不同年代中籼水稻品种的米质及其对氮肥的响应

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陶进, 钱希旸, 剧成欣, 刘立军, 张耗, 顾骏飞, 王志琴, 杨建昌. . 不同年代中籼水稻品种的米质及其对氮肥的响应. 作物学报, 2016, 42(9): 1352-1362
TAO Jin, QIAN Xi-Yang, JU Cheng-Xin, LIU Li-Jun, ZHANG Hao, GU Jun-Fei, WANG Zhi-Qin, YANG Jian-Chang. . Grain Quality and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Mid-season Indica Rice Varieties Planted in Different Decades from 1950s to 2010s . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 42(9): 1352-1362 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

不同年代中籼水稻品种的米质及其对氮肥的响应

陶进, 钱希旸, 剧成欣, 刘立军, 张耗, 顾骏飞, 王志琴, 杨建昌^*

扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室 / 粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心, 江苏扬州 225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 杨建昌, E-mail: jcyang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979317

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 782916363@qq.com

收稿日期:2016-02-22 接受日期:2016-05-09 网络出版日期:2016-05-30

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31271641, 31461143015, 31471438), 国家“十二五”科技计划项目(2014AA10A605, 2013BAD07B09), 江苏高校优势学科建设工程资助项目(PAPD), 江苏省普通高校研究生科研创新计划项目(KYZZ15_0364)和扬州大学高端人才支持计划(2015-1)资助

摘要

旨在探明中籼水稻品种改良过程中米质变化特点以及施氮量对其产量和品质的影响。以江苏省近70年来生产上广泛应用的12个代表性中籼水稻品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料, 依据应用年代将其分为20世纪40—50年代、60—70年代、80—90年代和2000年以后(超级稻) 4个类型, 设置零氮(0N, 全生育期不施氮)、中氮(MN, 全生育期施氮210 kg hm^-2)和高氮(HN, 全生育期施氮300 kg hm^-2) 3个施氮水平, 测定了产量和稻米品质诸性状。结果表明, 随品种的改良, 中籼水稻品种的产量显著提高, 整精米率、垩白度、长宽比、直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、蛋白质组分和淀粉黏滞特性等显著改善, 但现代品种的垩白度仍然较高。在3种施氮水平下, 超级稻以HN的产量最高, 其他年代品种以MN产量最高或MN与HN的产量差异不显著。随施氮量增加, 稻米的蛋白质含量和垩白度增加, 崩解值降低, 消减值增大, 稻米的食味品质降低。在HN下稻米中K、P、S、Ca、Mg等营养元素含量也较0N或MN下降低。以上结果说明, 中籼水稻品种改良显著提高了产量, 改善了稻米品质。总体上, 增施氮肥特别是高量施用氮肥会降低稻米品质。如何通过氮肥的优化运筹实现水稻高产优质的协调发展是亟待研究的问题。

关键词: 中籼水稻; 品种改良; 氮肥; 产量; 品质

Grain Quality and Its Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Mid-season Indica Rice Varieties Planted in Different Decades from 1950s to 2010s

TAO Jin, QIAN Xi-Yang, JU Cheng-Xin, LIU Li-Jun, ZHANG Hao, GU Jun-Fei, WANG Zhi-Qin, YANG Jian-Chang^*

Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, YangzhouUniversity, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271641, 31461143015, 31471438), the National Key Technology Support Program of China (2014AA10A605, 2013BAD07B09), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), Innovation Research Program for Graduate Students for Higher Education of Jiangsu Province (KYZZ15_0364), and the Top Talent Supporting Program of Yangzhou University (2015-01)

Abstract

Understanding the changes in grain quality and its response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer during the improvement of crop varieties has great significance in both crop breeding and cultivation. This study aimed to investigate the changes in grain yield and quality during the improvement of mid-season indica rice varieties and the effect of N fertilizer application on the quality. Twelve representative mid-season indicarice varieties (including hybrid combinations) grown in Jiangsu Province during the last 70 years were used with three N application treatments: 0 kg N ha^-1 (zero N, 0N), 210 kg N ha^-1 (medium amount of N, MN), and 300 kg N ha^-1 (high amount of N, HN). These varieties were divided into four groups, including 1940-1950s, 1960-1970s, 1980-1990s, and 2000-2010s (super rice), according to their application times. With the variety improvement, grain yield was significantly increased, and the head rice percentage, chalkiness, ratio of length to width, amylose content, gel consistency, protein components, and rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) pasting properties were all significantly improved. However, chalkiness for modern varieties was still high. Grain yield was the highest in HN for super rice varieties, and in MN, for other varieties or no significant difference between MN and HN. With the increase in N application, protein content and chalkiness increased, taste quality decreased which was evidenced by the reduction in breakdown values and the increase in setback values. The contents of K, P, S, Ca, and Mg in the head rice decreased in HN compared with those in 0N or MN. The results demonstrate that the improvement of mid-season indicarice varieties markedly improves both grain yield and quality. Generally, increasing N fertilizer application especially up to the HN level could decrease rice quality. How to increase both grain yield and quality through optimizing N management is still a question to be studied.

Keyword: Mid-season indica rice; Variety improvement; Nitrogen fertilizer; Grain yield; Rice quality

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水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物, 约有40%以上的人口以稻米为主食^[1]。长江中下游地区是我国水稻主产区, 该区域稻田种植制度多样, 双季稻和单季中、晚稻都有, 不少地区籼、粳并存。在各品种类型中, 以中籼稻所占比例最大^{[2, 3]}。近70年来, 我国水稻品种的改良经历了高秆、矮秆、半矮秆(含半矮秆杂交稻)、超级稻等发展过程^[1]。品种的改良, 极大地促进了我国乃至世界水稻产量的提高^{[4, 5]}。以往虽对水稻品种改良过程中的株型和产量变化特点研究较多^{[1, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, 但有关中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化特点的研究甚少。

除品种改良外, 栽培技术的进步, 尤其是氮素化学肥料的施用对水稻产量的提高也作出了重要贡献^{[10, 11]}。已有研究表明, 适量施用氮肥可以增加产量和提高稻米品质, 过多施用氮肥不仅会增加生产成本和降低氮肥利用效率, 而且会降低产量和品质, 污染环境^{[12, 13]}。但是, 有关施氮量对不同年代中籼水稻品种稻米品质的影响, 缺乏研究。

探明中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化及其对施氮量响应的特点, 对于指导高产优质育种和栽培具有重要意义。因此, 本试验以江苏省近70年来在生产上大面积推广应用的12个具有代表性的中籼水稻品种为材料, 系统研究了不同氮肥水平对其产量和米质的影响, 以期为水稻高产优质育种和栽培提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料与试验设计

试验于2012— 2013年在江苏省里下河地区农业科学研究所扬州试验基地进行, 选取江苏省近70年来大面积推广种植的12个代表性中籼稻品种为材料(表1)。根据各品种的株型及其应用年份划分为4个类型, 即20世纪40— 50年代、60— 70年代、80— 90年代和2000年以后(2000— 2010s为3个超级稻品种, 均已通过农业部认定)。各品种在扬州均能正常抽穗结实。前茬作物为小麦, 耕层含有机质2.06%、有效氮103.2 mg kg^-1、速效磷30.3 mg kg^-1、速效钾78.5 mg kg^-1。为保证各品种的抽穗期尽可能一致, 采用分期播种。1940— 1950s品种5月25日播种, 1960— 1970s品种5月18日播种, 其余品种于5月9日播种, 6月14日移栽, 株行距为13.3 cm × 23.3 cm, 常规稻双本栽插, 杂交稻单本栽插。各品种的抽穗期为8月23— 27日。

表1 供试品种的生育期、株高和粒重 Table 1 Growth duration, plant height, and grain weight of the tested indica rice cultivars

