定叶面积指数; 用小区收获机单独收获脱粒, 每小区收获面积33.6 m², 待籽粒自然风干后分别称重, 采用谷物水分测定仪测定籽粒含水量, 折算为含水量13%的标准产量。

1.5 统计分析

用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据和作图, 采用DPS7.05软件进行方差分析, 用最小极差(LSD)法检验差异显著性。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同灌水处理冬小麦籽粒产量、产量构成及水分利用效率的差异

2012— 2013年度, 微喷灌模式籽粒产量平均值较畦灌模式增加5.8%, MSI1处理籽粒产量较灌水量相近的FI1处理增加12.0%, 差异显著, 说明平水年在限水灌溉(≤ 90 mm)条件下, 微喷灌模式增产效果显著。微喷灌模式籽粒产量随灌水量的增加先增大后减小, 灌水量120 mm时获得最高籽粒产量, 灌水量大于或等于150 mm的处理籽粒产量显著低于MSI2处理。灌水量为120 mm的MSI2、MSI4处理小麦产量与灌水量为138 mm、167 mm的FI2、FI3处理相近, 说明平水年在同等产量水平下微喷灌模式较畦灌模式可节省灌溉水20~50 mm。MSI6处理籽粒产量较FI3处理减少6.4%, 差异显著, 说明灌水量大于或等于180 mm时微喷灌模式较畦灌模式有减产趋势。灌水总量相同、灌水时期和灌水次数不尽相同的MSI2、MSI3、MSI4处理间相比较, 籽粒产量差异不显著, 说明微喷灌模式下春季浇3次水即可满足冬小麦生长对水分的需求。拔节期首次浇水的MSI4处理籽粒产量有高于起身期首次浇水的MSI3处理趋势, 说明推迟春一水到拔节期的节水灌溉原则同样适用于微喷灌模式。畦灌模式籽粒产量随灌水量的增加而逐渐增大, 春一水FI1处理产量显著低于春二水FI2处理, 而FI2处理与FI3处理差异不显著(表3)。

表3 不同灌水处理籽粒产量、产量构成和水分利用效率 Table 3 Grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency of different irrigation treatments

2013— 2014年度, 微喷灌模式籽粒产量平均值略高于畦灌模式, 较畦灌模式增加0.8%, 籽粒产量随灌水量的增加先增大后减小, 灌水量150 mm时获得最高产量, 当灌水量大于或等于105 mm时产量增幅变缓, 处理间差异不显著。灌水量105 mm的MSI3处理产量略低于灌水量191 mm的FI2处理, 差异不显著, 说明微喷灌模式较畦灌模式具有明显的节水效果。灌水量为120 mm的MSI4处理产量略高于灌水量为191 mm和229 mm的FI2、FI3处理, 说明枯水年在同等产量水平下微喷灌模式较畦灌模式可节省灌溉水70~110 mm。灌水量相近的微喷灌模式和畦灌模式相比较, MSI2处理产量较FI1处理增加2.3%, 随灌水量的增加, MSI6处理产量较FI2处理减少2.7%, 结果表明枯水年灌水量较小时(≤ 90 mm)微喷灌较畦灌具有一定的增产作用, 灌水量较大时(≥ 180 mm)微喷灌模式产量低于畦灌模式(表3)。

微喷灌模式收获穗数随灌水量增加的变化趋势两年度间存在一定差异, 平水年表现为先增大后减小, 灌水量120 mm时收获穗数达最大值, 枯水年收获穗数随灌水量的增加而逐渐缓慢增大, 最大值对应的灌水量为180 mm。畦灌模式收获穗数两年度年均表现为随灌水量的增加而逐渐增加。同年度微喷灌模式不同处理间收获穗数差异均不显著, 且两年度灌水量相近的处理间收获穗数差异亦较小, 换言之, 灌水量在60~180 mm范围内微喷灌模式对冬小麦收获穗数的影响较小。平水年微喷灌模式收获穗数平均值较畦灌模式增加1.9%, MSI1处理收获穗数较FI1处理增加4.5%, 差异显著, MSI5、MSI6处理收获穗数较FI2、FI3处理分别增加0.8%和0.1%, 差异不显著; 枯水年微喷灌模式收获穗数平均值较畦灌模式减少11.5%, MSI2、MSI6处理收获穗数较FI1、FI2处理分别减少7.5%和11.3%, 差异均达显著水平。结果表明, 在灌水量相同情况下, 平水年微喷灌模式收获穗数高于畦灌模式, 且灌水量较小时二者差值较大; 枯水年微喷灌模式收获穗数显著低于畦灌模式, 且灌水量较大时二者差值较大(表3)。

穗粒数的变化和收获穗数相反, 平水年微喷灌模式平均值较畦灌模式减少3.6%, 枯水年微喷灌模式平均值较畦灌模式增加1.4%。两年度千粒重的变化趋势相同, 平水年、枯水年微喷灌模式平均值较畦灌模式分别增加5.1%和7.9%。平水年MSI1处理千粒重较FI1处理增加8.5%, 差异显著, MSI5、MSI6处理千粒重较FI2、FI3处理分别增加3.4%和0.3%, 差异均不显著; 枯水年MSI2、MSI6处理千粒重较FI1、FI3处理分别增加12.4%和5.9%, 差异均显著。水分利用效率和千粒重的变化相一致, 平水年、枯水年微喷灌模式平均值较畦灌模式分别增加7.1%和12.0%。平水年MSI1处理水分利用效率较FI1处理增加13.0%, 差异显著, MSI5处理较FI2处理增加2.4%, MSI6处理较FI3处理减少3.8%; 枯水年MSI2、MSI6处理水分利用效率较FI1、FI2处理分别增加4.8%和3.4%, 差异均不显著。结果表明, 平水年灌水量较小(≤ 90 mm)情况下微喷灌模式较畦灌模式能显著提高小麦水分利用效率, 灌水量较大(≥ 180 mm)时微喷灌模式水分利用效率反而低于畦灌模式; 枯水年微喷灌模式小麦水分利用效率均略高于灌水量相近的畦灌模式(表3)。

