有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收、利用与分配特征

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郭保卫, 张洪程, 朱大伟, 许轲, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 高辉, 胡雅杰, 崔培媛. 有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收、利用与分配特征.作物学报, 2016, 43(1): 97-111
GUO Bao-Wei, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, ZHU Da-Wei, Xu Ke, HUO Zhong-Yang, WEI Hai-Yan, DAI Qi-Gen, GAO Hui, HU Ya-Jie, CUI Pei-Yuan. Characteristics of Nitrogen Uptake, Utilization and Distribution in Ordered Transplanting and Optimized Broadcasting Rice. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2016, 43(1): 97-111 复制到剪切板

Doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.00097
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作物学报编辑部

有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收、利用与分配特征

郭保卫, 张洪程^*, 朱大伟, 许轲, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 戴其根, 高辉, 胡雅杰, 崔培媛

扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张洪程, E-mail:hczhang@yzu.edu.cn, Tel: 0514-87979220

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:gbwyx@126.com

收稿日期:2016-09-18

基金:本研究由江苏省农业自主创新基金重点项目[CX(15)1002], 国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303102), 江苏省高校自然科学研究面上项目(16KJB210014), 扬州大学科技创新培育基金项目(2015CXJ042)和江苏省农业三新工程项目[SXGC(2015)325, SXGC(2014)315]资助

摘要

有序化栽插是抛秧稻稳定高产和进一步超高产的基础, 明确有序抛栽水稻氮素吸收利用及转运特点对其氮素高效利用有重要意义。本试验通过摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种抛栽方式以及对新型秧盘培育稻株氮素吸收利用特征的比较, 研究水稻钵苗有序化栽插超高产的氮素吸收积累特性。试验结果表明: (1)水稻有序摆抛栽各生育时期全株含氮率低于撒抛, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期吸氮量相对较低, 拔节后吸氮量显著或极显著高于撒抛, 阶段吸氮量均表现为摆栽>点抛>撒抛。三连孔和二连孔植株各生育时期含氮率较高, 且前期能保持适宜的吸氮量, 拔节后吸氮能力显著增强, 抽穗期、成熟期吸氮量和阶段吸氮量表现为二连孔>三连孔>单孔。(2)氮素农学利用率、生理利用率、偏生产力、氮素干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率、氮素收获指数和产量均表现为摆栽>点抛>撒抛、机插, 氮素利用率各指标、偏生产力、氮素收获指数在不同连孔处理间均表现为二连孔>三连孔、单孔, 百千克籽粒需氮量表现为二连孔、三连孔>单孔, 氮素干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率为二连孔、三连孔<单孔。(3)不同抛栽方式处理穗后穗部含氮率和吸氮量均表现为摆栽>点抛>撒抛、机插, 茎鞘和叶片呈现相反的趋势; 不同连孔处理穗后叶片和穗部含氮率均表现为二连孔>三连孔>单孔, 抽穗期茎鞘的含氮率差异不显著, 各器官中的吸氮量亦表现为二连孔>三连孔>单孔。不同抛栽方式间氮素转运量和转运率表现摆栽>点抛>撒抛, 而茎鞘和叶的氮素转运量和转运率在不同连孔处理间均表现为二连孔、三连孔<单孔。水稻有序摆抛栽, 尤其是二连孔有序摆抛, 前期有合理含氮量和积累量, 抽穗后具有较高的氮素积累量、转运量和转运率, 其氮素农学利用率、生理利用率、偏生产力、氮素干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率、氮素收获指数相对较高, 是水稻有序摆抛栽高产的营养生理基础。

关键词: 水稻; 有序摆抛栽; 三连孔; 二连孔; 氮素吸收利用与转运

Characteristics of Nitrogen Uptake, Utilization and Distribution in Ordered Transplanting and Optimized Broadcasting Rice

GUO Bao-Wei, ZHANG Hong-Cheng^*, ZHU Da-Wei, Xu Ke, HUO Zhong-Yang, WEI Hai-Yan, DAI Qi-Gen, GAO Hui, HU Ya-Jie, CUI Pei-Yuan

