小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响

引用本文

殷文, 冯福学, 赵财, 于爱忠, 柴强, 胡发龙, 郭瑶. . 小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(5): 751-757
YIN Wen, FENG Fu-Xue, ZHAO Cai, YU Ai-Zhong, CHAI Qiang, HU Fa-Long, GUO Yao. . Effects of Wheat Straw Returning Patterns on Characteristics of Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Yield of Rotation Maize. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(5): 751-757 复制到剪切板

Permissions

作物学报编辑部

小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响

殷文^**, 冯福学^**, 赵财, 于爱忠, 柴强^*, 胡发龙, 郭瑶

甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 柴强, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: 殷文, E-mail: yinwentx@126.com; 冯福学, E-mail: fengfuxue@163.com ^**同等贡献(Contributed equally to this work)

收稿日期:2015-11-07 接受日期:2016-03-02 网络出版日期:2016-03-11

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31360323), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研项目(201503125-3)和国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD14B10)资助

摘要

研究茬口对轮作作物的产量贡献及干物质积累与分配规律的影响, 对于优化作物高产高效栽培理论和技术具有重要意义。本研究在甘肃河西绿洲灌区, 通过田间试验, 研究了前茬小麦不同秸秆还田方式(25 cm高茬收割免耕, NTSS; 25 cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕, NTS; 25 cm高茬等量秸秆翻压, TIS; 低茬收割翻耕, CT)对轮作玉米干物质积累和分配及产量的影响, 以期为该区前茬小麦轮作玉米生产模式提供优化依据。结果表明, 与CT相比, NTSS、NTS、TIS提高了玉米抽穗后干物质的积累量, 两年平均高4.8%~12.7%, NTS较NTSS、TIS具有更高的干物质累积作用; NTSS、NTS、TIS可提高玉米叶、茎、鞘对籽粒的贡献率, 提高幅度平均为12.8%~25.0%、6.3%~11.3%、18.3%~78.4%, 其中NTS较NTSS、TIS提高作用更突出。NTSS、NTS、TIS提高了玉米的籽粒产量, 增幅为11.3%~17.5%, 其中NTS两年籽粒产量最高, 分别达到13 470 kg hm^-2和13 274 kg hm^-2, 较TIS高5.6%~9.0%; 穗粒数增加是小麦秸秆还田提高轮作玉米产量的主要原因。同时NTS获得较高的收获指数, 提高比例为6.4%~8.4%, 说明NTS较其他处理增产的另一原因是提高了收获指数。本研究表明, 其前茬小麦秸秆覆盖结合免耕(NTS)可作为绿洲灌区优化后茬玉米干物质累积规律及获得高产的理想耕作措施。

关键词: 秸秆还田; 轮作; 干物质分配; 产量; 收获指数

Effects of Wheat Straw Returning Patterns on Characteristics of Dry Matter Accumulation, Distribution and Yield of Rotation Maize

YIN Wen^**, FENG Fu-Xue^**, ZHAO Cai, YU Ai-Zhong, CHAI Qiang^*, HU Fa-Long, GUO Yao

Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31360323), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201503125-3), and National Key Technology Support Program of China (2012BAD14B10)

Abstract

Research on the response of dry matter accumulation, distribution and yield of crops to previous straw returning usually plays an important role for optimizing cropping systems. In this investigation, a field experiment was carried out in typical oasis irrigation region, to determine the characteristics of dry matter distribution and yield of rotated maize with four previous wheat straw treatments, including 25 cm no tillage with straw standing (NTSS); 25 cm no tillage with straw covering (NTS); 25 cm tillage with straw incorporation (TIS); and conventional tillage (CT). The results showed that, compraed with CT, NTSS, NTS, TIS significantly increased dry matter accumulation by an average of 4.8% to 12.7% after maize heading stage in two years; and improved contribution rate to grain yield (i.e. GCR) of maize by an average of 12.8% to 25.0% from leaf, 6.3% to 11.3% from stem, and 18.3% to 78.4% from sheath, respectively. Especially, NTS had more improvement than NTSS, TIS. The grain yield of maize was 11.3% to 17.5% higher in the three straw returning treatments than in CT check. NTS exhibited the most significant effect of improving yield, reaching 13 470 and 13 274 kg ha^-1 in two study years, which was 5.6% to 9.0% higher than that of TIS due to the increase of kernel number per spike. Meanwhile, NTS had the best effect on increasing harvest index, which was increased by 6.4% to 8.4% during the two study years, and resulted in a high grain yield. Our results showed that NTS treatment is recommended as the best feasible cultural method to optimize dry matter accumulation, distribution and obtain high yield for rotated maize in the oasis irrigation region.

Keyword: Straw returning; Rotation; Dry matter distribution; Yield; Harvest index

Show Figures

玉米作为粮饲兼用作物, 在解决温饱、保障粮食安全和饲料安全等方面发挥着重要作用^[1], 研究与区域自然资源和生产习惯相吻合的高效种植制度, 对推动玉米生产高效发展具有重要指导意义。西北绿洲灌区气候适宜、雨热同期、光照充足, 为玉米的种植提供了天然的优越条件, 但在玉米生产过程中存在连作病虫害严重等问题, 严重制约了当地玉米产业的发展^[2]。而作物轮作倒茬作为一种可持续的农业种植模式, 通过改善土壤团粒结构、平衡土壤养分、减少病虫草害, 达到作物稳产、高产, 提高农业资源转化率^{[3, 4]}, 为此, 如何在玉米生产过程中充分发挥轮作倒茬的作用, 是当地玉米产业可持续发展的重要研究方向之一。作物生长发育过程中, 源库关系的协调平衡发展, 是作物获得高产的基础, “ 源” 的大小对“ 库” 的建成及其潜力的发挥具有明显的作用, “ 库” 原有的生产潜力能否转化为最终的籽粒产量取决于同化“ 源” 的供应量^[5], 因此探讨前茬小麦秸秆还田对后茬玉米源库关系的影响, 对于充分发挥玉米增产优势具有重要意义。另外, 西北绿洲灌区是我国水资源最为短缺的地区之一, 而且农业用水占有比例大, 因此, 亟待优化种植制度以研发农业节水技术。相关研究表明, 少耕秸秆还田具有保墒蓄水、抑制蒸发、减少径流和保持水土的功能, 同时具有改善土壤结构、调节地温、增加产量和提高水分利用效率等作用^{[6, 7]}。鉴于少耕秸秆还田在提高作物产量及资源利用率方面的显著作用, 以及轮作增产和提高系统稳定性等方面的优势, 这些技术在提高干旱地区农田资源利用效率方面得到了深入研究和应用^{[4, 6]}。纵观作物生长发育规律, 光合产物的累积特征及其有效分配是决定资源利用效率和经济效益的关键因素, 研究特定管理措施下的作物光合产物累积、分配规律, 可为作物高产高效栽培提供重要理论和实践依据。因此, 本研究在典型干旱绿洲灌区将小麦秸秆还田与地膜覆盖组装集成在玉米栽培模式中, 重点探讨前茬小麦秸秆还田及耕作方式对后茬玉米产量及生育后期干物质累积与分配规律的影响, 以期为区域内发展高产玉米栽培技术提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

