淮北地区水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及氮素吸收利用特性

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梁健, 李军, 李晓峰, 舒鹏, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. . 淮北地区水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及氮素吸收利用特性. 作物学报, 2016, 42(8): 1188-1200
LIANG Jian, LI Jun, LI Xiao-Feng, SHU Peng, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GUO Bao-Wei. . Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Rice Varieties with the Highest Population Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilization in Huaibei Area. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(8): 1188-1200 复制到剪切板

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淮北地区水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及氮素吸收利用特性

梁健, 李军, 李晓峰, 舒鹏, 张洪程, 霍中洋^*, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫

扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 霍中洋, E-mail: huozy69@163.com, Tel: 0514-87979220

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:365460342@qq.com, Tel: 18052595664

收稿日期:2016-01-14 接受日期:2016-05-09 网络出版日期:2016-05-30

基金:本研究由国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B03, 2013BAD07B09), 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(20130310), 江苏省重点研发项目(BE2015340)和扬州大学科技创新培育基金项目(2015CXJ042)资助

摘要

以淮北地区有代表性的34个中熟中粳品种为试材, 设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm^-2), 得出各品种在这7个氮肥水平下出现的最高产量, 将该最高产量定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。在此基础上, 按氮肥群体最高生产力高低将品种划分为4个等级, 即顶层水平(≥10.50 t hm^-2)、高层水平(9.75~10.50 t hm^-2)、中层水平(9.00~9.75 t hm^-2)和底层水平(≤9.00 t hm^-2), 比较研究不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级品种的产量及其构成因素、群体光合物质生产和氮素吸收利用差异。结果表明, 所有品种的氮肥群体最高生产力均出现在225.0、262.5、300.0 kg hm^-2三个氮肥水平, 不同氮肥群体生产力差异极显著; 随着生产力水平的提高, 单位面积穗数先增加后降低, 每穗粒数与群体颖花量显著增加, 结实率显著下降; 茎蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、光合势、有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比、总干物质积累量均以顶层水平最高, 底层水平最低; 移栽至拔节阶段的氮素积累比例表现为底层>中层>高层>顶层水平, 拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段表现为顶层>高层>中层>底层水平; 移栽至拔节、拔节至抽穗及抽穗至成熟阶段的氮素吸收速率以顶层最高, 顶层水平较底层水平分别高36.59%、34.36%和51.85%; 随着氮肥群体生产力等级的提高, 氮素吸收利用率和百千克籽粒吸氮量均提高; 中熟中粳稻品种有氮低效型、氮中效型、氮较高效型和氮高效型, 武运粳27、中稻1号、宁粳4号、连粳7号为高产氮高效品种。

关键词: 中熟中粳; 生产力; 产量; 氮肥吸收利用

Yield, Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization of Rice Varieties with the Highest Population Productivity of Nitrogen Fertilization in Huaibei Area

LIANG Jian, LI Jun, LI Xiao-Feng, SHU Peng, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, HUO Zhong-Yang^*, DAI Qi-Gen, XU Ke, WEI Hai-Yan, GUO Bao-Wei

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Science and Technology Project of Food Production (2011BAD16B03, 2013BAD07B09), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201203102), the Key Projects of Jiangsu Province (BE2015340), and Cultivation of Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Yangzhou University (2015CXJ042)

Abstract

The field experiment was carried out using 34 medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties grown in Huaibei area with seven nitrogen application levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, and 337.5 kg ha^-1) to investigate their yield and nitrogen absorption and utilization. We defined the highest rice yields under different nitrogen levels as the highest population productivity of N fertilization. According to the highest population productivity of N fertilization, rice varieties were classified into four types including top type (TT), high type (HT), middle type (MT), and low type (LT). Yield components, population photosynthate production and N absorption and utilization of the four types rice varieties were compared. The main results indicated that optimum N levels of tested varieties corresponding to their highest population productivity of N fertilization converged in the range of 225.0-300.0 kg ha^-1, while the highest grain yields were significantly different among tested varieties. With increasing productivity level, panicles per unit area increased firstly and decreased then, spikelets per panicle and total spikelet number increased and seed-setting rate declined percentage of productive tillers, leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, ratio of leaf area of productive tillers, ratio of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf, grain-leaf ratio and total dry matter accumulation increased. The ratio of nitrogen accumulation shown trend of LT > MT > HT > TT from transplanting to jointing stage and TT > HT > MT > LT from jointing to heading stage and from heading to maturity stage. N uptake rate was the fastest in the top type, and the slowest in low type and 36.59%, 34.36%, 51.85% higher in top type than in low type at translating to jointing, jointing to heading and heading to maturity growing stages. N use efficiency and N requirement for 100 kg kernel increased with increasing productivity level. According to the N use efficiency, 34 varieties were divided into low ANRE (apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency), middle ANRE, higher ANRE and high ANRE. Wuyunjing 27, Zhongdao 1, Ningjing 4, and Lianjing 7 belonged to high yield and high ANRE varieties.

Keyword: Medium-maturing medium Japonica; Productivity; Yield; Nitrogen absorption and utilization

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我国是世界上水稻种植面积最大的国家, 全国有60%以上的人口以稻米为主食^{[1, 2]}。近些年, 随着人口的增长以及生活质量的提高, 人们对水稻高产高效也提出了更高的要求。淮北地区是我国重要的稻区之一, 在稻麦两熟种植制度下, 以种植中熟中粳稻为主。目前, 该地区市面上在售的中熟中粳稻存在多、乱、杂的现象, 给当地农户选择高产高效品种带来了一定的影响。

氮肥是调控水稻产量的重要措施, 但盲目投入氮肥不仅降低水稻的产量和品质, 而且降低氮素吸收利用率, 造成经济损失^[3]。刘金山等^[4]通过研究表明, 过量施氮会影响土壤有机碳、氮的组成与数量, 进而改变土壤供氮能力且造成土壤氮素残留污染环境。如何在现有甚至减少氮肥投入情况下大幅度提高单产与氮素利用效率, 从而减少对环境的影响, 是该地区亟待解决的重要问题之一^{[5, 6, 7]}。前人研究发现^{[8, 9, 10]}, 水稻品种产量随着氮肥施用量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势, 也就是说, 水稻品种产量对氮肥的响应具有一个临界点, 当该水稻品种在某一施氮水平下最大限度地发挥其增长潜力而达到最高产时, 则将该最高产量定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。氮肥群体最高生产力的提出, 不仅反映出该品种的产量潜力, 还可以作为鉴别不同水稻品种最高生产力和氮素高效利用协调关系的一个可行指标^[11]。此前, 就水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力的研究报道多以迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳为对象^{[12, 13, 14, 15]}, 未见报道适宜淮北稻区大面积种植的中熟中粳稻的研究。为此, 本研究以该地区普遍种植的34个中熟中粳水稻为试材, 通过氮肥施用量的调控, 使各品种达到最高生产力, 依据此, 将试材划分为4个产量等级, 对各等级水稻品种的产量结构、群体生长特征、氮素吸收利用等方面比较研究, 明确淮北地区中熟中粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其形成特征和最适施氮量, 以期为该地区品种改良及因种合理施氮提出理论与实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试品种

选用淮北地区普遍种植、生育期基本一致的34个中熟中粳水稻品种, 即中稻1号、新稻18、连粳11、泗稻12、连粳9号、淮稻14、徐稻3号、苏秀10号、苏秀326、盐稻11、华粳6号、连粳4号、镇稻99、镇稻88、郑稻19、盐稻12、武运粳27、宁粳4号、连粳7号、淮稻11、华粳2号、W026、泗1108、泗稻11、徐稻8号、津稻263、泗稻785、武运粳21、徐稻5号、郑稻18、华粳1号、徐稻2号、豫粳6号和苏秀867。千粒重在24~28 g之间。全生育期151~156 d。

1.2 试验设计

试验于2014年和2015年在扬州大学江苏省连云港市东海县平明试验基地进行。试验土质为沙壤土, 地力平衡、中等, 前茬小麦。土壤含氮1.53 g kg^-1、碱解氮90.30 mg kg^-1、速效磷34.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾88.6 mg kg^-1。采用裂区设计, 以施氮量(纯氮)水平为主区, 设置7个施氮水平, 即0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm^-2。品种为裂区, 裂区面积为10 m², 品种随机排列, 重复3次, 共714个小区。各小区均分布于同一田块, 面积为9000 m²。主区间做埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 保证各主区单独排灌。两年均采用机插软盘育秧, 5月30日播种, 6月20日移栽机插。栽插密度为每公顷28.5万穴(11.7 cm × 30.0 cm), 每穴4苗。氮肥按照基肥∶ 蘖肥∶ 穗肥 = 3∶ 3∶ 4施用, 其中穗肥分别于倒四叶和倒二叶叶龄期等量施入。此外, 各小区分别于前作小麦收获后基施P₂O₅ 135 kg hm^-2, K₂O分别于耕翻前、拔节期各施67.5 kg hm^-2。其他管理措施按照常规栽培要求实施。

1.3 测定内容与方法

1.3.1 茎蘖动态在各处理小区固定20穴作为观察点, 于有效分蘖临界叶龄期、拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期调查茎蘖数, 观察茎蘖消长动态。

1.3.2 叶面积和干物质分别于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 每小区取代表性的植株2穴, 用Li-3000A型自动叶面积仪测量植株叶面积。105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃烘干72 h后称重, 计算干物重, 并留样测定植株养分。

1.3.3 植株全氮将拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期的留样植株粉碎, 采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消化, 半微量凯氏定氮法测定氮素。

1.3.4 产量及其结构成熟期从每小区选择生长整齐的中部6行, 每行10穴, 共收割60穴, 脱粒、晒干, 测定实际产量。同时根据成熟期普查茎蘖数, 从每小区选取平均茎蘖数相当的稻株2穴, 自然风干后测定每穗粒数、结实率与千粒重。

1.4 数据处理

光合势(m² d m^-2) = [(L₁+L₂)/2] (t₂-t₁)。式中L₁和L₂为前后2次测定的叶面积(m² m^-2), t₁和t₂为前后2次测定的时间(d)