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303102), the Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund of Jiangsu Province [CX(15)1002], the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (16KJB210014), the Science and Technology Innovation Foster Fund of Yangzhou University (2015CXJ042), and the Three New Agricultural Engineering Fund of Jiangsu Province [SXGC(2015)325, SXGC(2014)315]

Abstract

The stable super high yield of broadcasting rice relies on the ordered plantation of rice. In this study, three planting methods including ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT) using dry-raised rice seedlings in plastic plates with 2-hole, 3-hole, and 1-hole were used with mechanical transplanting (MT) using blanket rice seedlings as control to investigate the nitrogen uptake, utilization and translocation characteristics. Ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice had lower N content at the whole growing stage, lower N accumulation at critical stage for effective tillering (CS) and elongation stage (ES), and higher N accumulation after ES significantly or very significantly than CT rice, showing N accumulation in treatments was OT > OB > CT. And 2-hole and 3-hole plants kept higher N content than 1-hole plants at each stage with proper N accumulation before ES and stronger N uptake ability after ES. N accumulation and N uptake rate in treatments after heading were 2-hole > 3-hole > 1-hole. Nitrogen agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, partial factor productivity, N requirement for 100 kg, nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production, nitrogen use efficiency for grain production, nitrogen harvest index and grain yield among different transplanting ways showed the trend of OT > OB > CT and MT. N use efficiency, partial factor productivity and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) among different hole treatments had the trend of 2-hole > 3-hole and 1-hole, and N requirement for 100 kg grain 2-hole and 3-hole > 1-hole, while nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production and nitrogen use efficiency for grain production showed the trend of 2-hole and 3-hole < 1-hole. N content and accumulation in panicle among different transplanting ways after heading showed the trend of OT > OB > CT, while the opposite trend was shown in culm, sheath and leaf. And N content in leaf and panicle among different hole treatments was shown 2-hole > 3-hole and 1-hole and N accumulation among different hole treatments in each organ was 2-hole >3-hole > 1-hole. N transportation and transportation rate were OT > OB > CT among different transplanting ways, and 2-hole, 3-hole < 1-hole among hole treatments. Base on the above results, we conclude that ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice, especially that with 2-hole treatment, had the rational N content and accumulation at early stage, stronger N uptake ability and higher N accumulation, transportation with higher transportation ratio after heading, and high nitrogen agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency, partial factor productivity, N requirement for 100 kg, nitrogen use efficiency for biomass production, nitrogen use efficiency for grain production and nitrogen harvest index, which is the nutritional basis for high yield of OT and OB rice.

Keyword: Rice; Ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting; 3-hole gathered; 2-hole gathered; Nitrogen uptake; utilization and translocation

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氮素是水稻生产的重要限制性大量元素, 其吸收与积累是水稻产量的营养基础, 起着十分重要的作用^[1], 氮肥调控在水稻生产中已成为影响其最终产量的重要栽培措施。水稻对氮素的吸收利用除受品种遗传的制约外, 还受栽培技术的调控。通过栽植方式的优化, 可改善群体结构和质量, 提高氮素积累量和利用率, 最终提高产量^{[2, 3, 4, 5]}。