甘肃农业大学绿洲农业科研教学基地(37^o30′ N, 103^o5′ E)位于河西走廊东端, 属寒温带干旱气候区, 年平均气温7.2℃, ≥ 0℃和≥ 10℃的积温分别为3513.4℃和2985.4℃; 日照时数2945 h。该区玉米播种比例大于30%, 普遍连作, 耕作以传统深翻耕为主。

1.2 试验设计

设小麦25 cm高茬收割立茬免耕(NTSS)、25 cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕(NTS)、25 cm高茬等量秸秆翻压(TIS)、传统低茬收割翻耕(CT) 4种茬口处理, 次年轮作玉米, 形成小麦-玉米轮作体系。各处理3次重复, 裂区排列。2009年布置预备试验, 建立不同留茬高度及秸秆还田方式, 2010年与2012年度测定轮作玉米的相关指标, 2010与2012年属于相同年型, 气候条件相似, 测定数据具有代表性。

玉米播种日期分别为2010年4月22日与2012年4月20日, 收获日期分别为2010年9月28日与2012年10月2日。播种密度为82 500株 hm^-2, 小区面积48 m²。传统耕作前茬小麦收获后翻耕, 翌年撒施底肥, 然后耙耱、覆膜; 秸秆还田免耕小麦高茬收割后免耕, 翌年撒施底肥, 然后旋耕、耙耱、覆膜; 4月下旬穴播点种。在玉米出苗后, 二至三叶期间苗, 四至五叶期定苗, 其他管理措施同高产田。

供试玉米(Zea mays L.)品种为武科2号。总施纯氮450 kg hm^-2, 按基肥∶ 大喇叭口期追肥∶ 灌浆期追肥=3∶ 6∶ 1分施; 纯P₂O₅ 225 kg hm^-2, 全作基肥。灌溉制度为冬储灌1200 m³ hm^-2, 拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽雄吐丝期、开花期、灌浆期分别灌水900、750、900、750、750 m³ hm^-2。

1.3 测定指标与计算方法

1.3.1 干物质玉米抽穗后, 从各小区每隔约20 d (4个生育时期: 吐丝期、灌浆期、蜡熟期、完熟期)用“ S” 型法取5株玉米, 分为叶片、茎秆、鞘、穗4个部分, 于105℃下杀青1 h后, 在80℃下烘24 h至恒质量后称质量, 并计算营养器官的物质转运量(DTA)、转运率(DTR)、营养器官对籽粒贡献率(GCR)^[8]。

营养器官的物质转运量(DTA, kg) = 该器官最大干重-该器官成熟时干重

营养器官的物质转运率(DTR, %) = [(该器官最大干重-该器官成熟时干重)/该器官最大干重]× 100%;

营养器官对籽粒贡献率(GCR, %) = [(该器官最大干重-该器官成熟时干重)/籽粒干重]× 100%。

1.3.2 产量及收获指数单独收获每小区, 测定生物产量(BY)和籽粒产量(GY), 计算收获指数(HI)。
HI = GY/BY

1.4 数据统计

采用Microsoft Excel 2007整理、汇总数据, 用SPSS17.0进行方差分析、显著性检验。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同处理玉米地上部干物质累积及分配特性

2.1.1 干物质积累动态 2010和2012年度玉米吐丝期, 3种秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS、TIS)的干物质累积量较CT高5.0%~17.5%, NTS较NTSS高3.5%~9.7% (图1)。说明免耕小麦秸秆覆盖还田利于后茬玉米生长前期干物质的累积。灌浆期与蜡熟期, NTSS、NTS、TIS轮作玉米的干物质累积量较CT分别高5.8%~18.1%与5.5%~12.7%; 灌浆期NTS较NTSS高6.6%~8.9%。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 不同处理玉米的干物质积累动态 NTSS: 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT: 传统耕作。Fig. 1 Dynamics of dry matter accumulation of maize in different treatments NTSS: no-tillage with straw standing; NTS: no-tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage.

由于玉米灌浆期之后NTSS处于快速增长阶段, 至完熟期, 与NTS的干物质累积量相当, 使得完熟期, NTSS、NTS、TIS较CT高4.0%~11.5%, NTS、NTSS较TIS高4.7%~6.7%。说明免耕秸秆还田可促进后茬玉米的生长发育, 提前达到旺盛生长期。纵观3个生育时期, 免耕小麦秸秆还田处理明显加快了干物质积累速率。

2.1.2 地上部干物质分配特性作物干物质的累积是籽粒产量的基础, 而通过研究各器官干物质的分配可优化作物籽粒产量形成过程。玉米随着生育时期的推进, 叶、茎、鞘的干物质分配比率逐渐降低, 而穗部逐渐增大(图2), 即干物质分配呈前期扩源后期增库的变化规律; 但是前茬小麦秸秆还田结合免耕对后茬玉米各处理干物质分配具有促进作用。2010与2012年度, 玉米吐丝期, 3种秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS、TIS)穗部干物质分配高于传统耕作处理(CT), 达到4.0%~12.6%, NTS较NTSS、TIS具有更高的穗部干物质分配, 高3.7%~ 14.3%。

Figure Option
View Download New Window

图2 不同处理玉米各器官干物质分配比率
NTSS: 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT: 传统耕作。Fig. 2 Dry matter distribution ratio in different organs of maize under different treatments
NTSS: no-tillage with straw standing; NTS: no-tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage.

