基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究北疆滴灌麦田蒸散量

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李杰, 吴杨焕, 陈锐, 杨平, 柴顺喜, 崔静, 马富裕. 基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究北疆滴灌麦田蒸散量. 作物学报, 2016, 42(7): 1058-1066
LI Jie, WU Yang-Huan, CHEN Rui, YANG Ping, CHAI Shun-Xi, CUI Jin, MA Fu-Yu. Measurement of Evapotranspiration for Drip-Irrigated Winter Wheat Using Large Weighing Lysimeter in Northern Xinjiang. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(7): 1058-1066 复制到剪切板

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基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究北疆滴灌麦田蒸散量

李杰¹, 吴杨焕², 陈锐¹, 杨平¹, 柴顺喜¹, 崔静¹, 马富裕^1,^*

¹石河子大学农学院 / 新疆生产建设兵团绿洲生态农业重点实验室, 新疆石河子 832003

²新疆生产建设兵团农六师农科所, 新疆五家渠 831300

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: lj880902@126.com

收稿日期:2015-11-04 接受日期:2016-03-14 网络出版日期:2016-03-28

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31160260)和国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2011AA100508)资助

摘要

基于大型称重式蒸渗仪研究了北疆地区滴灌冬小麦不同时段(生育阶段、日、时)的农田水分蒸散特征, 分析了气温、相对湿度、风速等因子对农田水分蒸散的影响及产量和蒸散的关系, 旨在为北疆地区滴灌冬小麦的灌溉制度制定提供理论依据。3个灌水处理分别为全生育期灌溉375、600和750 mm。结果表明, 在滴灌冬小麦全生育期内日蒸散量为抽穗-乳熟>拔节-抽穗>乳熟-成熟>返青-拔节>播种-越冬>越冬-返青; 在一天中, 滴灌冬小麦农田水分蒸散主要发生在8:00-20:00, 夜间20:00-8:00蒸散量较小且比较稳定, 时蒸散量随天气变化而改变。滴灌条件下, 冬小麦的棵间蒸发量占农田水分蒸散的25.2%~28.3%。棵间蒸发与土壤含水率和叶面积指数具有良好的二元二次模拟关系, 拟合系数为0.98。综合产量和水分利用效率, 滴灌冬小麦的蒸散量为600~650 mm。本研究对合理制定滴灌冬小麦的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。

关键词: 滴灌; 冬小麦; 农田水分蒸散; 棵间蒸发

Measurement of Evapotranspiration for Drip-Irrigated Winter Wheat Using Large Weighing Lysimeter in Northern Xinjiang

LI Jie¹, WU Yang-Huan², CHEN Rui¹, YANG Ping¹, CHAI Shun-Xi¹, CUI Jin¹, MA Fu-Yu^1,^*

¹ Agricultural College, Shihezi University / Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture of Xinjiang Production Construction Corps, Shihezi 832000, China

² Sixth Division Agricultural Science of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Wujiaqu 831300, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31160260) and National High-tech Research and Development Program (863 Program) of China (2011AA100508)

Abstract

Drip-irrigation is a promising water-saving technique in arid agricultural area. To sep up efficient drip-irrigation systems for winter wheat grown in northern Xinjiang table land, we measured the evapotranspiration (ET) rate of wheat field using large-scale weighing lysimeter and analyzed the temporal responses of ET (in growing phase, daily and hourly) to air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. Three treatments were designed with irrigation amounts of 375 (D1), 600 (D2), and 750 mm (D3). During the whole growing period of wheat, daily ET rate varied in different phases, showing heading-milk > jointing-heading > milk-maturity > regreening-jointing > sowing-overwintering > overwintering-regreening. During a day, hourly ET was in high level from 8:00 to 20:00 and stable from 20:00 to 8:00 of next, which varied with weather condition. Under drip-irrigation condition, the ratio of soil evaporation to ET was 25.2-28.3% during the entire growing season. Soil evaporation could be predicted with soil moisture and leaf area index using a bivariate quadratic function ( R² > 0.98). Based on a combination of yield and water use efficiency, we suggest 600-650 mm as the optimum irrigation amount under the drip-irrigated winter wheat field.

Keyword: Drip-irrigated; Winter wheat; Evapotranspiration; Evaporation

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新疆地处西北干旱地区, 受地理环境的限制淡水资源匮乏严重影响新疆农业的发展, 近年来随着全球气候变化及水资源的不合理开发利用, 导致淡水资源紧缺, 严重影响农业的发展^{[1, 2]}。如何利用有限的水资源, 提高农作物产量和水分利用效率是推广发展旱作节水増粮技术的关键^[3], 许多学者在农业节水技术等^{[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]}方面做了大量工作。滴灌技术作为当前最先进的工程化节水技术已在世界各国广泛推广应用, 其灌水量少且灌溉频率高, 可根据作物需水需肥规律将水分和养分均匀持续地输送到植株根部, 最大限度地降低了土壤水分的深层渗漏和其他无效途径的用水浪费, 且能形成一定的农田小气候, 可有效缓解水资源不足与农业用水利用率不高的矛盾^[12]。

新疆是中国粮食生产后备耕地资源区。滴灌冬小麦的种植模式已在新疆适宜种植区全面推广, 滴灌冬小麦较常规灌溉种植节水1500~2500 m³ hm^-2, 另外, 由于滴灌改变麦田根区供水方式, 改善了小麦根系特征与水分利用效率之间的关系, 增产效果明显^[13]。国内外许多学者已对滴灌春小麦的耗水规律、农田蒸散特征、作物产量的关系、测定仪器、测定方法等积累了一定的研究成果^{[14, 15]}。但关于滴灌条件下冬小麦农田水分蒸散特征、耗水规律及水分管理的精准化仍缺少有力的支持理论。因此研究冬小麦农田水分蒸散特征, 了解蒸散动态过程, 将对灌溉水资源优化配置、提高水分利用效率有着极其重要意义。目前, 国内外采用的计算蒸散的方法很多, 但需要对其结果进行适当校正, 由于蒸渗仪测定蒸散的精度较高(一般可达0.01~0.02 mm), 因而已成为测定蒸散的标准试验仪器^{[16, 17]}, 可用于校正和比较其他方法所获得的数据, 尽管蒸渗仪内外在热量和水分方面存在差异, 如0~20 cm土层地温的资料显示, 器内比器外高约5.4%, 但其蒸散规律、蒸散过程对周围农田有较好的代表性^[18]。

自20世纪90年代以来, 人们利用蒸渗仪进行了大量蒸散测定试验, 但是针对新疆北部地区滴灌模式下农田水分蒸散的研究却鲜有报道。探索本区滴灌模式下冬小麦的农田水分蒸散特征有助于缓解水资源不足与农业用水利用率不高的矛盾。本研究基于大型称重式蒸渗仪对北疆地区滴管模式下冬小麦蒸散规律展开研究, 旨在探明滴灌条件下冬小麦农田蒸散规律及其影响因素, 探求其作物因素、土壤水分和气象因素与蒸散之间的关系, 以期为北疆地区农田水分管理提供依据, 为北疆地区滴灌作物及其气候和种植模式相似地区需水规律的确定提供科学依据和理论基础, 并为发展高效节水农业提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

石河子大学节水灌溉试验站(45º 19' N, 86º 03' E, 海拔440 m)平均年降雨量为154 mm, 年均气温7℃, 无霜130~170 d, ≥ 10℃积温2800~3700℃。试验区在1 m深土层内土壤质地为沙壤土, 0~60 cm土层土壤含有机质21.78 mg kg^-1、碱解氮61.0 mg kg^-1、速效磷25.26 mg kg^-1、速效钾194.0 mg kg^-1, pH 7.62。