水稻抛秧是一项轻简栽培技术, 也是一种高产高效的种植方式。传统的抛秧主要是撒抛, 秧苗分布不匀, 生长不平衡, 氮肥后期积累量较手插和摆栽水稻低^[6]。免耕水稻抛栽时平躺苗较多、根系入土浅、群体分布不匀衡, 其产量和氮素利用率比传统秧苗分布相对均衡的翻耕抛秧低^[7]。水稻有序化抛秧提高了群体起点质量, 特别是群体均衡度, 利于抛秧稻稳定高产。优化定抛是一种较有序化抛秧方式, 蓝平^[8]认为优化抛秧, 提高均匀度, 促进栽后植株氮素积累量的提高, 邓飞等^[9]研究认为优化定抛加快了拔节前和抽穗后氮素积累, 提高植株氮素总量。钵苗摆栽是一种有序的移栽方式, 与平躺苗相比, 摆栽苗有效分蘖临界叶龄、拔节、抽穗、成熟4个时期的氮素积累量分别提高26.8%、10.6%、6.3%和17.4%^[10]。许轲等^[11]研究发现摆栽稻抽穗期和成熟期氮素吸收量、氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率以及偏生产力随移栽基本苗增加均表现先增大后减小的趋势。目前对抛秧单一方式下的氮素吸收、利用研究较多, 而对抛秧稻不同抛栽方式间的氮素吸收、积累、分配等差异的研究较少。为此, 本试验采用新型设计的二连孔、三连孔秧盘培育壮秧, 通过摆栽、点抛和撒抛3种方式的比较, 系统研究不同抛栽方式间的氮素吸收、积累、利用和转运特征差异, 旨在通过栽插方式的优化, 促进抛秧稻氮素的高效利用。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验时间与地点

试验于2010— 2011年在江苏省海安县扬州大学试验基地进行。试验田前茬为小麦, 土壤质地为沙壤土, 地力中等, 含全氮量0.16%, 碱解氮87.2 mg kg^-1, 速效磷30.1 mg kg^-1, 速效钾84.6 mg kg^-1。

1.2 供试品种

选用粳型超级稻品种武运粳24 (迟熟中粳, 全生育期156 d, 由常州市武进区农业科学研究所选育)、南粳44 (早熟晚粳, 全生育期158 d, 由江苏省农业科学院粮食作物研究所选育)。

1.3 试验设计

采用434单孔和新型三连孔、二连孔塑盘育秧, 三连孔由3个单孔以正三角形式组成, 中间连接处相通, 二连孔由2个单孔组成, 连接处相通。构成三连孔、二连孔的小孔直径、深度与单孔秧盘中的单孔一样, 组成连孔的小孔间距与单孔秧盘中的单孔间距也一样。由于各孔相通处根系串联, 使得三连孔秧苗和二连孔秧苗成为一个整体, 便于栽插。单孔秧盘每孔3苗, 二连孔秧盘每孔4苗, 三连孔秧盘每孔6苗(图1), 机插每穴4苗。播种时每张秧盘施15 g壮秧剂(江苏省海安县达丰壮秧剂厂生产的“ 龙祺” 牌新型水稻育苗壮秧剂), 二叶一心期每50张秧盘喷多效唑4 g, 秧龄25 d。

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	图1 三连孔、二连孔和单孔秧苗示意图Fig. 1 Sketch map of plate with 3-hole, 2-hole and 1-hole for raising seedlings

采用三因素裂区试验, 品种为主区, 抛栽方式为裂区, 连孔处理为小裂区。试验设置摆栽、点抛、常规撒抛等抛栽方式, 每种抛栽方式下分别设置三连孔、二连孔和单孔秧苗处理。摆栽即行株距固定的精确摆植, 行距为30 cm, 株距视基本苗调节, 点抛即将带土秧苗控距向下投掷, 秧苗分布均匀, 是一种有序化程度高的抛秧方法。在基本苗一致的情况下, 三连孔、二连孔和单孔秧盘对应的密度分别为每公顷12.0万穴、18.0万穴、24.0万穴, 分别采用摆栽、点抛、撒抛等3种抛栽方式, 对照为机插每公顷25.5万穴(表1)。小区面积20 m², 3次重复。

分别以尿素、过磷酸钙和氯化钾的形式施入氮肥(纯氮) 270 kg hm^-2、磷肥(P₂O₅) 112.4 kg hm^-2、钾肥(K₂O) 112.4 kg hm^-2。其中, 氮肥的基肥∶ 蘖肥∶ 穗肥 = 3∶ 3∶ 4, 穗肥分别于倒四叶和倒二叶等量施入, 磷肥全做基肥, 钾肥的50%做基肥, 50%于倒五叶施入。

