利用观测资料,分析了黑龙江120年以来气候变暖的特征.研究指出,20世纪80年代以来,全球气候变暖已成为人们关注的焦点,黑龙江地处中高纬气温明显变暖,近120年来年平均气温上升1.4℃;冬春季升幅最大为1.8℃,气温突变在1990年前后.从年、季平均气温变化趋势与全国及北半球、全球气温变化的比较得出,年、冬季我国增暖中心在黑龙江,春季在内蒙古北部及黑龙江,夏秋增暖不明显,但仍有上升趋势.20世纪50～70年代黑龙江及全国各大区域普遍增暖不明显,80年代黑龙江增暖幅度开始增大,三北(东北、华北、西北)地区次之.90年代黑龙江增暖更加显著,而全国及其他区域上升已达到80年代北方增温幅度.研究还指出黑龙江气温与北半球、全球气温变化趋势基本一致,尤其80年代至今气温都有显著的上升.

经多年对三江平原冷害发生的规律,不同生育期对低温的反应及低温对玉米生理、产量的影响等研究,并分析三江平原宝清、佳木斯、汤原等典型市县历年气象资料及玉米产量因素,结果表明:三江平原玉米低温冷害每3～4年发生一次,气象概率为28%;严重低温冷害每5年发生一次;低温冷害类型为延迟型;低温冷害的敏感期为6月份低温;低温降低种子的发芽势和发芽率,显著抑制植株的营养生长,延迟生育,降低子粒干物质积累速率;玉米减产22.5%～34.3%.玉米低温冷害主要防御措施为选用早熟品种、适时早播、催芽座水、地膜覆盖、育苗移栽、科学施肥、加强田间管理等.

the choice of low temperature disaster to th maize of three provinces in Northeast China was the study aresa, the crop growth model WOFOST was improved appropriately, analysed and tested in regional scale, and achieves the quantitative analysis and dynamic evaluation of low temperature disaster to th maize.The yields simulated under the condition of average temperatur 1961-2006 is the usual standard,the yields simulated under the condition of actual temperature in relevant year,by contrasting those two yields to decide the yield reduce rate. the yield reduce rate and meteorological condition were divided to the standard of serious degree for low temperature disaster. By experiment for numerical simulation, to determine the main meteorological factor and its value for causing the yield reduce, furthermore to determine the evaluation indexes of low temperature disaster. Based on the evaluation indexes, the impact evaluation was carried out in study area, the impact evaluation for disaster including typical years and ages. From the simulation results, the spatial distribution of low temperature disaster is decreasing by degrees from Northeast to Southwest in each decade in recent 50a, but it is different in the areas and grades of low temperature disaster. The evaluation results could be response the historical actual situation,and is consistent as the pre-production.

以东北三省玉米低温冷害为研究对象,对作物生长过程模式WOFOST进行适当改进,同时对模型在区域上的适应性进行分析、检验,然后利用改进的作物模型实现低温冷害对玉米影响定量分析和动态评估。以1961-2006年共46a平均气温驱动下的模拟产量作为正常年份的产量水平,当年实际气温驱动下的模拟产量跟平均气温驱动下的模拟产量对比,以减产率和气象条件作为灾害严重程度划分的标准,利用数值模拟试验,确定导致减产的主要气象因子及其量值,进而确定农业气象灾害评估指标,在此基础上,进行区域低温冷害影响评估,包括历年典型低温冷害年份影响评估和年代际影响评估。从年代模拟结果来看,近50a来各年代冷害分布大致规律均表现为北部大于南部、东部大于西部地区,即表现为由东北至西南方向呈递减的趋势,冷害造成玉米减产面积及冷害等级各有差别。评估结果基本上可以较好地反应历史实际情况且与前人已有研究成果相一致。

以2份抗寒和2份寒敏感盆栽狗牙根为供试材料,在入冬前对其叶面喷施4种浓度(0,5,15,25mg/L)的脱落酸(ABA),经4℃低温处理24,72h,以常温为对照,探讨ABA是否能够提高狗牙根的抗寒性,不同材料适宜的喷施浓度是否一致以及不同抗寒性狗牙根在此过程中的生理响应差异。结果表明,与喷水相比,喷施15mg/LABA可使抗寒狗牙根(新农1号与喀什狗牙根)茎、叶电导率降低,提高了其对低温的适应,而寒敏感狗牙根(普通狗牙根和海岸狗牙根)其适宜的喷施浓度为5～15mg/L ABA;在4个不同浓度的ABA浓度处理中,当ABA浓度为15mg/L时,抗寒的狗牙根电导率基本接近常温对照,MDA含量为最低,脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量最高,而寒敏感狗牙根在ABA浓度为5 mg/L时,电导率、MDA含量最低,脯氨酸含量最高,可溶性蛋白含量峰值出现在15mg/L时;在最适喷施浓度下,经低温处理,抗寒与寒敏感狗牙根在脯氨酸积累方面存在差异,抗寒狗牙根与常温对照相比,其脯氨酸含量增加5～8倍,但寒敏感狗牙根仅增加2～3倍。

Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important plant hormone and may be involved in drought resistance in crops. The effects of exogenous ABA application on wheat plant ( Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress were investigated. When two wheat cultivars, Yumai 949 and Shanmai 5 in grain filling stage were drought stressed by PEG for 72 h, the results showed a marked decrease in relative water contents (RWC), chlorophyll contents and yield, along with a significant increase in MDA content. Meanwhile, an obvious transcriptional inhibition in psbA gene of photosystem II (PSII) system after PEG exposure was also determined by reverse transcriptional semiquantitative polymerase chain amplification assay. The exogenous ABA treatment could significantly alleviate the stress injury. Moreover, compared to Yumai 949, Shanmai 5 had less destroyed plasma membranes, less reduces in RWC, chlorophyll contents, yield and psbA transcriptional level, and all parameters could be restored to the level of control by exogenous ABA treatment, suggesting a correlationship between cultivar dependent drought stress resistance and psbA gene expression. The present results firstly provide some evidences to the important regulatory function of exogenous ABA on psbA expression, and proposed that the application of exogenous ABA could enhance the stress resistance of wheat plant in grain filling stage by protecting important gene transcription in PSII system.

脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)是一种重要的植物激素，与作物的抗干旱胁迫密切相关。本试验以灌浆期的豫麦949和陕麦5号小麦品种为试材，PEG干旱处理72 h后，比较了脱落酸对小麦相对水分含量、叶绿素、丙二醛含量以及产量的影响，并采用反转录半定量PCR方法测定PSII中 psbA 基因转录水平的变化。结果表明，干旱胁迫明显降低小麦叶片中相对水分和叶绿素含量，增加丙二醛含量，抑制 psbA 基因的转录，降低小麦的产量，而外源脱落酸能明显缓解这些胁迫反应。与豫麦949相比，陕麦5号中质膜损伤较小，相对水分和叶绿素含量、产量以及 psbA 基因转录水平的下降也较小，外源脱落酸处理后，各参数也能够恢复到对照水平，说明不同小麦品种的抗干旱胁迫能力与 psbA 基因的表达水平密切相关。本试验的研究结果也首次发现了外源ABA能够调控干旱胁迫下灌浆期小麦 psbA 基因的表达，稳定PSII系统中重要基因的转录水平，从而提高灌浆期小麦的抗干旱胁迫能力。

Drought is a major limiting factor for sugarcane growth. Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates much important plant physiological and biochemical processes, and induces tolerance to different stresses including drought. Understanding the mechanism of tolerance to drought in sugarcane plant with foliage dressing of ABA under water stress would facilitate breeding and field management for improving drought resistance. Thus, an experiment was set up to investigate the interrelationship between drought induced ABA biosynthesis and antioxidative defense system, and to confer the farther role of foliar application of ABA in imparting drought tolerance to the sugarcane plant. The treatments were: T1 (drought), T2 (drought + foliar application of 15 µmol L –1 ABA) and C (control, normal irrigation) using a drought tolerant cultivar ROC22. The results showed that drought treatment (T1) enhanced the ABA concentration in leaf that was significantly higher in combined treatment (T2), suggesting the ABA biosynthesis was triggered in leaf by the ABA application. Both T1 and T2 resulted in an increase in proline, H 2 O 2 and MDA contents while the exogenous ABA alleviated the increase in MDA content. ABA application decreased the degradation of chlorophyll, and counteracted, at least in part, the decrease in maximal PSII efficiency ( F v / F m ) and quantum efficiency of PSII ( Φ PSII ). Overproduction of H 2 O 2 in T1 was followed by increasing activities of CAT, GPX, GR, and APX, which was further improved by the ABA treatment (T2). A decrease in H 2 O 2 level with increasing stress in T2 showed that ABA highly induced antioxidative defense system which was found to be vanished progressively in T1. The results clearly suggest that the tolerant cultivar showed an enhanced protective system against drought conditions, and the foliar application of ABA further improved its tolerance by triggering the over expression of antioxidative defense system.