2.2 不同灌水处理冬小麦耗水量的耗水组成及其占总耗水量的比例

小麦耗水量主要与生育期灌水量、降水量及初始土壤含水率有关。灌水量相近的两模式相比较, 平水年、枯水年畦灌模式总耗水量平均值较微喷灌模式分别增加2.7%和4.6% (表4)。平水年, FI1处理总耗水量较MSI1处理减少4.4%, 差异不显著, FI2、FI3处理较MSI5、MSI6处理分别增加6.5%和5.0%, 差异均达显著水平; 枯水年, FI1处理总耗水量较MSI2处理增加2.2%, 差异不显著, FI2处理较MSI6处理增加6.3%, 差异显著。说明在灌水量较小(≤ 90 mm)情况下微喷灌模式总耗水量和畦灌模式差异不显著, 灌水量较大(≥ 150 mm)时畦灌模式总耗水量显著高于微喷灌模式。平水年畦灌模式土壤水消耗量及占总耗水量比例的平均值均大于微喷灌模式, 灌溉量及占总耗水量比例的平均值均小于微喷灌模式; 枯水年畦灌模式土壤水消耗量及占总耗水量比例和灌溉量平均值均大于微喷灌模式。平水年, 灌水量较小(≤ 90 mm)时微喷灌模式与畦灌模式土壤水消耗量及占总耗水量的比例差异不显著, FI2、FI3处理(≥ 150 mm)土壤水消耗量及占总耗水量的比例分别显著高于MSI5、MSI6处理; 枯水年, FI1、FI2处理土壤水消耗量分别显著高于MSI2、MSI6处理, 较MSI2、MSI6处理分别增加9.7%和9.0%。说明平水年灌水量大于或等于150 mm和枯水年大于或等于180 mm时微喷灌模式较畦灌模式不利于冬小麦利用土壤贮水。两年度间相比较, 枯水年微喷灌模式和畦灌模式总耗水量平均值均低于平水年, 土壤水消耗量及占总耗水量比例平均值均显著高于平水年。

表4 不同灌水处理耗水组成及其占总耗水量的比例 Table 4 Water consumption composition and its proportion to total water consumption in different irrigation treatments

2.3 不同灌水处理冬小麦群体的变化

由表5可知, 灌水量相近的微喷灌处理和畦灌处理相比较, 2012— 2013年度, MSI1、MSI5、MSI6处理起身末期分蘖数分别显著低于FI1、FI2和FI3处理, 而成穗率分别显著高于FI1、FI2和FI3处理; 2013— 2014年度, MSI2处理起身末期分蘖数较FI1 处理增加4.9%, 差异不显著, 成穗率较FI1处理减少7.7%, 差异显著; MSI6处理起身末期分蘖数较FI2处理增加2.6%, 差异不显著, 成穗率较FI2处理减少16.6%, 差异显著。结果表明, 冬小麦在播量和灌水量相同情况下, 平水年微喷灌模式成穗率显著高于畦灌模式, 微喷灌、畦灌模式收获穗数平均值分别为740× 10⁴ hm^-2和726× 10⁴ hm^-2, 二者差值较小, 微喷灌模式群体结构较畦灌模式合理; 枯水年畦灌模式成穗率显著高于微喷灌模式, 畦灌模式收获穗数平均值为858× 10⁴ hm^-2, 群体过大, 微喷灌模式收获穗数平均值为760× 10⁴ hm^-2, 群体适宜, 微喷灌模式群体结构较畦灌模式合理。

表5 不同灌水处理冬小麦群体的变化 Table 5 Changes of winter wheat population in different irrigation treatments

2.4 不同灌水处理冬小麦叶面积指数的变化

2013— 2014年度两灌溉模式冬小麦叶面积指数(LAI)均表现为随灌水量的增加而逐渐增大(图1), 灌水量相同情况下微喷灌模式LAI大于畦灌模式。灌水量较小(≤ 120 mm)情况下微喷灌模式小麦LAI略大于畦灌模式, 株型结构合理, 田间通风透光性能良好, 适合高产小麦冠层的构建; 当灌水量较大(≥ 150 mm)时微喷灌模式LAI远大于畦灌模式, 旗叶和倒二叶的叶面积过大, 田间郁闭, 通风透光性能差, 反而不利于小麦产量的增加。

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	图1 不同灌水处理小麦叶面积指数的变化(2013-2014) MSI: 微喷灌; FI: 畦灌。数据为2014年4月24日和5月5日测得叶面积指数的平均值。Fig. 1 Changes of leaf area index of wheat in different irrigation treatments (2013-2014) MSI: micro-sprinkler irrigation; FI: furrow irrigation. Data are the means of measurements on April 24 and May 5, 2014.