另对试验各处理同时设置不施氮肥的无氮空白区, 以测定不同抛栽方式水稻对土壤基础地力的响应和为计算氮素利用效率提供基础参数。

表1 各处理栽插规格 Table 1 Transplanting specification

1.4 测定内容与方法

分别于拔节期、抽穗期、成熟期, 按每小区茎蘖数的平均数取代表性植株5穴, 其中抽穗期和成熟期分茎鞘、叶和穗三部分, 105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃下烘干至恒重后称重, 并折算成每公顷干重, 之后粉碎混匀, 采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消化, 以半微量凯氏定氮法测定植株或器官全氮含量。

1.5 数据统计与分析

氮素吸收量(kg hm^-2) = 该时期地上部干物重× 含氮率;

氮素总吸收量(kg hm^-2) = 成熟期地上部各器官(叶片、茎鞘、穗)氮素吸收量之和;

氮素阶段吸收量(kg hm^-2) = 后一时期氮素吸收量-前一时期氮素吸收量;

氮素偏生产力(kg kg^-1) = 施氮区产量/氮肥施用量;

氮素干物质生产效率(kg kg^-1) = 单位面积植株干物质积累量/单位面积氮素积累量;

氮素籽粒生产效率(kg kg^-1) = 每株水稻籽粒产量/每株植株氮素总积累量;

氮素吸收利用率(%)= (施氮区植株总吸氮量-无氮区植株总吸氮量)/氮肥施用量;

氮素农学利用率(kg kg^-1) = (施氮区产量-无氮区产量)/氮肥施用量;

氮素生理利用率(kg kg^-1) = (施氮区产量-无氮区产量)/(施氮区植株总吸氮量-无氮区植株总吸氮量);

氮素收获指数=成熟期籽粒氮积累量/全株地上部分氮积累总量。

使用Microsoft Excel 2003和DPS软件处理数据和统计分析, 采用LSD进行方差分析和多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收利用指标间的方差分析

除成熟期全株吸氮量、抽穗期穗含氮率、成熟期茎鞘及叶吸氮量外, 其他指标在年际间差异均极显著; 除穗后茎鞘中氮素转运量外, 其他指标在品种间有极显著差异; 所有指标在抛栽方式间均有极显著差异。对年份与抛栽处理方式互作、品种与抛栽方式互作及三因素互作而言, 氮素利用率的几个指标、百千克籽粒吸氮量、氮素干物质生产效率、氮素收获指数、抽穗期茎鞘含氮率与吸氮量、穗后茎鞘中氮素转运量与转运率等均差异极显著, 部分指标在互作效应中差异不显著(表2)。说明抛栽处理、品种类型对水稻氮素吸收、利用及转运的影响较大。两年趋势基本一致, 文中以2011年数据为主。

进一步对2011年两品种各抛栽方式(摆栽、点抛与撒抛)、连孔处理的氮素吸收利用主要指标的方差分析表明, 除武运粳24抽穗期和成熟期全株、抽穗期叶吸氮量及两品种成熟期茎鞘和叶吸氮量外, 各主要指标在抛栽方式间差异显著或极显著, 除武运粳24穗后叶中氮素转运量、茎鞘中氮素转运率与南粳44穗后茎鞘中氮素转运量及穗后叶中氮素转运率外, 氮素吸收利用主要指标在连孔处理间差异显著或极显著。对抛栽方式与连孔处理互作而言, 两品种除部分指标外, 差异多不显著(表3)。

2.2 有序摆抛栽水稻的含氮率与氮素积累量

水稻各生育时期的含氮率表现为摆栽< 点抛< 撒抛, 但差异不显著。除武运粳24有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期含氮率低外, 其余处理机插稻含氮率高于抛栽大部分处理。不同连孔处理间拔节前表现为三连孔> 二连孔> 单孔, 拔节后则为二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔, 可见三连孔稻株前期吸氮能力较强, 拔节后二连孔稻株表现出更强的吸氮能力(表4)。水稻各生育时期的氮素积累量拔节前表现为摆栽< 点抛< 撒抛, 拔节后呈现相反趋势, 机插稻氮素积累量介于抛栽处理之间。拔节前氮素积累量表现为二连孔< 三连孔、单孔, 拔节后为二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔, 说明多连孔稻株中后期氮素积累能力较强。