采用裂区设计, 以氮肥处理为主区, 品种为裂区。设置零氮(0N)、中氮(MN)、高氮(HN) 3种氮肥处理, 0N即全生育期不施氮肥, MN和HN分别为全生育期施氮210 kg hm^-2和300 kg hm^-2。所施氮肥折合为尿素按基肥∶ 蘖肥∶ 穗肥 = 2∶ 4∶ 4施用。小区面积为18 m², 随机区组排列, 重复3次。移栽前施用过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅13%) 300 kg hm^-2和氯化钾(含K₂O 50%) 200 kg hm^-2。按照常规高产栽培管理田间水分, 且全生育期内严格控制田间的病虫草害。

1.2 取样与测定

1.2.1 考种与计产于收获前1 d, 从每个小区按平均穗数取12穴用于脱粒考种, 测定每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重等产量构成因素。除边行外, 实收各小区100穴计产。

1.2.2 稻米品质的测定测产的稻谷经晒干去杂后风干存放3个月, 待其理化性质稳定后测定稻米品质。测定前统一用NP4350型风选机等风量风选。参照中华人民共和国国家标准《GB/T17891-1999优质稻谷》^{[14, 15]}测定糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白大小、垩白度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量。

1.2.3 稻米蛋白组分的测定参照陈毓荃的方法^[16], 分别用水、10% NaCl、75% 乙醇、0.2% NaOH溶液为溶剂, 提取精米中清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白及谷蛋白。加浓硫酸, 以H₂O₂为催化剂消煮, 用陈因^[17]的方法测定以上4种蛋白组分的含量。用凯氏定氮法测定稻米的全氮含量, 乘以5.95的转换系数即为蛋白质含量。

1.2.4 稻米矿质元素的测定将精米磨成粉状, 采用微波消解(CEM微波消解仪, 美国), 用ICP仪(美国热电)测定K、P、S、Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu等矿质元素含量。

1.2.5 稻米淀粉黏滞特性的测定采用澳大利亚Newport Scientific仪器公司生产的Super 3型RVA (rapid viscosity analyzer), 按AACC (美国谷物化学家协会)规程(1995-61-02)快速测定稻米淀粉的黏滞特性, 并用其配套软件TWC (thermal cycle for windows)分析数据。米粉过百目筛, 含水量为12.00%时称取3.00 g样品加25.00 g蒸馏水。测定时间为12.5 min, 在此过程中罐内温度先在50℃保持1 min, 然后上升到95℃ (3.8 min)保持2.5 min, 最后再降至50℃ (3.8 min)保持1.4 min, 温度变化速率为11.84℃ min^-1。搅拌器的转速在最初10 s内为960转 min^-1, 此后保持在160转 min^-1。稻米淀粉RVA谱用最高黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度、崩解值及消减值等特征值表示, 单位为cP (centiPoise)。

1.3 数据分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2013和SAS软件处理数据与统计分析, SigmaPlot 10.0绘图。因两年的试验结果趋势基本一致, 故除产量外, 其他试验结果以两年的平均值表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 产量

由图1可知, 1940— 1950s品种、1960— 1970s品种、1980— 1990s品种和2000— 2010s品种两年的平均产量, 在0N水平下分别为3.48、5.18、6.47和7.04 t hm^-2; 在MN水平下分别为4.77、6.83、8.47和9.16 t hm^-2; 在HN水平下分别为4.57、6.87、8.34和10.10 t hm^-2。3种施氮水平下, 产量均随着品种的改良逐步提升。从0N到MN, 各类型中籼水稻品种的产量均显著增加; 从MN到HN, 除2000— 2010s的超级稻品种仍表现出显著增产趋势外, 其余品种的产量没有显著增加, 甚至有减产趋势, 表明2000— 2010s的现代品种比早期品种有更好的耐肥性(图1)。

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图1 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的产量
HHX: 黄瓜籼; YTX: 银条籼; NJ1: 南京1号; TZX: 台中籼; NJ11: 南京11; ZZA: 珍珠矮; YD2: 扬稻2号; YD6: 扬稻6号; SY63: 汕优63; YLY6: 扬两优6号; LYP9: 两优培九; IIyou084: II优084。0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm^-2。Fig. 1 Grain yield of mid-season indica rice varieties under different N application levels
HHX: Huangguaxian; YTX: Yintiaoxian; NJ1: Nanjing 1; TZX: Taizhongxian; NJ11: Nanjing 11; ZZA: Zhenzhu’ ai; YD2: Yangdao 2; YD6: Yangdao 6; SY63: Shanyou 63; YLY6: Yangliangyou 6; LYP9: Liangyoupeijiu; IIY084: II you 084. 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm^-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm^-2 nitrogen.

2.2 稻米加工品质

糙米率在品种间有一定的差异, 在3种施氮水平间并无显著差异。说明施氮量对不同年代中籼水稻糙米率的影响很小。总体上, 精米率和整精米率在3种氮水平下均随着品种的改良呈逐渐增加的趋势, 尤其在1940— 1990s年代间增加更为明显; 1940— 1950s精米率为58.41%, 1980— 1990s则为70.24%, 增加了11.83个百分点; 整精米率在1940— 1990s间从32.42%提高到58.25%, 增加了25.83个百分点。整精米率在不同品种间有显著差异, 施氮量对整精米率的影响也因品种而异, 1940— 1950s和1960— 1970s品种在MN水平下最高, 1980— 1990s和2000— 2010s品种在HN水平下最高(表2)。

表2 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的加工品质 Table 2 Milling quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels (%)

品种/年代 Cultivar/decade	糙米率Brown rice percentage			精米率Milled rice percentage			整精米率Head rice percentage
品种/年代 Cultivar/decade	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN
黄瓜籼 HGX	80.05 abc	81.25 bc	79.92 cd	61.39 d	62.94 b	62.60 b	41.06 c	46.57 c	46.84 c
银条籼 YTX	79.33 abc	80.40 cde	79.98 cd	54.38 f	58.05 bc	56.97 c	20.96 d	27.55 d	23.28 e
南京1号 NJ1	78.32 bc	80.47 cde	80.62 bcd	56.40 ef	55.55 c	57.37 c	26.06 d	29.58 d	29.89 d
1940-1950s	79.23	80.71	80.17	57.39	58.85	58.98	29.36	34.57	33.33
台中籼 TZX	78.17 c	80.09 e	81.15 bc	66.44 c	69.77 a	68.34 a	48.74 bc	54.83 abc	47.07 c
南京11 NJ11	79.23 abc	80.77 cde	79.89 d	58.23 de	60.86 bc	57.22 c	22.01 d	23.05 d	23.21 e
珍珠矮 ZZA	81.07 a	82.35 a	83.26 a	65.88 c	68.39 a	72.65 a	41.23 c	47.37 bc	48.65 c
1960-1970s	79.49	81.07	81.33	63.51	66.34	66.07	37.32	41.75	39.64
扬稻2号 YD2	80.32 ab	80.20 de	80.83 bcd	71.07 ab	72.36 a	72.99 a	58.46 a	64.22 a	64.16 a
扬稻6号 YD6	79.59 abc	80.17 de	79.66 d	65.90 c	68.39 a	70.90 a	51.48 ab	55.41 abc	57.70 b
汕优63 SY63	80.84 a	81.11 bcd	81.30 bc	71.45 ab	69.72 a	69.34 a	58.04 a	56.67 ab	58.14 b
1980-1990s	80.25	80.50	80.60	69.47	70.16	71.08	55.99	58.77	60.00
扬两优6号 YLY6	80.61 a	80.42 cde	80.43 bcd	72.14 a	68.49 a	69.06 a	57.64 a	55.17 abc	57.50 b
两优培九 LYP9	80.93 a	81.92 ab	81.86 b	68.55 bc	71.68 a	72.07 a	56.78 ab	57.78 a	60.84 ab
II优084 IIY084	81.06 a	82.00 ab	81.57 b	71.69 ab	69.09 a	69.62 a	57.13 ab	55.68 abc	58.87 b
2000-2010s	80.87	81.44	81.29	70.79	69.75	70.25	57.19	56.21	59.07

HHX: Huangguaxian; YTX: Yintiaoxian; NJ1: Nanjing 1; TZX: Taizhongxian; NJ11: Nanjing 11; ZZA: Zhenzhu’ ai; YD2: Yangdao 2; YD6: Yangdao 6; SY63: Shanyou 63; YLY6: Yangliangyou 6; LYP9: Liangyoupeijiu; IIY084: II you 084. 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm^-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm^-2 nitrogen; values marked different letters in the same column are significantly different at P = 0.05.