以抗旱甘蔗品种ROC22为材料，调查水分胁迫及胁迫加喷施脱落酸(ABA)对甘蔗内源ABA合成及相关生理生化作用的影响。结果表明，干旱及干旱加外施ABA的条件下，甘蔗内源ABA合成水平上升，但干旱加ABA处理增幅更显著，甘蔗叶内的脯氨酸(Pro)、H 2 O 2 、丙二醛(MDA)含量增加，而ABA处理能缓解MDA的积累，使其含量处于低水平，ABA处理能防止叶绿素降解并对干旱引起的最大光能转化效率( F v / F m )、PSII实际量子效率( Φ PSII )下降有明显的缓解作用。 干旱条件下， H 2 O 2 的积累伴随着抗氧化作用的酶CAT、GPX、GR和APX的活性提高，而ABA处理能进一步提高这些相关酶的活性而逐渐降低H 2 O 2 的含量，表明干旱条件下，外施ABA能增强甘蔗的抗氧化防护系统，提高抗旱性。

To explore the effect of spraying ABA treatment on the cold resistance of sugarcane,the changes of cell membrane permeability and the levels of endogenous hormones in leaves of sugarcane seedling were studied under cold stress and ABA treatment using two sugarcane cultivars GT28 with strong cold resistance and YL6 with weak cold resistance.The plants were sprayed with ABA before 12 h of cold treatment and leaf samples were taken at different time of cold treatment.The result showed that the cell membrane was injured.GA3 decreased while the relative electrical conductance,the contents of MDA,ABA and the ratios of ABA/GA3,ABA/IAA and ABA/ZR were increased under the cold stress.After spraying ABA,the injury of cell membrane was effectively alleviated,the contents of MDA and GA3were decreased but the contents of proline and ABA and the ratio of ABA/GA3 were increased,reflecting the improvement of cold resistance of sugarcane seedlings.It is concluded that the important physiological bases could be characterized with lower contents of MDA and GA3,higher contents of proline and ABA,and higher ratio of ABA/GA3 in leaves of sugarcane seedling.�

为探讨外施ABA（脱落酸）对甘蔗抗寒性的影响，以抗寒性强的甘蔗品种桂糖28号和抗寒性弱的甘蔗品种园林6号为材料，喷施100 μmol/L ABA于甘蔗幼苗叶片，12 h后进行低温胁迫，然后于不同时间采叶样，研究甘蔗幼苗在低温胁迫和ABA处理下叶片细胞膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸及内源激素含量的变化。结果表明：低温胁迫下，甘蔗幼苗细胞膜受破坏，GA3（赤霉素）含量下降；丙二醛、脯氨酸、ABA含量及相对电导率、ABA/GA3、ABA/IAA和ABA/ZR升高。外施ABA能有效缓解低温胁迫对细胞膜的影响，降低MDA、GA3含量，提高脯氨酸、ABA含量及ABA/GA3，从而提高甘蔗幼苗的抗寒性。低温胁迫下，植株体内低MDA、GA3含量，高脯氨酸、ABA含量及高ABA/GA3值是甘蔗高抗寒性的重要生理基础。