试验气象数据由石河子气象局气象观测站提供, 该站与石河子大学农学院田间试验站的直线距离为500 m, 自动监测小麦整个生育期内每日的风速、气温、湿度、土壤温度、相对湿度等。

1.2 试验设计

供试冬小麦品种为新冬43(新疆农垦科学院选育)。播种期分别为2013年9月25日和2014年9月30日, 收获期为2013年6月28日和2015年6月27日。播种密度均为450万粒 hm^-2, 播种行距为15 cm。全生育期施基肥尿素(N质量分数≥ 46%) 150 kg hm^-2, 磷酸二铵(P₂O₅质量分数≥ 48%) 250 kg hm^-2, 分别于冬前、返青前、拔节期、抽穗期追施尿素75 kg hm^-2。试验期间其他管理措施与当地农田相同。

按随机区组设计, 试验小区面积为5 m × 8 m = 40 m², 重复3次。设置3个灌溉定额处理, 分别375 (D1)、600 (D2)和750 mm (D3), 通过水表控制滴灌量, 冬小麦整个生育时期灌水10次。两年度D1、D2和D3处理均在播种期(2013年9月28日和2014年10月1日)滴灌出苗水60 mm; 冬前(2013年11月11日和2014年11月14日)分别滴灌越冬水35、92和138 mm; 返青后滴灌8次, 第一次在2014年3月28日和2015年3月27日, 此后每10 d滴水一次, 每次灌水量分别为35、56和69 mm。

采用北京绿源公司生产的515型内镶式滴灌带, 滴头间距20 cm, 滴头流量3.2 L h^-1, 滴管带间距为60 cm, 一条滴灌带灌溉4行小麦。各处理间设1 m隔离带, 为了防止水分侧渗, 各处理间均埋有1 m深防渗膜隔开。试验小区安装有体积为2.0 m × 2.0 m × 2.3 m (长× 宽× 高)的大型原状土自动称重渗漏式蒸渗仪系统(西安碧水环境新技术有限公司造)自动获取农田蒸发蒸腾量数据, 测量精度为0.05 mm, 每小时自动采集一次数据。

1.3 田间水分蒸发特征测定方法

1.3.1 棵间蒸发量测定采用置于小麦行间的小型棵间蒸发器测定棵间蒸发, 设每处理4个规格相同的棵间蒸发器, 距离滴管带15 cm和30 cm各2个, 取其测定的平均值作为各处理的测定值。小型棵间蒸发器(Micro-1ysimeter)由外桶(直径110 mm, 高200 mm, 不封底)和内桶(内径90 mm, 高200 mm, 壁厚2 mm)两部分组成, 材料为聚氯乙烯(PVC)管。外桶是固定的, 内桶可取出, 为使桶内土壤水分与大田一致, 在小麦种植后, 将外桶和内桶分别垂直放入试验区, 并使其顶面与地面齐平, 减少对内桶土壤的扰动, 使其与田间的土壤尽量保持一致。为保证Micro-1ysimeter内的土体水分含量和结构同大田相似, 降雨或灌溉后立即换土, 用小型蒸发器测定棵间蒸发的换土最短时间频率是3~5 d ^[19]。用精度0.01 kg的电子天平称重, 得到单位时间内的棵间蒸发量, 即E = Δ W/π r² (E为棵间蒸发; Δ W为单位时间内小型棵间蒸渗桶的重量差值, 可以直接通过称量获得; r为小型棵间蒸渗桶的内径)。

1.3.2 农田蒸发蒸腾量获取采用建于田间的大型称重式蒸渗仪来测定, 其测定田间蒸散量的有效面积为4 m², 该系统主要包括土体系统、称质量系统、供排水系统和数据采集系统, 自动采集储存数据, 采集步长为1 h, 精度为0.05 mm。

1.3.3 土壤水分数据采集利用采集器5ET (Decagon Device Inc. Washington State, USA)来获得蒸渗仪和试验小区土壤水分数据, 测定步长一天一次, 测定土壤深度分别为0~20、20~40和40~60 cm。

1.4 叶面积指数及产量相关性状测定

1.4.1 叶面积指数每隔7 d, 采用Li-3100 (LI-COR Inc, Lincoln, NE, USA)叶面积仪测定样本的总叶面积, 再根据取样面积计算叶面积指数。

1.4.2 考种测产成熟期每小区取2 m²典型样方, 收获后室内考种。测定样方的单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重, 并计算产量。

1.5 数据处理

用Microsoft Excel 2007进行数据计算和归一化处理; 用SPSS 17.0软件进行方差分析, 采用LSD法多重比较; OriginPro8.5绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同天气条件下的蒸散特征

可以从微观角度理解蒸散的动态过程, 真实地定量反映特定天气条件下一定群体生物量蒸散量。利用大型称重式蒸渗仪的实测值, 可以精确地刻画出滴灌冬小麦一昼夜内不同时段的蒸散量变化趋势。在抽穗至乳熟期, 选取具有代表性的2014年5月26日(晴天)、5月30日(多云)、6月2日(阴天)测定蒸散特征, 不同天气状况的间隔时间很短, 可认为不同天气下具有相同的群体冠层特征, 本结果可近似真实反映冬小麦群体耗水量最大阶段不同天气条件下的蒸散特征。从图1可以看出, 不同天气条件下日内的时蒸散变化不同, 晴天日变化曲线为单峰型, 峰值出现在14:00, 多云和阴天日变化曲线为多峰型; 尽管不同天气的时蒸散日变化波形不同, 但总体上看时蒸散的日变化一般从8:00开始增大, 13:00至16:00达到最大值, 随后逐渐减小, 20:00以后在0.1 mm以下, 并在零附近波动, 之后变化起伏较小。滴灌冬小麦时蒸散规律与当天的大气温度变化规律相同, 时蒸散量随气温的变化而同步波动。滴灌冬小麦田的蒸散量晴天为8.0 mm d^-1左右, 多云与阴天的蒸散量分别为5.0 mm d^-1和3.7 mm d^-1左右, 夜间为0~0.3 mm d^-1, 波动较小且比较稳定。

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	图1 不同天气冬小麦田时蒸散量(2013-2014) 测定日期分别为2014年5月26日(晴)、5月31日(多云)和6月2日(阴)。Fig. 1 Hourly evapotranspiration of winter wheat field under different weather conditions (2013-2014) The dates for measurement were May 26 (sunny), May 31 (overcast), and June 2 (cloudy), 2014.

2.2 各生育阶段蒸散特征

全生育期滴灌冬小麦生育阶段间蒸散量动态变化呈抛物线形状, 各阶段蒸散量年季间差异不明显(图2)。冬小麦返青后, 不同水分处理间的蒸散强度是D3 > D2 > D1的趋势。播种至越冬和越冬至返青阶段, 3个处理间蒸散强度没有明显差异(P > 0.05), 返青开始至成熟, 3个处理间的蒸散强度差异显著(P < 0.05)。两年度3个灌水处理的蒸散强度在抽穗至乳熟阶段最大, 拔节至抽穗阶段次之, 这两阶段为水分敏感时期, 应该保证水分的充足供应。越冬至返青阶段蒸散强度最小, 耗水量最小。在整个生育期, 作物蒸散量随灌溉量的增加而增加, 处理间差异显著, 以D3处理蒸散量最大, 为2.63~2.66 mm d^-1, 比D2高出16.8%~17.2%, 比D1高68.4%~74.2%。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 冬小麦各生育阶段的日蒸散量 S: 播种; O: 越冬; R: 返青; E: 拔节; H: 抽穗; MR: 乳熟; M: 成熟; WGS: 全生育期。Fig. 2 Intensity of evapotranspiration in various growth stages of winter wheat S: sowing; O: overwinter; R: regreeing; E: elongation; H: heading; MR: milk ripening; M: matunity; WGS: whole growth stage.

