机插条件下低氮密植栽培对“早晚兼用”双季稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

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陈佳娜, 曹放波, 谢小兵, 单双吕, 高伟, 李志斌, 黄敏, 邹应斌. . 机插条件下低氮密植栽培对“早晚兼用”双季稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响. 作物学报, 2016, 42(8): 1176-1187
CHEN Jia-Na, CAO Fang-Bo, XIE Xiao-Bing, SHAN Shuang-Lyu, GAO Wei, LI Zhi-Bin, HUANG Min, ZOU Ying-Bin. . Effect of Low Nitrogen Rate Combined with High Plant Density on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Machine-transplanted Early-late Season Double Cropping Rice. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(8): 1176-1187 复制到剪切板

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机插条件下低氮密植栽培对“早晚兼用”双季稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

陈佳娜, 曹放波, 谢小兵, 单双吕, 高伟, 李志斌, 黄敏, 邹应斌^*

湖南农业大学农学院, 湖南长沙410128

* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 邹应斌, E-mail: ybzou123@126.com, Tel: 0731-84618758

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:can.nana@163.com

收稿日期:2016-01-18 接受日期:2016-05-09 网络出版日期:2016-05-30

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项子课题水稻栽培与土壤岗位科学家项目(2011-2015)(CARR-01)资助

摘要

为了缓解长江中下游双季稻区机插双季稻生育期不配套的矛盾, 2014—2015年早晚两季均以常规早稻品种中嘉早17为材料, 在大田栽培条件下研究机插密度(36.4、28.6、19.0穴 m^-2)与施氮量(0、110~140、176~189 kg N hm^-2)对机插双季稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明: 采用“早晚兼用”机插双季稻栽培模式有利于早、晚2季周年高产, 以“高密+高氮”处理产量最高, 2年分别达到16.94 t hm^-2和16.99 t hm^-2, 但与“高密+低氮”处理的产量差异不显著; 氮肥利用率随氮肥用量增加而下降, 随栽插密度增加而提高, 以“高密+低氮”处理最高, 2年4季分别为62.77%、55.75%、65.82%、64.37%, 比“高密+高氮”处理分别提高12.11%、9.01%、8.49%、2.14%; “高密+低氮”处理与“低密+高氮”处理相比, 群体干物质积累量及辐射利用率均有一定的优势。由此可见, 在此模式下适当增加机插密度, 减少氮肥用量, 既可实现高产, 又能显著提高氮素利用率。采用“早晚兼用”品种搭配模式, 低氮、密植栽培可作为长江中下游双季稻区机插双季稻生产的关键技术。

关键词: 双季稻; 机插密度; 施氮量; 产量; 氮素利用率

Effect of Low Nitrogen Rate Combined with High Plant Density on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Machine-transplanted Early-late Season Double Cropping Rice

CHEN Jia-Na, CAO Fang-Bo, XIE Xiao-Bing, SHAN Shuang-Lyu, GAO Wei, LI Zhi-Bin, HUANG Min, ZOU Ying-Bin^*

Agronomy College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

Fund:This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARR-01)

Abstract

In order to alleviate the contradictions of growth period mating problem of machine-transplanted double cropping rice in Changjiang Rive regions, a field experiment with three nitrogen rates (0, 110-140, and 176-189 kg N ha^-1) and three plant densities (36.4, 28.6, and 19.0 hill m^-2) was conducted using conventional early variety “Zhongjiazao 17” in both early and late seasons to explore the effects of machine transplanting densities and N application on yield and N recovery efficiency (RE_N) in 2014-2015. Adopting the same conventional early variety was able to reach the high yield in machine-transplanted early-late season double cropping rice. The treatment of high density (36.4 hills m^-2) with high nitrogen rate (176 kg ha^-1 in early season, 189 kg ha^-1 in late season) had the highest yield of 16.94 t ha^-1 in 2014 and 16.99 t ha^-1 in 2015, but not significantly higher than the treatment of high density with low nitrogen rate (110 kg ha^-1 in early season, 140 kg ha^-1 in late season). RE_N declined with increasing N application and improved with increasing density. The treatment of high density with low nitrogen rate showed the highest RE_N of 62.77%, 55.75%, 65.82%, 64.37% in early and later season 2014 and 2015, which are 12.11%, 9.01%, 8.49%, and 2.14% higher than the treatment of high density with high nitrogen rate, respectively. The treatment of high density with low nitrogen rate displayed certain advantages of dry matter accumulation and radiation use efficiency compared with the treatment of low density (19.0 hills m^-2) with high nitrogen rate. As a result, adopting high planting density and low nitrogen fertilizer could not only achieve high yield, but also significantly improve RE_N in early-late season double cropping rice. The key technology provided in the study would be available for machine-transplanted double cropping rice cultivation in the Yangtze River regions.

Keyword: Double cropping rice; Machine-transplanting density; N application; Grain yield; Nitrogen use efficiency

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面对我国耕地面积的不断减少而粮食需求不断增长的局面, 稳定和增加双季稻种植面积、提高双季稻单产是提高水稻和粮食总产的一条重要途径^[1]。长江中下游地区具备种植双季稻的土壤和气候条件, 是我国最重要的水稻生产区域^[2]。但随着经济快速发展和农村劳动力大量转移, 双季稻生产区适龄劳动力季节性短缺矛盾日益突出, 劳动力成本迅速上升, 水稻生产迫切需要发展以机插秧为主的种植方式, 以适应稻农对现代稻作技术的要求^{[3, 4]}。

近年来, 随着机插秧技术的发展, 机插水稻高产栽培配套技术已成为水稻栽培研究的热点, 前人在机插秧育秧技术^{[5, 6, 7, 8]}、基质配制^{[9, 10, 11, 12]}、养分吸收^{[13, 14, 15, 16, 17]}、群体生长发育^[18]等方面做了大量研究, 但大多针对一季稻的, 而针对双季稻的较少。制约双季稻机插秧发展的关键是生长季节紧张, 缺乏适宜机插搭配的晚稻品种。连作晚稻育秧期间气温高, 秧苗生长快, 加之机插秧播种量大, 缩短了晚稻的秧龄期(15 d以内), 增加了机插双季稻品种选择及其搭配的难度。尤其是在规模化种植条件下, 早稻收割和晚稻插秧的农耗时间长(15~20 d), 势必延长晚稻品种的秧龄期, 导致秧苗老化或插秧后早穗的问题, 现有的晚稻品种不适合机插双季稻栽培。因此, 适宜的机插晚稻品种、合理的品种搭配及相关配套栽培技术是实现机插双季稻高产稳产的基础。本研究针对制约双季稻机插秧栽培的品种搭配问题, 探讨“ 早晚兼用(即早稻品种翻秋作晚稻种植)” 品种搭配模式下机插密度和氮肥用量对双季稻光合能力、干物质积累、产量及氮肥利用率的影响, 为长江中下游双季稻区机插双季稻栽培提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点和材料

湖南省浏阳市永安镇平头村, 试验田前作为水稻。土壤pH 6.22, 含有机质41.82 g kg^-1 、全氮1.23 g kg^-1、全磷0.71 g kg^-1、全钾6.56 g kg^-1、速效氮131.90 g kg^-1、速效磷26.81 g kg^-1、速效钾154.91 mg kg^-1。供试品种为中嘉早17, 种子由中国水稻研究所提供。

1.2 试验设计

按裂区设计排列, 早、晚2季均以氮肥为主区, 分别为不施氮(N1)、低氮(110~140 kg N hm^-2, N2)、高氮(176~189 kg N hm^-2, N3)。N2按实时氮肥管理模式(RTNM)^{[19, 20]}施肥, 即在水稻移栽后7 d至抽穗期每隔6 d采用SPAD叶绿素测定仪测定水稻氮素营养状况, 根据测定结果与设定的SPAD阈值确定每次氮肥施用量, 早稻阈值为35, 晚稻为38。低于阈值, 施氮量为30 kg N hm^-2 (幼穗分化期施氮量为50 kg N hm^-2), 高于阈值则不施氮肥。早、晚两季全生育期施氮量分别为110 kg N hm^-2、140 kg N hm^-2。N3在N2的基础上早、晚稻分别增施氮肥60%和35%, 即早、晚2季全生育期施氮量分别为176 kg N hm^-2、189 kg N hm^-2。以机插密度为裂区, 分别为高密(36.4穴 m^-2, D1)、中密(28.6穴 m^-2, D2)、低密(19.0穴 m^-2, D3)。主区面积45 m², 裂区面积15 m²。早、晚2季不同施氮水平下磷肥和钾肥用量一致, 磷肥作基肥一次性施入, 钾肥分基肥(50%)和穗肥(50%) 2次施用, 早稻磷肥(P₂O₅)、钾肥(K₂O)施用量分别为75 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2、150 kg K₂O hm^-2, 晚稻为82.5 kg P₂O₅ hm^-2、165 kg K₂O hm^-2。在移栽前7~10 d (早稻)或收割后(晚稻), 用旋耕机翻耕耘田, 小区间筑土埂并以塑料薄膜覆盖至犁底层, 各小区单排单灌。软盘淤泥育秧, 软盘规格为58 cm × 25 cm, 每盘播芽谷130 g。2014年早稻于3月26日播种, 4月10日移栽, 移栽秧龄为15 d, 晚稻于7月7日播种, 7月24日移栽, 移栽秧龄为17 d。2015年早稻于3月26日播种, 4月15日移栽, 移栽秧龄为20 d, 晚稻于7月7日播种, 7月21日移栽, 移栽秧龄为14 d。采用井关PZ80-25乘坐式高速插秧机(东风井关农业机械有限公司)栽插, 每穴栽插4~5本苗。移栽至返青保持水稻田浅水层, 返青至有效分蘖临界叶龄期进行间歇湿润灌溉, 当田间群体苗数达到计划穗数的85%时排水搁田7~8 d, 以后采用间歇湿润灌溉, 在抽穗期间采用浅水灌溉, 之后干湿交替灌溉, 成熟前7 d断水。采用人工防除杂草, 化学治病虫害, 按照当地植保站的情报防治病虫, 一般早稻用药3次, 晚稻用药4次。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 SPAD值于移栽后7 d至抽穗期每隔6 d用叶绿素仪(Chlorophyll Meter, SPAD-502)测定植株最顶端完全叶的SPAD值, 在叶的上、中、下部分别测定3次, 取平均值作为此叶片的SPAD值, 各小区重复测定10片叶, 取平均值作为小区SPAD值。测定后根据各处理3个重复的平均值与SPAD的设定值决定氮肥施用量, 施肥与SPAD值的测量在同一天进行。

1.3.2 生育期记载不同处理的齐穗期和成熟期。

1.3.3 干物质、叶面积及氮素指标在分蘖中期(MT)、孕穗期(BT)、齐穗期(FL)、成熟期(MD), 取每小区代表性植株10穴。将绿色叶片剪下, 用LI-3000C便携式叶面积仪(美国)测定叶面积, 然后将植株地上部各部分于105℃杀青30 min, 70℃下烘至恒重, 测定干物质重。称量后将样品粉碎, 经浓H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消化后用荷兰Skalar分析仪器公司生产的连续流动分析仪(SAN++)测定植株地上部各器官的氮含量。

氮素利用率(%) = (施氮肥区植株氮积累量-不施氮肥区植株氮积累量)/施氮量× 100, 氮素吸收率(%) = [施肥区地上部植株氮总积累量/(施肥区施入的氮肥量+不施肥区地上植株氮总积累量)]× 100, 氮肥偏生产力(kg kg^-1) = 施肥区籽粒产量/施氮量, 氮素转运量(kg hm^-2) = 抽穗期叶(茎鞘)氮素积累量-成熟期叶(茎鞘)氮素积累量, 氮素转运率(%)=氮素转运量/抽穗期叶(茎鞘)氮素积累量× 100, 氮素籽粒生产效率(kg kg^-1) = 籽粒产量/总氮积累量, 氮收获指数 = 成熟期籽粒氮素积累量/成熟期植株氮素积累量。