3 讨论

减少灌水量或实施亏缺灌溉是降低小麦生育期耗水和提高水分利用效率的有效方法^{[22, 23, 24]}。在一定范围内增加冬小麦的灌水量具有增产作用, 但灌水量过多会导致籽粒产量显著降低^[25]。冬小麦的供水量与总耗水量呈线性正相关, 回归斜率为0.67~ 0.71^[26]。灌水量越多, 冬小麦耗水量和生物量越高, 籽粒最高产量却是在适度水分亏缺情况下获得的^[27]。受灌水方式的限制, 畦灌模式单次灌水额至少为70 mm, 实施节水灌溉只能减少灌水次数。经多年试验研究与示范推广, 目前华北山前平原推广畦灌模式小麦节水灌溉技术一般年份春季灌拔节水(或起身水)和开花水, 干旱年份根据降水情况增加越冬水或灌浆水, 全生育期灌2~3次水。与畦灌模式相比, 微喷灌水肥一体化模式单次灌水定额大幅下降, 从畦灌模式75~105 mm降至30~45 mm, 从而可以通过减少单次灌水额来进一步挖掘小麦的节水潜力。微喷灌克服了地面漫灌易造成土壤板结且氮素向深层土壤渗漏的不足, 从而提高小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 改善土壤物理性质, 这些因素均对小麦的生长发育产生综合有利影响, 在灌水量相近情况下可提高小麦产量与水分利用效率(待发表)。本试验结果表明, 两年度微喷灌模式冬小麦籽粒产量均随灌水量增加先增大后减小, 平水年、枯水年产量最大值对应的灌水量分别为120 mm和150 mm; 畦灌模式籽粒产量均随灌水量增加逐渐增大, 当灌水量高于或等于150 mm时产量增幅变缓。在灌水量较小情况下(≤ 90 mm), 微喷灌模式小麦籽粒产量高于畦灌模式; 在灌水量较大情况下(≥ 180 mm), 微喷灌模式产量低于畦灌模式。同等产量水平下, 平水年、枯水年微喷灌模式较畦灌模式可分别节省灌溉水20~50 mm和70~110 mm。

郭增江等^[28]试验表明, 0~40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节期65%和开花期70%的处理小麦籽粒产量最高, 同时获得较高的水分利用效率。小麦拔节期和开花期各灌溉60 mm的处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于仅拔节期灌溉处理, 每株增加2.4 g^[29]。本研究结果与上述结论相同, 平水年、枯水年畦灌模式拔节期和开花期各灌溉60~85 mm的处理冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高。

冬小麦产量和水分利用效率与耗水量之间均呈二次函数关系^{[27, 30]}, 耗水量为350~490 mm时冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优^{[30, 31]}。本研究结果表明, 平水年、枯水年微喷灌模式冬小麦耗水量分别为330~360 mm和340~400 mm, 畦灌模式分别为360~410 mm和390~440 mm时籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高, 两年度畦灌模式冬小麦耗水量均在上述研究结论范围内, 微喷灌模式耗水量远小于畦灌模式。随着灌水次数的增加, 灌溉量从80 mm增加至240 mm, 冬小麦生育期耗水量增加80~90 mm, 水分利用效率降低0.3~0.4 kg m^{-3 [32]}。本研究中, 平水年畦灌模式灌溉量从74 mm增加至167 mm, 冬小麦生育期耗水量增加92 mm, 水分利用效率降低0.1~0.2 kg m^-3, 这与上述结论基本相同。微喷灌模式灌溉量从90 mm增加至180 mm, 冬小麦生育期耗水量增加58 mm, 水分利用效率降低0.5 kg m^-3; 枯水年畦灌模式灌溉量从75 mm增加至229 mm, 冬小麦生育期耗水量增加127 mm, 水分利用效率降低0.6~0.7 kg m^-3, 与上述结论存在一定差异。微喷灌模式灌溉量从60 mm增加至180 mm, 冬小麦生育期耗水量增加98 mm, 水分利用效率降低0.6~0.7 kg m^-3。关于丰水年畦灌模式和微喷灌模式冬小麦籽粒产量随灌水量增加的变化、最大值对应的灌水量及不同灌水处理耗水量及水分利用效率的变化有待进一步的试验研究。

4 结论

平水年冬小麦生育期微喷灌模式灌溉90~ 120 mm、耗水量325~355 mm和畦灌模式灌溉135~ 170 mm、耗水量360~410 mm可获得较高籽粒产量和水分利用效率; 枯水年微喷灌模式灌溉105~ 150 mm、耗水量335~380 mm和畦灌模式灌溉190~ 230 mm、耗水量420~440 mm可获得较高籽粒产量和水分利用效率。微喷灌模式与畦灌模式相比, 在同等产量水平下平水年节水潜力为20~50 mm, 枯水年为70~110 mm, 该模式可在我国华北水资源匮乏地区因地制宜推广应用。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[30]	于利鹏, 黄冠华, 刘海军, 王相平, 王明强. 喷灌灌水量对冬小麦生长、耗水与水分利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 2031-2037 Yu L P, Huang G H, Liu H J, Wang X P, Wang M Q. Effects of sprinkler irrigation amount on winter wheat growth, water consumption, and water use efficiency. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 2031-2037 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[31]	Li J M, Inanaga S, Li Z H. Optimizing irrigation scheduling for winter wheat in the North China Plain. Agric Water Manag, 2005, 76: 8-23 [本文引用:1]
[32]	Shao L W, Zhang X Y, Sun H Y, Chen S Y, Wang Y. Yield and water use response of winter wheat to winter irrigation in the North China Plain. J Soil Water Conserv, 2011, 66: 104-113 [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

... 冬小麦是我国华北平原主要粮食作物, 其产量约占粮食总产量的61%^[1] ...