2.3 棵间土壤蒸发量特征

播种至越冬阶段3个处理灌水量相同, 在此阶段的棵间蒸发量和耗水量的年际间差异较小, 阶段棵间蒸发量占此阶段总耗水量的74.7%~79.5% (表1), 该阶段棵间蒸发量占耗水量的比例较大, 这与冬前小麦体较小、田间蒸散基本属裸土蒸发为主有着密切的关系。越冬至返青阶段由于气温下降, 作物进入休眠状态, 蒸腾速率降低, 土壤表层消冻交替使此阶段田间水分耗散仍以棵间蒸发为主, 此期棵间蒸发量占耗水量的68.2%~79.7%。返青开始后大气温度升高, 小麦地上部分迅速生长, 叶面积指数逐渐增大, 棵间土壤蒸发相应减少, 农田蒸散由棵间蒸发为主逐渐转变为以作物蒸腾为主。3个处理在返青至拔节阶段棵间蒸发量分别占耗水量的比例为28.9%~29.2%、39.6%~41.1%和41.8%~43.1%, 处理间差异明显; 拔节至抽穗阶段棵间蒸发量占耗水量的15.6%~16.9%、18.8%~20.7%和19.7%~20.9%, 各处理的棵间蒸发量占阶段耗水量的比例明显减小, 处理间差异不显著; 在抽穗至乳熟阶段, 3个处理的棵间蒸发量比例降到最小, 分别为8.1%~8.6%、9.8%~11.5%和11.6%~12.0%, 处理间差异不明显。进入乳熟期后冬小麦叶片开始衰老、变黄、变干, 作物蒸腾降低, 棵间土壤蒸发较前一阶段略有增大的趋势, D1、D2和D3分别增加6.4%~11.2%、10.2%~ 15.1%和12.5%~15.3%。从两年度小麦全生育期来看, 滴灌条件下冬小麦棵间蒸发量为107.5~201.2 mm, 蒸散总量为425.9~733.2 mm, 棵间土壤蒸发总量占总蒸散量的25.2%~28.3%。

表1 不同灌水处理小麦阶段棵间蒸发量占阶段耗水量的比例 Table 1 Ratios of soil evaporation to water consumption during wheat growing period under different drip-irrigation treatments

2.4 不同灌量处理土壤水分变化

各处理在0~20 cm土层土壤水分含量在灌溉前后变化剧烈, D3为17%~28%, D2为17%~27%, D1为15%~24%, 灌溉后各处理土壤含水量迅速增大且均能完全恢复到原来水平, 处理间变化趋势相似。在20~40 cm土层, 各处理的土壤含水量均有所下降, 灌溉前后土壤含水率整体趋于平缓且波动较小, 在播种后210~240 d灌溉后土壤含水量不能恢复到原来水平, 说明在这一阶段0~20 cm土层土壤含水量不能保证作物生长, 20~40 cm土层水分供给作物生长。在40~60 cm土层, 各处理土壤含水量在灌溉前后波动较小, 基本趋于稳定状态, 土壤水分变化分别为13%~15% (D1)、14%~17% (D2)和19%~23% (D3), 仅D3处理能够恢复到灌溉前水平, 说明随着深度增加土壤含水量变化幅度减小(图3)。年度间不同处理的土壤水分含量具有相似变化规律。

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	图3 小麦返青后不同处理土壤水分变化过程Fig. 3 Changes of volumetric soil water content of different treatments after regreening stage of wheat

2.5 土壤含水量和叶面积对棵间蒸发的影响

滴灌冬小麦棵间蒸发与表层土壤含水量(θ _v)和叶面积指数(LAI)之间具有良好的相关性^[20]。棵间蒸发随着表层土壤含水量的增加而增大, 土壤湿度越大, 棵间蒸发越大。当表层土壤含水量升高时, 土壤蒸发增大, 当表层土壤含水量降低时, 土壤蒸发降低。作物冠层主要是通过截留到达作物棵间地面的太阳净辐射来影响土壤蒸发的。随着冠层覆盖度的增加, 到达地面的太阳净辐射减小, 棵间蒸发减小, 即棵间蒸发随叶面积指数的增加而减小。根据两年度测定结果回归模拟分析, 得到土壤蒸发值(E)与叶面积指数(LAI)、表层土壤含水量(θ _v)的回归方程E= -1.12 + 0.11θ _v + 0.17LAI + 8.06 × 10^-4θ _v² + 1.9 × 10^-2LAI² - 2.2 × 10^-2θ _v× LAI (R²= 0.98)。该方程在与本试验气候环境和种植模式相似区域有参考价值, 用于描述土壤蒸发和叶面积指数、土层含水量的关系。

2.6 环境因子对农田蒸散量的影响

为了消除冠层覆盖度和土壤含水量对农田水分蒸散的影响, 图4给出了叶面积指数在1.5~3.0之间且土壤表层(0~20 cm)体积含水量大于15%时农田水分蒸散与风速、气温和相对湿度的关系。可以看出, 北疆地区滴灌冬小麦农田水分蒸散量随大气温度增大呈指数增长趋势, 随风速增大呈先增大后降低的二次曲线变化趋势, 随空气相对湿度增大呈指数下降趋势; 当空气相对湿度大于50%、风速大于4 m s^-1时, 蒸散随之降低。

ET = ae^bAT (1)

ET = aWS² + bWS + c (2)

ET = ae^-bRH (3)

式中, ET为农田水分蒸散量(mm d^-1), AT为大气温度(℃), WS为风速(m s^-1), RH为空气相对湿度(%), a、b、c为常数。

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	图4 农田水分蒸散(ET)与气温(AT)、风速(WS)、相对湿度(RH)的关系Fig. 4 Relationship of evapotranspiration (ET) with air temperature (AT), wind speed (WS), and relative humidity (RH)

2.7 产量、水分利用效率与蒸散量关系

作物产量与灌溉量呈非线性关系, 灌溉量增加到一定程度后, 作物产量缓慢增加甚至降低。两年度数据显示蒸散量(ET)与产量(Y)呈现抛物线关系(图5), 其回归方程为Y= -0.021ET² + 34.61ET - 3011.42 (R²= 0.978)。对该曲线求导, 得到产量最大值, Y= 11 523.05 kg hm^-2时, 其对应的蒸散量是823.8 mm。

图5还显示, 水分利用效率(WUE)随蒸散量(ET)的增加而减小, 当蒸散量达到一定值之后, 水分利用效率减小缓慢且趋于稳定, 呈二次抛物线关系。

WUE = -1.39× 10^-6ET² + 4.61× 10^-4ET + 1.93
(R² = 0.956)

对曲线进行微分得到WUE-ET的顶点为(165.80 mm, 1.97 kg m^-2), 取得最大水分利用效率的蒸散量与取得最高产量的最大蒸散量并不一致, 只有产量与水分利用效率达到最优时才能达到节水灌溉的目的。由拟合曲线可知, 产量和水分利用效率交汇点的蒸散量在620 mm左右(图5)。

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	图5 冬小麦产量(Y)、水分利用效率(WUE)与田间蒸散量(ET)变化关系Fig. 5 Relationship of evapotranspiration (ET) with winter wheat yield (Y) and water use efficiency (WUE)