有效叶面积率(%) = 有效叶面积指数/最大叶面积指数× 100

高效叶面积率(%) = 高效叶面积指数/最大叶面积指数× 100

粒叶比含3种表示方式, 即颖花/叶(cm²) = 总颖花数/孕穗期叶面积; 实粒/叶(cm²) = 总实粒数/孕穗期叶面积; 粒重(mg)/叶(cm²) = 籽粒产量/孕穗期叶面积

氮素吸收量(kg hm^-2) = 该时期地上部干物重× 含氮率

氮素总吸收量(kg hm^-2) = 成熟期地上部干物重× 含氮率

氮素阶段吸收量(kg hm^-2) = 后一时期氮素吸收量-前一时期氮素吸收累积量

氮素阶段吸收速率(kg hm^-2d^-1) = 氮素阶段吸收量/前后两时期间隔的天数

氮素吸收利用率(%) = (施氮区植株总吸氮量-无氮区植株总吸氮量)/氮素施用量× 100

百千克籽粒吸氮量(kg) = 总吸氮量/稻谷产量× 100

使用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据, 唐启义的DPS软件统计分析, SigmaPlot作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 水稻氮肥最高生产力及产量构成因素

2.1.1 不同水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其差异

对34个中熟中粳水稻两年的氮肥群体最高生产力平均值及其对氮肥的响应分析表明, 不同水稻品种间差异极显著(表1)。供试品种中有19个产量达到9.75 t hm^-2以上, 其中有7个品种达到10.5 t hm^-2。15个品种产量低于9.75 t hm^-2, 其中4个品种产量低于9 t hm^-2。相同生产力等级品种对应的施氮量也不同。如达到高层生产力水平的品种有12个, 其中连粳9号、淮稻14及徐稻3号等3个品种在施氮量225 kg hm^-2下产量最高, 苏秀10号等7个品种在施氮量262.5 kg hm^-2下产量最高, 郑稻19、盐稻12等2个品种在施氮量300.0 kg hm^-2下产量最高。其他3个生产力等级也有相似规律。这说明, 不同品种氮肥群体最高生产力的适宜施氮量差异显著, 过高或过低均不利于高产的形成。此外, 由表1还可以看出, 施氮量低于225.0 kg hm^-2均不能发挥中熟中粳稻品种的产量潜力。

2.1.2 水稻氮肥最高生产力等级与产量构成因素的关系从表2可以看出, 4个生产力等级间的产量差异达极显著水平, 两年趋势一致。两年最高产较最低产分别高27.70%和23.72%。随着生产力等级的递增, 穗数表现出先增加后下降的趋势, 高层和中层水平较顶层和底层差异显著; 穗粒数和颖花数表现出增加的趋势, 变异系数较大, 两年分别达9.32%、9.24%和9.14%、10.96%; 千粒重差异不显著, 结实率下降, 但中层和高层差异不显著, 两年规律一致。

2.2 氮肥群体最高生产力水稻的群体特征

2.2.1 群体茎蘖动态特征高层、中层、底层水平在有效分蘖临界叶龄期的茎蘖数差异不显著, 顶层水平极显著低于其他3个生产力水平(表3)。拔节期各生产力等级茎蘖数达最大, 底层水平显著高于其他3个水平, 顶层水平最少, 随后平缓下降并在成熟期趋于稳定。以2015年数据分析, 顶层水平4个关键时期茎蘖数分别低于平均水平2.49%、5.76%、0.94%和0.77%。中层和高层水平在抽穗期和成熟期茎蘖数差异不显著但与底层水平差异极显著。底层水平在拔节期分蘖高而后下降迅速, 导致最终茎蘖成穗率低。群体茎蘖成穗率随着生产力等级的递增而升高, 两年趋势一致。以2015年为例, 中层水平比底层水平高1.24%, 高层水平比中层水平高0.69%, 顶层水平比高层水平高2.57%。由此可以看出, 生产力等级越高, 拔节后的分蘖也越稳定, 茎蘖成穗率也越高。

表1 供试水稻品种最高生产力等级及其对应施氮量 Table 1 Highest productivity level and its N application rates of rice varieties

表2 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种产量及其构成因素 Table 2 Highest population productivity of N fertilization and yield components at different productivity levels

表3 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种茎蘖数及成穗率 Table 3 Number of stems and tillers and percentage of productive tillers in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels

2.2.2 群体光合物质生产特征图1表明, 各生产力等级均在抽穗期LAI达到最大值。对各生育期进行分析, 拔节期随着生产力等级的递增, LAI无明显差异; 抽穗期随着生产力等级的递增, LAI呈递增趋势, 两年间顶层水平LAI达7.25和7.26, 底层水平仅为3.64和3.75, 且该时期不同生产力等级间变异系数大, 达27.24%和26.16%; 成熟期, 各生产力等级LAI均下降, 但仍以顶层水平最高, 底层水平最低。说明较强的光合能力是获取高产的原因。

从两年的群体光合势看(图2), 移栽至拔节期, 随着生产力等级的递增, 群体光合势稍有递减但均不显著。拔节至抽穗期, 顶层水平极显著高于其他3个水平。以2015年数据为例, 顶层水平较高层、中层、底层水平分别高14.02%、15.24%和17.28%。抽穗至成熟期, 仍以顶层水平光合势最高, 底层水平最低, 高层和中层水平差异不显著。

水稻上三叶长均随生产力等级提高而增长。顶层、高层和中层水平品种均以倒二叶最长, 倒三叶次之(表4)。底层水平的倒二、倒三叶差异不显著。随着生产力等级的递增, 有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率均提高, 但高层和中层水平差异未达到显著或极显著。以2015年为例, 顶层水平的有效叶面积率和高效叶面积率比4个生产力等级平均水平高2.71%和5.94%, 较底层水平高7.02%和12.81%, 差异极显著, 两年规律一致。本试验用颖花/叶、实粒/叶和粒重/叶3个指标来表示粒叶比。由表4可看出, 粒叶比的3个指标均随生产力等级递增而升高。

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图1 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种各生育期的叶面积指数
A: 2014年各生育期叶面积指数; B: 2015年各生育期叶面积指数。JO: 拔节; HE: 抽穗; MA: 成熟。Fig. 1 Leaf area index at each growth stage in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels
A: Leaf area index at each growth stage in 2014; B: Leaf area index at each growth stage in 2015. JO: jointing; HE: heading; MA: maturity.

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图2 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种各生育阶段的光合势
A: 2014年各生育阶段光合势; B: 2015年各生育阶段光合势。TR-JO: 移栽至拔节; JO-HE: 拔节至抽穗; HE-MA: 抽穗至成熟。Fig. 2 Photosynthetic potential at each growth stage in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels
A: Photosynthetic potential at each growth stage in 2014; B: Photosynthetic potential at each growth stage in 2015. TR-JO: Transplanting- Jointing; JO-HE: Jointing-Heading; HE-MA: Heading-Maturity.

表4 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种叶面积组成及粒叶比 Table 4 Components of leaf area and grain-leaf ratio in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels

生产力等级Productivity level	倒一叶长Length of first leaf from top (cm)	倒二叶长Length of second leaf from top (cm)	倒三叶长Length of third leaf from top (cm)	有效叶面积率Ratio of leaf area of productive tillers (%)	高效叶面积率Ratio of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf (%)	粒叶比 Grain-leaf ratio
生产力等级Productivity level	倒一叶长Length of first leaf from top (cm)	倒二叶长Length of second leaf from top (cm)	倒三叶长Length of third leaf from top (cm)	有效叶面积率Ratio of leaf area of productive tillers (%)	高效叶面积率Ratio of leaf area from flag leaf to 3rd leaf (%)	颖花/叶 Spikelets/ leaf area (cm²)	实粒/叶 Filled grains/ leaf area (cm²)	粒重/叶 Kernel weight (mg)/leaf area (cm²)
2014
顶层水平 TL (≥ 10.50 t hm^-2)	37.14 Aa	46.62 Aa	44.42 Aa	94.21 Aa	77.82 Aa	0.593 Aa	0.521 Aa	13.38 Aa
高层水平 HL (9.75-10.50 t hm^-2)	35.37 ABb	44.21 Bb	42.61 Bb	92.31 Bb	73.65 Bb	0.561 Bb	0.501 Bb	13.01 Bb
中层水平 ML (9.00-9.75 t hm^-2)	35.11 Bb	43.62 Bb	42.29 Bb	92.30 Bb	72.21 Bc	0.534 Cc	0.482 Cc	12.77 Bc
底层水平 LL (≤ 9.00 t hm^-2)	33.60 Bc	42.12 Bc	42.15 Bb	87.36 Cc	68.31 Cd	0.468 Dd	0.411 Dd	12.09 Cd
平均数 Mean	35.31	44.14	42.87	91.55	73.00	0.54	0.48	12.81
变异系数 CV (%)	4.11	4.24	2.46	3.20	5.38	9.86	10.00	4.24
2015
顶层水平 TL (≥ 10.50 t hm^-2)	37.34 Aa	47.03 Aa	44.53 Aa	94.38 Aa	77.92 Aa	0.602 Aa	0.531 Aa	13.51 Aa
高层水平 HL (9.75-10.50 t hm^-2)	35.47 ABb	45.12 Ab	42.81 Ab	92.48 Bb	74.62 Bb	0.567 Bb	0.508 ABb	12.95 Bb
中层水平 ML (9.00-9.75 t hm^-2)	35.38 Bb	44.68 Ab	42.58 Ab	92.50 Bb	72.59 Bc	0.537 Cc	0.490 Bb	12.80 Bb
底层水平 LL (≤ 9.00 t hm^-2)	33.79 Bc	42.14 Bc	42.05 Ab	88.19 Cc	69.07 Cd	0.470 Dd	0.424 Cc	12.13 Cc
平均数 Mean	35.50	44.74	42.99	91.89	73.55	0.54	0.49	12.85
变异系数 CV (%)	4.09	4.50	2.50	2.85	5.04	10.30	9.42	4.42

TL: top level; HL: high level; ML: middle level; LL: low level. Values within the same column and year followed by a different letter are significantly different at the 1% (capital) and 5% (small) probability levels, respectively.