2.3 水稻有序摆抛栽的氮素阶段吸收量

水稻各生育阶段的阶段吸氮量表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛, 且不同方式间差异多不显著, 机插稻分蘖至拔节、拔节至抽穗的阶段吸氮量介于抛栽处理之间, 而抽穗至成熟的均低于抛栽各处理。两品种的氮素吸收量各生育阶段均表现为武运粳24> 南粳44。不同连孔处理间表现为二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔, 二连孔与单孔有显著或极显著差异, 部分三连孔与单孔有显著差异(表5)。

2.4 有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素利用效率和百千克籽粒需氮量

不同抛栽方式水稻农学利用率、生理利用率、偏生产力、氮素干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率、氮素收获指数和产量均表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛、机插, 而百千克籽粒需氮量表现为摆栽< 点抛< 撒抛、机插(表6)。两品种的氮素吸收利用指标互有大小。不同连孔稻株间氮素利用率各指标、百千克籽粒需氮量、偏生产力、氮素收获指数呈现二连孔> 三连孔、单孔的趋势, 氮素干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率则为二连孔、三连孔< 单孔。

2.5 有序摆抛栽水稻抽穗后氮素积累、分配与转运

2.5.1 抽穗期氮素的积累与分配不同抛栽方式水稻抽穗期穗部含氮率表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛、机插, 各处理茎鞘中差异不显著, 叶中则呈现与穗部相反趋势, 机插介于撒抛各处理之间。两品种茎鞘中氮素吸收量差异不大, 武运粳24叶部吸收量小于南粳44, 而穗部吸氮量高于南粳44。不同连孔处理间的叶和穗部含氮率均表现为二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔, 茎鞘中差异较小(表7)。不同抛栽方式水稻的茎鞘、叶和穗部吸氮量均表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛, 机插介于撒抛各处理之间, 不同连孔间的吸氮量均呈现二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔的趋势。说明抽穗期有序摆抛栽稻株, 特别是二连孔茎鞘中养分储藏较多。

表2 不同抛栽处理水稻氮素吸收特征指标的方差分析 Table 2 Analysis of variance (F-values) of nitrogen uptake characteristics among years, cultivars and transplanting ways

表3 抛栽方式与连孔处理水稻氮素吸收特征主要指标的方差分析 Table 3 Analysis of variance (F-values) of main nitrogen uptake characteristics among broadeasting ways and different hole treatments

表4 不同抛栽方式水稻各生育时期的氮素积累量 Table 4 N accumulation in rice plants with different transplanting ways at main growth stage

表5 不同抛栽方式水稻各生育阶段的氮素阶段吸收量 Table 5 N uptake in rice plants with different transplanting ways during different growth stages (kg hm^-2)

2.5.2 成熟期氮素的积累与分配不同抛栽方式水稻成熟期穗部含氮率表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛、机插, 而茎鞘和叶中则呈现相反趋势(表8), 机插介于撒抛各处理之间, 说明水稻有序摆抛利于茎鞘和叶中氮素向穗部转移。武运粳24各器官含氮率及叶、穗部吸氮量高于南粳44。不同连孔处理间茎鞘、叶和穗部含氮率均表现为二连孔最高或二连孔、三连孔均高。两品种穗部的吸氮量在不同抛栽方式均表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛, 机插稻穗部吸氮量大于撒抛, 茎鞘和叶片中表现为撒抛< 点抛< 机插, 机插介于摆栽各处理之间。不同连孔间的吸氮量均呈现二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔的趋势。说明摆栽和点抛, 特别是二连孔栽插能促进茎鞘和叶片的氮素转移到穗部。