0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm^-2。同一栏内标记不同字母的值在P= 0.05水平差异显著。

表2 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的加工品质 Table 2 Milling quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels (%)

2.3 稻米外观品质

在3个施氮水平下, 垩白粒率和垩白度均随品种改良显著降低, 随着施氮量的增加而增加。与0N水平相比, 垩白粒率和垩白度在MN水平下分别增加了7.29和14.34个百分点, HN水平下分别增加了15.34和30.27个百分点。说明增施氮肥不利于中籼水稻品种外观品质的提高。随着中籼水稻品种改良, 稻米的长宽比逐渐增加, 施氮量对稻米的长宽比无显著影响(表3)。

表3 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的外观品质 Table 3 Appearance quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels

2.4 稻米蒸煮食味及营养品质

稻米蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量随着品种更替呈逐渐下降趋势(表4)。胶稠度以早期育成的品种较低, 现代品种较高。在不同氮肥水平间比较, 直链淀粉含量和胶稠度随施氮量的增加逐渐降低, 蛋白质含量则随施氮量的增加而增加。糊化温度在中籼水稻改良过程中无显著变化, 氮肥水平对其亦无显著影响(表4)。

表4 不同氮水平下各中籼水稻品种的蒸煮食味及营养品质 Table 4 Cooking quality and nutritional quality of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels

品种/年代 Cultivar/decade	蛋白质含量 Protein content (%)			直链淀粉含量 Amylose content (%)			胶稠度 Gel consistency (mm)			糊化温度 Gelatinization temperature (℃)
品种/年代 Cultivar/decade	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN	0N	MN	HN
黄瓜籼HGX	7.3 de	9.4 bc	10.2 d	40.9 c	37.3 c	33.7 b	53.2 d	45.6 de	41.3 d	78.35 cd	78.35 cd	79.20 b
银条籼YTX	7.5 cd	8.8 de	10.5 cd	50.7 a	46.9 a	33.9 b	55.5 d	39.8 e	38.5 d	80.05 b	79.90 b	79.10 b
南京1号NJ1	7.1 e	9.7 b	10.7 c	46.7 b	40.9 b	36.8 a	57.6 d	47.3 d	39.6 d	79.20 bc	81.45 a	79.90 b
1940-1950s	7.3	9.3	10.4	46.1	41.7	34.8	55.4	44.2	39. 8	79.20	79.90	79.40
台中籼TZX	7.3 de	8.4 ef	8.8 f	16.8 f	15.5 h	16.2 f	75.5 b	78.1 a	77.6 a	77.60 de	74.35 f	79.95 d
南京11 NJ11	7.9 b	12.2 a	12.2 a	44.9 b	32.7 d	36.5 a	58.4 d	60.4 c	42.5 d	82.35 a	79.10 bc	79.85 b
珍珠矮ZZA	7.1 e	9.1 cd	11.2 b	36.7 d	32.7 d	28.0 c	66.5 c	62.2 c	54.8 c	79.95 fg	81.45 a	83.05 a
1960-1970s	7.4	9.9	10.7	32.8	26.9	26.9	66.8	66.9	58.3	78.63	78.30	79.62
扬稻2号YD2	7.7 bc	9.2 bcd	10.3 cd	24.1 e	21.7 ef	18.0 ef	80.8 ab	71.5 ab	66.4 b	78.35 cd	76.65 e	78.20 c
扬稻6号YD6	8.4 a	9.4 bc	9.3 e	19.1 f	18.0 gh	16.9 f	82.2 a	75.5 ab	77.6 a	75.20 g	73.60 f	73.60 e
汕优63 SY63	6.8 f	8.1fg	9.2 ef	23.2 e	22.9 e	20.1 de	78.6 ab	71.4 ab	67.7 b	76.80 ef	77.55 de	76.70 d
1980-1990s	7.6	8.9	9.6	22.1	20.8	18.3	80.5	72.8	70.6	76.78	75.93	76.17
扬两优6号YLY6	7.4 cde	7.8 g	9.6 e	18.7 f	19.4 fg	17.0 f	81.5 a	74.4 ab	70.6 ab	71.25 h	70.45 g	73.70 e
两优培九LYP9	6.8 f	7.9 fg	8.3 g	24.5 e	22.6 e	21.6 d	77.5 ab	70.8 b	64.5 b	76.70 ef	77.60 de	75.95 d
II优084 IIY084	6.6 f	8.7 de	10.2 cd	22.3 e	22.1 ef	18.3 ef	78.2 ab	73.3 ab	67.2 b	77.55 de	79.95 b	79.90 b
2000-2010s	6.9	8.1	9.4	21.8	21.0	19.0	79.1	72.8	67.4	75.17	76.00	76.52

0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm^-2; 同一栏内标记不同字母的值在P=0.05水平差异显著。

2000— 2010s品种与1940— 1950s品种相比, 清蛋白和谷蛋白的含量显著上升, 醇溶蛋白的含量显著下降, 球蛋白则在品种改良过程中无明显的变化。各蛋白组分含量均随施氮量的增加而增加(表5)。

表5 不同氮肥水平下各中籼水稻品种蛋白质含量与蛋白组分(%)的变化 Table 5 Changes in protein content and its components (%) of mid-season indica rice cultivars under different N application levels

2.5 精米矿质元素含量

稻米中K、P、S、Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Mn和Cu含量, 1940— 1950s品种低于其他年代品种, 在1960— 1970s、1980— 1990s和2000— 2010s间差异很小(图2)。稻米Zn含量以1960— 1970s和1980— 1990s品种较高, 1940— 1950s和2000— 2010s品种较低。随施氮量的增加, 各年代中籼水稻品种精米中矿质元素含量均表现出不同程度的下降(图2)。表明除氮元素外, 增施氮肥不利于中籼水稻品种精米中矿质元素的积累。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图2 不同氮肥水平下中籼水稻品种精米矿质元素含量 0N: 全生育期不施氮肥; MN: 全生育期施氮210 kg hm^-2; HN: 全生育期施氮300 kg hm^-2。Fig. 2 Mineral element content in milled rice of mid-seasonindica rice cultivars under different N application levels 0N: applied no nitrogen; MN: applied 210 kg hm^-2 nitrogen; HN: applied 300 kg hm^-2 nitrogen.