1.3.4 群体辐射利用率在分蘖中期(MT)、孕穗期(BT)、齐穗期(FL)、齐穗期后15 d (FL-15)、成熟期(MD), 选择晴天、无云(少云)、无风(微风)的中午(11:00— 13:00), 采用Sunscan冠层分析仪(英国Delta公司)测定各个小区离地10 cm以上的冠层透光率, 行、株距方向各测定2次, 辐射截获率(intercepted percent) = 100 × (入射辐射量-冠层下方辐射量)/入射辐射量, 4次辐射截获率的平均值作为该小区的辐射截获率。各个时期截获的辐射量 = 1/2 × (前一个时期的辐射截获率+后一个时期的辐射截获率)× 该时期的入射辐射量; RUE (g MJ^-1) = 总的干物质量/各个时期截获辐射量的总和^[21]。

1.3.5 产量和产量构成于成熟期, 收割每小区中心5 m²用于测产, 折算为14%含水量的实收产量。沿小区对角线选取10穴用于考种, 手工脱粒后, 用水选法分离实粒和空秕粒, 从实粒中称取3份30 g样品分别计数, 将实粒、空秕粒在70℃下烘至恒重, 计算每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重。同时调查每小区30穴, 计算单位面积有效穗数。

1.4 数据分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007整理数据, 用Statistix8.0软件进行数据分析, 用LSD_0.05法进行多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同密度和施氮量对机插双季稻生育期、太阳辐射利用率、产量及其构成因子的影响

2.1.1 产量 2014年施氮量对早稻和晚稻产量影响均达极显著水平, 机插密度对晚稻产量的影响亦达极显著水平, 但机插密度对早稻产量以及施氮量与机插密度的互作对早、晚2季产量影响均不显著; 2015年施氮量、机插密度以及施氮量与机插密度的互作对早、晚2季产量的影响均达显著或极显著水平(表1)。

由表2可知, 2年早稻和晚稻产量均随施氮量和机插密度的增加而增加, 低氮(N2)和高氮(N3)处理的产量显著高于不施氮处理(N1), 除2015年晚稻外, 低氮(N2)与高氮(N3)的产量差异显著; 高密(D1)处理的产量显著高于低密(D3)处理, 但2014年早稻各密度处理间产量差异不显著; 在施氮条件下, 2014年早稻和晚稻的平均产量分别为7.40 t hm^-2和8.00 t hm^-2, 2015年分别为7.99 t hm^-2和7.37 t hm^-2, 2014年早稻产量低于晚稻产量, 而2015年则与之相反。

表1 不同施氮量和栽插密度对产量影响的方差分析 Table 1 Analysis of variance of grain yield affected by different N application rates and mechanical transplanting densities

在低氮(N2)条件下, 2014年早稻密植(D1)的产量为7.12 t hm^-2, 略低于高氮中密(N3D2)以及高氮低密(N3D3), 但与高氮高密(N3D1)处理间差异不显著。而2014年晚稻和2015年早稻与晚稻在低氮高密(N2D1)处理下的产量均高于高氮低密(N3D3)处理, 产量分别为8.04、8.79和7.75 t hm^-2, 分别比高氮低密(N3D3)处理增产1.26%、17.67%和2.92%。总体而言, 在高密(D1)条件下, 施氮(N2、N3)处理间产量差异不显著, 但以N3D1组合产量最高, 2年4季分别为7.84、9.10、9.24和7.75 t hm^-2。

2.1.2 产量构成施氮量和机插密度对机插双季稻有效穗数影响显著(表2), 随施氮量和机插密度的增加而增加, 即高氮(N3)显著高于低氮(N2)高于不施氮(N1), 高密(D1)显著高于中密(D2)高于低密(D3); 在高密(D1)条件下, 低氮(N2)处理的有效穗数略低于高氮(N3)处理, 但其差异未达显著水平; 低氮高密(N2D1)较之高氮低密(N3D3), 2年早稻和晚稻的有效穗数均有所增加, 其中2014年晚稻和2015年早稻与晚稻分别显著增加8.66%、20.83%和22.73%。

机插双季稻每穗粒数在不施氮(N1)条件下显著减少, 但不同施氮水平(N2、N3)间差异较小; 同时, 随机插密度增大, 机插双季稻每穗粒数有减少的趋势, 但除2015年晚稻高密(D1)显著低于低密(D3)外, 其他差异不显著; 在同一施氮水平与机插密度条件下, 2014年早稻每穗粒数多于晚稻, 平均相差6粒/穗左右, 2015年早、晚稻每穗粒数相差不大, 表现为晚稻略多于早稻, 年际间也有一定的差异, 与2014年相比, 2015年每穗粒数有所降低。

随着氮肥施用量的增加, 机插双季稻结实率有所降低, 而千粒重未表现出明显的规律; 随着机插密度的增大, 机插双季稻千粒重略有增加, 结实率差异不大; 低氮高密(N2D1)与高氮高密(N3D1)相比, 结实率和千粒重均有不同程度的提高; 结实率和千粒重在早、晚两季间有一定的差异, 总体表现为早稻高于晚稻。

通过产量与产量构成因子的通径分析可知, 除2015年晚稻有效穗数(0.33946^*)对产量的总贡献第二外, 2014年早、晚稻和2015年早稻均以有效穗数对产量的总贡献最大, 分别为0.6382^{* *}、0.8193^{* *}、0.8207^{* *}。综上所述, 低氮密植处理获得较高产量主要是因为密植在增加有效穗数的同时对每穗粒数的影响较小, 而减少施氮量还可以提高结实率。

2.1.3 生育期表2还表明, 中嘉早17无论是作为早稻还是作为晚稻种植, 不同机插密度及施氮量(N2、N3)处理间全生育期相同, 但施氮比不施氮延长4~7 d。与早稻比较, 晚稻全生育期缩短8~9 d, 其中营养生长期缩短约16~18 d, 灌浆结实期反而延长7~9 d。

2.1.4 太阳辐射利用率 2015年机插水稻群体的太阳辐射利用率有随施氮量增加而减小的趋势, 早稻和晚稻均在高氮(N3)水平下显著减小; 机插密度对水稻群体的太阳辐射利用率也有一定影响, 随着机插密度的增大而增大, 但差异不显著; 低氮高密(N2D1)处理早稻和晚稻的辐射利用率分别为2.00 g MJ^-1、1.60 g MJ^-1, 显著高于高氮高密(N3D1)处理; 与晚稻相比, 早稻群体太阳辐射利用率相对较高。

表2 机插密度与施氮量对机插双季稻生育期、太阳辐射利用率、产量及其构成因子的影响 Table 2 Effects of mechanical transplanting density and nitrogen application level on the growth duration, radiation use efficiency, grain yield, and its components for machine-transplanted double cropping rice

处理 Treatment	有效穗数 Number of effective panicles (× 10⁴ hm^-2)	每穗总粒数 Spikelets per panicle	结实率 Seed-setting rate (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	产量 Yield (t hm^-2)	齐穗期 Full heading (month/day)	成熟期 Maturity (month/day)	全生育期 Growth duration (d)	辐射利用率 Radiation use efficiency (g MJ^-1)
2014早季Early season
N1D1	246.93 bcd	86.36 c	81.08 a	30.43 a	5.12 b	6/15	7/10	106
N1D2	204.76 de	97.86 bc	82.73 a	30.26 a	4.30 b	6/15	7/10	106
N1D3	160.24 e	106.87 abc	82.72 a	30.20 a	4.09 b	6/15	7/10	106
N2D1	295.76 ab	120.29 ab	79.00 a	30.93 a	7.12 a	6/17	7/14	110
N2D2	286.35 abc	125.68 ab	78.70 a	30.47 a	7.31 a	6/17	7/14	110
N2D3	233.71 cd	132.12 a	76.23 a	30.08 a	6.75 a	6/17	7/14	110
N3D1	321.73 a	114.47 abc	76.67 a	30.40 a	7.84 a	6/17	7/14	110
N3D2	289.21 abc	123.75 ab	81.03 a	30.50 a	7.80 a	6/17	7/14	110
N3D3	282.69 abc	125.24 ab	77.58 a	30.06 a	7.56 a	6/17	7/14	110
2014晚季Later season
N1D1	229.49 e	100.33 a	78.59 abc	29.22 bcd	5.66 de	9/8	10/10	95
N1D2	213.33 ef	103.26 a	80.91 a	29.03 cd	5.33 e	9/8	10/10	95
N1D3	185.35 f	108.95 a	80.01 ab	28.98 d	5.11 e	9/8	10/10	95
N2D1	347.07 bc	98.07 a	77.00 abc	30.22 abc	8.04 ab	9/10	10/17	102
N2D2	304.76 d	112.97 a	75.22 abcd	30.30 ab	7.57 bc	9/10	10/17	102
N2D3	247.62 e	114.89 a	74.29 bcd	30.43 a	6.79 cd	9/10	10/17	102
N3D1	407.68 a	109.01 a	73.14 cd	29.86 abcd	9.10 a	9/10	10/17	102
N3D2	359.37 b	115.35 a	65.76 e	29.62 abcd	8.58 ab	9/10	10/17	102
N3D3	319.41 cd	111.35 a	70.78 de	29.44 abcd	7.94 abc	9/10	10/17	102
2015早季Early season
N1D1	260.61 cd	83.70 c	89.84 a	30.60 ab	5.01 d	6/14	7/10	106	2.14 a
N1D2	200.95 ef	83.11 c	90.58 a	30.78 a	4.24 e	6/14	7/10	106	2.12 ab
N1D3	173.97 f	92.33 bc	91.78 a	30.60 ab	4.57 de	6/14	7/10	106	2.09 abc
N2D1	349.09 b	102.42 ab	84.10 b	30.43 abc	8.79 a	6/16	7/14	110	2.00 abcd
N2D2	354.29 b	91.12 bc	84.24 b	30.41 abc	7.50 bc	6/16	7/14	110	1.97 abcd
N2D3	232.38 de	112.58 a	82.73 bc	30.20 c	7.04 c	6/16	7/14	110	1.83 bcde
N3D1	393.94 a	101.74 ab	77.55 c	30.22 bc	9.24 a	6/17	7/14	110	1.82 cde
N3D2	366.67 ab	101.41 ab	80.20 bc	30.17 c	7.89 b	6/17	7/14	110	1.71 de
N3D3	288.89 c	111.95 a	81.68 bc	30.13 c	7.47 bc	6/17	7/14	110	1.65 e
2015晚季Later season
N1D1	300.61 c	63.23 d	76.05 b	27.44 b	3.54 d	9/9	10/10	95	1.75 a
N1D2	274.29 c	70.78 d	78.41 ab	27.71 b	3.764 d	9/9	10/10	95	1.63 ab
N1D3	193.02 d	87.79 c	82.14 a	27.64 b	3.65 d	9/9	10/10	95	1.60 ab
N2D1	370.91 ab	106.14 b	71.26 c	28.93 a	7.75 a	9/12	10/16	101	1.60 ab
N2D2	342.86 b	104.83 b	70.96 c	29.09 a	7.12 bc	9/12	10/16	101	1.46 bc
N2D3	273.65 c	117.46 ab	69.21 c	28.80 a	6.94 c	9/12	10/16	101	1.44 bcd
N3D1	391.52 a	105.31 b	69.25 c	28.72 a	7.75 a	9/12	10/16	101	1.41 bcd
N3D2	359.05 ab	116.05 ab	68.28 c	28.98 a	7.10 bc	9/12	10/16	101	1.37 cd
N3D3	302.22 c	119.61 a	70.17 c	28.65 a	7.53 ab	9/12	10/16	101	1.23 d

N1, N2, and N3 are 0, 110-140, and 176-189 kg N hm^-2, respectively. D1, D2, and D3 are 36.4, 28.6, and 19.0 hills m^-2, respectively. Values followed by common letters are not significantly different at the 5% probability level by LSD.