3 讨论

农田水分蒸散在农田水量平衡和能量平衡计算中占有重要地位, 农田灌溉管理、作物产量估计及土壤水分预报等许多问题都与蒸发蒸腾量紧密相关, 分析滴灌作物农田水分蒸散和棵间蒸发机制及其影响因素, 可促进滴灌作物对水分利用效率的提高。根据2013— 2015年北疆地区大型称重式蒸渗仪的麦田蒸散测定结果, 结合冬小麦全生育期的气象因子, 北疆地区滴灌冬小麦农田的时蒸散、日蒸散、生育期蒸散、棵间蒸发、产量和水分利用效率。就时蒸散来看, 农田水分蒸散强度随天气的变化而变化, 不同天气条件下蒸散强度的波形不同, 在晴天表现为单峰曲线, 在多云和阴天为多峰曲线; 但在整个昼夜内, 不论是晴天、多云或者阴天农田水分蒸散主要发生在8:00-20:00之间, 在20:00-8:00间基本没有蒸散或蒸散量接近于零。在本地区晴天时蒸散量最大值出现在13:00-16:00之间, 在其他区域一般11:00-14:00最大^[21], 这可能是本区地处西北内陆干旱地区, 与其他区域具有时差原因所致。这将有助于对本区滴灌作物蒸散机制的理解。对3个处理各生育阶段的日蒸散量而言, 在返青前没有差异, 返青后出现明显差异。这可能由于播种至返青阶段麦苗较小, 叶面积指数差异不明显, 各处理间植株蒸腾没有差异, 同时这一时期本区温度较低, 大部分时间温度都在0℃以下, 土壤冻结, 各处理间土壤蒸发较小且没有差异所致。而从返青期开始, 随着温度升高, 土壤冻结消融, 且随灌水量的增加作物长势不同, 叶面积指数出现显著差异。就全生育期蒸散强度而言, 抽穗至乳熟阶段最大, 拔节至抽穗阶段次之, 越冬至返青阶段最小, 其他时期介于二者之间, 说明抽穗至乳熟和拔节至抽穗两阶段阶段是滴灌冬小麦需水的关键时期, 应保证水分的充分供应, 这与梁文清等^[22]的研究结果一致。

棵间蒸发作为农田水分蒸散的重要组成部分, 不参与产量的形成, 因此减少棵间土壤蒸发对提高冬小麦水分利用效率、节约灌溉用水具有十分重要的作用。本试验3个滴灌处理的棵间蒸发占农田水分蒸散的比值为25.2%~28.3%, 明显低于常规灌溉^[23], 这可能是滴灌属于局部灌溉, 不会使土壤表层全部湿润所致, 滴灌使棵间无效水分蒸发降低, 使水分利用效率得到提高。尽管滴灌冬小麦棵间蒸发占总蒸散量比例低于常规灌溉, 但滴灌冬小麦棵间蒸发随表层土壤含水量的增加而增大, 土壤表层越湿润, 棵间蒸发越大。因此认为, 在满足作物正常生长的前期下, 采用长周期、大灌量的模式可以抑制棵间蒸发, 减少无效水分浪费。与传统灌溉相比, 在滴灌条件下, 土壤水分变化主要发生在0~40 cm的土层, 40 cm土层以下基本没有变化且不会发生深层渗漏现象。大型称重式蒸渗仪实测结果, D1、D2和D3处理两年度的蒸散量分别425.9~427.4、613.1~620.4和711.3~733.2 mm; 通过对产量、水分利用效率和蒸散量的模拟, 可知使产量和水分效率达到最优时的蒸散量介于600~650 mm之间。

作物蒸散不仅与生育期有关, 同时受生态系统、多种环境因子和气象因子共同制约, 除叶面积指数^[24]、气孔导度^[25]等生物因子^[26], 还包括太阳辐射、土壤含水量、空气相对湿度、气温等非生物环境因子。不同区域的环境因子和非环境因子对当地的农田蒸散影响明显, 北疆地区滴灌冬小麦农田生态蒸散变化特征是各种环境因子相互作用的结果, 农田水分蒸散与气温、相对湿度和风速等气象因子呈现出一定的函数关系。在本区农田水分蒸散随大气温度的升高呈指数函数增加, 与风速呈二次函数关系, 随相对湿度的升高呈指数函数降低, 这可能是由于风速改变空气动力学阻力而影响蒸散过程, 这与Farahani等^[27]的研究结果一致。然而, 当风速大于一定值, 在北疆地区通常伴随着空气温度下降, 从而蒸散减少。而空气中水汽在一定范围内有利于蒸散过程的发生。然当空气相对湿度持续增加时, 蒸发表面与其临近空气的水汽压差将降低, 导致蒸散过程的驱动力下降, 蒸散呈降低趋势。

4 结论

北疆地区滴灌麦田的耗水量为600~650 mm, 棵间土壤蒸发占总蒸散量的25.2%~28.3%。滴灌冬小麦在抽穗至乳熟阶段为需水敏感期, 应确保该阶段的水分供应。滴灌冬小麦农田蒸散与气象因素有密切的关系, 蒸散与气温和相对湿度呈指数关系, 与气温呈正相关, 与相对湿度呈负相关, 与风速呈二次曲线关系。构建了试验区滴灌冬小麦棵间蒸发量(E)与表层土壤含水率(θ v)和叶面积指数(LAI)曲线模型, E= -1.12 + 0.11θ v+ 0.17LAI + 8.06 × 10^-4θ v² + 1.9 × 10^-2LAI² - 2.2 × 10^-2θ v× LAI, 其决定系数达0.98。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[26]	Wang K, Dickinson R E. A review of global terrestrial evapotranspiration: observation, modeling, climatology, and climatic variability. Rev Geophys, 2012, 50(2), doi: DOI:10.1029/2011RG000373 [本文引用:1]
[27]	Farahani H J, Howell T A, Shuttleworth W J, Bausch W C. Evapotranspiration: progress in measurement and modeling in agriculture. Trans ASABE, 2007, 50: 1627-1638 [本文引用:1]

2014

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牟洪臣, 王振华, 何新林, 葛宇. 滴灌条件下北疆春小麦耗水特点. 华北农学报, 2014, 29(2): 213-217

Mou H

, Wang Z

, He X

, Ge

Under the condition of drip irrigation water consumption characteristics of spring wheat of northern Xinjiang.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2014, 29(2): 213-217 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In this paper, change of soil moisture regime, water consumption, water consumption law and crop coefficient of spring wheat were studied and analyzed under drip condition in the whole growth period in north Xin- jiang through data measured in field experiment. The results showed that the soil water uptake by spring wheat root under drip irrigation condition was located between the depth of 0 cm and 60 cm. The soil water consumed from seedling to tillering stage is mainly at the depth of 0 to 40 cm. As the growth of plant root, the root water uptake gets increased. During the jointing stage, the absorbed water is mainly between the depth of 0 cm and 60 cm. As the limi- tation of root length, the range of soil water content changed little at the depth of 80 to 120 cm. The soil water con- tents of every soil layers decreased after stopping irrigation at mature stage. The scheduling of each stage by total water consumption at ascending order for spring wheat in north Xinjiang is heading stage, jointing stage, tillering stage, seedling stage and filling stage. The leaf area index and crop coefficient increased at first, and then decreased gradually from seedling stage to filling stage.

College of Water and Architectural Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Key Laboratory of Modern Water-Saving Irrigation, Shihezi 832000, China

通过小麦田间试验所测数据,研究分析北疆滴灌春小麦全生育期内土壤水分状况变化、耗水量、耗水规律及作物系数,结果表明:滴灌春小麦根系吸水主要是0～60 cm处的土壤水,从苗期至分蘖期主要消耗0～40 cm的土壤水分,随植株根系增大、伸长,到拔节期吸水主要以0～60 cm土壤水为主,而80～120 cm土层受根系长度影响,土壤含水率变化幅度不大。在成熟期停止灌溉后,各土层含水率都减小;北疆春小麦生育期内总耗水量为抽穗期>拔节期>分蘖期>苗期>灌浆期。从苗期至灌浆期叶面积系数从小变大又逐渐减小,作物系数也由小变大,后又由大逐渐变小。

... 新疆地处西北干旱地区, 受地理环境的限制淡水资源匮乏严重影响新疆农业的发展, 近年来随着全球气候变化及水资源的不合理开发利用, 导致淡水资源紧缺, 严重影响农业的发展^[1,2] ...