2006

0.0

王淑芬, 张喜英, 裴冬. 不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(2): 27-32

Wang S

, Zhang X

, Pei

. Impacts of different water supplied conditions on root distribution, yield and water utilization efficiency of winter wheat. Trans CSAE, 2006, 22(2): 27-32 (in Chinese)

Field experiments were conducted at Luancheng Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences in different precipitation years. The impacts of water supplied conditions on root distribution, yield and water utilization efficiency(WUE) of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments were analyzed in order to supply a basis for optimum irrigation mode which could increase the yield and improve water utilization efficiency. The results indicated that most roots were concentrated in the upper 80 cm soil layer, and the density of roots declined exponentially downward with the increase of the soil layer depth. Considering water consumption in different soil layers, and the relationships among yield, water utilization efficiency and total water consumption, the optimal irrigation mode in North China plain was put forward, i.e., no irrigation in rain-full years, one time irrigation at jointing stage in normal years and two times at jointing stage and booting stage in dry years with the suitable water quota of 60 to 75 mm each time, which not only increased the winter wheat yield, but also benefited to using the deep soil water and improving the water utilization efficiency.

通过中科院栾城农业生态试验站3种不同降水年型的田间灌水试验，研究了不同供水条件对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响，旨在为华北地区冬小麦建立优化灌溉制度，提高水分利用效率，达到节水增产目的提供理论依据。试验结果表明，冬小麦根系主要集中分布在80 cm以上土层，随土层深度的增加，根长密度呈指数下降；综合分析根系对不同土层的水分吸收、作物耗水组成及产量、水分利用效率与总耗水的关系，提出华北地区冬小麦最佳灌水方式是：丰水年灌0水、平水年灌1水(拔节水)、枯水年灌2水(拔节水和抽穗水)，次灌水量60～75 mm，具有明显的节水增产效益。

... 该地区冬小麦生育期耗水量为450 mm左右^[2,3], 河北省山前平原冬小麦生育期降水量范围为60~150 mm^[4], 不能满足生长发育需求, 易造成冬小麦生育期的水分亏缺^[5], 补充灌溉是保证该地区小麦高产的重要措施之一 ...

2002

0.0

2003

0.0

2008

0.0

居辉, 李三爱, 严昌荣. 我国北方旱区雨养小麦生产潜力研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2008, 16: 728-731

, Li S

, Yan C

. Potential productivity of rain-fed wheat in dry farmland s of North China. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2008, 16: 728-731 (in Chinese with English abstract)

由于水资源匮乏,我国北方旱区农业多以雨养为主.小麦是北方主要的粮食作物,为明确旱区雨养小麦生产潜力,对区域粮食生产水平做出客观评价,本文以整个北方旱农区为宏观尺度,利用CERES-wheat作物模型,模拟了北方旱区雨养小麦生产潜力水平,分析了潜力的时空分布规律.研究表明,我国北方旱区雨养小麦的生产潜力为半湿润区半湿润偏旱区半干旱区半干旱偏旱区干旱区,半湿润区雨养小麦生产潜力约为6300kg?hm-2,干旱区约为3000mg?hm-2,干旱区的年际间潜力变化较其他区域稳定.我国北方旱区雨养小麦生产潜力东部高于西部,南部高于北部,冬小麦的潜力高于春小麦.

2004

0.0

康绍忠, 胡笑涛, 蔡焕杰, 冯绍元. 现代农业与生态节水的理论创新及研究重点. 水利学报, 2004, 12: 1-7

Kang S

, Hu X

, Cai H

, Feng S

. New ideas and development tendency of theory for water saving in modern agriculture and ecology. J Hydraulic Eng, 2004, 12: 1-7 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The development tendency and new ideas of theory for water saving in modern agriculture and ecology are analyzed and the problems restraining the development in China are pointed out. The target of development and the key research topics for accelerating the development in China are suggested. The difficult points of these topics are discussed.

本文分析了现代农业与生态节水理论研究的发展态势和热点问题及我国农业与生态节水理论创新滞后而严重制约农业与生态节水工作正常开展的状况。提出了我国农业与生态节水理论创新的总体目标，分析了创新的技术难点，提出了重大研究课题。

... 因此, 如何合理高效利用有限水资源, 提高作物水分生产效率是小麦生产面临的严峻挑战^[6] ...

2006

0.0

... 研究表明, 在一定范围内, 小麦籽粒产量随土壤水分含量的增加而增加^[7] ...

2006

0.0

... 通过调控灌水量^[8,9]和灌水时期^[10]形成适度水分胁迫, 可提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率 ...

2009

0.0

... 通过调控灌水量^[8,9]和灌水时期^[10]形成适度水分胁迫, 可提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率 ...