N1、N2、N3分别为0、110~140、176~189 kg N hm^-2; D1、D2、D3分别为36.4、28.6、19.0穴 m^-2。同一数列后跟相同小写字母者差异未达到5%显著水平。

2.2 不同密度与施氮量对机插双季稻干物质积累的影响

2.2.1 干物质积累过程由图1可知, 机插双季稻在分蘖中期、孕穗期、齐穗期以及成熟期的干物质量均表现为高氮(N3)> 低氮(N2), 高密(D1)> 中密(D2)> 低密(D3)。低氮高密(N2D1)处理与高氮高密(N3D1)处理间干物质差异随着生育进程而逐渐减小, 至成熟期低氮高密(N2D1)处理干物质量仅略低于高氮高密(N3D1), 差异不显著, 但高于高氮低密(N3D3)处理。总体而言, 各处理总干物质生产量与产量表现出相同的趋势。

2.2.2 干物质阶段性积累量及其比例表3表明, 干物质阶段性积累量的平均值, 移栽至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至孕穗期、孕穗期至齐穗期以及齐穗期至成熟期, 均表现为高氮(N3)处理高于低氮(N2)处理高于不施氮(N1)处理; 不同机插密度间在生育前期(移栽至分蘖中期和分蘖中期至孕穗期)表现为高密(D1)> 中密(D2)> 低密(D3)。

在高密(D1)条件下, 低氮(N2)处理在移栽至分蘖中期和分蘖中期至孕穗期阶段干物质积累量均显著低于高氮(N3)处理, 但在孕穗期至齐穗期和齐穗期至成熟期则表现为高于或者略低于; 低氮高密(N2D1)较之高氮低密(N3D3), 移栽至分蘖中期和分蘖中期至孕穗期干物质积累略低, 但在孕穗期至齐穗期和齐穗期至成熟期的积累量反而较多, 且相差达到显著水平。

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图1 机插双季稻不同生育时期干物质积累量
N2、N3分别为110~140、176~189 kg N hm^-2; D1、D2、D3分别为36.4、28.6、19.0穴 m^-2。A: 2014年早稻; B: 2014年晚稻; C: 2015年早稻; D: 2015年晚稻。MT: 分蘖中期; BT: 孕穗期; FL: 齐穗期; MD: 成熟期。Fig. 1 Dry matter accumulation of different growth stage of machine-transplanted double cropping rice
N2 and N3 are 110-140 and 176-189 kg N hm^-2, respectively. D1, D2, and D3 are 36.4, 28.6, and 19.0 hills m^-2, respectively.
A: early rice in 2014; B: later rice in 2014; C: early rice in 2015; D: later rice in 2015. MT: mid-tillering stage; BT: booting stage; FL: full heading stage; MD: maturity stage.

在施氮条件下, 机插双季稻在移栽至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至孕穗期、孕穗期至齐穗期以及齐穗期至成熟期的干物质积累比例依次增大, 分别为10%、20%、30%和40%左右。

表3 机插密度与施氮量对机插双季稻干物质生产的影响 Table 3 Effects of mechanical transplanting density and nitrogen application on the dry matter production for machine-transplanted double cropping rice

处理 Treatment	移栽期至分蘖中期 Transplanting to mid-tillering		分蘖中期至孕穗期 Mid-tillering to booting		孕穗期至齐穗期 Booting to full heading		齐穗期至成熟期 Full heading to maturity
处理 Treatment	积累 Biomass (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Biomass (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Biomass (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Biomass (t hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
2014早季Early season
N1D1	0.58 e	7.21	1.08 de	13.43	3.38 cde	42.04	3.01 cd	37.44
N1D2	0.44 f	5.80	1.08 de	14.25	2.97 de	39.18	3.09 cd	40.77
N1D3	0.34 g	5.35	0.87 e	13.70	2.81 e	44.25	2.32 d	36.54
N2D1	0.87 bc	6.53	1.95 bc	14.63	5.68 a	42.61	4.83 ab	36.23
N2D2	0.79 cd	6.14	1.83 c	14.23	4.75 ab	36.94	5.49 ab	42.69
N2D3	0.63 e	6.06	1.63 cd	15.69	4.15 bcd	39.94	3.98 bc	38.31
N3D1	1.01 a	7.27	3.14 a	22.61	4.98 ab	35.85	4.75 ab	34.20
N3D2	0.92 b	6.60	2.47 b	17.73	5.44 ab	39.05	5.09 ab	36.54
N3D3	0.72 d	5.73	2.02 bc	16.07	4.28 bc	34.05	5.55 a	44.15
2014晚季Later season
N1D1	1.25 c	14.35	2.08 bcd	23.88	2.91 ab	33.41	2.46 bc	28.24
N1D2	1.13 cd	16.03	1.79 cd	25.39	2.49 b	35.32	1.64 c	23.26
N1D3	0.83 d	11.58	1.67 d	23.29	2.59 ab	36.12	2.07 bc	28.87
N2D1	1.97 a	16.55	2.18 bcd	18.32	3.71 ab	31.18	4.04 ab	33.95
N2D2	1.63 b	14.93	2.65 ab	24.27	3.10 ab	28.39	3.55 abc	32.51
N2D3	1.37 bc	13.42	1.76 cd	17.24	2.32 b	22.72	4.74 a	46.43
N3D1	2.11 a	15.48	2.96 a	21.72	4.07 a	29.86	4.49 a	32.94
N3D2	2.06 a	16.27	2.75 ab	21.72	2.66 ab	21.01	5.20 a	41.07
N3D3	1.60 b	13.25	2.42 abc	20.03	3.53 ab	29.22	4.54 a	37.58
2015早季Early season
N1D1	0.24 de	2.76	1.82 d	20.92	2.17 d	24.94	4.47 cd	51.38
N1D2	0.16 f	2.40	1.73 de	25.98	1.26 e	18.92	3.51 d	52.70
N1D3	0.10 g	1.62	1.32 e	21.43	1.54 e	25.00	3.21 d	52.11
N2D1	0.45 b	3.27	3.36 ab	24.44	2.91 b	21.16	7.03 a	51.13
N2D2	0.36 c	2.90	3.11 bc	25.08	2.56 bcd	20.65	6.38 ab	51.45
N2D3	0.26 d	2.68	2.82 c	29.10	2.73 bc	28.17	3.93 cd	40.56
N3D1	0.52 a	3.43	3.77 a	24.85	3.63 a	23.93	7.25 a	47.79
N3D2	0.39 c	2.81	3.66 a	26.33	2.37 cd	17.05	7.48 a	53.81
N3D3	0.21 e	1.76	3.13 bc	26.21	3.55 a	29.73	5.00 bc	41.88
2015晚季Later season
N1D1	0.86 d	11.59	2.11 b	28.44	1.85 d	24.93	2.60 b	35.04
N1D2	0.76 d	10.90	1.83 b	26.26	1.74 d	24.96	2.65 b	38.02
N1D3	0.54 e	8.84	0.70 d	11.46	2.84 c	46.48	2.03 b	33.22
N2D1	1.59 b	11.20	3.35 a	23.59	4.07 b	28.66	5.19 a	36.55
N2D2	1.45 b	11.15	3.28 a	25.23	2.82 c	21.69	5.45 a	41.92
N2D3	1.31 c	11.94	1.11 c	10.12	5.15 a	46.95	3.40 b	30.99
N3D1	1.80 a	12.31	3.50 a	23.94	4.22 b	28.86	5.10 a	34.88
N3D2	1.88 a	13.19	3.24 a	22.74	3.70 b	26.32	5.37 a	37.68
N3D3	1.51 b	12.03	1.14 c	9.08	4.75 a	37.85	5.15 a	41.04

N1、N2、N3分别为0、110~140、176~189 kg N hm^-2; D1、D2、D3分别为36.4、28.6、19.0穴 m^-2。同一数列后跟相同小写字母者差异未达到5%显著水平。

2.3 不同机插密度与施氮量对双季稻氮素积累及利用率的影响

2.3.1 氮素积累动态表4表明, 移栽至分蘖中期以及分蘖中期至孕穗期, 高氮(N3)处理的氮素积累量显著高于低氮(N2)处理, 但随生育进程, 低氮(N2)处理氮素积累量显著增加, 其孕穗期至齐穗期的氮素积累量显著高于高氮(N3)处理, 而齐穗期至成熟期的氮素积累量也表现为高于或者仅略低于高氮(N3)处理; 低氮高密(N2D1)处理的氮素积累量移栽至分蘖中期和分蘖中期至孕穗期显著低于高氮高密(N3D1)处理, 在孕穗期至齐穗期和齐穗期至成熟期显著高于或者略低于N3D1, 至成熟期仍显著低于高氮高密(N3D1)处理, 但与高氮低密(N3D3)处理间相差不大。

各处理氮素积累量最多的时期为分蘖中期至孕穗期或者孕穗期至齐穗期, 总体而言, 分蘖中期至齐穗期为机插双季稻群体吸氮高峰期, 氮素积累量约占整个生育期氮素积累量的60%~80%。

2.3.2 氮素利用效率随着施氮量的增加, 机插双季稻群体氮素利用率、氮素吸收率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素转运率、氮素籽粒生产率以及氮收获指数均不同程度地降低(表5); 氮素利用率、氮吸收率、氮肥偏生产力、氮转运量以及氮素转运率有随机插密度的增大而增大的趋势, 但氮素籽粒生产率和氮收获指数未表现出明显的规律。低氮高密(N2D1)处理较之高氮高密(N3D1)处理, 其氮素利用率、氮素吸收率以及氮素转运率有所提高, 但未达显著水平; 而氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数则显著提高, 其中氮肥偏生产力提高9.43~29.90 kg kg^-1; 氮素籽粒生产效率略有提高, 但两年提高程度不同, 2014年差异未达显著水平, 2015年则显著提高。

2014年早稻平均氮素利用率、氮素吸收率、氮肥偏生产力分别为56.46%、72.45%、55.18 kg kg^-1, 分别比晚稻高13.62%、14.40%、11.79%, 2015年也表现为早稻高于晚稻; 2014年氮素转运量、氮素转运率以及氮素籽粒生产效率均表现为早稻低于晚稻, 而2015年则刚好相反, 与产量规律表现一致。

表4 机插密度与施氮量对机插双季稻氮素积累的影响 Table 4 Effects of mechanical transplanting density and nitrogen application on N accumulation for mechanical transplanted double-cropping rice

处理 Treatment	移栽期至分蘖中期 Transplanting to mid-tillering		分蘖中期至孕穗期 Mid-tillering to booting		孕穗期至齐穗期 Booting to full heading		齐穗期至成熟期 Full heading to maturity		成熟期 Maturity (kg hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	积累 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Biomass (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	成熟期 Maturity (kg hm^-2)
2014早季Early season
N2D1	26.01 bc	17.45	28.71 c	19.26	93.08 a	62.45	1.24 c	0.83	149.04 bc
N2D2	21.34 cd	14.72	30.79 c	21.24	66.49 b	45.86	26.36 a	18.18	144.99 c
N2D3	19.19 d	16.97	27.65 c	24.45	58.41 bc	51.65	7.84 bc	6.93	113.09 d
N3D1	39.37 a	22.98	73.87 a	43.12	55.12 bc	32.17	2.97 bc	1.73	171.33 a
N3D2	35.21 a	21.22	61.25 ab	36.91	67.33 b	40.57	2.15 bc	1.30	165.94 ab
N3D3	28.05 b	18.92	55.92 b	37.71	44.45 c	29.98	19.84 ab	13.38	148.27 bc
2014晚季Later season
N2D1	38.51 bc	27.50	39.21 bc	28.00	45.73 a	32.65	16.60 ab	11.85	140.04 bc
N2D2	32.41 cd	27.55	47.78 ab	40.62	31.37 ab	26.67	6.07 b	5.16	117.63 cd
N2D3	27.97 d	25.75	31.09 c	28.62	22.49 b	20.70	27.09 ab	24.94	108.64 d
N3D1	55.70 a	31.00	63.68 a	35.45	39.76 ab	22.13	20.52 ab	11.42	179.65 a
N3D2	54.13 a	29.64	50.33 ab	27.56	34.62 ab	18.95	43.56 a	23.85	182.65 a
N3D3	43.36 b	26.38	44.28 bc	26.94	45.09 ab	27.43	31.66 ab	19.26	164.39 ab
2015早季Early season
N2D1	14.09 b	9.52	78.01 bc	52.69	14.61 abc	9.87	41.34 ab	27.92	148.06 b
N2D2	11.86 c	8.23	87.99 ab	61.09	0.63 c	0.44	43.55 ab	30.24	144.03 b
N2D3	7.15 e	7.11	63.19 c	62.84	18.98 ab	18.87	11.24 c	11.18	100.56 c
N3D1	18.56 a	10.06	96.12 a	52.12	20.45 ab	11.09	49.30 a	26.73	184.43 a
N3D2	13.95 b	8.78	97.95 a	61.64	8.15 bc	5.13	38.85 b	24.45	158.90 b
N3D3	9.07 d	5.96	88.71 ab	58.25	25.96 a	17.05	28.55 bc	18.75	152.29 b
2015晚季Later season
N2D1	45.47 c	30.35	49.60 b	33.11	50.08 b	33.43	4.66 a	3.11	149.81 cd
N2D2	36.00 d	26.14	60.50 b	43.93	28.51 c	20.70	12.71 a	9.23	137.71 de
N2D3	37.27 d	28.80	21.81 c	16.85	69.06 a	53.36	1.29 a	1.00	129.42 e
N3D1	52.05 ab	29.06	77.20 a	43.10	37.93 bc	21.17	11.94 a	6.67	179.13 a
N3D2	55.77 a	32.54	76.12 a	44.41	31.75 c	18.53	7.75 a	4.52	171.39 ab
N3D3	48.89 bc	30.51	20.64 c	12.88	71.87 a	44.85	18.85 a	11.76	160.25 bc

N2 and N3 are 110-140 and 176-189 kg N hm^-2, respectively. D1, D2, and D3 are 36.4, 28.6, and 19.0 hills m^-2, respectively. Values followed by common letters are not significantly different at the 5% probability level by LSD.