【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to test the effects of high temperature stress and spraying exogenous absisic acid (ABA) post-anthesis on endosperm cell division, grain filling and changes of endogenous hormones in different types of stay-green wheat cultivars, and provide a theoretical basis for enhancing grain weight and minimizing the loss of grain yield result from high temperature. 【Method】 Both Wennong 6 (a stay-green cultivar) and Jimai 20(a non-stay-green cultivar) were grown in the experimental plots covered with transparent plastic sheds at 1 to 5 days after anthesis (DAA), which were mimicked the high temperature that occurs during the natural heat event in this region, whilst exogenous ABA (10 mg?L-1) to the spikes was sprayed at the rate of 100 mL?m-2 between 5 pm and 6 pm from 1 to 3 DAA. High performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC) and a simple method of endosperm cell number determination were used to determine endogenous hormones contents and endosperm cell number, respectively. Both grain filling process and endosperm cell division process were simulated by Richard equation, and then the related parameters were calculated. 【Result】 The endosperm cell number of superior and inferior grains in both cultivars were significantly decreased by high temperature stress, and the endosperm cell division rate was markedly decreased. However, high temperature extended the active endosperm cell division period and the division duration. The grain filling rate of inferior grains in both cultivars was decreased in the high temperature treatment. Grain-filling duration and the active growth phase were also reduced in the high temperature treatment. High temperature after anthesis significantly decreased the number of grains per spike and thousand-grain weight. In contrast, Wennong 6 showed 3.7 and 8.2 grain/spike reduction in superior and inferior grains, respectively. Similarly, Jimai 20 was reduced by 1.3 and 4.3 grain/spike in superior and inferior grains, respectively. The final grain yield of Jimai 20 decreased by 26.22% due to high temperature treatment, and that of Wennong6 decreased only by 19.65%. Spraying exogenous ABA obviously improved grain filling rate, endosperm division rate and increased endosperm cell number in both normal and high temperature treatments. Although the zeatin riboside (ZR) contents in superior and inferior grains were significantly decreased in the high temperature treatment, the gibberellin (GA3) contents in Jimai 20 were markedly enhanced at 3 to 27 DAA, and those in Wennong 6 were also increased at 12 to 27 DAA. The auxin (IAA) content of inferior grains in Wennong 6 was significantly decreased at 15 to 27 DAA in high temperature treatment. The ZR content of superior grains in Jimai 20 was decreased at 3 to 9 DAA by spraying exogenous ABA in the high temperature treatment, but endogenous ABA content of superior grains in Jimai 20 was obviously increased at 3 to 28 DAA and that in Wennong 6 was also increased at 3 to 18 DAA. In the normal temperature treatment, spraying ABA significantly decreased the GA3 contents in both Wennong 6 and Jimai 20. Together, spraying exogenous ABA decreased the GA3 contents of superior and inferior grains in Wennng 6 at 3 to 27 DAA in high temperature treatment, and decreased those in Jimai 20 at 3 to12 DAA and 6 to 15 DAA, respectively. In the normal temperature treatment spraying ABA increased IAA content of superior grains in Jimai 20 at 12 to 18 DAA, and also increased that in Wennong 6 at 6 to 18 DAA. Meanwhile, IAA contents of inferior grains in both cultivars were significantly improved at 6 to 27 DAA. In addition, compared with Jimai 20, Wennong 6 had longer grain-filling duration and the active growth phase, higher mean grain-filling rate and maximum grain-filling rate, larger thousand-grain weight, and greater grain yield.【Conclusion】Both no-stay-green cultivar and inferior grains of the two cultivars were much more influenced by high temperature stress. Grain weight and yield reduction result from high temperature decreased kernel sink and grain filling rate. Exogenous ABA improved grain yield due to increasing the grain sink capacity and grain filling rate through regulating endogenous hormones contents to promote endosperm division and photosynthate accumulation in normal treatment and high temperature stress.

【目的】探讨花后高温和外源脱落酸（ABA）对不同持绿型小麦籽粒胚乳细胞增殖、籽粒灌浆和内源激素的影响，为高温逆境下采用激素调控措施提高粒重提供理论依据。【方法】选用持绿型汶农6号和非持绿型济麦20，花后1—5 d，用透明聚乙烯塑料膜搭设增温棚进行高温处理，同时花后1—3 d喷施10 mg?L-1的ABA于穗部，用量100 mL?m-2，3次重复。定期取籽粒样，用高效液相色谱法测定4种内源激素，用简易胚乳细胞计数法测定胚乳细胞数目，Richard方程对籽粒增重及胚乳细胞增殖动态模拟并计算相关参数。【结果】高温处理显著降低了两品种强弱势籽粒的胚乳细胞数目，降低胚乳细胞增殖速率，但延长了籽粒胚乳细胞活跃分裂期和实际分裂终期；显著降低两品种弱势籽粒的灌浆速率，缩短了两品种弱势粒的生长活跃期及实际灌浆终期。高温处理显著降低两品种千粒重和穗粒数，其中汶农6号强、弱势粒分别减少3.7和8.2 粒/穗，济麦20强、弱势粒分别减少1.3和4.3 粒/穗；显著降低两品种产量，汶农6号和济麦20产量分别降低19.65%和26.22%。常温及高温下喷施ABA均显著提高了两品种灌浆速率，提高了籽粒胚乳细胞增殖速率，扩大胚乳细胞数目。高温处理降低了强弱势籽粒ZR含量，显著提高了济麦20强、弱势粒花后3—27 d的GA3含量，显著提高汶农6号花后12—27 d的GA3含量；但降低了弱势粒花后15—27 d的IAA含量。高温处理下喷施ABA，降低了济麦20强势粒花后3—9 d ZR含量，但显著提高济麦20强势粒花后3—28 d内源ABA含量，显著提高汶农6号强势粒花后3—18 d ABA含量。常温下喷施ABA显著降低了济麦20和汶农6号强、弱势粒的GA3含量；高温下喷施ABA，显著降低了汶农6号强弱势粒的GA3含量，降低济麦20强势粒花后3—12 d的GA3含量，显著降低弱势粒花后6—15 d的GA3含量。常温下喷施ABA显著提高济麦20强势粒花后12—18 d的IAA含量；提高了汶农6号强势粒花后6—18 d IAA含量，显著提高两品种弱势粒花后6—27 d IAA含量。持绿型汶农6号的千粒重和产量均显著大于非持绿型济麦20。【结论】高温胁迫对非持绿型品种的产量和两品种弱势粒粒数影响较大，高温降低了两品种籽粒胚乳细胞数目，降低籽粒灌浆速率，最终导致粒重及产量降低。喷施外源ABA通过调节内源激素水平，促进胚乳细胞分裂，扩大了常温及高温下籽粒库容量，提高了籽粒灌浆速率，从而提高了籽粒产量。