2011

0.0

门洪文, 张秋, 代兴龙, 曹倩, 王成雨, 周晓虎, 贺明荣. 不同灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量和水、氮利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 2517-2523

Men H

, Zhang

, Dai X

, Cao

, Wang C

, Zhou X

, He M

. Effects of different irrigation modes on winter wheat grain yield and water-and nitrogen use efficiency. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22: 2517-2523 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Taking the widely planted winter wheat cultivar Tainong 18 as test material, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation modes on the winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency in drier year (2009-2010) in Tai’an City of Shandong Province, China. Five treatments were installed, i.e ., irrigation before sowing (CK), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stage (W 1 ), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage (W 2 ), irrigation before sowing and at jointing and flowering stages (optimized traditional irrigation mode, W 3 ), and irrigation before sowing and at over-wintering, jointing, and milking stages (traditional irrigation mode, W 4 ). The irrigation amount was 600 m 3 ·hm -2 one time. Under the condition of 119.7 mm precipitation in the winter wheat growth season, no significant difference was observed in the grain yield between treatments W 2 and W 4 , but the water use efficiency was significantly higher in W 2 than in W 4 . Comparing with treatment W 3 , treatments W 2 and W 4 had obviously higher grain yield, but the water use efficiency had no significant difference. The partial factor productivity from N fertilization was the highest in W 2 and W 4 , and the NO 3 - -N accumulation amount in 0-100 cm soil layer at harvest was significantly higher in W 2 than in W 3 and W 4 , suggesting that W 2 could reduce NO 3 - -N leaching loss. Under the conditions of our experiment, irrigation before sowing and jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage was the optimal irrigation mode in considering both the grain yield and the water- and nitrogen use efficiency.

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China

在田间试验条件下，以冬小麦品种泰农18为材料，设置灌底墒水(CK)、底墒水+拔节水(W 1 )、底墒水+拔节水+越冬水与灌浆水交替灌溉(越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式, W 2 )、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(优化传统灌溉模式, W 3 )、底墒水+越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水(传统灌溉模式, W 4 )5种灌溉模式，每处理每次灌水量均为600 m 3 ·hm -2 ，研究了山东泰安偏旱年份（2009—2010年）不同灌溉模式对小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明：在小麦全生育期119.7 mm降水量条件下，越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W 2 )与传统灌溉模式(W 4 )籽粒产量差异不显著，但水分利用效率显著高于传统灌溉模式，与灌水量相同的优化传统灌溉模式(W 3 )相比，其小麦籽粒产量明显提高，水分利用效率无显著差异；越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式和传统灌溉模式的氮肥偏生产力最高，且籽粒收获后越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式在0～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累量显著高于传统灌溉模式和优化传统灌溉模式，降低了硝态氮的淋溶损失.在本试验条件下，越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W 2 )是可以兼顾小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的最佳灌溉模式.

... 通过调控灌水量^[8,9]和灌水时期^[10]形成适度水分胁迫, 可提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率 ...

2011

0.0

... 与传统地面灌溉相比, 喷灌能有效地控制灌水定额, 显著减少总灌水量, 改善麦田生态环境, 提高灌水分布均匀系数^[11,12], 显著提高小麦产量和水分利用效率^[13,14] ...

2010

0.0

2001

0.0

宫飞, 陈阜, 杨晓光, 苑丽娟. 喷灌对冬小麦水分利用的影响. 中国农业大学学报, 2001, 6(5): 30-34

Gong

, Chen

, Yang X

, Yuan L

. Effects of sprinkler irrigation on water use of winter wheat. J China Agric Univ, 2001, 6(5): 30-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)

华北平原的冬小麦应用喷灌常规畦灌相比，有明显改善灌溉水利用效率的作用。其主要原因在于：1）喷灌尽管每次灌水量较少，但其土壤贮水量的下降速度明显低于畦灌；2）喷灌使灌溉水大部分集中于0-60cm土层，有利于冬小麦的水分利用；3）喷灌可以在不降低光合的前提下减小作物的蒸腾速率，在喷灌的各生育期间作物耗水量较畦灌减少，耗水强度也相对较小；4）喷灌可以在产量基本不减或稍有提高的情况下节约大量灌溉水，从而提高作物对灌溉水的利用效率。

2000

0.0

2007

0.0

... 微喷带灌溉是在喷灌和滴灌基础上发展起来的一种新型灌溉方式, 利用微喷带^[15]将水均匀地喷洒在田间, 所用设施相对简单、廉价^[16] ...

2003

0.0

周斌, 封俊, 张学军, 吴政文, 沈雪民. 微喷带单孔喷水量分布的基本特征研究. 农业工程学报, 2003, 19(4): 101-103

Zhou

, Feng

, Zhang X

, Wu Z

, Shen X

. Characteristics and indexes of water distribution of punched thin-soft tape for spray. Trans CSAE, 2003, 19(4): 101-103 (in Chinese)

As a new irrigation system, the punched thin-soft tape for spray which is made of plastic has been widely used in China since 1990. According to the irrigation characteristics of the tape, a special device was designed to measure the water distribution of the tape on the ground, and then the indexes of describing the water distribution were established on the basis of the test results. The test results are original datum material and information for design, production and application of the tape.

微喷带是一种新型的节水灌溉设备，该文根据其灌溉特点，设计了研究微喷带喷水量分布的试验装置，在此基础上建立了水量分布的测试方法。通过试验分析了喷水量分布的基本特征，为进一步研究微喷带的灌溉性能提供参考。

... 微喷带灌溉是在喷灌和滴灌基础上发展起来的一种新型灌溉方式, 利用微喷带^[15]将水均匀地喷洒在田间, 所用设施相对简单、廉价^[16] ...