灌浆期与蜡熟期, NTSS、NTS轮作玉米的穗部干物质分配均高于CT, 平均高3.0%~7.5%; 2010年, NTS较之NTSS、TIS具有更高的提高玉米穗部干物质分配的作用, 高3.7%~6.4%。

由于玉米灌浆期之后, NTSS处于快速增长阶段, 穗部干物质分配明显加快, 至完熟期与NTS的穗部干物质分配量相当, 使得完熟期NTSS、NTS、TIS较CT平均高3.8%~5.9%, 3种秸秆还田处理中NTS作用明显。说明免耕秸秆还田可促进后茬玉米穗部干物质的分配, NTS作用突出, 是玉米获得较高籽粒产量的适宜茬口管理及耕作措施。

2.1.3 小麦秸秆还田对轮作玉米不同器官干物质运转的影响 2010与2012年度, 2个免耕秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS)玉米叶片对籽粒产量的贡献率较传统耕作(CT)高11.9%~31.1%, NTS比NTSS、TIS具有更高的叶片对籽粒产量的贡献率, 达到4.7%~ 23.2% (表1)。NTSS、NTS、TIS处理玉米茎对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT高2.7%~13.9%, NTS比TIS高3.6%~6.0%。与叶片、茎转运特征相似, 3种秸秆还田处理玉米鞘对籽粒产量的贡献率较CT提高了17.7%~83.5%, NTS较NTSS、TIS高38.4%~56.0%。因此, 25 cm高秸秆覆盖结合免耕(NTS)是提高玉米各器官对籽粒贡献的适宜茬口管理措施。

表1 不同处理玉米各器官干物质运转及对籽粒的贡献率 Table 1 Dry matter translocation and contribution rate to grain yield of every organ in maize in different treatments

2.2 不同处理的籽粒产量及产量效益机制分析

2.2.1 产量表现与传统耕作相比, 小麦秸秆还田显著提高了轮作玉米的籽粒产量(图2), 2个试验年度高4.5%~17.5%, 增产效果显著。3种秸秆还田处理中均以小麦秸秆25 cm高茬等量覆盖免耕处理(NTS)的籽粒产量最高, 分别达到13 470 kg hm^-2与13 247 kg hm^-2, 较TIS提高5.7%~9.0%。由此说明前茬小麦秸秆25 cm高茬等量覆盖结合免耕有利于提高玉米籽粒产量。

前茬小麦秸秆还田对轮作玉米光合产物转化的影响具有差异(图3), 但2010与2012年度NTS的收获指数均高于CT, 提高比例为5.4%~8.4%, 说明25 cm高秸秆覆盖结合免耕(NTS)是提高玉米光合产物转化的适宜茬口管理措施。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图3 不同处理玉米的产量及收获指数 NTSS: 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 高茬等量秸秆翻压; CT: 传统耕作。Fig. 3 Yield and harvest index of maize under different treatments NTSS: no-tillage with straw standing; NTS: no-tillage with straw covering; TIS: tillage with straw incorporation; CT: conventional tillage.

2.2.2 产量效益机制分析 2010与2012年度, 不同秸秆还田及耕作方式下, 轮作玉米籽粒产量与穗数、穗粒数、粒重的相关分析和通径分析结果表明, 玉米籽粒产量与上述指标均呈显著正相关(表2)。通过籽粒产量与上述指标的直接通径系数可以看出, 不同秸秆还田及耕作方式对轮作玉米籽粒产量构成因素的影响为穗粒数> 穗数> 千粒重; 通过籽粒产量与上述指标的间接通径系数可以看出, 穗数通过粒重对产量的贡献率最大, 穗粒数通过穗数对产量的贡献最大, 粒重通过穗粒数对产量的贡献最大。由此说明, 适宜的耕作及小麦秸秆还田方式主要是通过提高轮作玉米穗粒数来提高籽粒产量。

表2 不同处理玉米籽粒产量与产量因素的相关系数和通径系数 Table 2 Correlation coefficient and path coefficient of maize between grain yield and yield components, respectively

3 讨论

干物质是作物光合作用产物的最高形式, 其积累和分配与籽粒产量有密切关系。因此, 它一直是高产栽培研究的重点, 也是揭示高产机制的重要方面。众多研究认为, 作物产量实质上是通过光合作用直接或间接形成的, 并取决于光合产物的积累与分配^{[9, 10]}。通过农艺措施的改良, 如施肥、交替灌溉等优化作物干物质的积累与分配规律是作物获得高产的重要方式之一^{[11, 12]}。本研究表明, 自玉米抽穗后, 随着生长发育的推进, 其叶片、叶鞘、茎秆等器官干物重由高到低递减, 而穗部籽粒干物重由低到高递增, 其中, 前茬小麦秸秆还田轮作玉米的生长速率高于传统耕作, 各营养器官的干物质转运量、转运率及对籽粒产量的贡献均高于传统耕作, 特别是前茬小麦25 cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕处理(NTS)尤为突出。

玉米干物质在各营养器官的分配随生长发育中心的转移而变化, 研究表明, 小喇叭口期之前主要分配在叶片中, 小喇叭口期至开花散粉期主要分配在叶片、茎秆中, 开花散粉之后则转向果穗, 供籽粒生长发育, 因而在春玉米栽培上, 前期要促进根、叶的生长, 中期要壮秆和扩大绿叶面积, 并促进光合产物合理地向籽粒转移^[13]。因此, 本研究通过前茬小麦秸秆还田轮作玉米, 使得玉米吐丝前干物质主要分配在叶片、茎秆、叶鞘中, 而吐丝之后主要转向穗部籽粒灌浆, 其中, 前茬25 cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕处理(NTS)在玉米吐丝前促进了干物质向各营养器官的运转, 而吐丝后又加快了穗部籽粒灌浆, 利于高产。