The purpose of this experiment was to discover regulation mechanism for key protein expression. The varieties of ‘Jidan 198’, ‘Xingken 3’ and ‘Jinyu 5’ were used to analyze the leaf total protein of maize seedlings based on 2-DE. Results showed that 232 up-regulated protein spots, 156 down-regulated protein spots, 28 new adding protein spots and 3 protein spots disappeared under low-temperature stress. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis showed that 8 unknown proteins, 7 assuming proteins and 27 functional proteins were detected. These proteins were relevant to some physiology procedures, such as defense reaction, energy metabolism, photosynthesis, protein degradation, ribosome formation, signal conduction, cell movement and nitrogen metabolism, which were beneficial for the metabolism balance of maize seedling under low temperature stress.

为寻找玉米苗期抗低温表达调控相关蛋白。本试验应用双向电泳技术对吉单198、 兴垦3和金玉5 3个品种不同温度处理全蛋白进行分析,结果表明:232个蛋白点上调,156个蛋白点下调,28个新增蛋白点,3个消失蛋白点,对其中42个丰度大于2、差异强度大的蛋白质点采用MALDA-TOF-MS进行肽指纹图谱分析,经数据库搜索匹配,鉴定出8个未知蛋白、7个假定蛋白和27个功能蛋白,这些蛋白参与防御反应、能量代谢、光合作用、蛋白降解、核糖体形成、信号传导、细胞运动、氮代谢等多个生理过程,实现玉米幼苗在低温条件下的代谢平衡。

The peanut cultivar Yuhua 15 was used as female parent to cross with wild species A. correntina and A. macedoi , respectively, with intervarietal cross Yuhua 15 × Baisha 1016 as check . There were no significant differences observed in pegging percentage among all the crosses. It indicated normal fertilization in the interspecific crosses. Embryo development was observed through paraffin sections, and contents of endogenous hormones including IAA, GA 3 , ZR+DHZR, and ABA in the developing embryos of hybrids were determined with ELISA. In comparison with normal seed development of Yuhua 15×Baisha 1016 and Yuhua 15× A. correntina , Yuhua 15× A. macedoi was incompatible due to a deterred embryo development at approximately 12–17 days after pollination followed by the hyperplasia of integument into the embryo sac which suppressed further development of the embryo and finally resulted in abortion. Compared with two compatible crosses, the ABA content and ratios of ABA to total of other auxin in developing embryos of cross (Yuhua 15× A. macedoi ) were relatively higher at the early development stage, while the contents of IAA, GA 3 , and ZR+DHZR remained at a relatively lower level, which speculates on that abnormal hormone activities may be an important reason leading to the abortion of hybrid embryos. Peg bases of Yuhua15× A. macedoi were treated with IAA , KT, or mixture of the two, showing that the exogenous hormones can increase the length of ovule.