2.6 稻米淀粉黏滞特性

在中籼水稻品种改良过程中, 最高黏度无明显变化规律; 热浆黏度、最终黏度和消减值总体呈下降趋势, 崩解值则大致呈上升趋势, 其中2000— 2010s现代品种的热浆黏度、最终黏度和消减值要显著低于1940— 1950s早期品种, 而崩解值则显著高于1940— 1950s早期品种(表6), 表明随着品种改良稻米的食味品质得到改善。在3种氮肥水平下, 大多数品种的崩解值随着施氮量的增加而下降, 消减值随施氮量的增加而上升(表6), 表明增施氮肥不利于提高稻米食味品质。与早期品种相比, 现代品种稻米淀粉黏滞性的特征值在不同氮肥水平下表现出更大的波动, 表明现代品种的食味品质对氮肥的响应更加敏感。

表6 不同氮肥水平下各 Table 6 Changes in starch viscosity of mid-season indica rice under different N application levels

2.7 品质性状间的相关性分析

由表7可知, 垩白度与整精米率和稻米长宽比均呈极显著负相关, 垩白度与稻米的食味品质显著负相关(与崩解值极显著正相关, 与消减值极显著负相关)。直链淀粉含量与最高黏度及消减值均显著正相关。蛋白质含量与消减值显著正相关(表7)。表明高氮肥水平下, 稻米食味不佳可能与其蛋白质含量显著提高有关。

表7 稻米品质性状的相关性分析 Table 7 Pearson correlation coefficients for rice grain quality traits

3 讨论

有研究认为, 水稻优质与高产是一对矛盾, 一般优质的品种难以高产, 高产的品种少优质^{[18, 19, 20]}。本研究则表明, 在近70年里, 随品种的改良, 产量不断增加, 稻米的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质均有不同幅度改善。表明通过品种的改良可以实现水稻优质与高产的协调发展。

稻米淀粉黏滞性能反映米饭的口感和质地, 是评价食味品质的重要指标。以往研究表明, 热浆黏度、消减值与食味性状呈极显著负相关, 崩解值和食味性状呈极显著正相关; 具有较低的热浆黏度和消减值、较高的崩解值的稻米, 其口感较好^{[21, 22, 23]}。本研究表明, 随品种的改良, 淀粉热浆黏度和消减值降低、崩解值增大, 表明品种改良提高了稻米的食味品质。不仅如此, 本研究还观察到, 随品种改良, 稻米蛋白质中的清蛋白和谷蛋白的含量显著上升, 醇溶蛋白的含量显著下降。一般认为, 清蛋白和谷蛋白中含有多种必需氨基酸, 具有较高的营养价值, 而醇溶蛋白则不易被人体消化吸收^{[24, 25]}, 因此品种改良改善了稻米的营养品质。

但本研究观察到, 现代高产品种的垩白度仍然较高, 多数品种的垩白度> 5%。稻米的垩白度越高, 稻米的透明度就越低, 加工时就越易破碎^{[26, 27, 28]}。本研究结果表明, 在品种改良过程中, 稻米的长宽比逐渐增加, 垩白度逐渐下降, 稻米长宽比与垩白度呈显著负相关。说明增加稻米的长宽比, 可以显著降低稻米的垩白度。因此, 在水稻育种工作中, 在保持粒重相同条件下, 优先选用籽粒较长、粒宽较小的品种, 有望进一步降低稻米的垩白度, 提高稻米的外观品质。

氮肥是决定作物产量的最重要因子。氮肥施用量的增加对水稻产量的提高具极其重要的作用^{[10, 11]}。但是, 氮肥施用量过多已成为我国水稻生产上的突出问题^{[12, 13]}。本研究虽然没有观察到高量施用氮肥(HN, 300 kg hm^-2)对现代高产品种特别是超级稻品种的产量和整精米率产生不利影响, 但观察到增加施用氮肥特别是HN水平会显著降低稻米的某些品质性状, 主要表现在以下两个方面。

一是增施氮肥降低了稻米中营养元素。稻米中K、P、S、Mg、Ca、Na、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu等是人类必需的微量营养元素, 也是稻米营养品质的重要指标。这些微量元素的缺乏可导致严重的疾病^{[29, 30]}。本研究发现, 增施氮肥可以使上述营养元素含量有不同程度的下降。其原因可能是施氮量的增加使分蘖增多, 导致营养元素在稻株中的稀释效应, 此外无效分蘖还会造成一部分营养元素的损失。我们还观察到, 施氮后水稻的生物产量增加, 但花后茎中同化物向籽粒转运率降低(资料未列出), 这也可能是施氮后致钾、磷、硫、镁等营养元素在精米中含量降低的一个原因。

二是降低了稻米的食味品质。增施氮肥特别是高量施用氮肥显著增加了淀粉热浆黏度和消减值、降低了崩解值。增施氮肥后稻米的食味品质变差可能与增施氮肥后稻米垩白度提高有关, 也可能与蛋白质含量增加有关^{[31, 32, 33]}, 其机制有待进一步研究。

本研究还观察到, 不同时期中籼水稻品种对施氮量的响应, 在产量和稻米品质方面均有一定差异。在产量方面, 增施氮肥后现代品种产量增加的幅度大于早期品种。在稻米品质方面, 早期品种整精米率等加工品质对氮肥的响应较现代品种更为敏感, 增施氮肥后早期品种的整精米率下降幅度较现代品种大。增施氮肥后垩白度等外观品质指标值增加的幅度, 现代品种大于早期品种。与不施氮相比, 施用氮肥后现代品种RVA特征值的变化幅度也大于早期品种。说明在食味品质方面, 现代品种对氮肥的响应更加敏感。对于不同时期中籼水稻品种稻米品质对施氮量响应差异的机制, 以及如何通过适当的育种和栽培(氮肥的优化运筹)途径协调好各品质指标, 在提高水稻产量的同时不断提高稻米品质, 均需深入研究。

4 结论

中籼水稻品种改良显著提高了产量, 改善了稻米品质。但现代高产品种稻米的垩白度仍然较高, 通过增加稻米的长宽比是降低稻米垩白度的一条重要途径。现代品种较早期品种的耐肥性强, 高量施用氮肥可以使超级稻品种获得较高的产量。不同时期中籼水稻品种稻米品质对施氮量响应的差异, 因品质指标不同而异。但总体上, 增施氮肥特别是高量施用氮肥会增加稻米的垩白度、降低稻米中营养元素含量和稻米的食味品质。如何通过氮肥的优化运筹实现水稻高产优质的协调发展是亟待研究的问题。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[29]	赵宁春, 张其芳, 程方民, 周伟军. 氮、磷、锌营养对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响及与几种矿质元素间的相关性. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 158-190 Zhao N C, Zhang Q F, Cheng F M, Zhou W J. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc supply levels on grain phytic acid content and its correlation with several mineral nutrients in rice grains. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 158-190 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[30]	张睿, 郭月霞, 南春芹. 不同施肥水平下小麦籽粒中部分微量元素含量的研究. 西北植物学报, 2004, 24: 125-129 Zhang R, Guo Y X, Nan C Q. Study on trace elements of wheat grain in different fertilizer treatments. Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin, 2004, 24: 125-129 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[31]	Hussain A A, Maurya D M, Vaish C P. Study on quality status of indigenous upland rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Indian J Genet, 1987, 47: 145-152 [本文引用:1]
[32]	李贤勇, 王天凯, 王楚桃. 稻米蒸煮品质与营养品质的相关性分析. 西南农业学报, 2001, 14(3): 21-24 Li X Y, Wang T K, Wang C T. Analysis of correlation between quality characters of cooking and nutrition. Southwest China J Agric Sci, 2001, 14(3): 21-24 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[33]	Huang L F, Yu J, Yang J, Zhang R, Bai Y C, Sun C M, Zhuang H Y. Relationships between yield, quality and nitrogen uptake and utilization of organically grown rice varieties. Pedosphere, 2016, 26: 85-97 [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

杨建昌, 王朋, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 949-955

Yang J

, Wang

, Liu L

, Wang Z

, Zhu Q

Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars.

Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 949-955 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rice is a most important food crop in China and its grain yield per hectare has been over 6 ton in recent years, which is 65% higher than that of the world, on average. Improvement in rice cultivars plays an important role in the increase of the grain yield. However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement. In this study, 16 typical mid-season indica rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of early tall (ET), improved tall (IT), dwarf cultivars (DC), semi-dwarf cultivars (SDC), semi-dwarf hybrid (SDH), and super rice (SR), according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships and plant types were investigated. Results showed that grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. DC had the greatest, whereas SR had the least, percentage of filled grains. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. From ET to DC, plant height was reduced and biomass and harvest index were simultaneously increased, especially the harvest index increased more. From DC to SR, plant height was a little increased, and biomass dramatically increased, especially after heading, and harvest index a little changed. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly reduced the leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems and increased leaf area at heading. Increase in spikelets, however, was more than that in leaf area, which resulted in the increase of grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area at heading). With the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight and the ratio of root to shoot were increased, but the amount of root bleeding sap was reduced. The speed of reduction in the concentration of zeatin and zeatin riboside in root bleeding sap and leaves from heading to maturity was SR>SDH>SDC. The results suggest that enlargement of sink resulted from large panicles, increase in biomass especially from heading to maturity and improvement of plant type contribute to the increase of grain yield for modern rice cultivars. Low root activity may account for the low percentage of filled grains for SR. Approaches to further increase in grain yield of rice were discussed based on the evolution characteristics of the cultivars.

以江苏省近60年生产上应用的16个代表性中籼品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料，依品种应用时期结合株型和基因型，将供试品种分为早期高秆（ET）、改良高秆（IT）、矮秆（DC）、半矮秆常规品种（SDC）、半矮秆杂交稻（SDH）和超级稻（SR）6个类型，研究其产量、源库关系和株型变化特性。结果表明，随着品种改良，籽粒产量逐步提高。这主要是由于总颖花量的增加，其关键在于每穗粒数的增多；结实率以DC最高，SR最低，千粒重变化不大。由ET到DC，植株高度降低，生物产量与收获指数同步提高，收获指数的提高更为明显。由DC到SR，植株高度略有增加，生物产量明显提高，抽穗后增加的量尤为显著，收获指数变化较小。品种改良明显减小了顶部3叶的着生角度，增加了抽穗期的叶面积，但颖花量的增加超过叶面积的增加，导致粒叶比（颖花数与叶面积之比）提高。随品种的演进，抽穗期根重以及根冠比提高，但根系伤流液量减少。抽穗至成熟根系伤流液和叶片中玉米素＋玉米素核苷浓度下降的速度表现为SR>SDH>SDC。依据品种演进特征，对进一步提高产量的途径进行了讨论。

... 水稻是我国最主要的粮食作物, 约有40%以上的人口以稻米为主食^[1] ...

... 近70年来, 我国水稻品种的改良经历了高秆、矮秆、半矮秆(含半矮秆杂交稻)、超级稻等发展过程^[1] ...

... 以往虽对水稻品种改良过程中的株型和产量变化特点研究较多^[1,6,7,8,9], 但有关中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化特点的研究甚少 ...

1988

0.0

... 在各品种类型中, 以中籼稻所占比例最大^[2,3] ...

2003

0.0

郑景生, 黄育民. 中国稻作超高产的追求与实践. 分子植物育种, 2003, 1: 585-596

Zheng J

, Huang Y

Thrust and practice of super high yielding rice production in China.

Mol Plant Breed, 2003, 1: 585-596 (in Chinese with English abstract)

追求水稻高产再高产一直是中国人的夙愿.经过半个世纪长期不懈的努力,育种技术和栽培方法不断开拓创新,中国的水稻单产增长了2.37倍,居世界高产大国,总产增长3.13倍,占世界总产的35%,并取得了许多辉煌的科技成就.其中杂交水稻育种技术居世界领先水平,水稻最高单产屡屡突破世界纪录.本文列举了中国对水稻超高产执着追求的实例,回顾了中国水稻产量的提高历程,综述了水稻产量的理论极限及提高水稻产量的育种、栽培途径及高新技术的应用,展望了中国稻作未来的发展.

... 在各品种类型中, 以中籼稻所占比例最大^[2,3] ...

2007

0.0

... 品种的改良, 极大地促进了我国乃至世界水稻产量的提高^[4,5] ...

2002

0.0

... 品种的改良, 极大地促进了我国乃至世界水稻产量的提高^[4,5] ...

2001

0.0

吴伟明, 宋祥甫, 孙宗修, 于永红, 邹国燕. 不同类型水稻的根系分布特征比较. 中国水稻科学, 2001, 15: 276-280

Wu W

, Song X

, Sun Z

, Yu Y

, Zou G

Comparison of root distribution between different type rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2001, 15: 276-280 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Root distribution of rice was studied in 1999-2000, the results showed that the root distribution of different type rice is different. Compared with indica rice, the root system of japonica rice expands deeply into soil, its root dry weight rate below 20 cm depth is more than 15 percent, the root depth index is more than 10, whereas the root dry weight rate below 20 cm depth in indica rice is less than 10 percent, and the root depth index is less than 10. The root distribution of hybrid rice between indica and japonica is similar to that of japonica rice.

对不同类型水稻的根系分布进行了比较，研究发现籼型水稻和粳型水稻的根系垂直分布有比较明显的差异，在20 cm以下的根系干物重占总根重的百分比籼型水稻一般在10%以下，而粳型水稻一般高于15%。根深指数对比结果同样表明了这一趋势，粳型水稻的根深指数一般在10以上，而籼型水稻的根深指数一般低于10。上述两个指标均表明，与籼型水稻相比，粳型水稻具有明显的深扎根性。亚种间杂交水稻的根系分布更接近粳型水稻。

... 以往虽对水稻品种改良过程中的株型和产量变化特点研究较多^[1,6,7,8,9], 但有关中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化特点的研究甚少 ...

2002

0.0

董桂春, 王余龙, 王坚刚, 单玉华, 马爱京, 杨洪建, 张传胜, 蔡惠荣. 不同类型水稻品种间根系性状的差异. 作物学报, 2002, 28: 749-755

Dong G

, Wang Y

, Wang J

, Shan Y

, Ma A

, Yang H

, Zhang C

, Cai H

Study on the differences of root traits between various types of varieties in rice (Oryza sativa L. ).

Acta Agron Sin, 2002, 28: 749-755 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在群体水培条件下, 选用包括常规籼稻、常规粳稻、广亲和品种、三系杂交籼稻、杂交粳稻、两系法杂交稻在内的92个水稻品种(组合), 研究不同类型水稻品种间每株不定根数、每株根干重、每株不定根总长度、每条不定根长、最长根长、每条不定根粗、每条不定根重、单位长度不定根重、单位干重根系活性、每株根系活性、根系吸收总面

... 以往虽对水稻品种改良过程中的株型和产量变化特点研究较多^[1,6,7,8,9], 但有关中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化特点的研究甚少 ...

2000

0.0

朱德峰, 林贤青, 曹卫星. 超高产水稻品种的根系分布特点. 南京农业大学学报, 2000, 23(4): 5-8

Zhu D

, Lin X

, Cao W

Characteristics of root distribution of super high-yielding rice varieties.

J Nanjing Agric Univ, 2000, 23(4): 5-8 (in Chinese with English abstract)

利用不同类型水稻品种和组合,采用根箱钉板法研究了全量根系在土壤中纵向和横向的分布特征.结果表明,根系生物量的52%～63%分布在0～12 cm土层中,70%～79%分布在0～24 cm土层中.后期耐早衰的协优9308表现根系生物量大,深根系比例高.根系横向分布随土壤深度增加,趋向离开植株中心分布.根系重量密度以表层最高,并随深度增加逐渐下降.协优9308在表土层以下的根系重量密度比其他品种明显提高.

... 以往虽对水稻品种改良过程中的株型和产量变化特点研究较多^[1,6,7,8,9], 但有关中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化特点的研究甚少 ...

2009

0.0

张耗, 谈桂露, 孙小淋, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 江苏省中籼水稻品种演进过程中米质的变化. 作物学报, 2009, 35: 2037-2044

Zhang

, Tan G

, Sun X

, Liu L

, Yang J

Changes in grain quality during the evolution of mid-season indica rice cultivars in Jiangsu province.