2005

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2009

0.0

... 如何利用有限的水资源, 提高农作物产量和水分利用效率是推广发展旱作节水増粮技术的关键^[3], 许多学者在农业节水技术等^{[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]}方面做了大量工作 ...

2010

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2010

0.0

王诗景, 黄冠华, 杨建国, 王军, 邰日坤, 孟令广. 微咸水灌溉对土壤水盐动态与春小麦产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(5): 27-33

Wang S

, Huang G

, Yang J

, Wang

, Tai R

, Meng L

Effect of irrigation with saline water on water-salt dynamic and spring wheat yield.

Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(5): 27-33 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To obtain the suitable alternative of saline water irrigation for spring wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Huinong Irrigation District, Ningxia, North-West China in 2007 and 2008 respectively. The collected datum were used to analyze the effects of saline water irrigation on water-salt dynamics and yield of spring wheat. Results indicated that soil water content and salinity at the upper layer of 0-30 cm had relatively large variations, whereas the variations of soil water content and soil salinity in layers below 30cm were relatively small. Canal irrigation resulted in the desalination of root zone soils, while well-canal combined irrigation kept the salinity in root zone soils being stable even at relatively dry years, but irrigation with well water caused a significant salt accumulation in root zone soils. Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency of spring wheat decrease with the increase of irrigation water mineralization degree. Compared with Canal irrigation, the well-canal combined irrigation only led to a slight decrease of crop yield, whereas a 20%-30% decrease of crop yield was caused by the well irrigation. The alternative with 1:1 ratio of ground water to surface water is recommended for irrigation of spring wheat in Yinbei Huinong Irrigation District.

为了探究合理的微咸水灌溉利用模式，分别于2007年和2008年在宁夏银北惠农引黄灌区开展微咸水灌溉试验，研究了该地区微咸水灌溉对土壤水盐动态、春小麦产量的影响。研究结果表明：表层（0～30 cm）土壤含水率和含盐量变化较大，而30 cm以下土层的含水率和含盐量变化相对较小。渠灌条件下，春小麦全生育期内土壤根区（0～90 cm）处于明显的脱盐状态，而井渠混灌处理即使在相对干旱的年份也可保持根区土壤的盐分平衡，但井灌处理根区则出现明显积盐现象。春小麦耗水量和水分利用效率均随着灌水矿化度的增加而降低。与渠灌相比，井渠混灌模式的春小麦减产较小，而井灌处理的减产为20%～30%。在银北惠农地区，采用井渠1︰1的混灌模式是春小麦的适宜微咸水灌溉利用模式。

2013

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2014

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张彦群, 王建东, 龚时宏, 吴忠东. 滴灌条件下冬小麦田间土壤蒸发的测定和模拟. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(7): 91-98

Zhang Y

, Wang J

, Gong S

, Wu Z

Measuring and modeling of soil evaporation for winter wheat with drip irrigation.

Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(7): 91-98 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: Winter wheat is one of the main grain crops in North China Plain. The characteristics of field evapotranspiration (ETa) and partitioning the components of ETa serve as the accordance for agricultural water use and management. For a better understand of regulating crop water loss with drip irrigation techniques, field experiments were carried out at Daxing Experiment Base of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research.Micro-lysimeters (MLS) were selected to measure soil evaporation (Es) of winter wheat with and without straw mulching and treated with three different drip irrigation scheduling. Two positions, under the drip lines (wet zone) and between two drip lines (dry zone), were selected to install the MLS and total 24 MLS was installed in the 12 plots. The MLS was weighed daily and the difference of the two weights was transferred to Es. The accuracy of the MLS was evaluated by comparing the soil water content of inside the MLS to that in the field. Based on the evaluation, the seasonal dynamics of Es over the field was determined and the ratio of Es to ETa was quantified. A semi- experiential model was established to give accuracy estimates of Es.The results showed that MLS with an inner diameter of 10 cm, and a height of 15cm, with changing soil inside MLS every other 5 days, was feasible to give relatively accuracy Es measurements (error 5 mm), the MLS had to be reinstalled to keep the same of the soil water content inside and outside MLS.Different irrigation amount and mulching treatments affected the Es and Es/ETa significantly. Es and Es/ETa of plots covering plant residuals were significantly lower than those without mulching and, Es and Es/ETa of plots with low irrigation water were significantly lower than those with high and middle irrigation water (P<0.001). The seasonal averages Es were 0.98, 1.13, 1.10, 1.30, 1.02 and 1.22 mm/d for low irrigation water (Ilow) and mulching (M1), Ilow and non-mulching (M0), middle irrigation water (Imid) and M1, Imid and M0, high irrigation water (Ihig) and M1 and IhigM0 treatments, respectively. The seasonal average of Es/ETa were 38.5%, 44.2%, 40.7%, 44.5%, 33.0% and 36.4% for Ilow M1, Ilow M0, Imid M1, Imid M0, IhigM1 and IhigM0 treatments, respectively. Es/ETa of this research were a little higher than some of the ratios from publications, which is partially because of the broader row distance and the lower leaf area index (LAI) of the field. Thus, the drip irrigation needs to be applied together with right agricultural water managements, such as mulching, proper sowing amount and row spaces, to maintain the advantage of this efficient irrigation method.In addition, an easy and feasible model of Es was established by selecting days after irrigation (Dai) as the independent variable. First, to eliminate the effects from the meteorological variables and LAI to Es, we standardized the Es with the potential soil evaporation (Es0), which was calculated with those meteorological variables and LAI by assuming saturate soil water content. In such case, the remaining variable that would influence Es/Es0 (evaporation coefficient, Kes) was soil water content. Then, Dai was selected as an alternative variable of soil water content to make the model more feasible, and an exponential decay to a constant equation was selected to fit the relationship between Es and Dai. Data from Imid treatment was selected to parameterize the model and data from Ilow and Ihig were used to validate the model. Good agreements between the Es estimates and measurements were found in this research, with an average MAE of 0.18 mm/d. With this model, one could get relatively precise estimates of Es under drip irrigation, without measuring soil water content.The results of this research are valuable practically and of scientific significance for selecting high-efficient water-saving irrigation regimes and agricultural water managements for grain croplands in North China Plain and revealing the intrinsic advantages of that regime.