2.5.3 抽穗后氮素的转运不同抛栽方式水稻穗后的氮素转运量和转运率在茎鞘与叶间均表现为摆栽> 点抛> 撒抛、机插(表9)。不同连孔处理间茎鞘和叶的氮素转运量变化不一, 转运率多表现为二连孔、三连孔< 单孔。二连孔、三连孔稻株茎鞘成熟期仍能保持一定量的氮素积累量, 利于保持壮秆。

表6 不同抛栽方式水稻的氮素利用效率和百千克籽粒需氮量 Table 6 N use efficiency and N requirement for 100 kg grain of rice with different transplanting ways

表7 不同抛栽方式水稻抽穗期各器官含氮率与吸氮量 Table 7 N uptake and N content in different organs of rice with different transplanting ways at heading

表8 不同抛栽方式水稻成熟期各器官含氮率与积累量 Table 8 N content and accumulation in each organ of rice with different transplanting ways at mature

表9 不同抛栽方式水稻穗后茎鞘叶的氮素转运 Table 9 N transportation among stem, sheath and leaf of rice with different transplanting ways after heading

抛栽方式Transplanting way	茎鞘Stem and sheath		叶 Leaf		茎鞘叶Stem, sheath, and leaf
抛栽方式Transplanting way	转运量NT (kg hm^-2)	转运率NTT (%)	转运量NT (kg hm^-2)	转运率NTT (%)	转运量NT (kg hm^-2)	转运率NTT (%)
武运粳24 Wuyunjing 24
机插MT	17.48 Cc	28.07 Cd	33.85 Cd	48.89 CDe	51.33 Bd	39.03 Dd
摆-3 OT-3	18.79 Bb	30.33 Bbc	37.56 ABab	52.58 Aab	56.34 Aab	42.24 ABab
摆-2 OT-2	18.67 Bb	29.88 Bc	37.84 Aa	51.80 ABbc	56.51 Aa	41.69 Bb
摆-1 OT-1	19.48 Aa	31.59 Aa	37.20 ABabc	52.78 Aa	56.67 Aa	42.89 Aa
点-3 OB-3	18.67 Bb	30.21 Bbc	36.67 ABabc	51.38 Bc	55.34 Aabc	41.56 BCb
点-2 OB-2	18.67 Bb	29.94 Bc	36.18 ABbc	49.95 Cd	54.83 Abc	40.70 Cc
点-1 OB-1	18.91 Bb	30.75 ABb	35.74 Bc	51.40 Bc	54.66 Ac	41.70 Bb
撒-3 CT-3	17.27 Ccd	28.16 Cd	32.56 Cd	47.70 Ef	49.85 Be	38.45 Dd
撒-2 CT-2	15.89 De	25.65 De	33.39 Cd	47.71 Ef	49.28 Be	37.35 Ee
撒-1 CT-1	17.15 Cd	28.10 Cd	32.50 Cd	48.24 DEef	49.66 Be	38.66 Dd
南粳44 Nanjing 44
机插MT	1.114 ABCDbcd	26.17 Ccd	36.96 Dc	52.78 Ee	53.67 Bd	40.09 Dd
摆-3 OT-3	1.137 ABCbc	27.35 Bb	41.12 ABc	56.40 Aa	58.17 Aabc	43.01 ABb
摆-2 OT-2	1.157 ABab	27.43 Bb	40.99 ABb	55.74 ABbc	57.86 Aabc	42.44 Bbc
摆-1 OT-1	1.228 Aa	29.56 Aa	40.52 BCb	56.48 Aa	58.94 Aa	43.97 Aa
点-3 OB-3	1.103 ABCDbcd	26.48 Cc	41.98 ABab	56.01 ABab	58.52 Aab	42.59 Bbc
点-2 OB-2	1.029 BCDde	24.70 EFef	43.19 Aa	56.37 Aa	58.62 Aab	42.15 Bbc
点-1 OB-1	1.060 BCDcde	25.79 CDd	40.94 ABb	55.48 BCc	56.84 Abc	41.97 BCc
撒-3 CT-3	0.990 De	23.93 Fg	38.53 CDc	54.53 Dd	53.37 Bd	40.24 Dd
撒-2 CT-2	1.050 BCDcde	24.39 EFfg	40.69 BCb	54.76 CDd	56.43 Ac	40.65 Dd
撒-1 CT-1	1.022 CDde	25.11 DEe	38.14 Dc	54.85 CDd	53.48 Bd	40.95 CDd