以花生栽培品种豫花 15 为母本分别与野生种 A. correntina 和 A. macedoi 杂交，以栽培品种间杂交组合豫花 15× 白沙 1016 为对照，采用石蜡切片技术观察花生杂种胚胎发育进程，酶联免疫吸附分析法 ( ELISA ) 测定花生杂种胚胎内源激素含量 , 分析胚胎发育进程与胚胎内源激素含量的关系。结果显示， 3 个杂交组合的下针率无明显差异，表明栽培种与 2 个野生种杂交不存在受精前障碍；与对照相比，豫花 15× A. correntina 表现杂交可亲和，其胚胎发育中激素含量的变化与对照组合基本一致；而豫花 15× A. macedoi 杂交授粉后 12 d 内胚胎发育基本正常， 17~27 d 发育缓慢，之后珠被迅速向内增生抑制了胚的进一步发育并最终败育，在同一时期的杂种胚胎中， 3- 吲哚乙酸 (IAA) 、赤霉素 (GA 3 ) 和玉米素核苷 + 二氢玉米素核苷 (ZR+DHZR) 等促进生长的激素维持在较低的水平，而脱落酸 (ABA) 含量以及脱落酸与某一促进生长激素或 3 类促进生长激素之和的比值保持了较高的水平，推测可能是激素代谢的失衡导致种间杂种胚胎的败育。用 IAA 、激动素 (KT) 单独或混合处理不亲和组合豫花 15× A. macedoi 杂交授粉后的果针基部表明，外施促进生长的激素能够明显增加胚珠的长度，一定程度上验证了上述推测。

综述低温胁迫对植物活性氧代谢、光合作用、呼吸作用、氮代谢等生理过程的影响,以及提高植物抗寒性的措施及其机理.提出尚待进一步研究的问题.

用ABA处理不同抗旱性的两个玉米品种幼苗根系, 测定了根系的水势、渗透势、渗透调节能力及4种渗透调节物质的变化, 结果表明: 渗透胁迫条件下, ABA能提高根系的水势、降低渗透势、增加渗透调节能力, 且对抗旱性强的鲁玉14号的作用大于抗旱性弱的掖单13号. 正常供水条件下, ABA处理对根系水势的提高有一定的作用, 但对渗透势及

【Objective】The objective of the experiment is to explore the relationship between exogenous ABA and GA to the levels of endogenous hormones in grains and the grain filling, and provide a theoretical basis for increasing grain weight under the regulation of exogenous hormone.【Method】The field experiments were carried out at Taian Experimental Station of Shandong Agricultural University, two cultivars Shannong 1391 and Gaocheng 8901 were planted in the farm, exogenous ABA or GA to the spikes were sprayed at initial grain filling stage, spikes were sampled after anthesis till maturity, and grains were partitioned into two groups, superior grains (the 1st and 2nd grains from the basal part of middle-spikelets ) and inferior grains (the 3rd and 4th grains from the basal part of middle spikelets or the 3rd grains or the 3rd, 4th and 5th grains).Then, taking the grains for the analysis of endogenous hormone levels and grain filling characteristics.【Result】Spraying exogenous ABA or GA enhanced the grain weight. Spraying exogenous ABA enhanced the weight of superior grains. Spraying exogenous GA enhanced the weight of superior and inferior grain. At the same time, spraying exogenous GA enhanced the levels of endogenous GA in grains. Spraying exogenous ABA enhanced the levels of endogenous ABA in grains. Spraying exogenous ABA or GA enhanced the IAA and CTK content at middle and later periods of grains filling. Grain filling characteristics suggest that spraying exogenous ABA or GA extended the grain filling stage. Spraying exogenous ABA enhanced the initial grain filling rate of superior grains. Spraying exogenous GA enhanced the grain filling rate at middle and later periods of grains filling. 【Conclusion】Spraying exogenous ABA or GA regulated the levels of endogenous hormones in grains, aslo the initial grain filling stage and duration of grains filling stage, and then, grain weight was regulated. Spraying exogenous ABA enhanced the grain weight by enhancing the weight of superior grain. Spraying exogenous GA enhanced the grain weight by enhancing the weight of superior and inferior grain.

【目的】探讨喷施外源脱落酸（ABA）或赤霉素（GA）对小麦籽粒内源激素含量及其灌浆进程的影响，为激素调控提高籽粒的粒重提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用山农1391和藁城8901两个品种，籽粒灌浆初期喷施ABA或GA 两种外源激素于穗部，定期取籽粒样品，用高效液相色谱法测定籽粒内源激素含量，用三次多项方程式对籽粒灌浆进程进行模拟并分析相关参数。【结果】喷施外源ABA或GA均能显著增加两个品种的粒重。外源ABA或GA对粒重的调控存在粒位效应。喷施ABA显著增加强势粒粒重，喷施GA使强势粒和弱势粒粒重均显著增加。喷施外源ABA显著提高籽粒ABA含量，喷施外源GA显著提高籽粒GA含量，喷施外源ABA或外源GA均显著提高灌浆中后期籽粒IAA和CTK的含量，尤其是喷施外源GA效果更为明显。喷施外源ABA或外源GA均能延长籽粒的灌浆持续期，喷施ABA显著提高灌浆初期强势粒的灌浆速率，而喷施GA显著提高灌浆中后期强势粒和弱势粒的灌浆速率。【结论】喷施外源ABA或外源GA通过改变籽粒内源激素水平，调节灌浆起始时间和籽粒灌浆持续期，进而调控籽粒粒重的形成。喷施ABA是通过提高强势粒粒重来增加粒重的，喷施GA是通过提高强势粒和弱势粒的粒重来增加粒重的。