N2、N3分别为110~140、176~189 kg N hm^-2; D1、D2、D3分别为36.4、28.6、19.0穴 m^-2。同一数列后跟相同小写字母者差异未达到5% 显著水平。

表5 机插密度与施氮量对机插双季稻氮素利用的影响 Table 5 Effects of mechanical transplanting density and nitrogen application on N recovery efficiency for mechanical transplanted double-cropping rice

年份、季节与处理 Year, season, and treatment	氮素利用率 N recovery efficiency (%)	氮素吸收率 N uptake efficiency (%)	氮肥偏生产力 Partial factor productivity (kg kg^-1)	氮素转运量 N transfer amount (kg hm^-2)	氮素转运率 N transfer efficiency (%)	氮素籽粒生产效率 N internal utilization efficiency (kg kg^-1)	氮收获指数 N harvest index
2014早季Early rice
N2D1	62.77 a	83.46 a	66.83 a	59.33 ab	61.96 a	48.30 b	0.70 ab
N2D2	70.29 a	82.67 a	68.68 a	40.04 c	53.28 a	50.48 b	0.70 ab
N2D3	50.41 a	68.12 b	63.40 a	39.25 c	63.27 a	59.95 a	0.73 a
N3D1	55.99 a	69.12 b	44.68 b	68.57 a	57.55 a	45.81 b	0.64 c
N3D2	55.37 a	67.95 b	44.42 b	69.39 a	62.18 a	46.98 b	0.70 ab
N3D3	50.64 a	63.38 b	43.07 b	47.55 bc	54.22 a	51.38 b	0.67 bc
2014晚季Later rice
N2D1	55.75 ab	64.68 ab	57.64 a	77.61 b	73.04 a	57.80 ab	0.73 ab
N2D2	43.11 b	58.71 bc	54.25 a	74.06 b	75.19 a	64.55 a	0.72 ab
N2D3	39.36 b	52.40 c	48.64 b	48.09 c	67.27 ab	63.50 a	0.72 b
N3D1	51.14 ab	67.37 ab	48.17 b	91.82 a	66.94 ab	50.88 b	0.66 c
N3D2	54.99 a	73.01 a	45.41 bc	65.91 bc	55.16 c	47.02 b	0.61 d
N3D3	47.49 ab	63.81 ab	42.03 c	71.81 b	64.16 b	48.75 b	0.67 c
2015早季Early rice
N2D1	65.82 ab	80.23 a	82.54 a	50.04 b	57.91 ab	59.66 b	0.71 a
N2D2	78.33 a	86.22 a	70.45 b	46.17 b	54.67 b	52.10 c	0.69 ab
N2D3	39.48 c	61.09 c	66.10 c	46.20 b	65.06 a	70.05 a	0.69 ab
N3D1	60.67 ab	72.78 ab	52.64 d	65.89 a	57.77 b	50.21 c	0.67 b
N3D2	56.01 bc	67.30 bc	44.95 e	59.83 a	58.06 ab	49.67 c	0.67 b
N3D3	53.43 bc	65.16 c	42.56 e	60.57 a	58.93 ab	49.25 c	0.67 b
2015晚季Later rice
N2D1	64.37 a	75.45 a	55.56 a	41.94 ab	58.40 a	51.92 ab	0.71 a
N2D2	58.87 a	70.69 a	51.07 b	31.91 c	53.45 ab	51.80 ab	0.71 a
N2D3	55.68 a	67.85 a	49.77 b	33.51 c	51.95 bc	53.80 a	0.67 abc
N3D1	63.02 a	72.09 a	40.98 c	43.02 a	46.91 cd	43.25 cd	0.63 c
N3D2	61.27 a	70.01 a	39.83 cd	48.64 a	53.02 ab	41.51 d	0.64 bc
N3D3	57.40 a	66.54 a	37.56 d	34.82 bc	45.45 d	47.13 bc	0.64 bc

N2、N3分别为110~140、176~189 kg N hm^-2; D1、D2、D3分别为36.4、28.6、19.0穴 m^-2。同一数列后跟相同小写字母者差异未达到5%显著水平。

3 讨论

3.1 不同机插密度和施氮量对“ 早晚兼用” 机插双季稻产量的影响

栽插密度与施氮量是水稻群体发育的关键调控技术, 对水稻产量有决定性的影响。本试验条件下, 高密(36.4穴 m^-2)+高氮(早稻176 kg hm^-2, 晚稻189 kg hm^-2)产量最高, 但与高密(36.4穴 m^-2)+低氮(早稻110 kg hm^-2, 晚稻140 kg hm^-2)产量差异不显著。同时高密(36.4穴 m^-2)+低氮(早稻110 kg hm^-2, 晚稻140 kg hm^-2)与低密(19.0穴 m^-2)+高氮(早稻176 kg hm^-2, 晚稻189 kg hm^-2)处理相比, 其产量、后期干物质积累量以及太阳辐射利用率均有一定的优势。说明水稻生产中, 适当增加栽插密度, 氮肥用量可减少37.3%~25.9%而不减产。

水稻物质生产与积累在决定水稻产量的同时也影响着水稻对氮素的吸收和利用^[22], 本研究表明, 高密(36.4穴 m^-2)+低氮(早稻110 kg hm^-2, 晚稻140 kg hm^-2)处理的机插双季稻群体其物质生产与积累特性可以概括为, 在移栽至分蘖中期至孕穗期具有适宜物质积累优势, 但占全生育期总积累量的比例较少; 孕穗期至齐穗期群体物质积累具绝对优势, 积累量显著增加; 齐穗后干物质积累比例约占40%左右, 与凌启鸿等^[23]认为的高产水稻的特点相似。

3.2 “ 早晚兼用” 机插双季稻低氮、密植栽培的氮高效利用

水稻氮肥利用率与种植季节、栽培体系、氮肥运筹、栽插密度以及品种本身特性等有关, 适量的氮肥及其合理的种植密度可以获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率, 同时具有环境效应^{[24, 25, 26, 27, 28]}。水稻实时实地氮肥管理是Peng等^{[19, 20]}根据水稻叶片SPAD测定值与单位面积叶片含氮量呈极显著正相关提出的, 近年来, 该技术已经在生产上得到了广泛应用。大量的研究结果表明实时实地施肥管理模式能增加作物的产量, 减少肥料的投入, 增加肥料的利用率^{[28, 29, 30]}。本试验中, 在实时氮肥处理(早稻110 kg hm^-2, 晚稻140 kg hm^-2)下, 机插双季稻群体氮素利用率、氮吸收率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素转运率、氮素籽粒生产率以及氮收获指数均高于高氮处理(早稻176 kg hm^-2, 晚稻189 kg hm^-2)。同时不同机插密度处理下, 其氮素利用率、氮吸收率、氮肥偏生产力、氮转运量以及氮素转运率均表现为高密处理高于低密处理。总之, 适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率, 这与前人的研究结果一致^{[27, 31]}。说明在高密条件下, 机插水稻在生育前期的氮素积累量增加, 后期向籽粒转运量也相应增加, 因而氮肥利用率提高, 由此可知, 在水稻生产中, 氮肥用量的增加并不能使水稻相应比例地增加吸收量, 多余部分并未对产量形成贡献, 然而通过增加单位面积栽插穴数来提高群体数量可以提高氮素积累总量, 减低氮素流失, 进而提高氮素利用率。

3.3 “ 早晚兼用” 机插双季稻品种搭配模式

现有的双季晚稻品种大多生育期过长, 不能适用于秧龄期较短的机插双季稻生产, 尤其是不能满足规模化双季稻生产的需要^[1]。本试验中, 双季稻机插秧条件下“ 早晚兼用” 模式2014年和2015年最高产量分别为16.94 t hm^-2和16.99 t hm^-2, 且两年晚稻均在9月11日左右齐穗, 属安全齐穗范畴。因此, “ 早晚兼用” 模式解决了机插晚稻因秧龄期短而导致生育期延后不能安全齐穗的问题, 并且能在此基础上获得高产。在目前没有特早熟晚稻品种可供选择的情况下, 机插双季稻采用“ 早晚兼用” 品种搭配模式是可行的。但本试验, “ 早晚兼用” 搭配模式中只验证了超级早稻品种中嘉早17, 类似的早稻品种还有待进一步试验评价, 而且本试验的 “ 早晚兼用” 搭配模式的定义是早、晚稻同一品种, 如果早稻和晚稻采用不同类型早稻品种搭配, 将“ 早晚兼用” 搭配模式的定义扩展是否具有可行性还有待近一步研究。此外, 中嘉早17作晚稻种植, 在营养生长期缩短16~18 d的情况下仍不减产、甚至增产的机理可以作为育种家选育营养生长期短但产量高的短生育期晚稻品种的依据。

4 结论

“ 早晚兼用” 型品种搭配模式在机插双季稻中具备高产可行性。在此模式下适当增加机插密度, 减低氮肥用量, 既可大幅度增加有效穗来实现高产, 又能显著提高氮素利用率。长江流域双季稻区, 可采用“ 早晚兼用” 型品种搭配模式, 并把低氮密植作为“ 早晚兼用” 型机插双季稻高产高效栽培的关键技术。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[24]	Xin P X, Ping H, Shi C Z, Shao J Q, Adrian M, Wei Z. Quantification of yield gap and nutrient use efficiency of irrigated rice in China. Field Crops Res, 2016, 186: 58-65 [本文引用:1]
[25]	Elliott R D Y, Nicolas B, Naab J, Joël H , Expedit E A, Euloge K A. Reducing soil CO₂ emission and improving upland rice yield with no-tillage, straw mulch and nitrogen fertilization in northern Benin. Soil Tillage Res, 2016, 156: 44-53 [本文引用:1]
[26]	Hamidul I, Altaf H. Effect of fertilization and planting density on the yield of two varieties of fine rice. Pak J Biol Sci, 2002, 5: 513-516 [本文引用:1]
[27]	谢小兵, 周雪峰, 蒋鹏, 陈佳娜, 张瑞春, 伍丹丹, 曹放波, 单双吕, 黄敏, 邹应斌. 低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 1591-1602 Xie X B, Zhou X F, Jiang P, Chen J N, Zhang R C, Wu D D, Cao F B, Shan S L, Huang M, Zou Y B. Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in super rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 1591-1602 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[28]	Janaki P, Thiyagarajan T M. Evaluation of SPAD guided N management in transplanted rice: Effect of planting density and nitrogen interaction on chlorophyll meter values and N requirement. Adv Plant Sci, 2003, 16: 191-198 [本文引用:2]
[29]	刘立军, 桑大志, 刘翠莲, 王志琴, 杨建昌, 朱庆森. 实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 1456-1461 Liu L J, Sang D Z, Liu C L, Wang Z Q, Yang J C, Zhu Q S. Effects of real-time and site-specific nitrogen managements on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 1456-1461 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[30]	贺帆, 黄见良, 崔克辉, 曾建敏, 徐波, 彭少兵, Buresh R J. 实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 123-132 He F, Huang J L, Cui K H, Zeng J M, Xu B, Peng S B, Buresh R J. Effect of real-time and site-specific nitrogen management on rice yield and quality. Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 123-132 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[31]	陆秀明, 黄庆, 刘怀珍, 张彬, 李惠芬, 邹积祥. 机插超级稻在不同施肥水平和不同插植密度下的生育特性及产量表现. 中国农学通报, 2014, 30(21): 152-157 Lu X M, Huang Q, Liu H Z, Zhang B, Li H F, Zou J X. The performance of yield and growth characteristics in different fertilizer levels and different transplanting densities of super mechanical transplanting rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2014, 30(21): 152-157 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2013

0.0

朱德峰, 陈惠哲, 徐一成. 我国双季稻生产机械化生产制约因子与发展对策. 中国稻米, 2013, 19(4): 1-4

Zhu D

, Chen H

, Xu Y

The confinement factors and development counter measures of mechanical production of double cropping rice in China.