田间蒸发蒸腾总量（ETa）及其各分量的变化过程是农田水分利用与管理的主要依据。该文采用微型蒸发器（micro-lysimeters，MLS）对不同滴灌制度及覆盖处理下冬小麦田间土壤蒸发（Es）进行测定及评价。研究结果表明，滴灌条件下，采用内径10 cm，高度15 cm的MLS，在无降雨时每5 d换土能满足田间Es测定的精度要求（误差<5%）；滴灌条件下覆盖处理Es和Es/ETa均显著低于不覆盖处理，各处理的Es均值在0.98～1.30 mm/d之间，Es/ETa在33.0%～44.5%之间。此外，构建了基于灌水后天数（Dai）为自变量的Es简易估算模型，可在不获取表层土壤含水率的情况下，实现对滴灌条件下土壤蒸发较为精准的估算。该研究所建立的Es估算模型提供了滴灌农田Es的一种量化方法，确定的Es占ETa比例及其受覆盖等农艺措施的影响可为相关农业水管理实践提供科学指导。

2013

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2014

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何立谦, 张维宏, 张永升, 曹彩云, 李科江, 杜雄. 土下微膜覆盖与灌水管理对冬小麦水分利用与物质生产效果的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1980-1989

He L

, Zhang W

, Zhang Y

, Cao C

, Li K

, Du

Water utilization and matter production in winter wheat under soil-coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching and irrigation management.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1980-1989 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Serious deficiency of water resource is one of the biggest problems in winter wheat production in North China Plain. We conducted a field experiment in 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 growing seasons to study the effect of soil-coated ultrathin plastic-film mulching (SCUPFM) in combination with controlled irrigation on water use efficiency and matter production of winter wheat. Compared to traditional planting practice (control), SCUPFM plus zero (rainfed) or small -amount irrigation produced wheat yield more than 7500 kg ha -1 , and consumed 2/3 to 3/4 of water. The yield-based water use efficiency of SCUPFM treatments was 24.8–26.5 kg mm -1 ha- 1, which was 28.3–41.0% higher than that of the control. Under SCUPFM condition, the biomass-based water use efficiency in the whole growing period was 1.3–2.7 folds of the control, with an earlier peak from heading to jointing stage. Meanwhile, the harvest index also increased under SCIPFM with no or small irrigation. SCUPFM resulted in slow consumption of soil water , and 600 mm of moisture content in 2 m soil profile at seeding stage could provide enough water for the whole growing period of wheat. Water supply from 2 m soil layer was 212.2 mm in loam at Xinji site and 230.0 mm in clay at Shenzhou site. SCUPFM with irrigation or small irrigation before anthesis could significantly enhance net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) and decrease transpiration rate ( T r ) within 20 days after anthesis. As a result, the leaf-based water use efficiency increased significantly. However, late irrigation at mid-filling stage had no such effect. Therefore, SCUPFM in combination with no or small irrigation at proper stage is effective to maintain wheat yield and increase water use efficiency greatly in North China Plain .

1 Agricultural University of Hebei / Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Baoding 071001, China; 2 Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui 053000, China

针对华北平原小麦生产水资源高耗与存量极度稀缺的问题，通过河北省两地大田试验，研究了全田土下微膜覆盖与不同灌水管理对冬小麦水分利用和物质生产效果的作用。结果表明，土下微膜覆盖条件下，冬小麦雨养或少量灌水消耗了占常规生产(对照) 2/3~3/4的耗水量，生产了不少于7500 kg hm -2 的籽粒产量；籽粒产量水分利用效率达到24.8~26.5 kg mm -1 hm -2 ，较对照提高28.3%~41.0%。与对照相比，生物产量水分利用效率高峰由抽穗扬花期提前至拔节期，且提高1.3~2.7倍，雨养或少量灌水还可有效提高小麦收获指数。土下微膜覆盖下的土壤贮水消耗速度变缓，2 m土体贮水量播种时不小于600 mm就可满足小麦的全生育期耗水，壤质土壤供水量为212.2 mm，黏质土壤供水量为230.0 mm。土下微膜覆盖下，雨养或扬花前少量灌水能够显著促进花后20 d内的光合速率，蒸腾速率减小同步显著提高光合水分利用效率，但在灌浆中期灌水则对提高光合速率及光合水分利用效率无意义。在华北平原，全田土下微膜覆盖雨养或适时少量灌水是大幅降低小麦耗水和提高水分利用效率，保证小麦产量的有效方法。

2014

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2011

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2014

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... 滴灌技术作为当前最先进的工程化节水技术已在世界各国广泛推广应用, 其灌水量少且灌溉频率高, 可根据作物需水需肥规律将水分和养分均匀持续地输送到植株根部, 最大限度地降低了土壤水分的深层渗漏和其他无效途径的用水浪费, 且能形成一定的农田小气候, 可有效缓解水资源不足与农业用水利用率不高的矛盾^[12] ...

2011

0.0

... 滴灌冬小麦的种植模式已在新疆适宜种植区全面推广, 滴灌冬小麦较常规灌溉种植节水1500~2500 m³ hm^-2, 另外, 由于滴灌改变麦田根区供水方式, 改善了小麦根系特征与水分利用效率之间的关系, 增产效果明显^[13] ...

2010

0.0

王红光, 于振文, 张永丽, 王东. 推迟拔节水及其灌水量对小麦耗水量和耗水来源及农田蒸散量的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1183-1191

Wang H

, Yu Z

, Zhang Y

, Wang

Effects of delayed irrigation at jointing stage and irrigation level on consumption amount and resources of water in wheat and farmland evapotranspiration.

Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1183-1191 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Water-saving irrigation is a hotspot in cultivation research of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Many investigations have been carried out to reduce the irrigation frequency and water amount. However, the conclusions are quite different due to the great discrepancies on precipitation and experimental condition. In this study, a strategy of water-controlled irrigation based on measuing soil water content was adopted, and several delayed irrigation treatments were tested for their effects on water consumption, water use efficiency (WUE), and wheat yield in two sites of Shandong province, China in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons. The expected water content of 0–140 cm soil layer was designed for 65–80% in different treatments, and two irrigations were given at jointing or 10 d after jointing and flowering stages. In the treatments irrigated at the same time , the daily water consumption from jointing to flowering stage and the water consumption amount in the whole growth duration increased with promoting the level of supplemental irrigation, but the soil water consumption amount in 0–120 cm soil layer decreased. The consumption amount of soil water showed an increase–decrease trend, and its percentage to the total water consumption amount decreased. Simultaneously, the comsumption percentage of precipitation to the total water consumption amount was also reduced. Under the same irrigation level, compared with normal irrigation at jointing, the delayed irrigation (at 10 d after jointing) reduced the daily water consumption from jointing to 10 d after jointing stage, but promoted the daily water consumption at flagging stage. From jointing to flowering stage, the comsumption amont of soil water in 80–120 cm soil layer, the total water comsumption amount increased with the more irrigation water supplied. However, the comsumption percentages of precipitation, supplemental irrigation , and soil water were in minor changes.At early filling stage, the flag leaf area and the transpiration per unit area of soil decreased and the evaporation increased in the delayed irrigation treatment. Although reduced spike number per hectare, the grain number, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, WUE, and irrigation production efficiency were higher in the delayed irrigation treatment than in the treatment of irrigation at jointing stage. Under the experimental condition (2007–2008 growing season), the first supplemental irrigation at 10 d after joining with a relative water content of 75% in 0–140 cm soil layer and the second irrigation at flowering with a relative water content of 70% were considered to be an optimal water-saving management for wheat high-yielding production.

Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

于2007—2008和2008—2009小麦生长季, 以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料, 采用测墒补灌的方法, 研究推迟拔节水及不同灌水水平对冬小麦耗水量、耗水来源、单位土地面积上旗叶叶面积和蒸腾速率、株间蒸发量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 测墒补灌后0~140 cm土层能够达到目标含水量。相同补灌时期, 随补灌水平的提高, 拔节至开花阶段日耗水量增大, 0~120 cm土层贮水消耗量减小, 生育期总灌水量和田间耗水量增加, 土壤贮水消耗量先增加后减小, 土壤贮水消耗量和降水量占田间耗水量的比例降低。相同补灌水平, 由拔节期推迟至拔节后10 d补灌则麦田日耗水量减小, 挑旗期日耗水量增大, 拔节至开花阶段80~120 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量增加, 生育期总灌水量和田间耗水量亦增加, 降水量、灌水量和土壤贮水消耗量占田间耗水量的比例不变; 灌浆初期单位土地面积上旗叶叶面积和蒸腾速率降低, 株间蒸发量增加; 公顷穗数降低, 穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌水生产效率增加。本试验条件下, 在拔节后10 d补灌至0~140 cm土层平均土壤相对含水量为75%, 开花期补灌至70% (2007—2008年度)是兼顾节水、高产的最优处理。

... 国内外许多学者已对滴灌春小麦的耗水规律、农田蒸散特征、作物产量的关系、测定仪器、测定方法等积累了一定的研究成果^[14,15] ...