【目的】研究初花期(7月6日)、盛花期(7月17日)喷施不同浓度GA3(赤霉素)、BR(油菜素内酯)和6-BA(6苄基腺嘌呤)对棉花盛花期(7月17日)和盛铃期(7月31日)主茎功能叶生理特性的影响。【方法】试验设GA3、BR和6-BA3种激素处理,每种激素设2种浓度,即GA3(10和30mg·L-1)、BR(0.01和0.1mg·L-1)和6-BA(10和100mg·L-1),以喷清水为对照。测定主茎功能叶内的可溶性糖、丙二醛、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、内源激素含量,SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活性。【结果】100mg·L-1的6-BA能够显著提高盛花期主茎功能叶叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和SOD、POD活性,使MDA(丙二醛)含量显著降低。100mg·L-1的6-BA和30mg·L-1的GA3处理,使盛花期内源ZR(玉米素核苷)、GA3含量和ZR/ABA(脱落酸)、GA3/ABA、(ZR+GA3)/ABA值均显著高于对照。0.01mg·L-1的BR和10mg·L-1的GA3处理,盛花期主茎功能叶生理活性也有所提高。100mg·L-1的6-BA和30mg·L-1的GA3处理也显著提高了棉花盛铃期主茎功能叶可溶性蛋白质含量、GA3/ABA和GA3+ZR/ABA值,并使丙二醛含量显著降低。【结论】在本试验条件下,叶面喷施100mg·L-1的6-BA、30mg·L-1的GA3能够显著提高棉花花铃期主茎功能叶的生理活性,为生产中采用生长促进类外源激素防止棉花过早衰老提供了依据。