免耕小麦秸秆还田轮作玉米可优化干物质的分配及转运规律。在春玉米一生中, 籽粒大部分是后期叶片光合作用的产物, 这部分占完熟期籽粒重的74.4%~85.0%; 另一部分来源于前期植株光合作用贮存于叶片、叶鞘和茎秆的养分, 到灌浆阶段转移到籽粒, 这一部分只占籽粒重的15.0%~25.6%, 表明前期促叶壮秆扩大源的供应能力固然重要, 但后期保证玉米庞大的绿色叶面积对籽粒产量的作用更大。本研究中, 从玉米生育后期, 各器官对籽粒的贡献率均表现为前茬小麦秸秆还田轮作玉米高于传统翻耕处理, 尤其是前茬小麦25 cm高茬等量秸秆覆盖免耕(NTS)对籽粒产量的贡献率最大, 说明小麦秸秆还田处理可促进各器官干物质向籽粒的转移, 特别是覆盖免耕的作用最大。同时, 传统耕作处理各器官对籽粒的贡献率最低, 一是因为叶片的早衰(如CT处理), 影响后期光合产物的形成, 进而影响产量; 二是可能由于植株体内养分不足(秸秆还田可增加土壤有机质含量^{[14, 15]})和“ 源” 与“ 库” 关系不协调, 最终表现为“ 源” 向籽粒“ 库” 转移光合产物较少, 进而明显影响产量的提高; 三是可能由于单一的地膜覆盖往往造成玉米根区极端高的土壤温度, 特别是玉米吐丝开花至灌浆期, 导致玉米根系早衰, 影响产量^[16]。这一结果目前在国内外还未见报道, 有待进一步探讨。

从热量平衡分析得知, 由于秸秆覆盖减少了蒸发耗水, 从而增大了土壤湿度^{[17, 18]}, 另外, 土壤含水量高低直接影响热量的传递。本研究中, 前茬小麦秸秆还田可优化土壤温度、湿度^[19], 达到优化轮作玉米的干物质分配规律, 使得前茬小麦秸秆还田促进了后茬玉米各营养器官干物质向籽粒的运转; 同时, 提高了穗数、穗粒数、粒重等产量构成因素, 特别是覆盖免耕处理的穗数明显高于其他处理, 提高了玉米的双穗率, 而传统耕作处理的穗数明显低于秸秆还田, 其原因还需进一步研究。因而, 前茬小麦秸秆还田提高了后茬玉米的籽粒产量, 两年度高于传统处理11.3%~17.5%, 前茬小麦高茬收割免耕提高了收获指数, 较传统耕作高5.4%~8.4%, 并且随着少耕轮作年限的延长, 收获指数的提高作用更明显。

玉米干物质积累、分配及转移是由自身生理生化变化所决定, 同时又受土壤营养状况的影响, 个体干物质在各器官中积累与分配均随生长中心的转移而变化。本研究的轮作倒茬可优化土壤微生物种群结构、维持土壤微生物的多样性, 给土壤提供较好的植物多样性, 对其土壤酶活性有较好的影响, 改变了玉米个体的营养状况, 有利于玉米生长, 从而使干物质的分配及转运量不同, 其实质就是对玉米植株个体代谢强度的影响, 但对“ 源” 与“ 库” 关系的影响还需进一步研究, 是未来玉米栽培研究的重点方向之一。

4 结论

免耕小麦秸秆还田可优化轮作玉米干物质的积累与分配特性, 提高玉米叶、茎、鞘对籽粒的贡献率, 较传统耕作处理“ 源与库” 关系更加协调。前茬小麦秸秆还田有利于后茬玉米产量和收获指数的提高, 其中秸秆还田覆盖结合免耕(NTS)对后茬玉米的增产效果更高, 其高产主要归因于穗粒数的提高。小麦秸秆还田轮作玉米是本试区玉米可持续生产的可行模式, 其中前茬小麦秸秆覆盖结合免耕(NTS)可作为绿洲灌区优化后茬玉米干物质累积规律及获得高产的理想耕作措施。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

View Option

[1]	戴景瑞, 鄂立柱. 我国玉米育种科技创新问题的几点思考. 玉米科学, 2010, 18(1): 1-5 Dai J R, E L Z. Scientific and technological innovation of maize breeding in China. Maize Sci, 2010, 18(1): 1-5 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[2]	卢秉林, 包兴国, 张久东, 胡志桥, 杨新强, 曹卫东, 杨文玉, 李全福. 河西绿洲灌区玉米与绿肥间作模式对作物产量和经济效益的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2014, (2): 67-71 Lu B L, Bao X G, Zhang J D, Hu Z Q, Yang X Q, Cao W D, Yang W Y, Li Q F. Effects of different intercropping systems of corn and green manure on crop yield and economic benefit in Hexi Oasis Irrigation. China Soils Fert, 2014, (2): 67-71 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[3]	Głąb T, Ścigalska B, Łabuz B. Effect of crop rotation on the root system morphology and productivity of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm). J Agric Sci, 2014, 152: 642-654 [本文引用:1]
[4]	Grand y A S, Porter G A, Erich M S. Organic amendment and rotation crop effects on the recovery of soil organic matter and aggregation in potato cropping systems. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 2002, 66: 1311-1319 [本文引用:2]
[5]	李明, 李文雄. 玉米产量形成与源库关系. 玉米科学, 2006, 14(2): 67-70 Li M, Li W X. Relationship between maize yield formation and source-sink. Maize Sci, 2006, 14(2): 67-70 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[6]	Monneveux P, Quillerou R, Sanchez1 C, Lopez-Cesati J. Effect of zero tillage and residues conservation on continuous maize cropping in a subtropical environment. Plant Soil, 2006, 279: 95-105 [本文引用:2]
[7]	Sun H Y, Shao L W, Liu X W, Miao W F, Chen S Y, Zhang X Y. Determination of water consumption and the water-saving potential of three mulching methods in a jujube orchard. Eur J Agron, 2012, 43: 87-95 [本文引用:1]
[8]	杨国虎, 李建生, 罗湘宁, 王承莲. 干旱条件下玉米叶面积变化及地上干物质积累与分配的研究. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 33(5): 27-32 Yang G H, Li J S, Luo X N, Wang C L. Studies on leaf area change and above-ground dry material accumulation and distribution of maize in different droughts. J Northwest A&F Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 2005, 33(5): 27-32 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[9]	Bidinger F, Musgrave R, Fischer R. Contribution of stored pre-anthesis assimilate to grain yield in wheat and barley. Nature, 1977, 270: 431-433 [本文引用:1]
[10]	骆兰平, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽, 石玉. 土壤水分和种植密度对小麦旗叶光合性能和干物质积累与分配的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1049-1059 Luo L P, Yu Z W, Wang D, Zhang Y L, Shi Y. Effects of planting density and soil moisture on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1049-1059 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[11]	李青军, 张炎, 胡伟, 孟凤轩, 冯广平, 胡国智, 刘新兰. 氮肥运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 755-760 Li Q J, Zhang Y, Hu W, Meng F X, Feng G P, Hu G Z, Liu X L. Effects of nitrogen management on maize dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and distribution and maize yield. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 755-760 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[12]	农梦玲, 魏贵玉, 李伏生. 不同时期根区局部灌溉对玉米干物质积累和水氮利用的影响. 玉米科学, 2012, 20(5): 115-120 Nong M L, Wei G Y, Li F S. Effect of partial root-zone irrigation at different growth stages on dry mass accumulation and water and nitrogen use of maize. Maize Sci, 2012, 20(5): 115-120 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[13]	李利利, 张吉旺, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌, 杨今胜. 不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1080-1087 Li L L, Zhang J W, Dong S T, Liu P, Zhao B, Yang J S. Characteristics of accumulation, transition and distribution of assimilate in summer maize varieties with different plant height. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1080-1087 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[14]	Monneveux P, Quillerou E, Sanchez1 C, Lopez-Cesati J. Effect of zero tillage and residues conservation on continuous maize cropping in a subtropical environment. Plant Soil, 2006, 279: 95-105 [本文引用:1]
[15]	Roldan A, Carabaca F, Hernand ez M T, Garcia C, Sanchez-Brito C, Velasquez M, Tiscareno M. No-tillage, crop residue additions and legume cover cropping effects on soil quality characteristics under maize in Patzcuaro watershed (Mexico). Soil Till Res, 2003, 72: 65-73 [本文引用:1]
[16]	Sekhon N, Hira G, Sidhu A, Thind S. Response of soybean (Glycine max Mer. ) to wheat straw mulching in different cropping seasons. Soil Use Manage, 2005, 21: 422-426 [本文引用:1]
[17]	李静静, 李从锋, 李连禄, 丁在松, 赵明. 苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1787-1796 Li J J, Li C F, Li L L, Ding Z S, Zhao M. Effect of straw mulching on soil temperature, soil moisture and spring maize yield under seedling strip subsoiling. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1787-1796 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	朱自玺, 方文松, 赵国强, 邓天宏, 付祥军. 麦秸和残茬覆盖对夏玉米农田小气候的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2000, 18(2): 19-24 Zhu Z X, Fang W S, Zhao G Q, Deng T H, Fu X J. Effects of straw and residue mulching on microclimate of summer corn field. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2000, 18(2): 19-24 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	Chai Q, Yu J H, Yin W, Zhao C, Hu F L, Gan Y T. Integrated double-mulching practices optimizes soil temperature and improves soil water utilization in arid environments. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium for Farming Systems Design. Mentpellier, France: European Society for Agronomy, 2015. pp 31-32 [本文引用:1]