TL: 顶层水平; HL: 高层水平; ML: 中层水平; LL: 底层水平。同栏同年内比较, 标以不同大小写字母的数值分别在1%和5%水平差异显著。

2.2.3 群体干物质生产特征随着生产力等级的递增, 群体干物质积累总量增加, 差异极显著(表5)。以2015年数据为例, 顶层水平分别比另3个等级水平高5.23%、14.29%和29.92%。从各个重要生育阶段看, 移栽至拔节期, 高层水平的干物质积累量最高, 底层水平最低, 但底层水平该阶段的干物质积累比例比其他3个水平高, 差异极显著。拔节至抽穗期顶层水平积累量开始升高且比例也在4个等级水平中为最高, 两年分别积累43.19%和43.21%。底层水平积累量低于另3个等级水平, 且比例最低, 两年分别积累40.17%和40.25%。抽穗后, 仍以顶层水平最高, 高层水平次之, 比例亦表现相似的规律, 两年趋势一致。

表5 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种阶段干物质积累量及比例 Table 5 Dry matter accumulation and ratio at each growth stage in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels

2.3 氮肥群体最高生产力水稻的氮素积累特征

2.3.1 氮素阶段积累量及比例两年的群体总氮素积累量和3个主要生育阶段吸氮量均随着生产力等级提高而增加。以2015年数据为例, 顶层水平在移栽至拔节期、拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期的氮素积累量分别比高层、中层、底层水平高13.82%、17.92%、56.09%, 20.49%、32.51%、96.85%和20.19%、34.53%、97.67%。拔节至抽穗期的氮素积累量较上一阶段, 顶层水平明显增加, 高层、中层水平少量增加而底层水平不增反减(表6), 这也表明, 拔节至抽穗期的吸氮量越多, 水稻产量越高。

移栽至拔节期4个生产力等级氮素比例表现为底层> 中层> 高层> 顶层水平, 拔节后表现为顶层> 高层> 中层> 底层水平。以2015年数据为例, 抽穗至成熟阶段, 顶层水平较高层水平, 高层水平较中层水平, 中层水平较底层水平分别高2.01%、3.90%和4.00%, 变异系数为4.28%。

表6 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种阶段氮素积累量及比例 Table 6 N accumulation and ratio at each growth stage in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels

2.3.2 氮素阶段性吸收速率由图3可以看出, 各生产力等级的氮素吸收率均在拔节至抽穗期最大, 移栽至拔节期次之, 抽穗至成熟期最小。3个生育阶段均以顶层水平最高, 底层水平最低, 如2015年, 顶层水平3个生育阶段的氮素吸收速率较底层水平分别高出34.52%、35.37%和50.17%, 差异极显著。抽穗至成熟期高层水平和中层水平的吸收率差异未达到显著水平。综合图3和表6可知, 氮素阶段性吸收速率和氮素阶段积累量在不同生产力等级间的变化规律基本一致。

2.3.3 氮素吸收利用率及百千克籽粒吸氮量生产中常用氮素吸收利用率作为衡量氮素利用效率的指标。从表7可以看出, 随着氮肥群体最高生产力等级的递增, 氮素吸收利用率表现出极显著的上升趋势, 2014年、2015年的变异系数分别为10.23%、10.52%。百千克籽粒吸氮量也随生产力等级递增而增加, 如2015年, 顶层水平的百千克籽粒吸氮量比高层水平高11.98%, 高层水平比中层水平, 中层水平比底层水平分别高1.05%和28.19%。

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图3 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种氮素阶段吸收速率
A: 2014年各生育阶段氮素吸收速率; B: 2015年各生育阶段氮素吸收速率。TR-JO: 移栽至拔节; JO-HE: 拔节至抽穗; HE-MA: 抽穗至成熟。Fig. 3 N uptake rate in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels
A: N uptake rate at each growth stage in 2014; B: N uptake rate at each growth stage in 2015. TR-JO: Transplanting-Jointing; JO-HE: Jointing-Heading; HE-MA: Heading-Maturity.

表7 不同氮肥群体最高生产力等级水稻品种氮素吸收利用效率 Table 7 N uptake and utilization efficiency in different highest population productivity of N fertilization levels

以两年的群体最高生产力水平下氮素吸收利用率平均值为基础, 采用欧氏距离和离差平方和法对34个品种进行聚类分析, 可将水稻品种划分为氮低效型、氮中效型、氮较高效型和氮高效型四类(表8), 且无论是不同氮肥群体生产力等级, 还是同一氮肥群体生产力等级的水稻品种氮素吸收利用效率类型都表现出显著差异。底层水平仅有氮低效型(豫粳6号和苏秀867)和氮中效型(华粳1号和徐稻2号)两类, 变异系数5.31%; 中层水平有氮低效型(华粳2号和泗1108)、氮中效型(郑稻18、淮稻11、W026、泗稻11、徐稻5号和泗稻785)、氮较高效型(徐稻8号和津稻263)与氮高效型(武运粳21)四类, 变异系数8.72%; 高层水平有氮中效型(盐稻12、苏秀326和盐稻11)、氮较高效型(连粳9号、华粳6号、镇稻99、镇稻88、苏秀10号和郑稻19)与氮高效型(连粳4号、淮稻14和徐稻3号)三类, 变异系数5.97%; 顶层水平有氮较高效型(新稻18、泗稻12和连粳11)与氮高效型(武运粳27、中稻1号、宁粳4号和连粳7号)两类, 变异系数6.44%。

表8 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种氮素吸收利用率的分类 Table 8 Classification of N use efficiency in different productivity types of rice variety

3 讨论

3.1 不同氮肥群体生产力等级品种产量构成因素的协同特征

水稻的产量构成因素包括单位面积穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重。库容和充实度是水稻高产的重要特征和生理基础, 获得高产的关键在于协调群体颖花量与粒数、结实率的关系^[16]。霍中洋等^[17]研究表明, 水稻从底层水平向中层水平过渡是通过增加穗数, 辅之穗粒数来实现的。张洪程等^[18]指出, 随着中层水平向高层水平, 高层水平向顶层水平生产力的提高, 穗数却略有下降而通过增加穗粒数来实现增产。徐正进等^[19]分析近十年来日本育成的超高产品种的产量结构, 也表明超高产品种穗粒数大幅度提高, 而单位面积穗数有所下降。吴桂成等^[20]的研究表明, 高产(中层水平)向更高产(高层水平)、超高产(顶层水平)过渡, 主要是依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。杨建昌等^[21]通过对中熟粳稻产量比较认为高产到更高产, 虽然穗数有所增加, 但总颖花数的增加主要在于每穗粒数的增加。本试验表明, 产量与颖花数极显著正相关, 生产力等级由底层水平到中层水平主要以提高有效穗数和穗粒数来扩大库容; 中层水平到高层水平及高层水平到顶层水平, 主要依靠增加每穗粒数来提高群体颖花量。因此保证足穗与攻取大穗是高产的一个基本规律。本试验中4个生产力水平的千粒重差异不明显, 而结实率与每穗粒数呈负相关, 这与相关研究规律一致^{[22, 23, 24]}。

3.2 氮肥群体最高生产力处于顶层水平的群体特征

产量是水稻生长过程中一系列生理生化反应的最终结果, 分析比较氮肥群体最高生产力处于顶层水平等级与其他生产力等级的群体茎蘖动态和光合生产特性, 有利于揭示其产量差异形成的原因。本研究结果表明, 与底层、中层和高层水平相比, 顶层水平在拔节前尤其是有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的群体茎蘖与光合生产量相对较低, 拔节后的茎蘖数下降平缓, 干物质积累量显著提高, 这与Takai等^[25]、马均等^[26]的研究一致。但本研究还发现, 顶层水平的拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累量占总积累量的比例更高, 分别达43%以上和35%以上。粒叶比表现为顶层水平显著高于其他3个水平。说明保持拔节前相对适宜的群体茎蘖数与干物质积累量, 控制有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的群体茎蘖数与光合生产量, 提高粒叶比, 协调群体源库关系, 促进拔节后尤其是抽穗至成熟阶段的干物质积累及比例, 确保籽粒灌浆物质充分, 是顶层水平群体高产形成的重要特征与途径。凌启鸿等^[27]研究提出, 抽穗期光合生产量与产量呈抛物线关系, 即抽穗期的光合生产量存在一个最佳值, 或多、或少都不利于高产形成。本研究表明, 顶层水平在抽穗期的干物质积累量、叶面积指数和群体光合势显著高于其他3个水平, 有效叶面积率达94%以上, 说明培育抽穗期具有更高的适宜干物质积累量的水稻品种仍是挖掘单产潜力的重要途径之一。

3.3 淮北稻区高产氮高效品种的筛选

淮北地区是我国重要的水稻产区, 全生育期一般在151~156 d, 种植品种大多以中熟中粳稻为主, 但大面积生产的品种繁多, 产量水平参差不齐, 施肥随意性大, 合理选用适合区域生产的高产与氮高效品种是当前生产上亟需研究与解决的问题。孟天瑶等^[12]研究表明杂交籼稻群体最高层生产力对应的施氮量集中在225.0~262.5 kg hm^-2, 常规粳稻在300.0 kg hm^-2, 杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻在262.5~ 300.0 kg hm^-2。葛梦婕等^[23]研究也表明, 粳稻最高产量下的施氮量在262.5~300.0 kg hm^-2。本试验对34个中熟中粳稻品种进行产量和施氮量分析后得出, 不同品种最高生产力所对应的施氮量不同, 但均集中在225.0~300.0 kg hm^-2, 与张洪程等^[18]研究长江中下游地区代表性的50个早熟晚粳氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量在225.0~300.0 kg hm^-2一致。但本研究发现, 氮肥群体最高生产力等级处于顶层水平的水稻品种, 其氮素吸收利用率具有显著差异(表1和表8)。因此, 筛选并应用氮肥群体生产力与氮素吸收利用率“ 双高” 水稻品种, 是水稻高产高效生产的关键。其中连粳7号、中稻1号、武运粳27和宁粳4号等4个水稻品种在高氮下达最高产, 且氮素吸收利用率高, 而其他品种属于氮较高、中和低效型, 产量也未达到高产要求。淮北地区大面积生产上应选用上述连粳7号等4个中熟中粳稻品种。