China Rice, 2013, 19(4): 1-4 (in Chinese)

20世纪70年代中期以来，我国双季稻种植面积占水稻总面积比例持续下降，从当时的71%下降到近年的40%左右。按单位土地面积计算，双季稻早晚两季产量比单季稻高57%左右，改单季稻为双季稻种植，在保持稻田面积不变情况下，可大幅提高种植面积和总产。双季稻种植面积下降的主要原因是机械化程度较低，生产效益不高。制约双季稻全程机械化的关键是机插秧比例不高，特别是双季稻机插秧季节紧张，适宜机插搭配品种少，机插质量较差，及主要作业环节机械化不配套等。发展双季稻生产全程机械化的关键途径是：选育和筛选一批适宜双季稻机械化生产的品种，优化双季稻机械化生产的品种搭配布局；创新一批双季稻机械化生产模式，完善关键环节技术模式；创制一批双季稻机械化生产的机械装备，实现机具装备配套；研发一批双季稻全程机械化栽培技术，推进农机农艺技术配套与应用。

... 面对我国耕地面积的不断减少而粮食需求不断增长的局面, 稳定和增加双季稻种植面积、提高双季稻单产是提高水稻和粮食总产的一条重要途径^[1] ...

... 机插双季稻品种搭配模式现有的双季晚稻品种大多生育期过长, 不能适用于秧龄期较短的机插双季稻生产, 尤其是不能满足规模化双季稻生产的需要^[1] ...

2011

0.0

邹应斌. 长江流域双季稻栽培技术发展. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 254-262

Zou Y

Development of cultivation technology for double cropping rice along the Changjiang River Valley.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2011, 44: 254-262 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The evolution and modification of 60 years’ double cropping rice (DCR) production along the Changjiang River valley were studied in order to provide references to developing DCR production. According to the rice production achievements of four stages of cultivar modifications from single season rice to DCR, from tall rice to dwarf rice, from inbred rice to hybrid rice and from common rice to super rice, the development of cultivation technology for DCR is summarized. With the cultivar improvement, DCR cultivation has undergone three stages of cultivation technique development: panicle number model, panicle number and size model and panicle weight model. The principle, key technology and adaptation regions of some representative techniques for DCR cultivation is introduced in brief, of which the techniques are: the seed broadcasting and reduced tillage in early season,; the “Shuang-Liang-Da” (two times of raising nursery) cultivation in late season; the ridging-bed cultivation in double seasons; the no-irrigation nursery and thinner planting in early season; the “Vigor roots-Sturdy stems-Weighty panicles” cultivation in double seasons; the seedling broadcasting in double seasons; and the “San-Ding” (to determine target yield, seedlings number and nitrogen rate) cultivation in double seasons. The development tendency of DCR production will be appearred as the chemical fertilizer characteristics, the simplifying and labor saving and mechanization. The suggestion to develop DCR production is also proposed.

(湖南农业大学农学院)

综述长江流域双季稻栽培技术的沿革和变更,为发展双季稻生产提供参考。根据区域内双季稻品种由单季稻改双季稻,由高秆稻改矮秆稻,由常规稻改杂交稻,由普通稻改超级稻的4次变革,总结和分析栽培技术的发展。随着品种的变更,双季稻栽培技术经历了多穗型栽培、穗粒兼顾型栽培和重穗型栽培3个发展阶段。重点介绍了早稻少耕分厢撒播技术、杂交晚稻“双两大”栽培技术、双季稻起垄栽培技术、早稻旱育稀植栽培技术、双季稻“旺壮重”栽培技术、双季稻抛秧栽培技术、双季超级稻“三定”栽培技术的原理、要点及适应范围。指出双季稻生产将向化肥化、轻型化和机械化发展变化,并提出了发展双季稻生产的建议。

... 长江中下游地区具备种植双季稻的土壤和气候条件, 是我国最重要的水稻生产区域^[2] ...

2009

0.0

... 但随着经济快速发展和农村劳动力大量转移, 双季稻生产区适龄劳动力季节性短缺矛盾日益突出, 劳动力成本迅速上升, 水稻生产迫切需要发展以机插秧为主的种植方式, 以适应稻农对现代稻作技术的要求^[3,4] ...

2011

0.0

张文毅, 袁钊和, 吴崇友, 金梅. 水稻种植机械化进程分析研究: 水稻种植机械化由快速向高速发展的进程. 中国农机化, 2011, (1): 19-22

Zhang W

, Yuan Z

, Wu C

, Jin

Research on the process of rice planting mechanization: Process of rice planting mechanization developing fastly to rapidly.

Chin Agric Mechanization, 2011, (1): 19-22 (in Chinese with English abstract)

水稻生产在我国粮食生产中占有举足轻重的地位,水稻机械化是发展水稻生产的重要保障之一,其中种植机械化又是水稻机械化的难点,因此发展水稻种植机械化是实现水稻全程机械化的重点.分析研究十一五这五年水稻种植机械化所取得的成果和经验以及十二五期间要面临的问题,认为要实现2015年水稻种植机械化水平达到45%,必需依靠行政推动,充分发挥农业部水稻专家组的作用,解决双季稻区的机械化种植农艺与农机结合的问题,加快农业装备的研制与改进.

2008

0.0

张祖建, 王君, 郎有忠, 于林惠, 薛艳凤, 朱庆森. 机插稻超秧龄秧苗的生长特点研究. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 297-304

Zhang Z

, Wang

, Lang Y

, Yu L

, Xue Y

, Zhu Q

Growing characteristics of rice seedlings of over-optimum age for mechanical transplanting.

Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 297-304 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The rice seedlings grown for a long time and not suitable for mechanical transplanting are called as “seedlings of over-optimum age”. In this study, Yangjing 9538 was planted in seedling raising plates with different treatments of seedbed soil fertilizing levels. In the stage of 28 days after sowing, the above ground parts of seedlings could still maintain a few growth, seedling dry weight and the dry weight perunit of seedling height still had a little increment. But leaf color (SPAD) descended quickly. The roots grew stagnantly, root length and number of roots stopped increasing, the activity of root and root/shoot ratio descended quickly, and obviously. In the stage of 36 days after sowing, the seedling height increased quickly none the less, the dry weight per unit of seedling height descended significantly, seedling leaf color kept in a low level. The activity of root was low and the root system growth activity was in the lowest level. The seedling sugar metabolism was sensitive to the stage when the seedlings were at over-optimum age, while nitrogen metabolism was blunt, so the ratio of seedling sugar to nitrogen in the stage of 36 days after sowing descended significantly. The characteristics of seedling growth in the stage when the seedlings were at over-optimum age affected significantly by different fertilization levels. Under high level of fertilization, the basal part width of shoot wasn’t changes obviously, but seedling height increased quickly, so the dry weight per unit of seedling height descended quickly; the roots grew weakly than these under low level of fertilization, root number and root length were less, the root system growth activity de-scended quickly, root/shoot ratio descended obviously. The seedbed soil fertilization level affected carbon and nitrogen metabo-lisms obviously, nutrition decreased largely under high level of fertilization. The above results showed that, rice seedling growth in the stage of 28 days especially 36 days after sowing was decided by the growing condition in a very great degree. The rice seedling in the low fertilization level can maintain higher sugar to nitrogen ratio in the stage when the seedling were at over-optimum age, and keep better nourishment for seedling growth.

1 Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu; 2 Popularization Center of Agricultural Machinery of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China

水稻机插移栽中秧苗不能及时机插而生长过度, 形成超秧龄秧苗。本试验以扬粳9538为供试品种, 在不同床土培肥条件下, 观测了超秧龄秧苗的生长特征。在超秧龄初期阶段(至播种后28 d), 秧苗地上部仍维持一定的生长, 秧苗干重和单位苗高干重尚有一定增加, 尚能维持糖氮代谢。但秧苗叶色(SPAD值)迅速下降, 地下部生长停滞, 根长、根数停止增加, 根系活力迅速下降, 根冠比明显降低。在严重超秧龄阶段(至播种后36 d), 苗高依然快速增加, 单位苗高干重大幅下降, 秧苗叶色维持在较低水平。根系活力低, 根系生长处于最低水平。超秧龄生长过程中秧苗糖代谢反应敏感, 氮代谢相对稳定, 糖氮比在严重超秧龄时大幅下降。床土肥力显著影响超秧龄秧苗生长, 高培肥水平下的秧苗茎基粗没有显著变化, 但苗高迅速增加, 单位苗高干重大幅降低, 地下部生长较低培肥处理更弱, 根数和根长较低, 根系活力下降迅速, 根冠比与低培肥处理相比大幅减小。床土培肥水平对秧苗的碳氮代谢影响显著, 高培肥处理的超龄秧苗营养状态更为劣化。以上结果表明, 超秧龄阶段特别是在严重超秧龄阶段的秧苗生长, 很大程度上取决于育秧阶段(适栽期)的育秧条件和生长状况, 低培肥处理的秧苗在超秧龄生长中糖氮比能维持相对较高的水平, 从而维持秧苗相对较好的营养状态。

... 近年来, 随着机插秧技术的发展, 机插水稻高产栽培配套技术已成为水稻栽培研究的热点, 前人在机插秧育秧技术^[5,6,7,8]、基质配制^[9,10,11,12]、养分吸收^{[13,14,15,16,17]}、群体生长发育^[18]等方面做了大量研究, 但大多针对一季稻的, 而针对双季稻的较少 ...

2008

0.0

何文洪, 陈惠哲, 朱德峰, 徐一成, 林贤青, 张玉屏. 不同播种量对水稻机插秧苗素质及产量的影响. 中国稻米, 2008, (3): 60-62

He W

, Chen H

, Zhu D

, Xu Y

, Lin X

, Zhang Y

Effects of different seeding rate on yield and seeding quality of mechanical transplanting rice.

China Rice, 2008, (3): 60-62 (in Chinese)

以高产早稻品种金早47为材料，研究了不同播量对水稻机插秧苗素质及产量的影响。试验结果表明，不同播种量对机插秧苗素质有明显影响，随着播种量增加，叶片生长受抑制，叶龄降低，同时也影响根部的生长发育，生长的秧苗细弱，苗重，苗高比下降，秧苗素质较低；播种量对机插秧苗的整齐度也有影响。相同种植密度下，稀播秧苗的分蘖早发，最高分蘖数多，有效穗和产量增加。

2004

0.0

沈建辉, 邵文娟, 张祖建, 杨建昌, 曹卫星, 朱庆森. 水稻机插中苗双膜育秧落谷密度对苗质和产量影响的研究. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 906-911

Shen J

, Shao W

, Zhang Z

, Yang J

, Cao W

, Zhu Q

Effects of sowing density on quality of medium-seedling nursed with two-layer plastic film and grain yield in mechanical transplanting rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 906-911 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Wuyunjing 7, a semi-erect panicle, high-yield and lodging-resistant japonica cultivar was used to investigate the effects of five sowing densities (170.7, 229.4, 285.4, 342.7 and 400.1 germinated grains per dm2) on quality of medium-seedling nursed with two-layer plastic film and grain yield in mech

College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu

以半直立穗型、强秆高产粳稻品种武运粳7号为材料，研究双膜育秧中不同落谷密度（催芽种谷170.7、229.4、285.4、342.7和400.1粒/dm2）对机插秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明，秧龄在3叶1心初期移栽，田间发根力、单位苗高干重、地上部干重和苗基粗等苗质指标均随落谷密度增大而变劣；落谷密度最稀的处理（170.7粒/dm2）苗质

2012

0.0

李旭毅, 池忠志, 姜心禄, 郑家国, 郭翔. 农艺措施对成都平原两熟区机插超级稻长龄秧苗生长的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1544-1550

Li X

, Chi Z

, Jiang X

, Zheng J

, Guo

Effects of agronomic measures on mechanical transplanting long-age seedlings of super rice in rapeseed (wheat)-rice planting area of Chengdu Basin.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1544-1550 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of agronomic measures including sowing norm, date and types of seedling tray on rice long-age seedlings, were studied by using super rice , II-you 602, in wheat (rapeseed)-rice planting area in Chengdu basin. The results indicated that in normal sowing time, though rooting ability of long-age seedlings decreased from 30 to 42 days after sowing, the population size of seedlings declined slowly, root-shoot ratio, width of stem base and dry weight per unit seedling height increased. However, between 42 and 54 days after sowing, the population size of seedlings decreased sharply, root-shoot ratio and dry weight per unit seedling height began to decline, and rooting ability of long-age seedlings continued to fall. With postponement of sowing time, the population size of seedlings increased, but root-shoot ratio, rooting ability and dry weight per unit seedling height not improved dramatically and even declined. Thesowing norm of 431.03 to 554.19 g m -2 was beneficial to population size and individual quality. The effects of plastic cell-tray were better when seedling age over a certain phase (about 40 days after sowing), the descending of seedling quality and population size was slower, whether further seedling age was prolonged or sowing norm properly increased. The above results showed that sowing date of around April 15, sowing norm of 431.03 to 554.19 g m -2 , using hard plastic cell-tray and seedling age of about 42 days were good for raising mechanical transplanting long-age seedlings by the dry raising method of rice seedlings in Chengdu basin.