2009

0.0

史宏志, 高卫锴, 常思敏, 邸慧慧, 王廷晓, 杨素琴, 王太运, 王广胜. 微喷灌水定额对烟田土壤物理性状和养分运移的影响. 河南农业大学学报, 2009, 43: 485-490

Shi H

, Gao W

, Chang S

, Di H

, Wang T

, Yang S

, Wang T

, Wang G

. Effect of irrigating water quota with micro-irrigation on soil physical properties and nutrient transport in different layers of tobacco soil. J Henan Agric Univ, 2009, 43: 485-490 (in Chinese)

以不灌水和传统淘灌为对照,研究了不同微喷水定额对河南宝丰壤质土壤物理性状和养分运移的影响.结果表明,与传统沟灌相比,微喷可有效控制每次灌水定额,降低土壤容重,微喷定额为24～36 mm,不仅能有效补充土壤水分,又可使土壤湿润层保持在耕层范周内.灌溉后24 h各灌水处理0～30 cm土层中碱解氮含量均高于不灌水,且随着灌水定额的增加,碱解氮含量呈增加趋势,圆顶期则呈现相反的变化,以不灌水最高.传统沟灌水分下渗过深,造成土壤速效齐分的淋失,灌水后24 h测定,耕层土壤碱解氮含量低于微喷36 mm处理,速效钾含量低于其他处理.而碱解氮舍量在20 cm以下土层、速效钾含量在30 cm以下土层中含量提高. Abstract： The experiment was conducted in loam soil of central area of Henan to investigate the effect of irrigation quota with micro irrigation system on soil physical properties and available nitrogen and potassium contents in different soil layers of tobacco field. The results showed that micro irrigation was able to control the irrigation quota and to decrease soil volume weight compared with traditional furrow irrigation. In the range of 24 to 36 mm of quota , micro irrigation not only provided sufficient water supply, but also kept the moist soil within the tillage layer. 24 hours after irrigation, available N contents in 0～30 cm soil for all irrigating treatments were higher than those for the control with no irrigation , and had increasing trend with increased irrigation quota. While at the round top stage, the opposite trend existed, with no irrigation control being the highest. The traditional furrow irrigation had too deep moist soil and caused nutrition leaching beyond tillage layer . 24 hours after irrigation, the availa?ble N content in the tillage layer was lower than that in 36 mm micro-irrigation treatment, and the available K content was the lowest among all treatments. While in soil under 20 cm, available N content increased, and in soil under 30 cm, available K content were at high levels.

... 0 mm, 降低表层土壤容重, 抑制土壤养分下渗, 具有节水和灌溉均匀等特点^[17,18] ...

2002

0.0

... 0 mm, 降低表层土壤容重, 抑制土壤养分下渗, 具有节水和灌溉均匀等特点^[17,18] ...

2013

0.0

满建国, 王东, 张永丽, 石玉, 于振文. 不同喷射角微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 5098-5112

Man J

, Wang

, Zhang Y

, Shi

, Yu Z

. Effects of irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses of different sprinkling angles on soil water distribution and water consumption characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 5098-5112 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【目的】研究不同喷射角微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响,以期为创新小麦节水灌溉技术,实现小麦高产高效栽培提供理论依据。【方法】2010—2012年冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22,在田间条件下设置T0:生育期不灌水;T1、T2、T3、T4采用微喷带灌溉,微喷带带长均为40 m,喷射角分别为35°、50°、65°和80°。每条微喷带沿小麦种植行向铺设在行间,灌溉左右各4行(L1—L4)小麦,实际灌溉宽度1.6 m。【结果】(1)拔节和开花期采用微喷带补灌,同一处理下,各取样区间L1—L4的0—200 cm土层土壤含水量变化规律一致,其中T1、T2和T3处理的各行间上部土层土壤含水量均表现为:随行间距离微喷带增加,土壤含水量逐渐降低;随微喷带喷射角增大,灌溉水在土壤中的分布均匀系数显著增加。T4处理各行间0—200 cm各土层土壤含水量无显著差异,灌溉水在土壤中的分布均匀系数最高。(2)与T1、T2和T3处理相比,T4处理在拔节期至开花期对40—80 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量和开花至成熟期20—80 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量显著升高,对深层土壤贮水消耗量和总土壤贮水消耗量显著降低,拔节至开花期的阶段耗水量、开花期补灌水量、总灌水量和总耗水量亦显著降低。(3)T4处理的籽粒产量、产量水分利用效率和土壤贮水利用效率显著高于其余各处理。【结论】在本试验条件下,采用80°喷射角的微喷带灌溉处理是兼顾高产和高水分利用效率的最优处理。

... 满建国等^[19]研究表明, 冬小麦拔节期和开花期采用微喷带测墒补灌, 各处理总耗水量为383 ...

1993

0.0

... W + I ^[20], 式中#cod#x00394 ...

1995

0.0

... 水分利用效率WUE_y=Y/ETa ^[21], 式中Y为籽粒产量(kg hm^-2), ETa为作物全生育期总耗水量(mm) ...

2007

0.0

... 3 讨论减少灌水量或实施亏缺灌溉是降低小麦生育期耗水和提高水分利用效率的有效方法^[22,23,24] ...

2010

0.0

... 3 讨论减少灌水量或实施亏缺灌溉是降低小麦生育期耗水和提高水分利用效率的有效方法^[22,23,24] ...

2009

0.0

... 3 讨论减少灌水量或实施亏缺灌溉是降低小麦生育期耗水和提高水分利用效率的有效方法^[22,23,24] ...

2008

0.0

... 在一定范围内增加冬小麦的灌水量具有增产作用, 但灌水量过多会导致籽粒产量显著降低^[25] ...

2004

0.0

... 71^[26] ...