Acta Agron Sin, 2009, 35: 2037-2044 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Improvement in rice quality is very important in rice production. However, little is known about changes in rice quality during the evolution of cultivars. In this study, 13 typical mid-season indica rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into five types of early tall cultivars, dwarf cultivars, semi-dwarf cultivars, semi-dwarf hybrids, and super rice according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of the quality and yield of rice were investigated. Results showed that the milling quality (brown rice rate, milled rice rate, and head milled rice rate) differed within the same type of cultivars, but showed no significant differences between the types. Compared with those of old cultivars (early tall and dwarf cultivars), the chalkiness, setback values and prolamin protein content in grains were significantly decreased, whereas the breakdown values and the contents of albumin and glutelin proteins, lysine, glycine and arginine were significantly increased in grains of modern cultivars (semi-dwarf hybrids, and super rice). Grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. The results suggest that both quality and yield are improved during the evolution for mid-season indica rice cultivars.

以江苏省近 60 年来各阶段具有代表性的 13 个中熟籼稻品种 ( 含杂交稻组合 ) 为材料，依据品种种植年代结合株型特点将其分为早期高秆 (ET) 、矮秆 (DC) 、半矮秆常规稻 (SDC) 、半矮秆杂交稻 (SDH) 和超级稻 (SR) 5 个类型，研究了品种演进过程中米质的变化。结果表明，稻米的碾磨品质 ( 糙米率、精米率和整精米率 ) 在同一类品种间有较大差异，在品种演进过程中无明显变化。与早期品种相比，现代品种 ( 半矮秆杂交稻和超级稻 ) 稻米的垩白度显著降低，崩解值变大，消减值变小，稻米中的清蛋白、谷蛋白、赖氨酸、甘氨酸和精氨酸含量显著增加，醇溶蛋白含量显著降低。随着品种演进，产量逐步提高，其原因主要是总颖花量的增加及每穗粒数的显著增多。说明中籼稻品种演进过程中，米质和产量协同提高。

... 以往虽对水稻品种改良过程中的株型和产量变化特点研究较多^[1,6,7,8,9], 但有关中籼水稻品种改良过程中稻米品质变化特点的研究甚少 ...

2003

0.0

... 除品种改良外, 栽培技术的进步, 尤其是氮素化学肥料的施用对水稻产量的提高也作出了重要贡献^[10,11] ...

... 氮肥施用量的增加对水稻产量的提高具极其重要的作用^[10,11] ...

2010

0.0

... 除品种改良外, 栽培技术的进步, 尤其是氮素化学肥料的施用对水稻产量的提高也作出了重要贡献^[10,11] ...

... 氮肥施用量的增加对水稻产量的提高具极其重要的作用^[10,11] ...

2009

0.0

... 已有研究表明, 适量施用氮肥可以增加产量和提高稻米品质, 过多施用氮肥不仅会增加生产成本和降低氮肥利用效率, 而且会降低产量和品质, 污染环境^[12,13] ...

... 但是, 氮肥施用量过多已成为我国水稻生产上的突出问题^[12,13] ...

2015

0.0

... 但是, 氮肥施用量过多已成为我国水稻生产上的突出问题^[12,13] ...

1999

0.0

... 参照中华人民共和国国家标准《GB/T17891-1999优质稻谷》^[14,15]测定糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白大小、垩白度、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量 ...

1988

0.0

1995

0.0

... 3 稻米蛋白组分的测定参照陈毓荃的方法^[16], 分别用水、10% NaCl、75% 乙醇、0 ...

1999

0.0

... 加浓硫酸, 以H₂O₂为催化剂消煮, 用陈因^[17]的方法测定以上4种蛋白组分的含量 ...

2007

0.0

... 3 讨论有研究认为, 水稻优质与高产是一对矛盾, 一般优质的品种难以高产, 高产的品种少优质^[18,19,20] ...

2015

0.0

... 3 讨论有研究认为, 水稻优质与高产是一对矛盾, 一般优质的品种难以高产, 高产的品种少优质^[18,19,20] ...

2009

0.0

... 3 讨论有研究认为, 水稻优质与高产是一对矛盾, 一般优质的品种难以高产, 高产的品种少优质^[18,19,20] ...

2005

0.0

隋炯明, 李欣, 严松, 严长杰, 张蓉, 汤述翥, 陆驹飞, 陈宗祥, 顾铭洪. 稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与品质性状相关性研究. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 657-663

Sui J

, Li

, Yan

, Yan C

, Zhang

, Tang S

, Lu J

, Chen Z

, Gu M

Studies on the rice RVA profile characteristics and its correlation with the quality.

Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 657-663 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rice quality is a key factor and widely concerned by rice breeders and consumers, but it is difficult to evaluate it only through physical and chemical indices. In this study, 114 and 105 varieties including indica, japonica and waxy varieties were employed in two replicates to study the relationship between RVA profile characteristics and rice quality, including the appearance quality, cooking physico-chemical factor and cooking quality. The main results were as follows: (1) RVA profiles characteristics had close relationships with translucency and chalkiness. Rice varieties with higher chalkiness had significant AAC, HPV, CPV, SBV and CSV. (2) RVA profiles characteristics had significant correlation with AAC and GC, but no significant with GT. (3) With the exception to PKV, all the other RVA profiles characteristics correlated significantly with eating quality. These results showed that RVA profiles characteristics could be used as indices to assist in varietal selection for good cooking rice quality.

通过2年分别对114个和101个水稻品种（系）的各项品质指标及RVA谱的测定，研究了RVA谱特征值与外观品质、蒸煮理化指标、食味品质的相关关系。结果表明：（1）RVA谱特征值与外观品质中的透明度、垩白率关系较密切。同一品种的稻米，有垩白比无垩白米的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）要高，热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、消减值、回复值大。（2）RVA谱特征值与蒸煮理化指标中的AAC、胶稠度（GC）相关极为显著，与糊化温度(GT)相关性不显著;（3）除最高粘度外，RVA谱的其余特征值与食味品质的主要指标呈极显著相关。以上结果表明，RVA谱特征值可以作为优质稻米的辅助选择指标。

... 具有较低的热浆黏度和消减值、较高的崩解值的稻米, 其口感较好^[21,22,23] ...

1998

0.0

舒庆尧, 吴殿星, 夏英武, 高明尉. 稻米淀粉RVA谱特征与食用品质的关系. 中国农业科学, 1998, 31(3): 1-4

Shu Q

, Wu D

, Xia Y

, Gao M

Relationship between RVA profile character and eating quality in Oryza sativa L.

Sci Agric Sin, 1998, 31(3): 25-29 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对23个水稻品种的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）、RVA谱（用粘度速测仪RVA测得的粘滞性谱）和米饭质地进行了研究，结果发现RVA谱能较好地区分AAC相似的优质和劣质品种。公认的食味较好的优质品种的RVA谱往往崩解值大多在100RVU（RVA粘度单位）以上，而消减值小于25RVU，且多数为负值；相反，食味差的品种崩解值低于35RVU，而消减值高于80RVU。米饭质地与RVA谱特征存在密切关系，米饭硬度与消减值极显著正相关，γ高达0.902#+**,与崩解值极显著负相关,γ为-0.772#+**;米饭粘性恰好相反,与消减值和回复值的γ分别为-0.800#+**和-0.718#+*。米饭的硬度与AAC的相关性因所用品种的不同而差异较大，但粘性始终与AAC呈极显著负相关，γ在-0.869#+**左右。消减值和回复值与AAC呈极显著正相关，相关系数γ分别为0.552#+**和0.635#+**。

... 具有较低的热浆黏度和消减值、较高的崩解值的稻米, 其口感较好^[21,22,23] ...