4 结论

淮北地区中熟中粳稻氮肥群体最高生产力的施氮量在225.0~300.0 kg hm^-2之间; 顶层水平等级的群体颖花数、成穗率、最大叶面积指数、粒叶比、群体干物质积累总量、氮素总积累量、阶段吸收速率、氮素利用率和百千克籽粒吸氮量均高; 移栽至拔节阶段高层水平等级干物质积累量高, 拔节后顶层水平等级高; 移栽至拔节阶段底层水平等级干物质积累比例和氮素积累比例高, 拔节后顶层水平等级高; 连粳7号、中稻1号、武运粳27和宁粳4号等4个中熟中粳稻品种属于高产氮高效型水稻品种。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[11]	杨雄. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种氮磷钾的积累、分配与转运的差异性分析. 扬州大学硕士学位论文, 江苏扬州, 2012 Yang X. The Accumulation, Distribution and Translocation of NPK of Rice Varieties with Different Productivity Levels. MS Thesis of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[12]	孟天瑶, 许俊伟, 邵子彬, 葛梦婕, 张洪程, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 郭保卫, 荆培培. 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力的优势及形成特征. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 1711-1725 Meng T Y, Xu J W, Shao Z B, Ge M J, Zhang H C, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Guo B W, Jing P P. Advantages and their formation characteristics of the highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization in japonica/indica hybrid rice of Yongyou series. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 1711-1725 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
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[14]	花劲, 周年兵, 张军, 张洪程, 霍中洋, 周培建, 程飞虎, 李国业, 黄大山, 陈忠平, 陈国梁, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 郭保卫. 双季稻区晚稻”籼改粳”品种筛选. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47: 4582-4594 Hua J, Zhou N B, Zhang J, Zhang H C, Huo Z Y, Zhou P J, Cheng F H, Li G Y, Huang D S, Chen Z P, Chen G L, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Guo B W. Selection of late rice cultivars of japonica rice switched from indica rice in double cropping rice area. Sci Agric Sin, 2014, 47: 4582-4594 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[15]	龚金龙, 胡雅杰, 葛梦婕, 龙厚元, 常勇, 马群, 杨雄, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕. 南方粳型超级稻氮肥群体最高生产力及其形成特征的研究. 核农学报, 2012, 26: 558-572 Gong J L, Hu Y J, Ge M J, Long H Y, Chang Y, Ma Q, Yang X, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y. The highest population productivity of N fertilization and its formation characteristics on japonica super rice in south China. J Nucl Agric Sci, 2012, 26: 558-572 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[16]	Ying J F, Peng S B, He Q R, Yang H, Yang C D, Visperas R M, Cassman K G. Comparison of high-yield in tropical and subtropical environments: I. Determinants of grain and dry matter yields. Field Crops Res, 1998, 57: 71-84 [本文引用:1]
[17]	霍中洋, 顾海永, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 李国业, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 芦燕, 张洪程. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的氮素吸收利用差异. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 2061-2068 Huo Z Y, Gu H Y, Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Li G Y, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Lu Y, Zhang H C. Differences of nitrogen absorption and utilization in rice varieties with different productivity levels. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 2061-2068 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98 Zhang H C, Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Ge M J, Li G Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Liu Y Y. The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[19]	徐正进, 陈温福, 张龙步, 王进民, 董克. 从日本超高产品种(系)的选育看粳稻高产的方向. 沈阳农业大学学报, 1991, 22(增刊): 27-33 Xu Z J, Chen W F, Zhang L B, Wang J M, Dong K. Judging the way forward of breeding japonica rice for high-yield from the advance of breeding super-hybrid yield varieties in Japan. Shenyang Agric Univ, 1991, 22(suppl): 27-23 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276 Wu G C, Zhang H C, Qian Y F, Li D J, Zhou Y Y, Xu J, Wu W G, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Gao H, Xu Z J, Qian Z, Sun J Y, Zhao P H. Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[21]	杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 Yang J C, Du Y, Wu C F, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid-season japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	Mohapatra P K, Sahu S K. Heterogeneity of primary branch development and spikelet survival in rice in relation to assimilates of primary branches. J Exp Bot, 1991, 42: 871-879 [本文引用:1]
[23]	葛梦婕, 王亚江, 颜希亭, 张洪程, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 江峰, 朱聪聪. 长江中下游稻区粳型超级稻高产形成及氮素利用的研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 259-270 Ge M J, Wang Y J, Yan X T, Zhang H C, Wei H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Jiang F, Zhu C C. Research on the formation of high yield and the nitrogen use of japonica super rice in the middle and lower areas of the Yangtze River. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 259-270 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[24]	陈爱忠, 潘晓华, 吴建富, 石庆华, 杨上勤. 施氮量对双季超级稻产量、干物质生产及氮素吸收利用的影响. 杂交水稻, 2011, 26(2): 58-63 Chen A Z, Pan X H, Wu J F, Shi Q H, Yang S Q. Effects of nitrogen application amount on yield, dry matter production and N-uptake and utilization of double-cropping super rice. Hybrid Rice, 2011, 26(2): 58-63 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
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[27]	凌启鸿. 作物群体质量. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 2000. pp 1-210 Ling Q H. The Quality of Crop Population. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2000. pp 1-210(in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

2005

0.0

凌启鸿, 张洪程, 丁艳锋, 张益彬. 水稻高产技术的新发展——精确定量栽培. 中国稻米, 2005, (1): 3-7

Ling Q

, Zhang H

, Ding Y

, Zhang Y

The new development of the technique for high yield rice—precise and quantitative cultivation.

China Rice, 2005, (1): 3-7 (in Chinese)

新世纪水稻栽培科学的发展目标已经由追求高产的单一目标，发展成为追求高产、优质、高效、生态、安全综合目标。面对这一新的目标，水稻栽培科学要有新的发展，要有大的作为，必须走精确定量的路子。水稻精确定量栽培包括两个方面，一是高产优质群体生长发展动态指标的精确定量，二是栽培技术措施的精确定量。前者包括以水稻叶龄模式为代表的作物生育进程(器官建成和产量因素形成)的定量化，和以水稻群体质量指标体系为代表的高产(高光效)群体空间形态、生理指标的定量化。后者包括播期、壮秧(苗)、基本苗、施肥和管水的精确定量。多年来，作者等对此进行了探索，取得了明显的成果，展现了较好的前景。更为重要的是，在此基础上作者等基本明确了建立水稻精确定量栽培技术的方法体系。在江苏推行水稻精确定量栽培无论从可行性和必要性看，都势在必行。从江苏的实际来看，江苏的水稻精确定量栽培应该以单产650～700kg／667m^2为目标来设计。本文根据精确定量栽培的指导思想和作者等近年来的研究成果，初步提出了在江苏实现这一目标的精确定量栽培的指标体系，并提出来了通过选用主体品种、抉择主流技术、开展主导培训，把水稻精确定量栽培的普及推广落到实处。

... 我国是世界上水稻种植面积最大的国家, 全国有60%以上的人口以稻米为主食^[1,2] ...

2000

0.0

... 我国是世界上水稻种植面积最大的国家, 全国有60%以上的人口以稻米为主食^[1,2] ...

2014

0.0

巨晓棠, 谷保静. 我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 783-795

Ju X

, Gu B

Status-quo, problem and trend of nitrogen fertilization in China.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 783-795 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Nitrogen(N) plays a key role in the formation of crop yield and quality. This paper reviews the rational N application which includes rate, time and method, and also includes combinations of manure and straw etc. It points out that the severe N loss in the applied process and after fertilization is the main problem of fertilization in Chinese cropland. Based on the farmer investigation and the rational N rate from the field experiments, the proportion of overuse N of farmers’ fields occupies about 33% of total investigated fields. However, on the basis of regional scale, comparing with average recommended N rate, the average N rate per sowing area for overuse, rational and insufficient N rate account for 20%, 70% and 10% of the total sowing area, respectively. Generally, the phenomenon of overuse is common, especially in cash crop such as vegetable and fruit tree. We further proposed a method for estimating national N fertilizer demand in this paper. By using three different kinds of estimating method and comparing with actual national total N fertilizer consumption from 1980 to 2010, the actual total N fertilizer consumption is not excessive (27.9×10 6 t N annually from 2006 to 2010) if extensive fertilization; but if with the improved fertilization techniques, the total N fertilizer consumption should be about 19.6×10 6 t N annually from 2006 to 2010. Using five different kinds of predicting method shows that the national rational N demand for 2020, 2030 and 2050 is 21.0×10 6 t N, 21.7×10 6 t N and 23.1×10 6 t N, respectively, if we improve the fertilization technologies. On the contrast, the national rational N demand for 2020, 2030 and 2050 is 30.4×10 6 t N, 31.4×10 6 t N and 334×10 6 t N if we still use extensive fertilization. This paper further analysis the differences among China, the US and the Western Europe on the crop production and N fertilization rate. It also further analysis the importance of manure and carbon application on enhancing soil organic carbon and N pools in Chinese cropland.

1 College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; 2 Policy Simulation Lab, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

氮素在作物产量和品质形成中起着关键作用。本文综述了什么是合理施氮，包括施氮量、施氮方法和时期，也包括与有机肥和秸秆还田措施的配合等。指出我国农田氮肥施用的主要问题是施肥过程和施肥后的严重损失。依据农户调查所获得的田块尺度施氮量，与田间试验合理施氮量对比分析表明，过量施氮田块占总调查田块的大约33%。依据区域尺度单位播种面积平均施氮量，与作物平均推荐施氮量对比分析表明，全国过量施氮面积占播种面积20%、合理面积占70%、不足面积占10%。总体而言，过量施氮现象还相当普遍，特别是在蔬菜和果树等经济作物上。本文提出了一种估算国家尺度氮肥需求量的方法，可估算出全国合理需氮量范围，称之为氮肥需求量估算法。用三种不同方法估算的我国19802010年间的氮肥需求量与实际氮肥使用量比较表明，如仍然依照现在的粗放施肥习惯，应该为现在的实际氮肥使用量，5年平均为N 27.9×10 6 t 左右，正好处于合理需氮量范围的中线。在改善施肥技术基础上，我国2006~2010年间5年氮肥平均使用量应该在N 19.6×10 6 t 左右；用五种方法预测的我国未来氮肥需求量表明，如果改善施肥技术，我国2020、 2030、 2050年合理氮肥需求量分别为N 21.0×10 6 t、 21.7×10 6 t、 23.1×10 6 t；如施肥技术得不到实质性改善，依然粗放施氮，则氮肥需求量应处于合理使用量范围的中线，分别为N 30.4×10 6 t、 31.4×10 6 t、 33.4×10 6 t。进一步分析了我国粮食产量和氮肥施用量与美国和西欧的差异，我国农田有机肥和碳投入对增加土壤有机碳氮库的重要性。

... 氮肥是调控水稻产量的重要措施, 但盲目投入氮肥不仅降低水稻的产量和品质, 而且降低氮素吸收利用率, 造成经济损失^[3] ...