2002

0.0

... 灌水量越多, 冬小麦耗水量和生物量越高, 籽粒最高产量却是在适度水分亏缺情况下获得的^[27] ...

... 冬小麦产量和水分利用效率与耗水量之间均呈二次函数关系^[27,30], 耗水量为350~490 mm时冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优^[30,31] ...

2014

0.0

郭增江, 于振文, 石玉, 赵俊晔, 张永丽, 王东. 不同土层测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 731-738

Guo Z

, Yu Z

, Shi

, Zhao J

, Zhang Y

, Wang

. Photosynthesis characteristics of flag leaf and dry matter accumulation and allocation in winter wheat under supplemental irrigation after measuring moisture content in different soil layers. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 731-738 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This study aimed to propose a suitable soil layer depth used in determining the irrigation amount. A field experiment was conducted in the 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 wheat growing seasons to study the effects of supplemental irrigation based on the measurement of soil moisture contents on photosynthesis of flag leaves and dry matter accumulation and allocation. Four irrigation treatments were designed with target soil moisture of 65% at jointing and 70% at anthesis in 0–20 (D1), 0–40 (D2), 0–60 (D3), and 0–140 cm (D4) soil layers. Zero-irrigation (D0) was used as the control. D2 was superior to other treatments with higher values of leaf area index (LAI) and flag leaf area on one square meter land at anthesis, photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and actual photochemical efficiency ( Φ PSII ) at seven and fourteen days after anthesis; whereas, the stomatal limitation ( L s ) of D2 was lower than that of other treatments. Compared with other treatments, D2 had larger dry matter accumulation at maturity, more dry matter allocated in grains, and higher contribution ratio of dry matter from vegetative organs to grain after anthesis. The grain yield in D2 was 9367.4 kg ha -1 in 2011–2012 growing season and 9727.5 kg ha -1 in 2012–2013 growing season, which were significantly higher than those in other treatments. The water use efficiency of D2 was significantly higher than that of D0, D3, and D4, but with out significant difference to that of D1. To obtain both high yield and high water use efficiency, we suggest the optimal soil layer for measuring moisture content is 0–40 cm, and supplementary water should be given at jointing and anthesis based on measured soil moisture.

2011—2012 和 2012—2013 年连续 2 个小麦生长季，在大田条件下，设置 0 ~ 20 cm (D1) 、 0 ~ 40 cm (D2) 、 0 ~ 60 cm (D3) 和 0 ~ 140 cm (D4) 4 个土层测定土壤含水量，以各土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节期 65% 和开花期 70% 为目标相对含水量，全生育期不灌溉为对照处理 (D0) ，研究依据不同土层的土壤含水量测墒补灌对小麦旗叶光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明： D2 的开花期叶面积指数和单位土地面积上旗叶叶面积、开花后 7 d 和 14 d 的旗叶净光合速率和实际光化学效率均高于其他处理，而气孔限制值低于其他处理； D2 的成熟期干物质积累量、开花后干物质向籽粒的分配量和开花后同化物分配对籽粒的贡献率亦高于其他处理。两年度 D2 的籽粒产量分别为 9367.4 kg hm -2 和 9727.5 kg hm -2 ，均显著高于其他处理；同时， D2 的水分利用效率高于 D0 、 D3 和 D4 处理，与 D1 处理无显著差异。因此，于小麦拔节期和开花期依据 0 ~ 40 cm 土层的土壤含水量测墒补灌是同步实现高产和高水分利用效率的有效措施。

... 郭增江等^[28]试验表明, 0~40 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节期65%和开花期70%的处理小麦籽粒产量最高, 同时获得较高的水分利用效率 ...

2009

0.0

张胜全, 方保停, 张英华, 周顺利, 王志敏. 冬小麦节水栽培三种灌溉模式的水氮利用与产量形成. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 2045-2054

Zhang S

, Fang B

, Zhang Y

, Zhou S

, Wang Z

. Utilization of water and nitrogen and yield formation under three limited irrigation schedules in winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 2045-2054 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water shortage is a great challenge in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide. Studies on wheat physiology and ecology have been carried out aiming at yielding more grains with less consumptions of water and nitrogen fertilizer. Cultivation techniques based on limited irrigation and nitrogen application are highly emphasized in North China Plain, where water stress is the most major problem in regular years. In Wuqiao area, Hebei province, China, a series cultivation systems have been established with distinct effects of high yield and small water consumption. The principle measure in the technique system was controlling the irrigation frequency and water amount. The purpose of this study was to disclose the mechanism of high-yielding and high resource use efficiency in the cultivation system established in Wuqiao. In the consecutive growing seasons from 2004 to 2008, field experiments were conducted at the Wuqiao Experimental Station of China Agriculture University under three limited irrigation schedules, i.e., no irrigation in spring (I 0 ), 750 m 3 ha - 1 of water at jointing (I 1 ) and each 750 m 3 ha - 1 of water at jointing and anthesis (I 2 ) . Fertilizers were only applied before sowing, including urea 225 kg ha - 1 , (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 300 kg ha - 1 (thus, the total nitrogen was 157.5 kg ha - 1 ), K 2 SO 4 225 kg ha - 1 , and ZnSO 4 22.5 kg ha - 1 . The characteristics of water and nitrogen use and the formation of grain yield were investigated at jointing, booting, anthesis, and maturity stages. The results showed that the average yield was 6134 kg ha - 1 for I 0 , 7 515 kg ha - 1 for I 1 , and 8 134 for I 2 treatment, and the average total evapotranspiration was in the order of 3 334, 3 829, and 4 270 m 3 ha - 1 . The ratio of soil water consumption to total evapotranspiration was 67%, 49%, and 38% in I 0 , I 1 , and I 2 treatments, respectively. The w ater use efficiency ranged from 1.9 to 2.0 kg m - 3 with no significant differences among treatments. This indicated that approximately 52.6 m 3 of water was required for yielding 100 kg of grains. Under the nitrogen application level of 157.5 kg ha - 1 , the average total nitrogen accumulation was 163, 198, and 212 kg ha - 1 in I 0 , I 1 , and I 2 treatments, respectively. Consistent results with slight variations were observed in the total nitrogen accumulation across years. The average nitrogen use efficacy of the three irrigation treatments was 38 kg kg - 1 and there were no significant differences among treatments . In terms of the characteristics of plant population, the leaf area index (LAI) at booting and anthesis, as well as the LAI for the top three leaves were not significantly different between I 1 and I 2 treatments, but they were significantly higher than those in I 0 treatment. The LAI for the top three leaves and non-leaf organs green area index (NAI) above flag leaf ranged from 2.6 to 3.8 and from 2.7 to 3.6, respectively. The ratios of non-leaf organs green area above flag leaf to the uppermost three leaf area and total leaf area were more than 1.0 and 0.7, respectively. Three limited irrigation schedules showed steady grain yield and high resource use efficiency for consecutive four years.