Values followed by a different letter within a column are significantly different at the 1% (capital letter) and 5% (small letter) probability levels. NT: nitrogen translocation; NTT: nitrogen translocation rate. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

同一栏内标以不同大、小写字母的值分别在1%和5%水平上差异显著。其余缩写同表1。

表9 不同抛栽方式水稻穗后茎鞘叶的氮素转运 Table 9 N transportation among stem, sheath and leaf of rice with different transplanting ways after heading

3 讨论

3.1 有序摆抛栽水稻的氮素吸收、分配及转运特性

水稻产量与成熟期氮素累积量关系密切, 而栽培技术能有效调节水稻氮素的积累与分配、氮素运转及生产效率, 进而影响产量。梁天锋等^[5]研究也认为水稻植株吸收的氮肥数量及其在体内的分配与土壤耕作方式密切相关。邓飞等^[9]认为用50 d秧龄单苗优化定抛能显著提高各时期水稻氮素积累量, 并提高抽穗后叶片氮素的转运, 增产效益显著。摆栽、点抛和撒抛是3种水稻钵苗移栽方式, 本研究中虽然有序摆栽和点抛稻各生育期含氮率略小于撒抛, 拔节前期有序摆抛栽的氮素吸收量小于撒抛, 但抽穗期和成熟期有序摆栽和点抛氮素吸收量高于撒抛, 这主要源于其后期具有较高物质生产和积累量。抛秧稻生产上为提高产量, 常选用大量的大穗型品种、超级稻品种, 而撒抛稻前期群体质量不高, 后期通风透光性差, 不利于后期物质转化和氮素的积累, 也限制了大穗型高产品种优势的发挥。水稻超高产栽培在于促进叶片和茎鞘中的贮藏性氮向穗部转运, 显著提高氮素的吸收利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率^[13]。邓飞等^[9]研究认为优化定抛提高抽穗期茎鞘氮素分配比例, 同时显著提高成熟期穗氮所占比例, 其转运量和转运率较高。对不同抛栽方式来说, 有序摆栽和点抛提高了抽穗期茎鞘叶的氮素积累量和叶部、穗部分配量及成熟期穗部氮素积累量和比例。这说明有序摆抛栽穗后为籽粒灌浆准备充足的氮素营养, 同时又能保持强源。灌浆后期茎鞘叶较低的氮素积累量以及氮素在穗部较高的分配比例是氮素利用效率高的品种的重要特征, 可以作为提高氮素利用效率栽培调控的重要指标之一。有序摆栽和点抛这种有序化栽培, 提高了群体质量和保持了合理的群体结构及中后期氮素积累量和氮素利用率。不同连孔稻株间各生育阶段含氮率表现为二连孔、三连孔稻株高于单孔, 而氮素积累量拔节前为二连孔< 三连孔< 单孔, 抽穗后表现为二连孔> 三连孔> 单孔。稀植有序摆抛栽利于前期植株含氮率的提高和中后期氮素积累量的增加, 特别是二连孔稀植摆栽的阶段吸收氮素能力较强。二连孔、三连孔有序摆抛改变了田间秧苗布局, 优化水稻个体生长发育条件, 促进植株高效生长, 其因穴间距大, 中后期通风透光好, 利于形成壮秆, 可提高中后期植株氮素吸收能力, 其中二连孔较三连孔更有优势, 也说明并非穴距越大越好, 大穴在保持基本苗的同时需要增加每穴苗数, 而穴间与穴内协同优势的提高才是二连孔优势的原因。这些抛秧稻栽插新方式的探索与研究, 对优化栽插方式来改进我国用量大且利用率低的水稻施肥有一定参考意义。试验中二连孔、三连孔稻株的转运量和转运率低于单孔, 说明稀植栽插能促进后期植株氮素吸收, 减少对抽穗前茎鞘和叶部储存氮素营养过度转运的依赖, 利于延长功能叶时间和培育壮秆。