2015

0.0

刘金山, 戴健, 刘洋, 郭雄, 王朝辉. 过量施氮对旱地土壤碳、氮及供氮能力的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21: 112-120

Liu J

, Dai

, Liu

, Guo

, Wang Z

Effects of excessive nitrogen fertilization on soil organic carbon and nitrogen and nitrogen supply capacity in dryland .

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2015, 21: 112-120 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】 Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization affects fractions and quantities of soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen(N) and therefore influences soil nitrogen supply capacity. However, there were few studies on effects of long term excessive nitrogen fertilization on soil organic C and N in dryland of southern Loess Plateau. Therefore, a long-term experiment was carried out to determine changes of nitrate N, organic C and N, and microbial biomass C and N under different N treatments and to study effects of excessive N fertilization on soil carbon and nitrogen and soil nitrogen supply capacity. 【Methods】 A long-term experiment was established in fall of 2004 with five N levels, 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 kg/ha. The plot size was 40 m 2 and all treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications, and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, Xiaoyan 22, was grown. The N levels of 0, 160 and 320 kg/ha were chosen as control (N0, with no N fertilization), normal N (N160) and excessive N (N320) treatments in this study. Soil samples were randomly collected from four sites at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm) using a 2.5-cm diameter auger in each plot on June 15, 2012 (at wheat harvest) and October 1 (at next winter wheat sowing) and then prepared for analysis. 【Results】 The excessive N fertilization treatment significantly increases soil nitrate N contents in 0-300 cm soil layers before the next winter wheat sown, i.e. from an average of 2.8 mg/kg (control) to 15.5 mg/kg which is higher than the normal N treatment by 8.1 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the nitrate N accumulation amounts in 0-60 cm and 0-300 cm soil layers are increased from 47.2 and 108.9 kg/ha of the control treatment to 76.5 and 727.7 kg/ha of the excessive N treatment, respectively, which are higher than the normal N treatment by 22% and 122%. During the summer fallow season, the excessive N fertilizer use also increases soil N mineralization, i.e. from 72.4 kg/ha of the control treatment to 130.7 kg/ha of the excessive N treatment. The excessive N treatment does not significantly increase soil organic C, but it does significantly increase organic N, and soil organic nitrogen C and N contents in the excessive N treatment are 9.24, 5.39 g/kg and 1.05, 0.71 g/kg (with increases by 52.2% and 54.3% than control, respectively) in 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers, respectively. In addition, the excessive N fertilization does not significantly affect the microbial biomass C in 0-20, 20-40 cm soil layer (with the average value of 253 and 205 mg/kg, respectively), and significantly increases the soil microbial biomass N, i.e. from 24.1 and 7.5 mg/kg in the control treatment to 43.6 and 16.1 mg/kg in the excessive N treatment. 【Conclusions】The excessive N fertilizer application significantly increases the nitrate N accumulation and mineralization in 0-300 cm soil profile, the quantities of soil N supply at the next winter wheat sowing and the soil microbial biomass N. However, the excessive N fertilization does not significantly affect soil total organic C and microbial biomass C, and increases the risk of nitrate N leaching in soil. Therefore, in order to reduce nitrate N leaching, input costs and the risk of environment pollution, high rate of N fertilizer is not suggested to apply to the dryland in southern Loess Plateau where the soil is low in organic matter concentration.

1 Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture/College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; 2 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China

【目的】过量施氮会影响土壤有机碳、氮的组成与数量,进而改变土壤供氮能力,但关于西北旱地长期过量施用氮肥后土壤有机碳、氮及土壤供氮能力变化的研究尚缺乏。本文在长期定位试验的基础上,通过分析不同氮肥水平特别是过量施氮条件下土壤硝态氮, 有机碳、氮和微生物量碳、氮的变化,探讨长期过量施氮对土壤有机碳、氮及供氮能力的影响。【方法】长期定位试验位于陕西杨凌西北农林科技大学农作一站。在施磷(P 2 O 5 )100 kg/hm 2 的基础上,设5个氮水平,施氮量分别为N 0、80、160、240、320 kg/hm 2 。重复4次,小区面积40 m 2 ,完全随机区组排列。种植冬小麦品种为小堰22。本文选取其中3处理,以不施氮为对照(N0)、施氮量N 160 kg/hm 2 为正常施氮(N160),施氮量N 320 kg/hm 2 为过量施氮(N320), 分别于2012年6月小麦收获后和10月下季小麦播前采集土壤样品, 进行测定分析。【结果】过量施氮导致下季小麦播前0—300 cm各土层硝态氮含量显著增加,平均由对照的2.8 mg/kg 增加到15.5 mg/kg; 同时, 0—60 cm 和0—300 cm土层的硝态氮累积量分别由对照的47.2和108.9 kg/hm 2 增加到76.5 和727.7 kg/hm 2 。过量施氮也增加了夏闲期间0—300 cm土层土壤有机氮矿化量,由对照的72.4 kg/hm 2 增加到130.7 kg/hm 2 。但过量施氮未显著增加土壤的有机碳含量,却显著增加了土壤有机氮含量,过量施氮0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤有机碳分别为9.24和5.39 g/kg,有机氮分别为1.05 和0.71 g/kg, 较对照增加52.2% 和 54.3%。同样,过量施氮未显著影响0—20、 20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量碳含量,其平均含量分别为253 和205 mg/kg,却显著提高了0—20、 20—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量,由对照的24.1和 7.5 mg/kg提高到43.6和16.1 mg/kg。【结论】过量施氮可以显著增加旱地土壤剖面中的硝态氮累积量、夏闲期氮素矿化量、小麦播前土壤氮素供应量和土壤微生物量氮含量,但对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳没有显著性影响,同时过量施氮增加了土壤硝态氮淋溶风险,故在有机质含量低的黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦种植中不宜施用高量氮肥,以减少土壤氮素残留和农业投入,达到保护环境和培肥土壤的目的。

... 刘金山等^[4]通过研究表明, 过量施氮会影响土壤有机碳、氮的组成与数量, 进而改变土壤供氮能力且造成土壤氮素残留污染环境 ...

2009

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... 如何在现有甚至减少氮肥投入情况下大幅度提高单产与氮素利用效率, 从而减少对环境的影响, 是该地区亟待解决的重要问题之一^[5,6,7] ...

2009

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李晓, 陈春燕, 郑家奎, 唐莎. 基于文献计量学的超级稻研究动态. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 4197-4208

, Chen C

, Zheng J

, Tang

Research dynamics on super rice based on bibliometric.

Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 4197-4208 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Analyze the current situation of super rice researches both in China and in the world and provide data reference for super rice researchers and deciders. 【Method】 Choose web of science, CABI and CNKI databases to analyze the amount of super rice published articles and citation of research countries, authors, institutions, journals and research content. 【Result】 Searched 271 articles on 102 journals by 215 authors of 143 institutes in 21 countries, such as China, Japan, and Philippines from Web of science and CABI, and 1321 articles on 182 journals by 954 authors of 715 institutes in China from CNKI. The research content for super rice involves cultivation, genetic and breeding, and biochemistry, etc. 【Conclusion】 The super rice research in China is in the leading place in the world. Research institutions are widely distributed, research authors are plenty and the research content is plentiful. However, the team of authors who have published a great number of papers of super rice is not strong enough, the number of core authors is small and the quality of papers is low, the institutions which can publish plenty super rice papers are not enough and the number of papers in different research directions is very uneven.

（四川省农业科学院农业信息与农村经济研究所）

【目的】客观地分析国内外超级稻研究现状,为超级稻科研工作者与决策者提供数据参考。【方法】采用文献计量学方法,选择Web of science、CABI数据库和CNKI数据库,对超级稻研究的国家、作者、机构、载文期刊及研究内容进行了发文量和引证分析。【结果】Web of science和CABI数据库共检索出中国、日本、菲律宾等21个国家143个研究机构的215名作者在102种刊物上发表的271篇文献,CNKI检索出715个研究机构的954名作者在182种刊物上发表的1 321篇文献,研究内容涉及了超级稻的耕作栽培、遗传育种、生理生化等方面。【结论】中国超级稻研究居国际领先水平,研究机构分布广,研究者众多,研究内容丰富,但高产活跃作者群队伍不够强大,核心作者数量及所发论文质量不是很高,高产机构较少,不同研究方向的成果数量极不均衡。

... 如何在现有甚至减少氮肥投入情况下大幅度提高单产与氮素利用效率, 从而减少对环境的影响, 是该地区亟待解决的重要问题之一^[5,6,7] ...

2015

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... 如何在现有甚至减少氮肥投入情况下大幅度提高单产与氮素利用效率, 从而减少对环境的影响, 是该地区亟待解决的重要问题之一^[5,6,7] ...

2011

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李敏, 张洪程, 李国业, 魏海燕, 殷春渊, 马群, 杨雄. 水稻氮效率基因型差异及其机理研究进展. 核农学报, 2011, 25: 1057-1063

, Zhang H

, Li G

, Wei H

, Yin C

, Ma

, Yang

Genotypic difference of nitrogen use efficiency in rice its morphological and physiological mechanisms.

J Nucl Agric Sci, 2011, 25: 1057-1063 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The need for improving nitrogen use efficiency in rice production becomes more urgent. In the terms of genotypic differences in nitrogen use efficiency in rice, this study focused more on related to the morphological and physiological mechanisms. Moreover, we put forward present problems in the field, and prospected the co-ordination research of high nitrogen use efficiency and high grain yield in rice in the future.

1. Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009; 2. Rice Research Institute of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, Guizhou 550006

提高氮效率是当前水稻生产中亟待解决的问题。针对水稻基因型间氮效率差异的客观事实,从根系、叶片光合与衰老、库容量、氮代谢、物质生产与分配、产量及其构成等方面,详细阐述了水稻氮效率基因型差异的机理。对研究中存在的问题进行了探讨,并对水稻氮效率与高产的协同进行了展望。

... 前人研究发现^[8,9,10], 水稻品种产量随着氮肥施用量的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势, 也就是说, 水稻品种产量对氮肥的响应具有一个临界点, 当该水稻品种在某一施氮水平下最大限度地发挥其增长潜力而达到最高产时, 则将该最高产量定义为氮肥群体最高生产力 ...