2004

0.0

李欣, 张蓉, 隋炯明, 梁国华, 沈新平, 严长杰, 顾世梁, 顾铭洪. 稻米淀粉粘滞性谱特征的表现及其遗传. 中国水稻科学, 2004, 18: 384-390

, Zhang

, Sui J

, Liang G

, Shen X

, Yan C

, Gu S

, Gu M

Performance and inheritance of rice starch viscosity (RVA profile) characteristics.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2004, 18: 384-390 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The classification and inheritance of rice starch RVA profiles were studied by testing RVA profiles of clonally propagated F 2 population and some varieties. The results were listed as follows: (1) All the RVA profiles of accessions could be divided into six types: A, B, C, D, E, F. Feature profiles of waxy variety was Type A. Indica variety′s profiles could be presented as B, C, D, E and F types and japonica variety′s feature profiles included D, E and F types. (2) RVA profiles of rice varied with apparent amylose content(AAC), but the difference for RVA also could be detected in the varieties with similar AAC. As to the varieties with low or middle AAC, their RVA profiles characteristics could be used as indexes to evaluate their eating quality. (3)RVA profiles of four hybrid combinations had the same aspects, except peak viscosity and pasting temperature of F 1 , the components index of RVA profiles characteristics of F 1 were between those of its parents. So the improvement of the quality of hybrid rice need the improvement of the CMS line and the restorer line together. (4)In clonally propagated F 2 population, all the characteristics of the RVA profiles exhibited continuous segregation. Peak viscosity was a typical quantitative character, while hot paste viscosity, cool paste viscosity, breakdown, setback and consistence, each might be controlled by a major gene and several minor genes.

通过对水稻F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体及大量品种（系）的RVA谱的测定，研究了稻米淀粉RVA谱的类型及遗传。结果表明：（1）RVA谱可分为A~F六种类型，糯稻的特征图谱为A型，籼稻的特征图谱有B、C、D、E、F五种类型，粳稻有D、E、F三种类型。（2）稻米的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）不同，RVA谱则不同。稻米的AAC相同，RVA谱也可不同，在低、中AAC类型中，RVA谱的差异能反映品种食味品质的差异。（3）4个杂交稻组合的RVA谱表现出相同的特点，除最高粘度和起浆温度外，其他特征值均介于双亲之间，表明杂交稻米品质改良要求不育系与恢复系的改良同步进行。（4）在F[sub]2[/sub]无性系群体中，RVA谱各特征均呈连续分布，最高粘度是典型的数量性状遗传，热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、崩解值、消减值、回复值都可能是由一对主效基因和若干微效基因共同控制的遗传。

... 具有较低的热浆黏度和消减值、较高的崩解值的稻米, 其口感较好^[21,22,23] ...

1988

0.0

黄发松, 孙宗修, 胡培松, 唐绍清. 食用稻米品质形成研究的现状与展望. 中国水稻科学, 1988, 12: 172-176

Huang F

, Sun Z

, Hu P

, Tang S

Present situations and prospects for the research on rice grain quality forming.

Chin J Rice Sci, 1988, 12: 172-176 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The components of edible rice grain and the recent advances in rice grain quality research are outlined. The traditional approaches on grain quality research and the problems existed in the super grain quality rice improvement are dissected. They mainly included: (1 ) the contradiction between the dynamic forming of the rice grain quality and static research methods on rice grain quality characteristics; (2) the relationships among amylose and protein content, constituent and structure; (3) the cytoplasm influence on rice grain quality. The urgent research contents and new methods and measures for the research on rice grain quality forming regularity are put forward.

就食用稻米组分、稻米品质研究进展进行了概述。剖析了传统的品质研究思路，分析了食用优质稻米研究与品种改良中存在的问题，即稻米品质性状的静态研究较多，动态形成的研究较少；对直链淀粉、蛋白质含量作了大量的研究，而对淀粉的结构研究较少；淀粉代谢和稻米品质形成过程中关键酶的动态研究较少。为此提出稻米品质形成规律研究中急需开展的研究内容及与其配套的研究新方法和新手段。

... 一般认为, 清蛋白和谷蛋白中含有多种必需氨基酸, 具有较高的营养价值, 而醇溶蛋白则不易被人体消化吸收^[24,25], 因此品种改良改善了稻米的营养品质 ...

1997

0.0

符文英, 陈俊. 稻米营养品质研究综述. 海南大学学报(自然科学版), 1997, 15(1): 67-70

Fu W

, Chen

Summary of research on rice nutritional quality.

Nat Sci J Hainan Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 1997, 15(1): 67-70 (in Chinese)

综述了国内外稻米营养品质的评价指标及测定方法；稻米蛋白质的组成、组分；稻米蛋白质的含量及遗传变异；稻米蛋白质含量与其他品质性状的相关性；高蛋白质育种等方面的研究情况及最新动态．

1999

0.0

李欣, 莫惠栋, 王安民, 徐辰武, 朱毅华, 于恒秀. 粳型杂种稻米品质性状的遗传表达. 中国水稻科学, 1999, 13: 197-204

, Mo H

, Wang A

, Xu C

, Zhu Y

, Yu H

Genetic expression for quality traits of rice grain in japonica hybrids.

Chin J Rice Sci, 1999, 13: 197-204 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A statistical method recently proposed by Mo et al. for analysing the inheritance of seed trait in p + q + 2pq mating design was used to investigate the genetic expression of nine quality traits in japonica hybrid rice. The parents were p= 4 maintainers and q = 7 restorers. The results showed: (1)The expression of brown, milled, and head rice rates (BRR, MRR, HRR), grain length (GL), grain width (GW), and chalkiness score (CS) in hybrids was subject to the diploid maternal genotypes and no genetic segregation occurred among F 2 grains born on F 1 plant. However, very significant segregation was found among F 2 grains in gelatinization temperature (GT), amylose content (AC), and gel consistency (GC). This indicated that the inheritance of GT, AC, and GC was mainly controlled under the endosperm genotype. (2) The additive variation was principal component in all traits except AC. But the variance due to F 2 grain segregation had a considerable share intotal genetic variance in AC, GT, and GC tra its. This suggested further that the three traits were mainly controlled by triploid endosperm genotyps. (3) The result of reciprocals showed there was a significant cytoplasmic effect in all nine qualitytraits, but their shares were not large, only from 2. 49% (GT) to 29. 3% (MRR) and concentrating from 2% to 5%. Although variation was also observed among traits or crosses.

应用莫惠栋等新近提出的p+q+2pq交配设计及其分析方法，分析了粳型杂种9个品质性状的遗传表达，试验材料p=4, q=7。结果表明：(1)糙米率、精米率、整精米率、粒长、粒宽和垩白率6个性状的遗传受母株基因型控制，它们在F2米粒间(着生在F1植株上)没有发生遗传分离，而糊化温度、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度3个性状在F2米粒间有显著的遗传分离，因此主要受胚乳基因型控制。(2)除直链淀粉含量外，其余8个性状的遗传变异均以加性方差为主。在直链淀粉含量、糊化温度和胶稠度3个性状中，种子性状分离方差都占有较高比例，进一步证明了F2种子的这3个性状的遗传主要是由胚乳自身的基因型决定的。(3)正反交测验的结果表明，9个品质性状均存在显著的细胞质效应，但细胞质遗传方差仅占遗传总方差的2.49%(糊化温度)～29.3%(精米率)，多数性状集中在2%与5%之间，所以品质性状的细胞质遗传效应在总体上是不大的，但在性状间存在差异。

... 稻米的垩白度越高, 稻米的透明度就越低, 加工时就越易破碎^[26,27,28] ...

2005

0.0

王丹英, 章秀福, 朱智伟, 陈能, 闵捷, 姚青, 严建立, 廖西元. 食用稻米品质性状间的相关性分析. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 1086-1091

Wang D

, Zhang X

, Zhu Z

, Chen

, Min

, Yao

, Yan J

, Liao X

Correlation analysis of rice grain quality characteristics.

Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 1086-1091 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the classification of indica hybrid rice, indica conventional rice, japonica hybrid rice, japonica conventional rice, the correlation analysis and multiple comparisons of grain quality characters were carried out using large samples. Results were as follows: (1) in milling quality, differen

对来自全国各地的8 390份稻米样品按籼型常规稻、籼型杂交稻、粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻进行分类，并对其品质性状做了相关分析和多重比较。简单相关分析的结果表明：（1）在碾磨品质上，糙米率、精米率、整精米率两两极显著正相关；（2）在外观品质上，籼粳稻的长宽比与糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白率、垩白度均呈显著负相

... 稻米的垩白度越高, 稻米的透明度就越低, 加工时就越易破碎^[26,27,28] ...

2004

0.0

徐正进, 陈温福, 马殿荣, 吕英娜, 周淑清, 刘丽霞. 稻谷粒形与稻米主要品质性状的关系. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 894-900

Xu Z

, Chen W

, Ma D

, Lü Y

, Zhou S

, Liu L

Correlations between rice grain shapes and main qualitative characteristics.

Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 894-900 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Ninety two indica and japonica rice cultivars were used to investigate the correlations between grain shapes and qualitative characteristics. The results indicated that there were significant negative correlations between grain width (WD), grain length (GL) and grain thick (GT). Significant positive

以包括籼粳、新老不同的类型92个水稻品种为试材，研究了稻谷粒形性状与品质性状的关系。结果表明，谷粒长与谷粒宽和谷粒厚呈极显著负相关，千粒重与谷粒长、谷粒宽和谷粒厚均呈显著或极显著正相关，千粒重主要由谷粒宽和谷粒厚决定。糙米率、精米率和整精米率与谷粒长、谷粒长宽比和谷粒长厚比呈极显著负相关，与谷粒宽、谷

... 稻米的垩白度越高, 稻米的透明度就越低, 加工时就越易破碎^[26,27,28] ...

2007

0.0

赵宁春, 张其芳, 程方民, 周伟军. 氮、磷、锌营养对水稻籽粒植酸含量的影响及与几种矿质元素间的相关性. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 158-190

Zhao N

, Zhang Q

, Cheng F

, Zhou W

Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc supply levels on grain phytic acid content and its correlation with several mineral nutrients in rice grains.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 158-190 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of N,P and Zn treatments during rice developmental stage on grain phytic acid and its association with several mineral nutrients were studied in a hydroponic experiment with four rice cultivars,including indica cultivar Xieqingzao(XQZ)and its low phytic acid mutant(HIPi1),and japonica cultivar Xiushui 110 and its low phytic acid mutant(HIPj1).The results showed that higher N,P and Zn supply generally resulted in lower grain phytic acid content compared to lower N,P and Zn supply at rice developmental stage,although their sensitivities to P and Zn treatments were dependent on genotypes;N,P and Zn supply had a considerable influence on mineral nutrients accumulation in rice grains,with high N and P supply enhancing Fe concentration,but decreasing Cu accumulation in rice grains,respectively.Compared with low Zn supply,relatively lower grain Fe concentration,but more grain K,Mg accumulation could be found for high Zn treatment;Grain phytic acid was positively correlated with K,Mg,Fe and Cu concentrations in rice grains,but negatively with grain Zn concentration among different solution treatments,despite of their statistically significance varying with cultivars.These implied that the micro-nutritional quality could be synchronously improved by low phytic acid mutation,if an appropriate cultivation method was applied to enhance K,Mg,Fe and Zn concentrations in rice grains.

以协青早、秀水110及其辐射诱变获得的低植酸突变系（HIPi1和HIPj1）为材料，通过水培试验对不同氮、磷、锌浓度处理下水稻籽粒植酸含量差异及与几种矿质元素间的相关性进行了比较分析。高水平氮、磷、锌浓度处理的籽粒植酸含量较同一品种的低氮、磷、锌处理均有所降低，但在水稻生育期间，籽粒植酸含量对磷、锌处理浓度变化的敏感性，则因品种的植酸类型特征而异；氮、磷浓度增加能分别提高铁或降低铜在籽粒中的积累，但在高锌处理下，籽粒铁含量明显降低、而钾和镁的含量等却有所升高；籽粒植酸含量一般与K、Mg、Fe、Cu 4种矿质元素含量呈正相关、与籽粒Zn含量呈负相关，但统计显著水平因品种而异。低植酸突变体籽粒中的K、Mg、Fe、Zn等含量虽略有下降，但可以通过适当的介质营养条件来调节有关矿质营养在水稻籽粒中的积累。

... 这些微量元素的缺乏可导致严重的疾病^[29,30] ...

2004

0.0

张睿, 郭月霞, 南春芹. 不同施肥水平下小麦籽粒中部分微量元素含量的研究. 西北植物学报, 2004, 24: 125-129

Zhang

, Guo Y

, Nan C

Study on trace elements of wheat grain in different fertilizer treatments.

Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin, 2004, 24: 125-129 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在不同肥力水平和结构下对不同肥量籽粒中部分微量元素含量变化进行研究,结果表明:施肥量大小和肥料构成对小麦籽粒中微量元素含量有明显的影响,在低肥水平下籽粒中Mn、Zn和Fe含量增加,其中Zn的增幅超过1倍,Cu和Al含量降低;在中肥水平下微肥用量增加1倍,籽粒中Mn含量高11.2%,Al和Zn含量分别降低50%和30.1%,Fe和Cu元素含量变化不大,调节其它肥料量和结构,籽粒中Mn、Zn、Cu含量降低;在高肥水平下增加钾肥,有利于籽粒中Mn、Zn、Fe、Al含量积累,分别高23.2%、16.2%、33.9%和58.6%,而Cu含量变化不大.在中肥投入水平下调节氮肥籽粒中微量元素含量随着肥力水平提高而降低,在高肥投入水平下减少氮肥用量有利于籽粒中Fe、Al和Zn的积累,Fe含量变化最大,增加2.14～2.63倍,Al含量高63.7%～65.7%,锌含量高13.3%～17.5%,铜的含量变化不大.锰含量随着磷肥用量的增加而增加.

... 这些微量元素的缺乏可导致严重的疾病^[29,30] ...

1987

0.0

... 增施氮肥后稻米的食味品质变差可能与增施氮肥后稻米垩白度提高有关, 也可能与蛋白质含量增加有关^[31,32,33], 其机制有待进一步研究 ...

2001

0.0

李贤勇, 王天凯, 王楚桃. 稻米蒸煮品质与营养品质的相关性分析. 西南农业学报, 2001, 14(3): 21-24

Li X

, Wang T

, Wang C

Analysis of correlation between quality characters of cooking and nutrition.

Southwest China J Agric Sci, 2001, 14(3): 21-24 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本研究测定了49个不同米质类型的水稻品种(组合)的直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、胶稠度和碱消值,并分析了它们之间的相关性.结果表明:杂交稻与常规稻之间、杂交稻中不同不育系来源的组合之间在上述相关性上既有共性,又有各自的特性;所有品种(组合)的共性为蛋白质含量与胶稠度和碱消值无显著相关;测试品种的总体结果为直链淀粉含量与胶稠度极显著负相关;所有杂交稻的总体分析结果中未发现显著相关性;杂交组合按不同不育系的分类分析表明,Ⅱ优系列组合有别于K优系列和杂交组合的总体分析结果;杂交稻与常规稻之间的最大差异为直链淀粉含量与胶稠度之间的相关性,杂交稻无显著相关,常规稻则显著负相关.

... 增施氮肥后稻米的食味品质变差可能与增施氮肥后稻米垩白度提高有关, 也可能与蛋白质含量增加有关^[31,32,33], 其机制有待进一步研究 ...

2016

0.0

... 增施氮肥后稻米的食味品质变差可能与增施氮肥后稻米垩白度提高有关, 也可能与蛋白质含量增加有关^[31,32,33], 其机制有待进一步研究 ...