2010

0.0

... 玉米作为粮饲兼用作物, 在解决温饱、保障粮食安全和饲料安全等方面发挥着重要作用^[1], 研究与区域自然资源和生产习惯相吻合的高效种植制度, 对推动玉米生产高效发展具有重要指导意义 ...

2014

0.0

卢秉林, 包兴国, 张久东, 胡志桥, 杨新强, 曹卫东, 杨文玉, 李全福. 河西绿洲灌区玉米与绿肥间作模式对作物产量和经济效益的影响. 中国土壤与肥料, 2014, (2): 67-71

Lu B

, Bao X

, Zhang J

, Hu Z

, Yang X

, Cao W

, Yang W

, Li Q

. Effects of different intercropping systems of corn and green manure on crop yield and economic benefit in Hexi Oasis Irrigation. China Soils Fert, 2014, (2): 67-71 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：通过田间试验,研究河西绿洲灌区玉米与绿肥间作模式对作物产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,3行玉米间作2行针叶豌豆时的玉米生物产量和籽粒产量均为最高,分别高于对应的不间作绿肥处理0.2%和0.95%,但差异不显著。2行玉米间作3行毛苕子时的绿肥干草产量最高,2年的平均产量为3 901kg·hm-2,显著高于其它处理。2行玉米间作3行针叶豌豆时的绿肥豆类籽粒产量最高,2年的平均产量为2 225 kg·hm-2,同样显著高于其它处理。3行玉米间作3行针叶豌豆时的经济效益最高,为35 038元·hm-2,比2行玉米不间作绿肥处理每公顷增值7 848元,增收28.86%,比3行玉米不间作绿肥处理每公顷增值5 853元,增收20.05%。因此,在河西绿洲灌区进行玉米种植时,若以收获玉米籽粒为主,则适宜采用3行玉米间作2行针叶豌豆种植模式;若以经济效益为主,则适宜采用3行玉米间作3行针叶豌豆的种植模式。

... 西北绿洲灌区气候适宜、雨热同期、光照充足, 为玉米的种植提供了天然的优越条件, 但在玉米生产过程中存在连作病虫害严重等问题, 严重制约了当地玉米产业的发展^[2] ...

2014

0.0

... 而作物轮作倒茬作为一种可持续的农业种植模式, 通过改善土壤团粒结构、平衡土壤养分、减少病虫草害, 达到作物稳产、高产, 提高农业资源转化率^[3,4], 为此, 如何在玉米生产过程中充分发挥轮作倒茬的作用, 是当地玉米产业可持续发展的重要研究方向之一 ...

2002

0.0

... 鉴于少耕秸秆还田在提高作物产量及资源利用率方面的显著作用, 以及轮作增产和提高系统稳定性等方面的优势, 这些技术在提高干旱地区农田资源利用效率方面得到了深入研究和应用^[4,6] ...

2006

0.0

李明, 李文雄. 玉米产量形成与源库关系. 玉米科学, 2006, 14(2): 67-70

, Li W

. Relationship between maize yield formation and source-sink. Maize Sci, 2006, 14(2): 67-70 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究表明,源库均影响玉米的产量.在不同基因型间源库特性存在差异,而基因型的源库性状表达又受到环境条件的限制和栽培措施的调控.基因型与环境条件之间原有的平衡关系,因新品种应用而打破,需要通过栽培措施调节环境条件,以满足品种遗传潜力发挥的要求,即通过栽培措施调节源库关系来协调个体与群体矛盾,从而在基因型与环境条件间建立新的平衡关系.产量形成过程中,产量的提高和潜力的发挥是作物与环境相互作用的调节过程,表现在源库平衡关系中,源是主导因素,库随源的变化进行调整,达到源库新的平衡.因此,源库不平衡是绝对的,平衡是相对的.