2001

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苏祖芳, 周培南, 许乃霞, 张亚洁. 密肥条件对水稻氮素吸收和产量形成的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 281-286

Su Z

, Zhou P

, Xu N

, Zhang Y

Effects of nitrogen and planting density on N-absorption and yield of rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 281-286 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of amount of nitrogen and planting density on N absorption and yield formation of rice were studied with mid season rice japonica cv. 9516 and indica hybrid rice Shanyou 63. The results are as follows: at maturing stage, the total amount of N absorption (ANA) in plants and in panicles were increased with the increase of N application, but the ratio of ANA of panicles to the total ANA of plants decreased, the total ANA varied among different row spacings. Diversification of the total number of spikelets per area,ANA per plant varied in large range, but the relative capacity of producing spikelet per N application varied in little range. At heading stage, amount of N application in rice can be exactly calculated, according to the numbers of spikelets of anticipated yield and the number of spikelets produced per ANA at different base soil fertility. Caculating the comparative ANA divided by the utilization efficiency of N at heading stage, which can provide theoretical basis for quantitative fertilization in production.

(Department of Agronomy; Agricultural College; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou 225009; China)

以迟熟中粳稻9516和杂交中籼稻汕优63为材料，研究不同栽插密度（行距）和施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、产量形成的影响。结果表明，成熟期植株总吸氮量和穗部吸氮量随施氮量的增加而增加，但穗部吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例呈下降趋势，栽插行距不同总吸氮量有差异。不同处理抽穗期群体总颖花量、植株吸氮量变化幅度较大，抽穗期单位氮素相对产颖花能力变化幅度较小，因而可以根据预期产量指标的颖花量和不同地力单位氮素相对产颖花能力，计算得出抽穗期相对吸氮量，并除以抽穗期氮肥利用效率，就可较确切地算出水稻的施氮量，为生产上定量施肥提供理论依据。

2005

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2012

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... 氮肥群体最高生产力的提出, 不仅反映出该品种的产量潜力, 还可以作为鉴别不同水稻品种最高生产力和氮素高效利用协调关系的一个可行指标^[11] ...

2015

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孟天瑶, 许俊伟, 邵子彬, 葛梦婕, 张洪程, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 郭保卫, 荆培培. 甬优系列籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力的优势及形成特征. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 1711-1725

Meng T

, Xu J

, Shao Z

, Ge M

, Zhang H

, Wei H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Guo B

, Jing P

Advantages and their formation characteristics of the highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization in japonica/indica hybrid rice of Yongyou series.

Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 1711-1725 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted using the representative varieties of four types ( indica/japonica hybrid rice, inbred japonica rice, hybrid japonica rice, and hybrid indica rice) to achieve the highest rice yield for each variety that is defined as the highest population productivity of N fertilization at six nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 187.5, 225 .0 , 262.5, 300.0, and 337.5 kg ha -1 ). On this basis, the differences in yield components, duration of main growth stages, dry matter weight, and leaf area index at main growth stages for four types were studied. The results were as follows: (1) The highest grain yield rice was achieved under 225 .0 –262.5 kg ha -1 nitrogen application for hybrid indica , 300 kg ha -1 for inbred japonica rice, 262.5–300.0 kg ha -1 for hybrid japonica rice and 262.5–300.0 kg ha -1 for indica / japonica hybrid rice. (2) The population productivity of indica/japonica hybrid rice was the highest, followed by hybrid japonica rice, inbred japonica rice, and hybrid indica rice. Indica/japonica hybrid rice had more spikelets and spikelets per panicle, but great fluctuation was observed in number of spikelets per panicle across two years. Inbred japonica rice had more panicles and higher seed-setting rate while hybrid japonica rice had the highest 1000-grain yield weight. (3) The longest duration from sowing to heading stages was observed for hybrid japonica rice. The duration from heading to maturity of indica/japonica hybrid rice was about 60 d, which was significantly higher than that of other three variety types. Grain yield per day of japonica/indica hybrids was the highest among the four variety types in two years. (4) The dry matter weight and leaf area index at heading, 20 d after heading, and maturity stage of indica/japonica hybrid rice were higher higher than thoes of other three variety types. As for dry matter accumulation, indica/japonica hybrid rice was the highest from heading to maturity stage. Moreover, the leaf area duration from jointing to heading and from heading to maturity in indica/japonica hybrid rice was also higher than that of other three variety types. Great yield of japonica/indica hybrids of Yongyou series over other three variety types is mainly attributed to more spikelets per panicle, longer filling phase, higher grain yield per day and biomass production after heading.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province / Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

以长江下游地区大面积种植的4种类型(籼粳杂交稻、常规粳稻、杂交粳稻和杂交籼稻)水稻品种中有代表性的品种为材料, 设置6个氮肥水平(0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm -2 ),比较研究其氮肥群体最高生产力及其产量构成、关键生育阶段天数、主要生育时期的叶面积指数和干物重。结果表明: (1)杂交籼稻获得最高生产力对应的施氮量为225.0~262.5 kg hm -2 , 常规粳稻为300.0 kg hm -2 , 杂交粳稻和籼粳杂交稻为262.5~300 kg hm -2 。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力以籼粳杂交稻最高, 达12.2 (12.0~12.3) t hm -2 ,较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻分别高出6.6%、9.8%和19.6% (两年平均值)。群体颖花量和每穗粒数均以籼粳杂交稻最高, 但其每穗粒数年度间波动较大。穗数和结实率以常规粳稻最高。(3)播种至抽穗期天数以杂交粳稻最长, 抽穗至成熟期天数则以籼粳杂交稻最长, 达60 d左右。全生育期天数呈杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>籼粳杂交稻>杂交籼稻。两年中日产量以籼粳杂交稻最高。(4) 籼粳杂交稻在抽穗、抽穗后20 d和成熟期的叶面积指数和干物重均显著高于另外3种类型品种, 且抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累量也最高。此外, 籼粳杂交稻在拔节至抽穗期以及抽穗至成熟期的光合势显著高于另外3种类型品种。较多的每穗粒数、较长的灌浆期天数以及较高的日产量、生育后期(抽穗至成熟期)较强的光合物质生产能力是籼粳杂交稻氮肥群体最高生产力形成的重要原因和基础。

... 此前, 就水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力的研究报道多以迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳为对象^{[12,13,14,15]}, 未见报道适宜淮北稻区大面积种植的中熟中粳稻的研究 ...

... 孟天瑶等^[12]研究表明杂交籼稻群体最高层生产力对应的施氮量集中在225 ...

2014

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姜元华, 张洪程, 赵可, 许俊伟, 韦还和, 龙厚元, 王文婷, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 长江下游地区不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成因素特征的研究. 中国水稻科学, 2014, 28: 621-631

Jiang Y

, Zhang H

, Zhao

, Xu J

, Wei H

, Long H

, Wang W

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

Differences in yield and its components characteristics of different type rice cultivars in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2014, 28: 621-631 (in Chinese with English abstract)

With 20 representative rice cultivars belonging to four types as materials, a field experiment was conducted to reveal the difference in yield and its components in the ricewheat cropping areas(Yangzhou, Changshu) in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2012-2013. Grain yield and its components, stems and tillers and panicle traits and grainfilling were analyzed systematically.Result show that, 1)under the high yielding cultivation conditions, rice grain yield followed a decline trend of indicajaponica hybrid rice(IJHR) >japonica hybrid rice(JHR)>traditional japonica rice(TJR)>indica hybrid rice(IHR) in different sites and years.The average yield of IJHR in both years in Yangzhou was 12499.4 kg·hm-2, 4.82%,11.94% and 19.68% higher than those of JHR,TJR and IHR.2)The contribution of yield components to yield was total spikelet number>seedsetting rate>1000grain weight,and the contribution to total spikelet number was grain number per panicle>number of effective panicles.It illustrated that big panicle remained the main way for high yield of rice.3)The number of stems and tillers at jointing stage was TJR>IHR>JHR>IJHR,the contribution rates of stems and primary tillers were IJHR>IHR>TJR>JHR, while the contribution rate of the secondary tillers was JHR>TJR>IHR>IJHR, the composition of stems and tillers at waxy stage was the same as that at jointing stage;percentage of effective tillers of TJR(7576%) ranked first，followed by JHR(7287%),IJHR(6680%) and IHR(63.24%).4)Panicle length followed a trend of IHR>IJHR>JHR>TJR;grain density,single panicle weight were IJHR>JHR>IHR>TJR;grain number on the primary rachis branch was JHR>IJHR>TJR>IHR,while number of branches and total grain number on the primary rachis branch were IJHR>JHR>TJR>IHR,the trend of the contribution rate of grain number on the primary rachis branch to grain number per panicle from high to low was TJR（41.00%）,JHR（35.50%）,IJHR（31.83%）,IHR（27.92%）;grain number on the secondary rachis branch was IHR>IJHR>TJR>JHR,while number of branches and total grain number on the secondary rachis branch were IJHR>JHR>IHR>TJR,the trend of the contribution rate of grain number on the secondary rachis branch to grain number per panicle from high to low was IHR(72.80%),IJHR(68.17%),JHR(64.50%),TJR(59.00%). 5)The final grain weight was TJR>JHR>IHR>IJHR，maximum grainfilling rate was IHR>TJR>JHR>IJHR,the time reaching the maximum grainfilling rate was JHR>TJR>IJHR>IHR,mean grainfilling rate was IHR>TJR>JHR>IJHR,effective grainfilling time was JHR>IJHR>TJR>IHR;For grainfilling characteristics during different stages，grainfilling amount of gradual growth stage, fast growth stage and slow growth stage were TJR>JHR>IHR>IJHR;grainfilling time of gradual growth stage was JHR>TJR>IJHR>IHR,grainfilling time of fast growth stage and slow growth stage were JHR>IJHR>TJR>IHR; mean grainfilling rate of gradual growth stage was IHR>TJR>IJHR>JHR,grainfilling rate of fast growth stage and slow growth stage were IHR>TJR>JHR>IJHR.Compared with JHR ,TJR and IHR, IJHR had obvious advantages in productivity with big panicle as the basis.