亚低温是影响我国冬季蔬菜生产的主要因素之一。为了探明外源化学物质对植物亚低温胁迫的缓解作用，本试验以中蔬6号(冷敏品种)和SANTIAM(耐寒材料)番茄作为试材，选用ABA、Put、BR作为外源诱导植物生长调节物质，每种生长调节物质设置3种不同浓度处理，ABA浓度为0.2mmol／L、0.6mmol／L、1.0mmol／L(分别用ABA1、ABA2、ABA3表示)；Put浓度为0.1mmol／L、0.5mmol／L、1.0mmol／L(分别用Put1、Put2、Put3表示)；BR浓度为0.005mg／L、0.01mg／L、0.05mg／L(分别用BR1、BR2、BR3表示)。通过应用上述三种化学物质不同浓度水溶液对番茄幼苗进行预处理，亚低温(16℃／8℃)胁迫后测定相关生理指标，获得了如下研究结果： 1．外源ABA、Put、BR预处理能够缓解亚低温下叶绿素和净光合速率的降低，从而提高番茄幼苗的亚低温耐受性。适宜处理浓度分别为ABA3、Put1、和BR2。亚低温处理8d时，中蔬6号番茄幼苗ABA3、Put1、和BR2的净光合速率和叶绿素含量均显著的高于对照，其中净光合速率分别比对照增加164％、96％、58％，叶绿素含量分别比对照增加37.88％、27.27％、15.63％；SANTIAM番茄幼苗ABA3、Put1、和BR2的净光合速率和ABA3、Put1处理的叶绿素含量均显著高于对照，其中，净光合速率分别比对照增加123％、72％、66％，叶绿素含量分别比对照增加16.92％、12.71％、2.8％。 2．外源ABA、Put、BR能够缓解亚低温下MDA含量的增加，从而减轻细胞膜系统的伤害。三种化学物质的适宜浓度分别为：ABA2、Put2和BR2。亚低温处理8d时，中蔬6号番茄幼苗MDA含量分别比CK低21.07％、14.29％、21.24％。SANTIAM番茄幼苗番茄幼苗的MDA含量分别比CK低16.02％、21.14％、24.57％。 3．外源ABA、Put、BR能够提高SOD、POD以及CAT的活性从而减轻活性氧积累对细胞造成的伤害。对于中蔬6号来说，提高POD活性的最适浓度为ABA 3、Put1和BR2，提高SOD活性的最适浓度为ABA3、BR2，亚低温处理8d时ABA 3、Put1和BR2的POD活性与对照表现差异显著，分别比对照增加61.29％、206.77％、94.14％；SOD活性分别比CK增加29.2％、28.6％。同时，ABA3和BR2处理均能够促进亚低温处理期间SANTIAM番茄POD活性的增加，亚低温处理8d时，其POD活性分别比CK增加16.66％和13.98％；ABA3和BR2也能够促进SANTIAM番茄在亚低温处理期间SOD活性的增加，亚低温处理8d时二者的SOD活性分别比CK增加19.37％、18.45％。对冷敏品种中蔬6号进行ABA、Put、BR预处理，还可以提高亚低温处理期间的CAT活性，减轻番茄的低温伤害。其适宜浓度为ABA3、Put1和BR2，亚低温处理8d时，各处理的CAT活性分别比对照增加45.8％、81.36％和38.9％。 4．外源ABA、Put、BR能够提高中蔬6号番茄幼苗的PRO含量，缓解可溶性糖含量的降低，并诱导可溶性蛋白含量提前达到峰值，从而提高细胞质浓度，防止低温对植株的伤害。三种化学物质的适宜浓度分别为ABA3、Put1利BR2，亚低温处理8天时，ABA3、Put1和BR2可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照，分别比对照增加47.7％、49.53％、67.9％；PRO含量分别比对照增加14.74％、11.15％和14.21％。 5．外源ABA、Put、BR处理可以提高番茄幼苗的根系活力。在ABA3、Put1和BR2处理下，亚低温处理8d时，中蔬6号和SANTIAM番茄幼苗的根系活力与对照差异显著，分别比对照增加59.53％、48.67％、41．43％和31．50％、23.87％、30.38％。 6．亚低温下冷敏品种中蔬6号和耐寒材料SANTIAM的ABA含量在4d达到最高然后再下降，GA和IAA含量的变化趋势与ABA变化趋势相反，其含量先下降后升高。外源ABA、Put、BR处理不仅使番茄幼苗的ABA含量增加，还促进了ABA含量峰值的提前出现。中蔬6号外源ABA、Put、BR处理以及SANTIAM的Put处理也促进了IAA含量的快速增加。ABA含量的上升和GA含量的下降促进了番茄幼苗低温耐受性的提高。 7．根据主成分分析结果，分别选取两试材的前三个主成分作为外源外源ABA、Put、BR提高番茄亚低温耐受性的主要因子，分析其中包含的各项生理指标在外源ABA、Put、BR处理下的表现可知提高番茄亚低温耐受性的适宜外源植物生长调节剂浓度：中蔬6号为ABA3、Put1、BR2；SANTIAM为ABA3、BR2。

ASR（the abscisic acid，stress，ripening protein）proteins are a suite of important family proteins found in organisms，which are generally involved in osmoregulation. They will be induced in plants under stress conditions，such as drought，low temperature，salt stress and ABA. The overexpression of ASR proteins can reduce plant injure by stress. ASR proteins can stabilize the cell membrane structure，and as molecular chaperones，can combine ions and prevent oxidation. In current paper，the classification and structure of ASR proteins，encoding genes，the expression and regulation of ASR proteins，and the relationship among ASR gene expression，ASR protein accumulation and plant stress tolerance has been summarized.

ASR蛋白（the abscisic acid，stress，ripening protein）是生物体中广泛存在的一类与渗透调节有关的家族蛋白，植物受到逆境胁迫（如干旱、低温、盐胁迫、ABA等）后，ASR蛋白大量表达，可以减轻逆境引起的伤害。ASR蛋白在细胞中可以稳定细胞膜结构，作为分子伴侣，具有结合离子和防止氧化等作用，被认为是在胁迫过程中对植物起保护作用的物质之一。针对这些重要特性，综述了ASR蛋白分类、结构和编码基因及其表达调控方式及ASR基因表达、ASR蛋白积累与植物抗逆性的关系等方面的研究进展。

Asr基因(脱落酸、胁迫、成熟诱导基因)是近年来从植物中发现的一类基因,随着越来越多的这类基因被发现并被克隆,Asr基因家族成员在不断壮大.对Asr基因家族的克隆鉴定,冷、渗透、脱落酸胁迫应答,糖代谢,果实成熟及其他功能进行了较全面的综述.