1 Crop Research Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences ,Chengdu 610066, China; 2 Courtyard of Rice Expert in Deyang City, Guanghan 618300, China; 3 Sichuan Agricultural Meteorology Center ,Chengdu 610071, China

以超级稻II优602为材料，研究了播种量、播期和育秧盘类型等农艺措施对成都平原稻麦(油)两熟区机插稻长龄秧苗生长的影响。结果表明: (1)正常播期下超级稻长龄秧在播种后30~42 d，发根力虽有降低，但群体数量减少缓慢，根冠比、茎基宽度、单位苗高干重等指标均有所增加; 而播种后42~54 d，群体数量急剧减少，根冠比和单位苗高干重下降，发根力进一步降低。(2)推迟播期有利于提高苗床秧苗数量，但根冠比、单位苗高干重以及发根力等指标并无明显的提高甚至有所降低。(3)播种量为431.03~554.19 g m -2 时有利于兼顾长龄秧群体数量和个体素质。(4)当秧龄超过一定时期(播种后40 d左右)后穴盘育秧的效果更佳，无论进一步延长秧龄还是适当增加播种密度，均减缓秧苗素质和群体数量的下降。以上结果表明，在成都平原旱育方式下机插稻长龄秧的培育播期选择在4月15日左右，播种量选择431.03~554.19 g m -2 ，秧龄在42 d左右，秧盘选择塑料硬穴盘为宜。

2009

0.0

2010

0.0

张琳, 吴华聪, 张数标, 陈金水. 基本苗数对机插双晚杂交稻产量的影响. 湖南农业科学, 2010, (3): 30-31

Zhang

, Wu H

, Zhang S

, Chen J

Effects of different basic seeding numbers on yield of mechanical transplanted double season late Hybrid Rice.

Hunan Agric Sci, 2010, (3): 30-31 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以拿优527为材料,测定6种不同种植基本苗数的产量和主要产量性状,研究机插双晚杂交稻的最适插植基本苗数.结果表明,当基本苗数在83.25万株/hm~2以下时,产量随基本苗的增加而显著增加,超过此值,产量增加不明显.双晚机插杂交稻的种植基本苗数以83.25万株/hm~2为宜. Abstract： Quan-you 527 were adopted to investigate the yield and main characters of six different basic seedling numbers, and then, the optimum transplanted basic seedling number of mechanical transplanted double late hybrid rice was studied. The results showed that when the basic seedling number below 832 500 shoots/hm~2, the yield increased obviously with increasing basic seedling number, when beyond this number, the yield increased not obviously. It indicated that the suitable basic seedling number for mechanical transplanted double season late hybrid rice is 832 500 shoots/hm~2.

2008

0.0

李世峰, 刘蓉蓉, 吴九林. 不同播量与移栽密度对机插水稻产量形成的影响. 作物杂志, 2008, (1): 71-74

Li S

, Lui R

, Wu J

Effects of different sowing rates and transplanting densities on yield formation of machine- transplanted rice.

Crops, 2008, (1): 71-74 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在大田栽培条件下,以武香粳14为材料,对机插水稻的秧田播量、移栽密度等进行了研究.结果表明,芽谷播量以每盘(1 624cm2)150～180g最佳;壮秧剂处理的秧苗质量与机插质量均好于其他复合肥处理,苗床如用复合肥处理,则其用量以N:P2O5:K20(10:10:5)复合肥150g/m2较好;双膜育秧的秧苗须在播后21d内机插大田;小棵密植(取秧面积1.26cm2、株距11.7cm、行距30cm)有利于提高机插水稻的个体质量及群体水平.

2012

0.0

2014

0.0

徐一成, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲. 施氮量对免耕机插水稻产量形成及氮素利用的影响. 中国稻米, 2014, 20(6): 30-34

Xu Y

, Zhu D

, Chen H

Effects of nitrogen application on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of no-tillage machine transplanted rice.

China Rice, 2014, 20(6): 30-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of different nitrogen application on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of no-tillage machine transplanted rice Zhongzheyou 1 were studied. The results showed that it is a single peak curve relation between nitrogen rate and yield. The panicle number increased with nitrogen rate, but the effective panicle percentage decreased. The high yield could obtain through enhancing nitrogen input under low planting density condition. The leaf length and chlorophyll content increased when nitrogen input increased, nitrogen agronomic efficiency and the nitrogen partial productivity decreased with the nitrogen rate increased, the optimum planting density was 21 hills per m2, and the optimum nitrogen input was 180 kg/hm2.

以中浙优1号为材料，研究了免耕机插条件下不同施氮量对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响。结果表明，免耕机插的施氮量与产量呈单峰曲线，施氮量增加产量呈先增后减趋势，有效穗数增加但成穗率降低；种植密度降低需增加施氮量才能获得高产；增施氮素能促进叶片变长和提高叶绿素含量，氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低，适宜施氮有利于氮素的吸收积累。杂交稻免耕机插合理种植密度在21.0丛/m2左右，合理的氮肥用量在180 kg/hm2左右。

2012

0.0

霍中洋, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 龚振恺, 戴其根, 许轲. 穗肥运筹对不同秧龄机插超级稻宁粳1号产量及群体质量的影响. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 1460-1470

Huo Z

, Wei H

, Zhang H

, Gong Z

, Dai Q

, Xu

Effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer management on yield and population quality in mechanical transplanted super rice Ningjing 1 with different seedling ages.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 1460-1470 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Adopting super high yield rice Ningjing 1 as material, the effect of panicle nitrogen fertilizer application time on yield and population quality of transplanted seedlings with different ages was studied. The results showed that, with the same panicle nitrogen fertilizer application time, rice yield, growth rate of rice population, dynamics of culm and tillers number, leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of right age seedlings were all better than those of overage seedlings in mechanical transplanted rice production. With the right age seedlings, when the panicle nitrogen fertilizer applied equally at the fourth leaf age from top and at the third leaf age from top (D4-3), rice yield, growth rate of population, percentage of productive tiller, leaf area index and photosynthetic potential after heading, leaf area of productive tillers at heading and its ratio, leaf area from flag leaf to the 3rd leaf from top of productive tillers at heading and its ratio, the drop angle of top three leaves were all higher than those when the panicle nitrogen fertilizer applied equally at the fifth leaf age from top and at the third leaf age from top (D5-3) or applied equally at the fifth leaf age from top and at the fourth leaf age from top (D5-4). With the overage seedlings, when the panicle fertilizer applied at D5-4, rice yield, growth rate of population from heading to maturing, dynamics of culm and tillers number and leaf area index after elongating, photosynthetic potential after the critical stage of productive tillers, leaf area of productive tillers and leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf from top of productive tillers at heading, the length of basal three internodes of stem and its ratio to the whole stem were all higher than those when the panicle nitrogen fertilizer applied equally at the fifth leaf age from top and at the third leaf age from top D5-3 or applied at D4-3. The results indicated that seedling age is important for high yield of mechanical transplanted rice. Using right age seedlings is helpful for forming the high quality rice population and obtaining high yield when the panicle nitrogen fertilizer applied at D4-3. Instead, with the overage seedlings, the early applying of panicle nitrogen fertilizer, such as applying at D5-4, would promote some shaky tillers to be transformed into effective tillers and consequently form the ears, which provides a compensation for some insufficient growth due to transplanting with overage rice seedlings. However, the early applying of panicle nitrogen fertilizer would elongate the basal internodes of stem excessively and increase the risk of lodging.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Agriculture Committee of Siyang County, Siyang 223700, China

以超级稻宁粳1号为材料，研究穗肥施用时间对不同秧龄机插水稻产量及其群体质量的影响。结果表明，相同穗肥施用条件下，机插水稻在适龄移栽时其产量、各生育阶段的群体生长速率、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、光合势等均优于超秧龄移栽水稻。适龄移栽并于叶龄余数4、3 (D4-3)等量施用穗肥时，其产量、拔节至抽穗和抽穗至成熟阶段的群体生长速率、茎蘖成穗率、抽穗后的叶面积指数和群体光合势、抽穗期有效叶面积及其比率、高效叶面积及其比率、上三叶的叶片披垂度均高于叶龄余数5、3 (D5-3)和叶龄余数5、4 (D5-4)时等量施用穗肥的处理。而超秧龄移栽时，D5-4处理的产量、抽穗至成熟阶段的群体生长速率、拔节后各生育时期的群体茎蘖动态、群体叶面积指数、有效分蘖临界叶龄期(N-n)后的群体光合势、抽穗期有效叶面积和高效叶面积、基部3节间长度及3节间总长占秆长比例均优于D5-3和D4-3处理。说明机插水稻适龄移栽对水稻高产的获得尤为重要。适龄移栽时，穗肥于叶龄余数4、3等量施用可以形成良好的群体获得高产，而在超秧龄移栽时，将穗肥施用时间适当提前到叶龄余数5、4，可以促进部分动摇分蘖转化为有效分蘖并最终成穗，适当弥补秧苗因超秧龄移栽而造成的生长量不足，但穗肥的提前施用也使得基部节间过度伸长，增加了倒伏的风险。

2006

0.0

沈建辉, 邵文娟, 张祖建, 景启坚, 杨建昌, 陈文林, 朱庆松. 苗床落谷密度、施肥量和秧龄对机插稻苗质及大田产量的影响. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 402-409

Shen J

, Shao W

, Zhang Z

, Jing Q

, Yang J

, Chen W

, Zhu Q

Effects of sowing density, fertilizer amount in seedbed and seeding age on seedling quality and grain yield in paddy field for mechanical transplanting rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 402-409 (in Chinese with English abstract)

An experiment of two factors(sowing density and fertilizer amount in seedbed) was conducted in plastic film seedling nursery using a late maturity japonica cultivar Wuyunjing 3. The seedlings of three different ages were transplanted into paddy field, and yield and yield components were tested. The main results were as follows: (1) The effect of seedling age on seedling quality and yield was predominant, and followed by fertilizer amount and sowing density. (2) The trend of grain yield reduction was obvious when seedling age was extended from 16 d to 21 d after sowing, although under dense sowing with less fertilizer application (treatments code M1 and M2), or thin sowing with more fertilizing (code X3). Therefore, transplanting at optimum seedling age is very important for mechanical transplanting. (3) The seedling quality indices, such as root-developing ability and sugar content in stem and sheath at seedling age of 21 d were superior to that at seedling age of 16 d (significantly different), but the grain yield in paddy field of 21 d seedling age was decreased because of plant and panicle number reduction. So the indices of vigorous seedling would be varied with seedling age. (4) Path analysis of yield components on yield showed that panicle number was most effective (path coefficient 1.1112) followed by grains per panicle (path coefficient 0.6517) for mechanical transplanting rice.