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in the Yangtze Valley/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University， Yangzhou 225009, China;

为阐明长江下游地区稻麦两熟制高产栽培条件下不同类型水稻品种产量及其构成因素特征的差异，2012-2013年，在江苏扬州、常熟以籼粳杂交稻、杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻四种类型20个具有代表性的品种为材料，系统比较分析了不同类型水稻品种产量、茎蘖组成、穗部性状、籽粒灌浆等方面的差异。结果表明：1）在高产栽培条件下，不同地点和年份间产量均呈籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻趋势，其中，籼粳杂交稻品种平均产量为12499.4kg/hm2，分别较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻高4.82%、11.94%和19.68%，籼粳杂交稻品种增产的主要原因为每穗粒数极显著高于其他品种类型。2）产量构成因素对产量的净贡献率表现为总颖花量>结实率>千粒重，对总颖花量的净贡献率表现为每穗粒数大于有效穗数，说明大穗依然是水稻高产的主要途径。3）不同类型水稻品种拔节期茎蘖数表现为常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻，主茎和一级分蘖贡献率表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交籼稻>常规粳稻>杂交粳稻，二级分蘖贡献率表现为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻；蜡熟期茎蘖组成特点与拔节期一致；不同类型水稻品种成穗率表现为常规粳稻最高（75.76%），杂交粳稻其次（72.87%），籼粳杂交稻再次（66.80%），杂交籼稻最低（63.24%）。4）不同类型水稻品种穗长表现为杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻，着粒密度、每穗粒数和单穗重均表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>杂交籼稻>常规粳稻；一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、一次枝梗总粒数和二次枝梗总粒数均表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻，一次枝梗粒数对总粒数的贡献率表现为常规粳稻最大（41.00%），其次为杂交粳稻（35.50%）和籼粳杂交稻（3183%），杂交籼稻最低（27.92%），二次枝梗总粒对每穗粒数的贡献率表现为杂交籼稻最大（72.80%），其次为籼粳杂交稻（6817%）和杂交粳稻（64.50%），常规粳稻最小（59.00%）。5）不同类型水稻品种终极生长量Wo呈常规粳稻>杂交粳稻>杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻趋势，最大灌浆速率Vmax表现为常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻，到达最大灌浆速率的时间Tmax表现为杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻，平均灌浆速率Vmean表现为杂交籼稻>常规粳稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻，有效灌浆时间T99表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻；阶段性灌浆特征方面，灌浆量在渐增期、快增期和缓增期均表现为常规粳稻>杂交粳稻>杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻；灌浆时间在渐增期表现为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>籼粳杂交稻>杂交籼稻，在快增期和缓增期均表现为籼粳杂交稻>杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>杂交籼稻；灌浆速率在渐增期表现为杂交籼稻>籼粳杂交稻>常规粳稻>杂交粳稻，在快增期和缓增期表现为常规粳稻>杂交籼稻>杂交粳稻>籼粳杂交稻。籼粳杂交稻较杂交粳稻、常规粳稻和杂交籼稻有明显的产量优势，“穗大粒多”是其产量优势形成的基础。

2014

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2012

0.0

1998

0.0

... 库容和充实度是水稻高产的重要特征和生理基础, 获得高产的关键在于协调群体颖花量与粒数、结实率的关系^[16] ...

2012

0.0

霍中洋, 顾海永, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 李国业, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 芦燕, 张洪程. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的氮素吸收利用差异. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 2061-2068

Huo Z

, Gu H

, Ma

, Yang

, Li

, Li G

, Dai Q

, Xu

, Wei H

, Gao

, Lu

, Zhang H

Differences of nitrogen absorption and utilization in rice varieties with different productivity levels.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 2061-2068 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The field experiment was carried out using 50 early-maturing late Japonica rice varieties, adopted in the region of Yangtze River, with seven nitrogen application levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5 kg ha -1 ) to investigate the differences of the nitrogen absorption and utilization. We defined the highest rice yields under different nitrogen levels as the highest population productivity of N fertilization (HPPNF). The main results indicated that the top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significant larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. The nitrogen content and nitrogen absorption rate in plant at jointing, heading and maturity were all significantly increased with increasing productivity level. In transplanting to jointing and jointing to heading stages, there were no significant differences in ratio of nitrogen accumulation among four productivity levels, but a trend of decrease with the increase of productivity level. In heading to maturity stages, the ratio of nitrogen accumulation was significantly increased with increasing productivity level, which was 14.94% for top-level yielding cultivars. With the productivity level increasing, the apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and physiological nitrogen use efficiency were significantly increased. Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, 13 varieties with high yield and high nitrogen efficiency were selected and recommended.

1 Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; 2 Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; 3 Hi-Tech Key Laboratory of Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Province, Huaian 223300, China

选用长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)，设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm -2 )，得出各品种在各个氮肥水平下出现的最高生产力及其对应施氮水平，将该最高生产力定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。在此基础上，比较研究不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种间氮素吸收利用的差异。结果表明，生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种，颖花量的增加主要表现为每穗粒数的极显著增加。各生育阶段的植株吸氮量和氮素吸收速率均随着生产力等级的增加而显著增加。4个生产力等级品种间在移栽至拔节和拔节至抽穗阶段氮素积累比例差异均不大，但随着生产力等级的增加呈减小趋势；抽穗至成熟阶段氮素积累比例随着生产力等级的增加呈显著增加趋势，顶层水平品种在抽穗至成熟阶段氮素积累比例为14.94%。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率均随着生产力等级的增加而增加。初步筛选出13个集高产与氮高效于一体的品种。

... 霍中洋等^[17]研究表明, 水稻从底层水平向中层水平过渡是通过增加穗数, 辅之穗粒数来实现的 ...

2012

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张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98

Zhang H

, Ma

, Yang

, Li

, Ge M

, Li G

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Gao

, Liu Y

The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars.

Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the concept of the highest population productivity of N fertilization , we carried out a field experiments with 50 early-maturing late japonica rice varieties which were the representativein the region of Yangtze River, using seven nitrogen applying levels (0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300, 337.5 kg ha -1 ), to investigate the difference of the most population productivity of N fertilization in varieties. Its relationships with yield components, plant-type characteristics and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were also analyzed . The main results were as follows. (1 )With the basic yield capacity of sandy loam being 6 t ha -1 , optimum N levels of 50 tested varieties which were corresponding to their highest population yield converged in the range of 225–300 kg ha -1 , while the highest grain yield showed significant differences, varying from 7.42 to 11.02 t ha -1 .(2) There was significantly positive correlation between the highest productivity of N fertilization and the total spikelet number, with the correlation coefficient of 0.865. The top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significantly larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. (3) The highest productivity of N fertilizer rose as the high-efficiency leaf area and the weight per panicle increased. Compared with middle- and low-level yielding cultivars, top- and high-level yielding cultivars performed superior plant type characteristics: the plant height ranged from 105–110 cm, the width of basal internodes was circa 0.65 cm, the high-efficiency leaf area index was higher than 5, and panicles were big . (4) Generally speaking, the theoretical highest population productivity of N fertilization increased with the increasing of corresponding applied N amount. But within each group of similar optimum N level, various rice cultivars produced significantly different grain yields. (5) Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, six varieties with high yield and high efficiency were selected and recommended.

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Rive Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China?

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1) 在基础地力产量为6 t hm -2 的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在 225~300 kg hm -2 , 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异, 变动在7.42~11.02 t hm -2 , 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关( r = 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5), 穗型较大。(4) 品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。 (5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm -2 )与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。

... 张洪程等^[18]指出, 随着中层水平向高层水平, 高层水平向顶层水平生产力的提高, 穗数却略有下降而通过增加穗粒数来实现增产 ...

... 0 kg hm^-2, 与张洪程等^[18]研究长江中下游地区代表性的50个早熟晚粳氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量在225 ...

1991

0.0

... 徐正进等^[19]分析近十年来日本育成的超高产品种的产量结构, 也表明超高产品种穗粒数大幅度提高, 而单位面积穗数有所下降 ...

2010

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吴桂成, 张洪程, 钱银飞, 李德剑, 周有炎, 徐军, 吴文革, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 高辉, 徐宗进, 钱宗, 孙菊英, 赵品恒. 粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同规律及超高产特征的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 266-276

Wu G

, Zhang H

, Qian Y

, Li D

, Zhou Y

, Xu

, Wu W

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Gao

, Xu Z

, Qian

, Sun J

, Zhao P

Rule of grain yield components from high yield to super high yield and the characters of super-high yielding japonica super rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 266-276 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Rice is one of the important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the rule of grain yield components from high-yield to super-high-yield and the characters of super-high-yielding Japonica super rice. 【Method】 The grain yield and its components and the population sink and its filling of grain yield of three types of populations (High Yield: 8 250-9 750 kg?hm-2; Higher Yield: 9 750-11 250 kg?hm-2; Super High Yield:＞11 250 kg?hm-2) in four Japonica super rice (Wujing 15, Huaidao 9, Xudao 3 and Changyou 1) were analyzed. 【Result】 Super-high-yielding rice had more population spikelets than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice (The difference among them was significant). There was no significant difference in filled-grain and 1000-grain- weight among the grain yield of three types of populations. The relationship between the population spikelets and grain yielding was significant at safe maturity. In order to enlarge the population spikelets, it almost depended on enriching panicles from high-yield to higher-yield, and increasing spikelets per panicles was the major factor from higher-yield to super-high-yield. There was no significant difference in filling rate of sink among the grain yield of three types of populations, but the amount of actual filling of sink in super-high-yielding rice was more than the high-yielding rice and higher-yielding rice at safe maturity. 【Conclusion】 The characters of super-high-yielding rice are enriching the amount of actual filling of sink through keep normal filling rate of sink, and thus forming a safe and large sink made up of enough big panicles.