2011

0.0

... 国内外许多学者已对滴灌春小麦的耗水规律、农田蒸散特征、作物产量的关系、测定仪器、测定方法等积累了一定的研究成果^[14,15] ...

1997

0.0

... 02 mm), 因而已成为测定蒸散的标准试验仪器^[16,17], 可用于校正和比较其他方法所获得的数据, 尽管蒸渗仪内外在热量和水分方面存在差异, 如0~20 cm土层地温的资料显示, 器内比器外高约5 ...

2009

0.0

刘浩, 孙景生, 段爱旺, 孙磊, 刘祖贵, 申孝军. 日光温室萝卜棵间土壤蒸发规律试验. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25(1): 176-180

Liu

, Sun J

, Duan A

, Sun

, Liu Z

, Shen X

Experiment on soil evaporation of radish in sunlight greenhouse.

Trans CSAE, 2009, 25(1): 176-180 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Soil evaporation plays an important role in calculating water balance and energy balance in farmland. Soil evaporation in radish field in greenhouse was measured by Micro-lysimeter, the variation law of soil evaporation in radish field was studied, and the relationships between soil evaporation and meteorological factors, such as solar radiation, air temperature and relative humidity, were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that soil evaporation tended to decrease with days after radish sowing, accounted for 37.73%－41.71% of water consumption in the whole growth period, and there was a good exponential function relationship between soil evaporation and solar radiation, air temperature as well as relative humidity. Thus it has significant meaning to establish the optimum irrigation schedule of greenhouse radish.

土壤蒸发在农田水量平衡和能量平衡计算中占有重要地位。该文采用微型蒸渗仪测定温室萝卜的棵间土壤蒸发，对萝卜棵间土壤蒸发的变化规律及其与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子的关系进行了试验研究和分析。研究结果表明：温室萝卜棵间土壤蒸发随着萝卜生育期的推移有减小的趋势，棵间土壤蒸发量占全生育期总耗水量的37.73%～41.71%，棵间土壤蒸发与太阳辐射、气温和相对湿度等主要气象因子均呈现良好的指数关系，该研究对合理制定温室萝卜的灌溉制度具有重要的参考价值。

2014

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... 4%, 但其蒸散规律、蒸散过程对周围农田有较好的代表性^[18] ...

2007

0.0

李王成, 王为, 冯绍元, 陈绍军, 霍再林. 不同类型微型蒸发器测定土壤蒸发的田间试验研究. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(10): 6-13

Li W

, Wang

, Feng S

, Chen S

, Huo Z

Field experimental study on the measurement of soil evaporation using different types of micro-lysimeters.

Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(10): 6-13 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Measurement of soil evaporation using micro-lysimeter(ML) is a simple and effective method, and has great practical value in arid area of Northwest China. However, there is no uniform standard for ML design up to now. So, there is practically significance to seek ML which is applicable in such area. In this paper, some experiments for measuring evaporation using micro-lysimeters had been conducted in sandy soil and loam by MLs including different diameters, lengths, materials, sealed and unsealed. Results show that the longer the diameter of ML is, the less evaporation measured is. The difference is significant at 0.05 probability level among the evaporation values measured by ML with different diameters. The evaporation value measured with ML of 15 cm diameter is most appropriate for sandy soil, while 10 cm diameter ML is better for loam. When the diameter is shorter, the effect of length of ML on evaporation is significant, but it is not significant when the diameter is longer. ML of 20 cm length is most appropriate. The influences of the material and sealed type of ML on evaporation value are also obvious. In detail, the unsealed ML made with PVC is better for evaporation measuring in arid area of Northwest China.

利用微型蒸发器(Micro-Lysimeter，简称ML)测定土壤蒸发是一种简单、有效的方法，在中国西北旱区有很大的利用价值，但目前还没有统一的ML设计标准，所以寻求适合西北旱区使用的ML类型具有重要的现实意义。该文利用不同直径、不同长度、不同材料以及不同封底情况的ML在西北旱区进行了砂土和壤土的蒸发测量试验。研究结果表明：测得的土壤蒸发量随ML直径的增大而减小，不同直径ML测得的蒸发量在0.05的水平下有显著差异，测量砂土蒸发采用直径为15 cm的ML效果较好，壤土采用10 cm的较为理想。直径较小的情况下，ML的长度对蒸发量的影响显著，直径较大时则不显著，ML的长度以20c m为宜。ML的制作材料和是否封底对蒸发测量也有显著影响，在西北旱区，采用PVC不封底的ML较好。

... 为保证Micro-1ysimeter内的土体水分含量和结构同大田相似, 降雨或灌溉后立即换土, 用小型蒸发器测定棵间蒸发的换土最短时间频率是3~5 d ^[19] ...

2005

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高鹭, 胡春胜, 陈素英, 张利飞. 喷灌条件下冬小麦田棵间蒸发的试验研究. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(12): 183-185

Gao

, Hu C

, Chen S

, Zhang L

Experimental study on soil evaporation in winter wheat field under sprinkler irrigation condition.

Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(12): 183-185 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The micro lysimeters were employed to determine the process of soil evaporation of winter wheat at its growth stages under sprinkling irrigation condition. Ratios of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration at each growing stage of winter wheat were investigated in the wheat field with different water treatments. The effects of soil moisture and leaf index on the ratio of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration, and the changes of soil evaporation after irrigation were also analyzed. With the analysis of the experiment process and the observation data, the characteristics of soil evaporation were pointed out accordingly; the results also show some merits in making the sprinkle irrigation norm.

利用微型蒸渗仪研究了喷灌条件下冬小麦生长期间的土壤棵间蒸发过程，分析了3个不同灌溉量下的棵间蒸发占蒸散的比例及其随叶面积指数和表层土壤含水量的变化关系、灌溉后土壤蒸发的变化过程。通过对试验过程和实测数据的分析，总结了在喷灌条件下土壤棵间蒸发的规律，为制定喷灌的灌溉制度提供理论依据。

... _v)和叶面积指数(LAI)之间具有良好的相关性^[20] ...

2006

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甘卓亭, 刘文兆. 黄土塬区麦田蒸散特征. 应用生态学报, 2006, 17: 1435-1438

Gan Z

, Liu W

Evapotranspiration of winter wheat field on Loess Plateau table land .

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2006, 17: 1435-1438 (in Chinese with English abstract)

This paper measured the evapotranspiration ( ET ) rate of a winter wheat field on the Loess Plateau tableland by using large-scale weighing lysimeter, and analyzed the effects of wheat leaf area index (LAI), soil water content, air temperature, and rainfall on the ET at the time scales of growth stage, month, day, and hour. The results showed that the mean daily ET rate in different growth stages was in the order of bootingheading﹥flowering﹥erecting﹥jointing﹥filling﹥reviving﹥ripening﹥overwintering. Air temperature had a larger effect in initial stage, LAI was in mid stage, and soil water content was in last stage in the experimental year. The mean daily ET rate was markedly decreased from 6.25 mm·d -1 at bootingheading stage to 2.66 mm·d -1 at grain-filling stage due to soil water deficit. The monthly ET rate in April, May and June was higher than that in other months, and the ET amount of the three months accounted for 80% of the total during the experimental period. The apices of daily ET curve mainly reflected the effects of rainfall, and the hourly ET process basically reflected the ET changes with weather conditions.