Popularization Center of Agricultural Machinery of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210024, Jiangsu

以迟熟中粳武育粳3号为材料，塑料软盘育秧，进行落谷密度和施肥量二因素试验，并将各处理秧苗分3期插入大田，实收产量，测定其构成。主要结果如下：（1）3试验因素对苗质和产量的影响为秧龄＞施肥量＞落谷密度。（2）秧龄由16 d延至21 d，即使较密的落谷密度、少量施肥（处理编码M1、M2）或较稀的落谷密度、多量施肥（编码X3），均表现减产趋势，故适龄早栽至关重要。（3）秧龄21 d秧苗的发根力和茎鞘淀粉含量等指标均优于秧龄16 d的（差异显著），但因大田苗数和穗数减少，稻谷产量显著下降。可见机插秧的壮苗指标因秧龄而异。（4）各产量构成因素对产量效应的通径分析表明，在本试验条件下，穗数对产量的影响最大（通径系数为1.1112），每穗粒数次之（通径系数为0.6517）。说明机插稻以争穗数为第一要务。

2014

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孙永健, 马均, 孙园园, 杨志远, 徐徽, 熊洪, 徐富贤. 施氮量和株距对机插杂交稻结实期养分转运和产量的影响. 核农学报, 2014, 28: 1510-1520

Sun Y

, Ma

, Sun Y

, Yang Z

, Xu

, Xiong

, Xu F

Effects of nitrogen application rates and plant spacing on nutrient translocation during filling stage and yield of mechanical- transplanted hybrid rice.

J Nucl Agric Sci, 2014, 28: 1510-1520 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In this study, effects of nitrogen (N) application rate and plant spacing on nutrient translocation and yield of mechanical-transplanted hybrid rice during filling stage were investigated with medium-late maturity hybrid rice combination Yuxiang 203, and correlation of some indices of nutrient translocation of different vegetative organs with yield. The results showed that there was an obvious regulatory effect of different N application rate and plant spacing on N, P, K translocation of mechanical-transplanted rice in leaves and stem-sheathes during filling stage and grain yield. Compared with other treatment, applying 150 kg N·hm -2 with suitable plant spacing 17.5 cm was the best combination under mechanical-transplanted row spacing 30 cm in this paper, which improved nutrient translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ, alleviated contradiction of ear and kernel under high yield cultivation, and enhanced grain yield. Applying N was 105 kg··hm -2 with the suitable plant spacing 15~17.5 cm under mechanical-transplanted row spacing 30 cm in this study. However, applying N was increased to 195 kg·hm -2 , in order to alleviate export and translocation percentage of stem-sheaths, and improved total spikelets and seed setting, plant spacing should be enlarged, the suitable plant spacing was 17.5~20 cm under mechanical-transplanted row spacing 30 cm in this study. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significant or highly significant correlations of grain yield with nutrient translocation of leaf and stem-sheathes from heading to maturity. According to the conditions above, it was important for increasing yield that P and K translocation efficiency of leaf and stem-sheaths showed a positive correlation with grain yield ( r =0.551 ** ~0.693 ** ) during the filling stage. The study provided the theoretical and practical basis for mechanized transplanting technolgy of medium-late maturity hybrid rice.

1. Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130; 2. Institute of Plateau Meteorology, CMA, Chengdu Sichuan 610072; 3. Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and cultivation in southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan 611130; 4. Rice and Sorghum Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, Sichuan 646000

以中迟熟杂交稻渝香203为材料，研究施氮量和株距对机插稻结实期养分转运和产量的影响，并探讨结实期养分转运与产量形成的关系。结果表明，施氮量及株距对机插稻结实期物质转运、各营养器官养分转运及最终产量均存在显著的调控作用。在机插行距30 cm下，施氮量150 kg ·hm -2 与机插株距17.5 cm配合可以有效的提高机插稻结实期叶片与茎鞘养分及物质转运、协调高产栽培的穗、粒矛盾，从而显著提高籽粒产量；施氮量为105 kg ·hm -2 ，以机插株距15~17.5 cm为宜，而施氮量为195 kg ·hm -2 ，应适当扩大株距，来缓解机插稻结实期物质输出率及转运率的降低，提高总颖花数及结实率，本试验机插株距以17.5~20 cm为宜。相关性分析表明，施氮量和株距下机插稻稻谷产量与结实期叶片、茎鞘养分转运存在显著和极显著的相关性；并结合产量表现，尤其以叶片及茎鞘磷、钾养分的转运利用率与产量相关性最高（ r =0.551 ** ~0.693 ** ），对促进增产更为重要。本研究为中迟熟杂交稻机械化育插秧配套技术应用提供理论和实践依据。

2012

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于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 杨娟娟, 王绍华, 刘正辉, 王强盛, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 机插粳稻氮磷钾吸收分配特征. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 707-716

Yu L

, Li G

, Xu J

, Yang J

, Wang S

, Liu Z

, Wang Q

, Ling Q

, Ding Y

Characteristics of uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and partitioning in mechanical transplanting Japonica rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 707-716 (in Chinese with English abstract)

From 2008 to 2009, 2 more than 6.7 ha high-yield demonstration fields at Caoqiao (using cv. Wuxiangjing 9) and Qianhuang (using cv. Wuyunjing 7) in Wujin County, Jiangsu province, were used to investigate the nutrient uptake and partitionging characteristics of mechanical transplanting rice. The results showed that 80% of grain yield of mechanical transplanting rice came from the dry matter accumulation after heading, dry weight decreased in leaves while increased in stem sheath after heading. Leaves were also the main contributor of nitrogen translocation. Nitrogen uptake of mechanical transplanting rice increased with the yield, and the increased nitrogen uptake mainly originated from the nitrogen accumulation after heading. With the increasing yield, the accumulation and proportion of nitrogen from heading to maturity increased. At the same time, the uptake of P 2 O 5 and K 2 O increased while the dry weight accumulation ratio reduced. The nitrogen harvest index was between 0.51 and 0.61, the P 2 O 5 harvest index was about 0.75, and the K 2 O harvest index was close to 0.20. For achieving high yield in mechanical transplanting rice, nitrogen requirement for 100 kg grains should be 2.0–2.1 kg, and the optimum ratio of NPK should be 2.0 : 0.9 : 1.4.

1Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu; 2 The Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210024, China

调查研究2008—2009年江苏武进区漕桥(品种为武香粳9号)和前黄(品种为武运粳7号)等2个大于6.7 hm 2 机插粳稻高产示范方, 探讨机插粳稻养分吸收分配特征, 并对高产精确定量施肥参数进行定量。结果表明, 高产机插粳稻产量的80%左右来自抽穗后的光合产物; 抽穗后叶片的干物质积累呈表观输出, , 而茎鞘的干物质积累呈表观输入; 抽穗后氮素的转运贡献率也主要来自叶片。机插粳稻对氮的吸收量随产量升高而增加, 增加量主要来自抽穗后; 随着产量提高, 抽穗至成熟期氮积累量和积累比例均上升, 对磷钾的吸收量上升但吸收比例却有下降的趋势; 成熟期氮收获指数在0.51~0.61之间, 磷收获指数在0.75左右, 钾收获指数接近0.20; 高产机插粳稻百千克籽粒需氮量为2.0~2.1 kg, 氮磷钾吸收比例为2∶0.9∶1.4。

2012

0.0

于林惠, 李刚华, 徐晶晶, 凌启鸿, 丁艳锋. 基于高产示范方的机插水稻群体特征研究. 中国水稻科学, 2012, 26: 451-456

Yu L

, Li G

, Xu J

, Ling Q

, Ding Y

Population characteristics of machine-transplanted japonica rice based on high-yield demonstration fields.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2012, 26: 451-456 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The population characteristics, such as yield and its components, accumulation of drymatter and nitrogen of machinetransplanted japonica rice was investigated in three highyield demonstration fields(over 6.7 hm2 per field) at Zouqu, Caoqiao, and Qianhuang Towns, Wujin County, Jiangsu Province in 2008, and one highyield demonstration field at Rudong County, Jiangsu Province in 2009. Results showed that yield was closely related with spikelet number per panicle and spikelet number per m2. The spikelet number per m2 should be greater than 45 000 as grain yield was above 10.5 t/hm2. For highyield mechanically transplanted rice (above 10.5 t/hm2), the dry matter accumulation from heading stage to maturity paid a contribution rate about 70%~80% to the grain dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation mainly occurred at the two growing stages, before critical tiller leaf age, and after heading. It indicated that higher spikelet number per m2 was the main basic characteristic of high yielding, mechanically transplanted japonica rice. And sufficient N supply, improved dry matter accumulation after heading, as well as spikelet number per panicle help increase grain yield of machinetransplanted japonica rice.

1 Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation， Ministry of Agriculture， Nanjing Agricultural University， Nanjing 210095， China； 2 Bureau of Agricultural Machinery Administration of Jiangsu Province， Nanjing 210024， China；

考查了机插常规粳稻超高产群体产量构成、干物质积累以及氮素积累等群体特征。2008年对江苏武进区邹区（品种为武香粳9号）、漕桥和前黄镇（品种均为武运粳7号）等3个百亩连片超高产示范方，2009年对江苏省如东县(品种为宁粳3号)的百亩连片超高产示范方进行了调查。结果表明，机插稻产量与颖花量的相关达极显著，要达到10.5 t/hm2以上的产量，每1m2颖花量需≥ 45 000；籽粒产量10.5 t/hm2以上高产机插水稻的花后干物质积累占籽粒产量的70%～80%；高产机插稻氮素积累的优势在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前和抽穗后两个阶段。足够的颖花量是机插粳稻高产群体的基本特征；保证后期氮素供应、发挥后期干物质积累优势、促进大穗的形成是提高机插水稻产量的主要技术途径。

1996

0.0

... N2按实时氮肥管理模式(RTNM)^[19,20]施肥, 即在水稻移栽后7 d至抽穗期每隔6 d采用SPAD叶绿素测定仪测定水稻氮素营养状况, 根据测定结果与设定的SPAD阈值确定每次氮肥施用量, 早稻阈值为35, 晚稻为38 ...

... 水稻实时实地氮肥管理是Peng等^[19,20]根据水稻叶片SPAD测定值与单位面积叶片含氮量呈极显著正相关提出的, 近年来, 该技术已经在生产上得到了广泛应用 ...

1995

0.0

2009

0.0

... RUE (g MJ^-1) = 总的干物质量/各个时期截获辐射量的总和^[21] ...

2007

0.0

魏海燕, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 杭杰, 马群, 张胜飞, 张庆, 刘艳阳. 不同水稻氮利用效率基因型的物质生产与积累特性. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1802-1809

Wei H

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Hang

, Ma

, Zhang S

, Zhang

, Liu Y

Characteristics of matter production and accumulation in rice genotypes with different N use efficiency.

Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1802-1809 (in Chinese with English abstract)

N use efficiency is varied in different rice genotypes. Therefore it is necessary to identify the physiological mechanism of N absorption and utilization in different rice genotypes in order to increase N use efficiency through rice cultivar improvement. In this research, a field experiment with 225 kg ha -1 N fertilizer application was carried out in 2006 on the farm of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu province, China. Using twelve rice genotypes (6 N-efficient and 6 N-inefficient ) selected from 120 rice cultivars in 2004 and 2005 to investigate the characteristics of rice matter production and accumulation. Relationship between N use efficiency and indexes of rice matter production and accumulation also analyzed. Results showed that although there was no significant difference in number of tillers per unit ground area between two rice types with different N use efficiencies, the percentage of productive tillers of N efficient rice type was obviously higher than that of N inefficient rice type. The characteristics of rice matter production and accumulation at different growth stages and their correlations with N use efficiency revealed that, for N efficient rice type, the rice matter production and accumulation was steady in early growth period, a little in middle growth period and large in later growth period. That is to say the N efficient rice type had proper leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (PP), crop growth rate (CGR), and a superior matter accumulation before the critical stage of productive tillering, although its ratio of dry matter to the total accumulation in whole life was relatively low; the LAI, PP, CGR and dry matter accumulation were lower during the period from the critical stage of productive tillering to elongating; and an increased leaf area, photosynthetic potential and an accelerated crop growth rate resulting from better population quality after the stage of elongating. According to the research results, the different characteristics of rice matter production and accumulation could not only illustrate the diversity of N use efficiency in different rice genotypes, but also provide feasible regulation approaches to increase N use efficiency in rice production.

Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China

选用氮素利用高效型和低效型具有代表性的12个粳稻品种，研究225 kg hm -2 施氮条件下各基因型水稻物质生产与积累特性及其与氮利用效率的相互关系。结果表明，不同氮效率类型水稻群体茎蘖数没有鲜明的特征差异，但氮高效类型水稻的茎蘖成穗率极显著高于氮低效类型。氮高效类型水稻物质生产与积累具有“前稳、中小、后高”的特性，即在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前具有适宜的叶面积、光合势和群体生长速率，物质积累具一定优势，但其占全生育期总积累量的比例较少；有效分蘖临界叶龄至拔节阶段，无效分蘖发生少，叶面积指数、光合势、群体生长速率低，物质积累也不具优势；拔节以后，具有良好的群体质量，叶面积增长较快，群体光合势和生长速率加大，物质积累优势较为明显。不同氮效率类型水稻物质生产与积累的特性不仅可以解释水稻氮素利用的品种间差异，同时也为生产上提高水稻氮利用效率提供了可行的调控途径。

... 水稻物质生产与积累在决定水稻产量的同时也影响着水稻对氮素的吸收和利用^[22], 本研究表明, 高密(36 ...

2000

0.0

... 齐穗后干物质积累比例约占40%左右, 与凌启鸿等^[23]认为的高产水稻的特点相似 ...

2016

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... 机插双季稻低氮、密植栽培的氮高效利用水稻氮肥利用率与种植季节、栽培体系、氮肥运筹、栽插密度以及品种本身特性等有关, 适量的氮肥及其合理的种植密度可以获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率, 同时具有环境效应^{[24,25,26,27,28]} ...

2016

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2002

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2015

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谢小兵, 周雪峰, 蒋鹏, 陈佳娜, 张瑞春, 伍丹丹, 曹放波, 单双吕, 黄敏, 邹应斌. 低氮密植栽培对超级稻产量和氮素利用率的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 1591-1602

Xie X

, Zhou X

, Jiang

, Chen J

, Zhang R

, Wu D

, Cao F

, Shan S

, Huang

, Zou Y

Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in super rice.

Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 1591-1602 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the impacts of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on tillering, earbearing tiller percentage, dry matter accumulation, apparent transformation rate, N-use efficiency and grain yield, field experiments with three nitrogen rates (75, 150, and 225 kg N ha -1 ) and four plant densities (68, 40, 27, and 19 hill m -2 ) as well as with three levels of number of seedlings per hill (1, 2, and 3 seedling(s) hill -1 ) and four plant densities (40, 27, 19, and 14 hill m -2 ) were conducted using super rice cultivar Y-liangyou 1 at Changsha, Hunan Province and Chengmai, Hainan Province in 2012–2013. The results showed that when seedlings per unit area were the same or approximate in combination with reducing seedlings per hill and increasing density (RSID), the dry matter accumulated 10.5% and 5.2% more than those with increasing seedlings per hill and reducing density (ISRD) at heading and maturity, respectively . RSID also produced 2.9% higher grain yield than ISRD. Panicles m -2 had the highest and significant contribution to grain yield in RSID. Productive tillering stage was shorter by six days, and earbearing tiller percentage, apparent transformation rate (ATR), partial factor productivity of applied nitrogen (PEP) and internal utilization efficiency of nitrogen (IE) were respectively higher by 10.9%, 21.0%, 150.6%, and 19.6% under low nitrogen rate (75 – 150 kg N ha -1 ) combined with high plant density (40 – 68 hills m -2 ) than under higher nitrogen rate (225 kg N ha -1 ) combined with low plant density (19 – 27 hills m -2 ) . The combination of applying 75 kg N ha -1 and transplanting 40–68 hills m -2 produced 3.2% and 7.5% biomass less than those of applying 150–225 kg N ha -1 and transplanting 19–27 hills m -2 at heading and maturity, respectively, but the differences were not significant. Meanwhile, the former combination decreased 1.2% and 5.2% grain yield at Changsha in two years and at Chengmai in 2012, respectively, while increased 9.1% at Chengmai in 2013, and the differences were significant at Chengmai. However, the combination of applying 150 kg N ha -1 and transplanting 40–68 hills m -2 produced 10.3% biomass and 3.3% grain yield more than that of applying 225 kg N ha -1 and transplanting 19–27 hills m -2 , except for biomass decreased 1.7% at maturity. Therefore, the adoption of low nitrogen rate (100 – 150 kg N ha -1 ) combined with high planting density (40 hills m -2 ) would improve both grain yield and N-use efficiency for super rice due to reaching the projected tillers earlier, increasing panicles , improving earbearing tiller percentage and seed setting rate, and having suitable biomass and higher ATR at heading stage.

1Agronomy College of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; 2 Institute of Rice and Sorghum, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang 618000, China

为了研究低氮密植栽培对水稻分蘖发生及成穗率、干物质积累及其转化、氮素利用率和产量的影响， 2012 — 2013 年以超级稻 Y 两优 1 号为材料，在湖南长沙和海南澄迈进行了施氮量 (75 、 150 、 225 kg N hm -2 ) 与栽插密度 (68 、 40 、 27 、 19 穴 m -2 ) ，每穴苗数 ( 单、双、三本穴 -1 ) 与栽插密度 (40 、 27 、 19 、 14 穴 m -2 ) 的大田栽培试验。结果表明，在基本苗数相同或相近的条件下，减苗增密在齐穗期和成熟期的干物质量及产量分别比增苗减密高 10.5% 、 5.2% 和 2.9% ，有效穗数对产量的贡献最大，达到显著水平；在低氮密植条件下，有效分蘖期缩短 6 d 左右，分蘖成穗率、表观转化率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率分别提高 10.9% 、 21.0% 、 150.6% 和 19.6% 。在施氮量为 75 kg N hm -2 的密植 (40~68 穴 m -2 ) 条件下，齐穗期和成熟期的干物质量及长沙点产量分别比中、高氮 (150~225 kg N hm -2 ) 常规密度 (19~27 穴 m -2 ) 低 3.2% 、 7.5% 和 1.2% ，但差异不显著，而澄迈点产量在 2012 年和 2013 年分别比之低 5.2% 和高 9.1% ，且差异均达显著水平。在施氮量为 150 kg N hm -2 的密植条件下，成熟期干物质量比高氮常规密度低 1.7% ，但齐穗期干物质量和产量比高氮常规密度高 10.3% 和 3.3% 。因此，超级稻采用低氮密植栽培，在 100~150 kg N hm -2 和 40 穴 m -2 条件下提早了够苗期，增加了有效穗数，提高了分蘖成穗率和结实率，加之齐穗期适宜的干物质积累和较高的表观转化率，有利于高产的形成和氮肥利用率的提高。

... 总之, 适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率, 这与前人的研究结果一致^[27,31] ...

2003

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... 大量的研究结果表明实时实地施肥管理模式能增加作物的产量, 减少肥料的投入, 增加肥料的利用率^[28,29,30] ...

2003

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刘立军, 桑大志, 刘翠莲, 王志琴, 杨建昌, 朱庆森. 实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 1456-1461

Liu L

, Sang D

, Liu C

, Wang Z

, Yang J

, Zhu Q

Effects of real-time and site-specific nitrogen managements on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 1456-1461 (in Chinese)

扬州大学农学院农学系

以籼型三系杂交稻汕优 63为材料 ,对不同氮肥管理的农艺和经济表现进行了评价。结果表明 ,未施氮肥 (空白区 )的产量为 6.8～ 7.4t·ha- 1,表明试验田背景氮颇高。与农民习惯施肥法 (氮肥 2 40kg·ha- 1)相比 ,改良的农民施肥法 (农民习惯施氮量的 70 % )、实时氮肥管理 (依据叶绿素仪测定值进行的施肥方法 )和实地氮肥管理(施氮时期、施氮量和叶绿素仪测定值相结合的施肥方法 )分别增产 9.2 %～ 10 .3 %、3 .3 %～ 7.0 %和 8.9%～ 9.3 % ,氮肥农学利用率分别提高了 110 .5%～ 13 5.6%、2 0 4.3 %～ 2 97.0 %和 2 0 0 .9%～ 2 76.4%。以上结果表明 ,在产量不降低甚至有所增加的前提下 ,实时、实地氮肥管理可以减少氮肥施用量 ,较大幅度地提高水稻氮肥利用率。另外 ,实时、实地氮肥管理还可以降低稻米的垩白率和垩白度 ,改善稻米的外观品质

... 大量的研究结果表明实时实地施肥管理模式能增加作物的产量, 减少肥料的投入, 增加肥料的利用率^[28,29,30] ...

2007

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贺帆, 黄见良, 崔克辉, 曾建敏, 徐波, 彭少兵, Buresh R

实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2007, 40: 123-132

, Huang J

, Cui K

, Zeng J

, Xu

, Peng S

, Buresh R

Effect of real-time and site-specific nitrogen management on rice yield and quality.

Sci Agric Sin, 2007, 40: 123-132 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To evaluate the effect of real-time and site-specific N management on rice yield and its quality, the experiments under field conditions were conducted with indica hybrid rice Liangyoupei9(LYP9) and Shanyou63(SY63) in 2004 and 2005. The results showed that grain yield of LYP9 and SY63 under N-application treatment increased by 21.12%-57.65%, 15.00%-31.18% compared to no N-application treatment respectively based on the Real-time N Management (RTNM); grain yield of LYP9 and SY63 under N-application treatment increased by 45.44%-50.71%, 28.53%-32.40% compared to no N-application treatment respectively based on the Site-specific N Management(SSNM). The recommended SPAD threshold were 38-41 for LYP9, and 36-39 for SY63, which might obtain higher grain yield and better grain quality when RTNM were adapted for nitrogen management. The optimal SPAD threshold for LYP9 and SY63 were 38-39 and 36 respectively, when nitrogen management based on SSNM. It clearly demonstrated that the milling quality, apparent features, protein content of LYP9 was noticeably improved under a proper SPAD threshold based on the SSNM both in 2004 and 2005; For SY63, its quality could not be improved in SSNM while the SPAD threshold recommendation based on the grain yield performance. The results indicate the possibility of harmonizing the conflict of rice quality and grain yield by using SSNM based on the recommendation SPAD threshold value of 38-39 for LYP9 and 36 or so for SY63.

华中农业大学作物生理生态与栽培研究中心

【目的】探讨实时实地氮肥管理对水稻产量和品质的影响。【方法】试验于2004和2005年在大田条件下，以两优培九、汕优63为材料研究了不同叶绿素仪（SPAD）预设阈值指导下的实时实地氮肥管理方式的产量与产量形成以及相应的稻米品质特性。【结果】在实时氮肥管理（RTNM）模式下，两优培九和汕优63各施氮处理比不施氮处理增产幅度分别达21.12%～57.65%和15.00%～31.18%。在实地氮肥管理（SSNM）模式下，两优培九和汕优63 SSNM处理比不施氮小区增产幅度分别达45.44%～50.71%和28.53%～32.40%。两优培九SPAD阈值分别由34～45的RTNM模式下，当SPAD阈值介于38～41之间时（氮肥用量120～165 kgN•ha-1）可以改善稻米的外观品质和加工品质；汕优63则以SPAD阈值36～39（氮肥用量：120～165 kgN•ha-1）范围内有利于改善米质。SSNM模式下以SPAD施肥阈值为37-39（氮肥用量130 kgN•ha-1）进行氮肥运筹能显著改善两优培九的加工品质、外观品质和营养品质；SSNM模式下汕优63以SPAD阈值为35～37时稻米品质相对较好，同时产量也比较高。【结论】实时实地氮肥管理能较好地协调水稻产量和品质的关系，关键措施是依据品种特性确定适宜的预设SPAD阈值。在本试验条件下，实时实地氮肥管理模式两优培九以SPAD 38～39、汕优63以SPAD 35～37左右时能获得较高的产量和部分地改善米质，可以作为生产上应用实时实地氮肥管理时的推荐阈值。

... 大量的研究结果表明实时实地施肥管理模式能增加作物的产量, 减少肥料的投入, 增加肥料的利用率^[28,29,30] ...

2014

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... 总之, 适当增加栽插密度及减少氮肥用量, 既可以实现水稻高产又能提高氮素利用率, 这与前人的研究结果一致^[27,31] ...