为探讨华北平原冬小麦节水栽培适宜灌溉模式及其产量形成与资源利用规律， 2004 — 2008 连续 4 年在同一地块比较春不灌水 (I 0 ) 、春灌 1 水 (I 1 ) 和春灌 2 水 (I 2 ) 3 种灌溉模式对冬小麦水氮利用特性与产量形成的影响。在均实行晚播和一次性底施氮量 157.5 kg hm -2 条件下，各模式年际间籽粒产量稳定， I 0 、 I 1 和 I 2 模式的 4 年平均产量分别为 6 134 、 7 515 和 8 134 kg hm -2 ，平均总耗水量分别为 3 334 、 3 829 和 4 270 m 3 hm -2 , 平均总吸氮量分别为 162.5 、 197.9 和 212.2 kg hm -2 。在耗水构成中，土壤贮水消耗占总耗水量的比例分别为 66.7% 、 49.2% 和 37.8% 。 3 种灌溉模式的水分利用效率达 1.9~2.0 kg m -3 ，灌溉模式间无显著差异；氮素利用效率在 3 个灌溉模式间也无显著差异，平均为 38.0 kg kg -1 N 。 3 种灌溉模式主茎穗占成穗数比例平均为 81% ，开花期上三叶叶面积指数 2.6~3.8 ，旗叶节以上非叶绿色器官面积指数 2.7~3.6 。综合以上结果，冬小麦 3 种灌溉模式及其配套技术形成的群体结构可在不同产量水平上实现水、氮资源高效利用。

... 4 g^[29] ...

2010

0.0

于利鹏, 黄冠华, 刘海军, 王相平, 王明强. 喷灌灌水量对冬小麦生长、耗水与水分利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 2031-2037

Yu L

, Huang G

, Liu H

, Wang X

, Wang M

. Effects of sprinkler irrigation amount on winter wheat growth, water consumption, and water use efficiency. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 2031-2037 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In 2006-2008, a field experiment was conducted at the Tongzhou Experimental Base for Water-Saving Irrigation Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, aimed to study the effects of sprinkler irrigation amount on the growth, grain yield, water consumption, and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Different treatments were installed, with the irrigation amounts expressed by the multiples of the evaporation (E) from a standard 20cm diameter pan placed above winter wheat canopy. The grain yield was the highest in treatment 0.75 E in 2006-2007 and in treatment 0.625 E in 2007-2008. In treatments with irrigation amount less than 0.25 E, winter wheat growth was subjected to water stress, and the yield loss was larger than 25%. The water consumption of winter wheat in the two growth seasons was in the range of 219-486 mm, and increased with increasing irrigation amount. The relationships between the grain yield and the water consumption and water use efficiency could be described by quadratic function. Sprinkler irrigation with an amount of 0.50-0.75 E was recommended for the winter wheat growth after its turning green stage in Beijing area.

于2006—2008年在中国科学院通州农田水循环与节水灌溉试验基地进行田间试验，研究灌水量对冬小麦生长、耗水、产量和水分利用效率的影响.试验设置了不同的灌水量处理，灌水量以布置在冬小麦冠层顶部20 cm标准蒸发皿蒸发量(E)的倍数表示.试验结果表明：2006—2007生长季节中0.75 E处理和2007—2008生长季节中0.625 E处理所对应的冬小麦产量最高.当灌水量小于0.25 E时，冬小麦生长受到水分胁迫，其产量下降25%以上.两个生长季节中冬小麦耗水量为219～486 mm，耗水量随灌水量的增加而增大.冬小麦产量和水分利用效率与耗水量之间呈二次函数关系.北京地区冬小麦返青后的生长季节内，其适宜喷灌水量为0.50～0.75 E.

... 冬小麦产量和水分利用效率与耗水量之间均呈二次函数关系^[27,30], 耗水量为350~490 mm时冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优^[30,31] ...

2005

0.0

... 冬小麦产量和水分利用效率与耗水量之间均呈二次函数关系^[27,30], 耗水量为350~490 mm时冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率较优^[30,31] ...

2011

0.0

... 4 kg m^{-3 [32]} ...