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】水稻是中国重要的粮食作物,实现水稻的超高产生产对保证中国粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨粳型超级稻产量构成因素协同演进规律及超高产特征。【方法】以具有代表性的4个超级粳稻品种（武粳15、淮稻9号、徐稻3号和常优1号）为材料,对高产（8 250—9 750 kg?hm-2）、更高产（9 750—11 250 kg?hm-2）和超高产（＞11 250 kg?hm-2）3个产量等级群体的产量及其结构、群体库容量和群体库容的充实进行了系统的比较研究。【结果】由高产到更高产再到超高产,4个超级稻品种的群体颖花量不断提高（差异显著）,而结实率、千粒重在3个产量等级间略有增减（差异不显著）。在安全成熟的情况下,群体颖花量与产量呈极显著正相关;群体颖花量的提高在由高产提高到更高产的水平上,主要依靠单位面积穗数的增加,而由更高产提高到超高产水平,则主要依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数。在安全成熟条件下,群体库容充实度在3个产量等级间因种略有增减,差异不显著,而群体库容实际充实量则随产量的增加而增加。【结论】以足量大穗构成群体安全大库容（安全成熟的群体高颖花量）,通过保持正常的充实度（即保证常年的结实率与千粒重）,从而提高群体库容总充实量,是粳型超级稻的超高产特征。

... 吴桂成等^[20]的研究表明, 高产(中层水平)向更高产(高层水平)、超高产(顶层水平)过渡, 主要是依靠足穗基础上增加每穗粒数 ...

2006

0.0

杨建昌, 杜永, 吴长付, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 超高产粳型水稻生长发育特性的研究. 中国农业科学, 2006, 39: 1336-1345

Yang J

, Du

, Wu C

, Liu L

, Wang Z

, Zhu Q

Growth and development characteristics of super-high-yielding mid-season japonica rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2006, 39: 1336-1345 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. The realization of its super-high-yielding has a great significance for food security of the country. This study investigated the growth and development characteristics of the super-high-yielding (grain yield >11 t·ha-1) of rice.【Method】Four mid-season japonica rice cultivars (including lines), Lianjiajing 2, Huajing 5, 0026 and 9823, were grown in a paddy field. Growth analysis was performed during the growth period, and yield and yield components were determined at maturity.【Result】Super-high-yielding rice had more sipkelets per panicle and higher filled-grain percentage than the high-yielding rice (CK, grain yield 8.98～9.16 t·ha-1). There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight between the super-high-yielding and the CK. Super-high-yield rice exhibited fewer tillers at the early growth stage (from transplanting to jointing), while a higher ratio of productive tillers to total tillers, as compared with the CK. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and dry matter accumulation of the super-high-yielding rice were lower than those of the CK at the early growth stage, and their differences were not significant between the two rice types at heading, and were greater for the former than the later after heading. The root-shoot ratio at each growth stage, root bleedings from heading to maturity, grain-leaf ratio, translocation percentage of the matter from stems and sheaths and harvest index of super-high-yielding rice were greater than those of CK. 【Conclusion】 The indexes for the growth and development of super-high-yielding mid-season rice population were suggested, i. e., total spikelets > 4.5 × 104·m-2, filled-grain percentage > 90%, 1000-grain weight > 26 g; ratio of productive tillers > 80%, leaf area index at heading 7.5-8.0, photosynthetic potential during whole growth period > 5×106 m2·d·ha-1, total dry matter weight at maturity >22 t·ha-1, harvest index > 0.51; grain-leaf ratio (No of spikelets per cm2 leaf area) > 0.58; root-shoot ratio at heading stage >0.25 and the amount of root exudates > 5 g·m-2·h-1. The regulation approaches and key cultivation techniques for raising the super-high-yielding population were discussed.

扬州大学农学院

【目的】水稻是中国最重要的粮食作物，实现水稻超高产对保证国家粮食安全有重要作用。本研究旨在探讨超高产水稻（产量>11 t·ha-1）的生长发育特性。【方法】4个中熟粳稻品种（含品系）连嘉粳2号、华粳5号、0026和9823种植于大田，对其物质生产和产量形成进行了观察分析。【结果】与高产水稻（CK，产量为8.98～9.16 t·ha-1）相比，超高产水稻每穗颖花数多，结实率高，千粒重与CK无显著差异；超高产水稻移栽至拔节期的茎蘖数较CK少，但分蘖成穗率较高；超高产水稻的叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累，生育前期较CK低，抽穗期与CK无显著差异，抽穗后则显著高于CK。超高产水稻各生育时期的根冠比、抽穗至成熟的根系伤流量以及粒叶比、茎鞘物质运转率和收获指数均显著高于CK。【结论】提出了中熟粳稻超高产群体的生育诊断指标：总颖花量>4.5万/m2，结实率>90%，千粒重>26 g；茎蘖成穗率>80%，抽穗期叶面积指数7.5～8.0，全生育期光合势>5×106 m2·d·ha-1，成熟期总干重>22 t·ha-1，收获指数>0.51；抽穗期粒叶比[颖花/叶(cm2)]>0.58，根冠比>0.25，根系伤流量>5 g·m-2·h-1。对培育超高产水稻群体的调控途径与关键栽培技术进行了讨论。

... 杨建昌等^[21]通过对中熟粳稻产量比较认为高产到更高产, 虽然穗数有所增加, 但总颖花数的增加主要在于每穗粒数的增加 ...

1991

0.0

... 本试验中4个生产力水平的千粒重差异不明显, 而结实率与每穗粒数呈负相关, 这与相关研究规律一致^[22,23,24] ...

2014

0.0

葛梦婕, 王亚江, 颜希亭, 张洪程, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 江峰, 朱聪聪. 长江中下游稻区粳型超级稻高产形成及氮素利用的研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2014, 20: 259-270

Ge M

, Wang Y

, Yan X

, Zhang H

, Wei H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Jiang

, Zhu C

Research on the formation of high yield and the nitrogen use of japonica super rice in the middle and lower areas of the Yangtze River.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2014, 20: 259-270 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Abstract: With the control of ordinary japonica rice, seven super japonica rice cultivars in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were used to investigate the effects of different nitrogen levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5 kg/ha) on their yield formation and the characters of nitrogen utilization under field conditions. Results showed that the tendency of yields of all investigated cultivars first increased and then decreased with the increasing of nitrogen application, additionally super japonica rice and ordinary japonica rice could get the highest yields under the nitrogen level of 300.0 and 262.5 kg/ha, respectively. The average highest grain yield of super japonica rice was 8.50% higher than that of the ordinary japonica rice. Compared with ordinary japonica rice, the super japonica rice showed a stable shoot dynamics, higher percentage of productive tillers. The leaf area index and photosynthetic potential of super japonica rice was relatively low before jointing, and increased significantly after jointing. The dry matter and nitrogen accumulations of super japonica rice were as much as the ordinary japonica rice before jointing, but they were 7.31% and 6.55% at jointing-heading stage, and 8.98% and 9.66% at heading-maturity stage higher than that of ordinary japonica rice, respectively, meanwhile, the accumulation ration of super japonica rice increased at the later stages. The nitrogen use efficiency of super japonica rice was respectively increasing by 3.73%, 11.63% and 7.95% than that of ordinary japonica rice, and it was adapted to a wide range of nitrogen fertilizer, and had a relatively higher nitrogen use efficiency in the high fertility condition.

摘要：选用长江中下游稻区7个粳型超级稻为试验材料，以普通粳稻为对照，在大田条件下设置7个氮肥水平（0、150、187.5、225、262.5、300、337.5 kg/hm2），研究不同氮肥条件下粳型超级稻高产形成及其氮素利用特性。结果表明，随氮肥施用量增加，不同类型品种粳稻产量均呈先增后降的趋势，超级粳稻在300kg/hm2条件下产量最高，普通粳稻在262.5 kg/hm2条件下产量最高。超级粳稻两年最高产量的平均值较普通粳稻的高8.50%。与普通粳稻相比，超级粳稻各生育时期茎蘖数消长平稳，成穗率高；拔节前叶面积指数和光合势较低，拔节后较高；超级粳稻拔节前干物质、氮素积累量与普通粳稻相当，而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质和氮素积累量较普通粳稻分别高7.31%、6.55%和8.98%、9.66%，超级粳稻对应两阶段干物质和氮素积累比例也相应较高；超级粳稻氮素利用率较普通粳稻分别高3.73%、11.63%和7.95%。超级粳稻较普通粳稻更耐肥，在高肥条件下增产优势明显，且对应的氮肥利用率也较高。

... 本试验中4个生产力水平的千粒重差异不明显, 而结实率与每穗粒数呈负相关, 这与相关研究规律一致^[22,23,24] ...

... 葛梦婕等^[23]研究也表明, 粳稻最高产量下的施氮量在262 ...

2011

0.0

... 本试验中4个生产力水平的千粒重差异不明显, 而结实率与每穗粒数呈负相关, 这与相关研究规律一致^[22,23,24] ...

2006

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... 本研究结果表明, 与底层、中层和高层水平相比, 顶层水平在拔节前尤其是有效分蘖临界叶龄期至拔节期的群体茎蘖与光合生产量相对较低, 拔节后的茎蘖数下降平缓, 干物质积累量显著提高, 这与Takai等^[25]、马均等^[26]的研究一致 ...

2003

0.0

马均, 朱庆森, 马文波, 田彦华, 杨建昌, 周开达. 重穗型水稻光合作用、物质积累与运转的研究. 中国农业科学, 2003, 36: 375-381

, Zhu Q

, Ma W

, Tian Y

, Yang J

, Zhou K

Studies on the photosynthetic characteristics and accumulation and transformation of assimilation product in heavy panicle type of rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2003, 36: 375-381 (in Chinese with English abstract)

四川农业大学水稻研究所

以 18个不同穗重型籼稻品种为材料 ,研究了重穗型水稻的光合作用及物质运转。结果表明 ,重穗型水稻在齐穗后的剑叶净光合速率明显高于中、轻穗型品种。其机理是剑叶的Rubisco活性提高及叶绿素含量增加 ;有在高、低光强、高温和低CO2 浓度下对CO2 较强的同化能力的优势 ,光合“午休”现象较轻 ,能保持较高的净光合速率 ,显示其对环境有较强的适应性 ;气孔性状优良、气孔开度积 (单位面积气孔密度×气孔开度 )大 ,也是重穗型水稻净光合速率高的重要气孔因素。重穗型水稻抽穗后物质积累的优势明显 ,且茎鞘物质向穗部的转运量、转运率和转化率也远高于中、轻穗型品种。

2000

0.0

... 凌启鸿等^[27]研究提出, 抽穗期光合生产量与产量呈抛物线关系, 即抽穗期的光合生产量存在一个最佳值, 或多、或少都不利于高产形成 ...