... 的供应量^[5], 因此探讨前茬小麦秸秆还田对后茬玉米源库关系的影响, 对于充分发挥玉米增产优势具有重要意义 ...

2006

0.0

... 相关研究表明, 少耕秸秆还田具有保墒蓄水、抑制蒸发、减少径流和保持水土的功能, 同时具有改善土壤结构、调节地温、增加产量和提高水分利用效率等作用^[6,7] ...

2012

0.0

2005

0.0

杨国虎, 李建生, 罗湘宁, 王承莲. 干旱条件下玉米叶面积变化及地上干物质积累与分配的研究. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 33(5): 27-32

Yang G

, Li J

, Luo X

, Wang C

. Studies on leaf area change and above-ground dry material accumulation and distribution of maize in different droughts. J Northwest A&F Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 2005, 33(5): 27-32 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：在干旱地区自然降水条件下,对4个大面积推广的玉米杂交种进行不同干旱处理,测定其叶面积及干物质积累与分配的变化.结果表明,拔节到灌浆初期是干旱影响玉米叶片生长及叶片功能发挥的重要时期;干旱影响玉米大喇叭口期至乳熟期的干物质积累,使玉米最大干物质积累时期推迟到开花期至乳熟期;苞叶和茎鞘中的干物质向籽粒的转运率较高,茎鞘中积累的干物质对玉米籽粒的贡献率最高.干旱条件下,玉米在大喇叭口期至乳熟期具有较大的叶面积、较强的光合能力和较长的光合功能期,对乳熟期获取较大的生物产量和提高籽粒产量都有很大的作用,玉米的耐旱性相应增强.

... 型法取5株玉米, 分为叶片、茎秆、鞘、穗4个部分, 于105℃下杀青1 h后, 在80℃下烘24 h至恒质量后称质量, 并计算营养器官的物质转运量(DTA)、转运率(DTR)、营养器官对籽粒贡献率(GCR)^[8] ...

1977

0.0

... 众多研究认为, 作物产量实质上是通过光合作用直接或间接形成的, 并取决于光合产物的积累与分配^[9,10] ...

2011

0.0

骆兰平, 于振文, 王东, 张永丽, 石玉. 土壤水分和种植密度对小麦旗叶光合性能和干物质积累与分配的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1049-1059

Luo L

, Yu Z

, Wang

, Zhang Y

, Shi

. Effects of planting density and soil moisture on flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1049-1059 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water shortage is one of the major problems in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production in northern plain in China. Water-saving technique is most important in wheat cultivation. In this study, we adopted water-controlled irrigation based on measuring soil moisture to improve the fixed-amount irrigation strategy in previous studies. Using wheat cultivar Jimai 22, we measured the photosynthetic performance of flag leaf and dry matter accumulation and distribution in plant under two plant densities and three irrigation treatments. In the 2008–2009 growing season, the plant densities were 150 (M1) and 225 (M2) seedlings per square meter, and the irrigation treatments were designed as relative soil moisture (SM) of 65% at jointing and 60% at anthesis (W0), SM of 75% at jointing and 75% at anthesis (W1), and SM of 75% at 7 d after jointing and 75% at 7 d after anthesis (W2). In the 2009–2010 growing season, only one plant density (M1) was adopted, which showed better performance in yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the 2008–2009 growing season. Besides, the irrigation treatments were adjusted to SM of 75% at jointing and of 60% at anthesis (W’0), SM of 85% at jointing and 75% at anthesis (W’1), and SM of 85% at 7 d after jointing and SM 75% at 7 d after anthesis (W’2). Under the same irrigation treatment, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII ( F v / F m ) and actual photochemical efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ) under M1 density were higher than those under M2 density from middle to late grain-filling stage, and dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and dry matter translocation amount tograins in M1 treatment were significantly higher than those in M2 treatment. Compared with W1 treatment, F v / F m and Φ PSII of W2 treatment were significantly higher from middle to late grain-filling stage, and photosynthetic rate ( P n ), evapotranspiration ( T r ), leaf water use efficiency ( WUE L ), and stomatal conductance ( G s ) were also higher in W’2. Under the M1 plant density, the dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grains were higher in W2 than in W1 treatment, whereas the grain yield and WUE of W2 treatment were significantly higher than those in W1 treatment. The changing tendency of dry matter accumulation and distribution, grain yield, and WUE were similar in both growing seasons. In wheat growing environment similar to the condition of this experiment, we propose the best plant density is 150 seedlings per square meter and the best irrigating both at jointing and anthesis is SM (0–140 cm soil layer) of 75% at 7 d after both stages.

2008—2010年连续2个小麦生长季，选用高产小麦品种济麦22，采用测墒补灌的方法，研究土壤水分对不同密度小麦旗叶光合性能、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。第一年在150株 m −2 (M1)和225株 m −2 (M2)两个密度下设置3个土壤含水量处理，即拔节期65%+开花期60%(W0)、拔节期75%+开花期75%(W1)和拔节后7 d 75%+开花后7 d 75%(W2)；第二年选用第一年的节水高产密度处理M1，但土壤含水量调整为拔节期75%+开花期60% (W’0)、拔节期85%+开花期75%(W’1)和拔节后7 d 85%+开花后7 d 75%(W’2)。两种基本苗密度相比较，M1处理灌浆中后期的旗叶最大光化学效率( F v / F m )、实际光化学效率( Φ PSII )和开花后干物质积累量和干物质向籽粒转运量显著高于M2处理。W2处理灌浆中后期的旗叶 F v / F m 和 Φ PSII 显著高于W1处理，而W’2处理灌浆中后期的旗叶光合速率( P n )、蒸腾速率( T r )、单叶水分利用效率( WUE L )和气孔导度( G s )均显著高于W’1处理。在M1密度下，W2处理的干物质向籽粒的转运量，开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于W1处理，获得了较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率，且干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量和水分利用效率在两年中结果趋势一致。在150株m −2 密度下，0~140 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量拔节后7 d和开花后7 d均为75%和75%，是本试验条件下节水高产的最佳处理。

... 众多研究认为, 作物产量实质上是通过光合作用直接或间接形成的, 并取决于光合产物的积累与分配^[9,10] ...