1 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100,China; 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; 3 Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling 712100, China

利用大型称重式蒸渗仪研究了黄土塬区冬小麦不同时段单元（生育期、月、日、时）的蒸散特征，并分析了叶面积指数、土壤含水量和气温、降水等因子对蒸散的影响.结果表明，在试验年份，各生育期内冬小麦的日蒸散量:孕穗抽穗期﹥开花期﹥起身期﹥拔节期﹥灌浆期﹥返青期﹥成熟期﹥越冬期；生长前期蒸散受温度影响较大，中期受叶面积指数影响较大，后期土壤水分成为蒸散的限制因子，灌浆期内冬小麦日均蒸散量因受土壤水分亏缺影响而显著下降，日均蒸散量从孕穗抽穗期的625 mm·d -1 减小到灌浆期的2.66 mm·d -1 ；月蒸散以4～6月最高，3个月蒸散量占试验期间总蒸散量的80％以上；麦田逐日蒸散变化曲线上的波动峰值反映了受降水作用土壤水分状况改善条件下的蒸散特征；时蒸散过程在总体遵循周期性的前提下表现出随天气而改变的现象.

... 在本地区晴天时蒸散量最大值出现在13:00-16:00之间, 在其他区域一般11:00-14:00最大^[21], 这可能是本区地处西北内陆干旱地区, 与其他区域具有时差原因所致 ...

2011

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... 就全生育期蒸散强度而言, 抽穗至乳熟阶段最大, 拔节至抽穗阶段次之, 越冬至返青阶段最小, 其他时期介于二者之间, 说明抽穗至乳熟和拔节至抽穗两阶段阶段是滴灌冬小麦需水的关键时期, 应保证水分的充分供应, 这与梁文清等^[22]的研究结果一致 ...

2006

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... 3%, 明显低于常规灌溉^[23], 这可能是滴灌属于局部灌溉, 不会使土壤表层全部湿润所致, 滴灌使棵间无效水分蒸发降低, 使水分利用效率得到提高 ...

2010

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阳伏林, 周广胜. 内蒙古温带荒漠草原能量平衡特征及其驱动因子. 生态学报, 2010, 30: 5769-5780

Yang F

, Zhou G

Characteristics and driving factors of energy budget over a temperate desert steppe in Inner Mongolia.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2010, 30: 5769-5780 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The driving factors of water vapor and energy exchange over an Inner Mongolian temperate desert steppe (Sunitezuoqi Temperate Desert Steppe Ecosystem Research Station) were investigated during the year of 2008, using eddy covariance, biotic and environmental data. The results showed that diurnal variation of energy balance components (net radiation (Rn); sensible heat flux (H); latent heat flux (LE); soil heat flux (G)) followed the expected single-peak shape. During daylight hours, H/Rn > G/Rn > LE/Rn, and at night the ratio G/Rn dominated the energy balance. On a daily basis, LE/Rn was relatively lower than H/Rn, even during the peak growth period. This energy partitioning could be explained by the typical dry climate and low vegetation cover of the desert steppe. The values of daily Rn were affected by the weather variation, especially during the rainy season when high day-to-day variation was observed. Energy balance components showed different seasonal patterns. The maximum monthly totals of Rn, H, LE and G occurred in July, May, June and June, respectively. On an annual scale, H was 58% and LE was 26% of Rn. Annual evapotranspiration (190.3 mm) was higher than the annual precipitation (136.3 mm), and got close to the annual average precipitation (183.9 mm). The maximum daily evapotranspiration rate was 3.8 mm d-1. As expected, G was a minor component of the annual energy balance (1%). Nevertheless, G was highly relevant on different time scales, acting as an "energy buffer" in the energy balance, i.e., the soil stored energy in the daytime and in the summer and released energy at night and in the winter, respectively. Precipitation profoundly affected the water vapor and energy exchange over the steppe, mainly by changing the soil water content (SWC). After precipitation events, the midday values of LE increased considerably, while H showed the opposite. The variation of daily evapotranspiration rates followed closely the variation of SWC during the growing season (from May 1st to October 15th), showing a direct relationship with SWC. On the daily scale, LE/Rn was effected by SWC, saturation water vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and leaf area index (LAI) during the growing season. Linear increase of LE/Rn with SWC and linear decrease of LE/Rn with VPD were observed. Additionally, quadratic curve variation of LE/Rn with LAI was shown. It was also found a LAI threshold of 0.2 m2/m2. When the value of LAI was less than 0.2 m2/m2, LE/Rn was driven by SWC alone; otherwise if LAI was more than 0.2 m2/m2, LE/Rn was co-driven by SWC and LAI. Decoupling coefficient was applied to assess degree of the coupling between the desert steppe and the atmosphere. Compared with other grassland ecosystems, the decoupling coefficient of this steppe was relative low (0.15 in growing season). Nevertheless, results showed that LE was mainly controlled by Rn during the peak-growth stage, because of the relatively high decoupling coefficient values. On the other hand, VPD was the main controlling factor during the early and later growth stages, due to the relatively low decoupling coefficient values.

基于内蒙古苏尼特左旗温带荒漠草原生态系统观测站2008年全年的涡度相关观测与相应的生物、环境观测资料，对生态系统能量平衡特征及其驱动因子分析表明：能量平衡各分量(净辐射，Rn；感热通量，H；潜热通量，LE；土壤热通量，G)呈单峰型日动态，白天大部分时间H/Rn>G/Rn>LE/Rn；夜间G/Rn占主导；全天LE/Rn相对较小，即使在植物生长盛期。较低的LE/Rn可能与荒漠草原气候干旱及植被分布稀少有关。日Rn受天气变化的影响，特别是在雨季，Rn日间差异较大，呈现锯齿状波动。能量平衡各分量季节变化明显，Rn、H、LE和G最大月分别为7、5、6月份和6月份。全年H是Rn的主要能量支出项(58%)；LE其次(26%)，年蒸散量(190.3 mm)大于年降水量(136.3 mm)，与多年平均降水量接近(183.9 mm)，其中最大日蒸散率3.8 mm/d；G所占比例较小(1%)，全年基本保持平衡。然而G白天吸收能量，夜间释放能量；夏季储存能量，冬季释放能量的特点，在能量平衡中存在类似“能量缓存”的作用，不能被忽略。降水过程显著影响内蒙古温带荒漠草原水热交换。降水后较降水前LE峰值明显增大，而H峰值降低。日蒸散率峰值多数与降水事件有关。而且，生长季日蒸散率波动与降水引起的SWC变化趋势一致。生长季潜热分配(LE/Rn)主要受到土壤含水量(SWC)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)及叶面积指数(LAI)共同影响。LE/Rn随SWC增大呈增加趋势，LE/Rn随VPD增大而降低，LE/Rn随LAI增大呈二次曲线变化。其中LAI为0.2 m2/m2是一个阈值，当LAI 0.2 m2/m2，SWC和LAI共同驱动LE/Rn。应用退耦因子(Ω)评价了荒漠草原与大气之间水汽交换的耦合状况。与其他草原类型相比，本研究区退耦因子(Ω)相对较低(生长季平均0.15)。生长盛期Ω相对较高，Rn是LE的主导因子；而生长前期和后期Ω相对较低，VPD是LE的主要控制因子。

... 作物蒸散不仅与生育期有关, 同时受生态系统、多种环境因子和气象因子共同制约, 除叶面积指数^[24]、气孔导度^[25]等生物因子^[26], 还包括太阳辐射、土壤含水量、空气相对湿度、气温等非生物环境因子 ...

2002

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2012

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2007

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... 在本区农田水分蒸散随大气温度的升高呈指数函数增加, 与风速呈二次函数关系, 随相对湿度的升高呈指数函数降低, 这可能是由于风速改变空气动力学阻力而影响蒸散过程, 这与Farahani等^[27]的研究结果一致 ...