2011

0.0

李青军, 张炎, 胡伟, 孟凤轩, 冯广平, 胡国智, 刘新兰. 氮肥运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 755-760

Li Q

, Zhang

, Hu

, Meng F

, Feng G

, Hu G

, Liu X

. Effects of nitrogen management on maize dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and distribution and maize yield. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 755-760 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen management on maize dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and distribution and maize yield were studied through a plot field experiment. The result showed that application of nitrogen fertilizer and organic matter could prolong the vigorous time of dry matter accumulation, postpone the maximum accumulation rate by 1~3d compared to the other treatments. Application of N combined with organic fertilizer could also delay the time of maximum N accumulation rate, prolong the vigorous period of N accumulation. The treatment of N2+M prolonged the vigorous period of N accumulation △t by 6 d、4 d、6 d、1 d、7 d compared to N0、N1、N2、N3、FP treatments respectively, increased the nitrogen uptake by 0.25 g/plant compared to FP treatment, and by 0.24 g/plant compare to treatments with equal N rate. Using organic fertilizer 30 t/hm2 as base fertilizer, under the condition of N application rate reduced 26.83%, enhanced the N uptake by 6.52% compare to the local conventional fertilization. The nitrogen utilization was 54.31% which was 33.27% higher than that under conventional fertilization, It could also increase he maize yield by 24.12% and the income by 2696 yuan/ha compare to conventional fertilization.

1 Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China; 2 Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Xinjiang Boertala Mongolia

田间小区试验，研究了氮素运筹对玉米干物质累积、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响。结果表明，施氮和有机肥可以延长干物质积累的旺盛时期，使玉米干物质总量积累速率最大的时刻推后1～3d，增加了玉米的干物质积累量。氮肥配施有机肥能延长氮素积累的旺盛时期，其中，N2+M处理氮素积累的旺盛时期△t分别比N0、N1、N2、N3和FP处理延长了6、4、6、1和7d，该时段吸N量比FP处理增加 0.25 g/plant，比等氮量的N2处理增加0.24 g/plant。播前施有机肥 30 t/hm2，在减 N 26.83%的情况下，玉米吸氮量比常规施肥（FP）提高 6.52%，氮素利用率达54.31%，高于常规施肥的 33.27%；玉米增产24.12%，比常规施肥增收2696元/hm2。

... 通过农艺措施的改良, 如施肥、交替灌溉等优化作物干物质的积累与分配规律是作物获得高产的重要方式之一^[11,12] ...

2012

0.0

农梦玲, 魏贵玉, 李伏生. 不同时期根区局部灌溉对玉米干物质积累和水氮利用的影响. 玉米科学, 2012, 20(5): 115-120

Nong M

, Wei G

, Li F

. Effect of partial root-zone irrigation at different growth stages on dry mass accumulation and water and nitrogen use of maize. Maize Sci, 2012, 20(5): 115-120 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过盆栽试验研究4种氮、钾水平下,不同生育阶段(苗期至抽雄期、苗期至拔节期和拔节期至抽雄期)实施根区局部灌溉对玉米干物质积累、水分利用效率和氮素利用的影响.结果表明,与常规灌溉相比,不同生育期根区局部灌溉处理耗水量均明显减少；苗期至拔节期分根区交替灌溉干物质积累降低甚微或略有增加；中氮、钾(N、K2O均为0.12 g/kg土)时水分利用效率提高22.8％,且氮表观利用率最高.在相同灌水方式下,中氮、钾水平干物质积累、水分利用效率和氮吸收利用较高,中氮、钾时苗期至拔节期分根区交替灌溉是一种节水高效模式.

... 通过农艺措施的改良, 如施肥、交替灌溉等优化作物干物质的积累与分配规律是作物获得高产的重要方式之一^[11,12] ...

2012

0.0

李利利, 张吉旺, 董树亭, 刘鹏, 赵斌, 杨今胜. 不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1080-1087

Li L

, Zhang J

, Dong S

, Liu

, Zhao

, Yang J

. Characteristics of accumulation, transition and distribution of assimilate in summer maize varieties with different plant height. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1080-1087 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Three types of summer maize varieties, low-plant height cultivar Denghai 661 (DH661), medium-plant height cultivar Chaoshi 3 (CS3), high-plant height varieties Ludan 981 (LD981) and Xianyu 335 (XY335) were need in this study. The results showed that the difference of dry matter accumulation for different varieties was mainly manifested after flowering stage. Along with the increase of the plant height, dry matter accumulation after flowering stage reduced. The carbon distribution rate in lower part of stem in low-plant height cultivar was lower than that in the high-plant height varieties. The experiment using tracer of isotope 13 C showed that the leaves in different parts of plant in different varieties had different contributions to grain yield. With the decrease of the plant height, the dry matter transition of middle and bottom leaves was increased, and that of top leaves was decreased. The relative contribution of upper leaves in high-plant height varieties to grains was higher than that in low-plant height cultivar that of lower leaves in high-plant height varieties was lower. There were differences in the contribution to grain yield of different parts of leaves before or after flowering. For the dry matter transition, the top leaves of LD981 and XY335, as well as the middle leaves of DH661 were the highest.

以矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661)，中间型玉米品种超试3号(CS3)，高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)和先玉335 (XY335)为试验材料，研究不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累、转运及分配特性。结果表明，不同株高类型玉米品种干物质积累量在开花期之前差异不显著，其差异主要表现在开花后，随株高的增加，开花后的干物质积累降低。矮秆品种植株中下部茎秆的碳素分配率比高秆品种低，叶片则相反。通过 13 C同位素示踪研究表明，不同株高类型玉米品种不同部位叶片对产量的贡献不同。随株高降低，中、下部叶片的光合产物转移率相对提高，而上部叶片的转移率有所下降，高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高，中矮秆品种DH661和CS3下部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高。不同部位叶片在开花前后对籽粒贡献也不相同，高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片开花后光合产物的转移率最高；矮秆品种DH661中部叶片开花前光合产物的转移率最高。

... 玉米干物质在各营养器官的分配随生长发育中心的转移而变化, 研究表明, 小喇叭口期之前主要分配在叶片中, 小喇叭口期至开花散粉期主要分配在叶片、茎秆中, 开花散粉之后则转向果穗, 供籽粒生长发育, 因而在春玉米栽培上, 前期要促进根、叶的生长, 中期要壮秆和扩大绿叶面积, 并促进光合产物合理地向籽粒转移^[13] ...

2006

0.0

... 二是可能由于植株体内养分不足(秸秆还田可增加土壤有机质含量^[14,15])和#cod#x0201c ...

2003

0.0

... 二是可能由于植株体内养分不足(秸秆还田可增加土壤有机质含量^[14,15])和#cod#x0201c ...

2005

0.0

... 三是可能由于单一的地膜覆盖往往造成玉米根区极端高的土壤温度, 特别是玉米吐丝开花至灌浆期, 导致玉米根系早衰, 影响产量^[16] ...

2014

0.0

李静静, 李从锋, 李连禄, 丁在松, 赵明. 苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1787-1796

Li J

, Li C

, Li L

, Ding Z

, Zhao

. Effect of straw mulching on soil temperature, soil moisture and spring maize yield under seedling strip subsoiling. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1787-1796 (in Chinese with English abstract)

No-tillage with straw mulching is widely adopted in arid and semi-arid regions of North China which effectively preserves the water content. But it decreases the soil temperature and results in seed germination delaying. We developed a new way of no-tillage with straw mulching. The straw mulching was conducted only in the wide inter-row, and subsoiling was conducted in the narrow inter-row. To determine the quantity and method of straw mulching in this new no-tillage way, we conducted field experiments in 2012 and 2013 in Langfang, Hebei Province. The maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was planted with 80 cm + 40 cm inter-row planting spacing. The treatments of wide inter-row included mulching with 8.42 t ha -1 of chopped straw (100SC) and prostrated straw (100SP), 4.21 t h a -1 of chopped straw (50SC) and prostrated straw (50SP), with no straw mulching as CK. Soil temperature, soil moisture, emergence quality, days of growth period, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components were compared among these treatments. The results showed that the soil moisture were increased in all the four straw mulching treatments. The 50SC treatment had the least influence on decreasing soil temperature compared with CK. The emergence uniformity of all straw mulching treatments increased significantly. Straw mulching had less significant effects on duration from sowing to seedling. Above-ground biomass of 50SC was improved, and its dry matter accumulation was promoted at post-anthesis stage. Compared with CK, the yield of 50SC was increased by 4.78%, and 1000-kernel weight and kernel weight per ear by 10.9% and 6.5%, respectively. The yield of 50SC had very significant correlation with its whole period dry matter accumulation (DMA) and ratio of post-anthesis to pre-anthesis DMA. Therefore, the mulching technique in this study has less physical constraint to emergence, and in this new way of straw mulching 4.21 t h a -1 of chopped straw mulching is better for maize. With this condition, the adverse effects of straw on emergence are alleviated and dry matter accumulation in later period and yield of maize are increased.

免耕秸秆覆盖是中国北方干旱半干旱区一种重要的保护性耕作模式。为明确宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植条件下覆盖带适宜的秸秆覆盖量和覆盖方式 , 2012 – 2013 年在河北省廊坊市进行了春玉米的田间试验。选用郑单 958 为试验材料 , 采用 80 cm + 40 cm 宽窄行种植 , 宽行间覆盖秸秆 , 窄行间进行苗带深松 , 设置 8.42 t hm -2 覆盖量下粉碎覆盖 (100SC) 、整秆覆盖 (100SP) 、 4.21 t hm -2 覆盖量下粉碎覆盖 (50SC) 、整秆覆盖 (50SP) 和不覆盖 (CK) 处理 , 测定土壤水分和温度、出苗状况、物质积累、产量及产量构成。结果表明 , 秸秆覆盖与深松结合条件下 , 4 种覆盖处理与对照相比均提高了土壤含水量 , 其中 50SC 处理在花前 0~ 15 cm 土壤降温幅度最小 , 其他覆盖处理显著降低花前土壤温度。各覆盖处理明显提高了苗期整齐度 , 秸秆覆盖对苗期的生育期天数略有推迟。与 CK 相比 , 50SC 提高了春玉米地上部生物量 , 促进花后干物质积累 , 千粒重和穗粒重分别提高 10.9% ( P 和 6.5% ( P , 产量提高 4.78% , 达 12 243 kg hm -2 。 50SC 条件下产量与全生育期干物质积累 (DMA) 、花后 / 花前 DMA 呈极显著正相关。说明宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植有利于缓和秸秆覆盖对出苗的物理阻碍 , 其中秸秆以 4.21 t hm -2 的覆盖量粉碎覆盖效果最好 , 该处理可为玉米提供稳定有利的土壤水分和温度条件 , 提高了生育后期的物质积累以及籽粒产量。

... 从热量平衡分析得知, 由于秸秆覆盖减少了蒸发耗水, 从而增大了土壤湿度^[17,18], 另外, 土壤含水量高低直接影响热量的传递 ...

2000

0.0

朱自玺, 方文松, 赵国强, 邓天宏, 付祥军. 麦秸和残茬覆盖对夏玉米农田小气候的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2000, 18(2): 19-24

Zhu Z

, Fang W

, Zhao G

, Deng T

, Fu X

. Effects of straw and residue mulching on microclimate of summer corn field. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2000, 18(2): 19-24 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究于1994年～1997年进行了小区试验,通过麦秸覆盖和小麦残茬覆盖对夏玉米田小气候的影响,揭示了夏玉米节水增产的物理机制和提高水分有效消耗的生物学过程.试验表明,夏玉米实行麦秸覆盖和残茬覆盖后,地面热量平衡发生明显变化,湍流热通量增大,而潜热通量减少,从而使地面温度降低,有效地抑制了土壤水分蒸发,使土壤湿度增大,因而有利于促进植株蒸腾,使土壤水分从无效消耗向有效消耗转化.

... 从热量平衡分析得知, 由于秸秆覆盖减少了蒸发耗水, 从而增大了土壤湿度^[17,18], 另外, 土壤含水量高低直接影响热量的传递 ...

2015

0.0

... 本研究中, 前茬小麦秸秆还田可优化土壤温度、湿度^[19], 达到优化轮作玉米的干物质分配规律, 使得前茬小麦秸秆还田促进了后茬玉米各营养器官干物质向籽粒的运转 ...