3.2 抛秧稻高产栽培下的氮素高效利用

目前, 高产是我国水稻生产的一大重要主题, 而提高作物氮素吸收利用是稳定提高作物产量和种植效益的有效手段^{[14, 15, 16]}。Singh等^[17]报道, 水稻75%的产量差异是氮素吸收效率造成的, 也有研究认为产量差异主要是氮素利用效率^[18]引起, 而吸收效率的差异很小。张传胜等^[19]研究认为吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率是氮素改良、提高水稻产量的主要性状。Masclaux等^[20]认为水稻产量差异由氮吸收和利用效率共同决定。殷春渊等^[21]则认为氮素吸收利用效率、氮素农学利用效率、氮素生理利用效率与产量的相关系数分别为0.883、0.970和0.675, 前两者均达极显著水平说明水稻高产与氮高效在一定条件下可以在水稻基因型本身达到统一。水稻抛秧多采用钵苗, 钵苗栽培的高产、超高产要求栽插有序化^[22], 胡雅杰等^[23]认为, 后期具有较强的光合物质生产力和较高的氮素积累量是钵苗有序机插超高产的重要特征, 而本试验中的二连孔、三连孔钵苗大穴摆栽同样具有较高的氮素吸收能力和保持较合理氮素分配, 提高了水稻氮素干物质和籽粒生产效率、氮素偏生产力和氮素收获指数。钵苗有序机插是适合机械化作业稻区的发展方向, 且目前示范推广主要集中于地势平坦的黑龙江和江苏等省份, 而对我国具有较好抛秧基础的南方丘陵水稻产区来说, 二连孔、三连孔钵苗有序摆栽、抛栽的产量高^[10]、抗倒能力强^[24], 是更适合的水稻高产轻简栽培方式。因此, 明确该栽培方式下氮素吸收利用特征对抛秧稻高产栽培下的氮素高效利用有理论指导意义。有关高产稀植栽培, 前人研究认为宽窄行栽培显著提高氮素累积量、氮肥利用率与氮素吸收效率, 但降低氮收获指数与氮素利用效率, 而氮生理效率与氮肥效率变化不大, 也是其增产的一个方面^[25], 杨详田等^[26]研究认为籼型超级稻强化栽培与常规栽培比较, 增产达11.1%~15.2%, 氮肥回收率比对照高5.3%~26.9%, 农学利用率比对照高67.2%~92.2%, 生理利用率比对照高6.0%~80.5%, 在水稻生产上应用水稻强化栽培可以既提高产量, 又提高氮肥的利用。氮素积累、分配及转运特性与水稻产量关系密切, 采用适宜的栽植方式能有效改善氮素利用效率, 提高水稻产量。二连孔、三连孔大穴有序摆抛栽培改变田间稻株配置, 在提高产量的同时, 显著提高各时期水稻氮素积累量, 特别是中后期籽粒和植株中氮素含量和利用率。

4 结论

水稻有序摆抛栽能有效提高植株氮素积累量、氮素生产效率, 促进抽穗后茎鞘和叶片氮素向穗的转运, 保证氮素在各器官中的合理分配, 提高其干物质生产效率、籽粒生产效率和偏生产力。水稻二连孔、三连孔稀植有序栽插穗后能保持较强的氮素吸收能力, 提高了氮素利用率和偏生产力。水稻有序摆抛栽提高氮素吸收利用和转化效率, 是高产、超高产的营养基础, 二连孔、三连孔有序摆抛栽是高产栽培下氮素高效利用的一个栽培技术方向。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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[10]	郭保卫, 张春华, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 陈厚存, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 邢琳, 管文文, 黄幸福, 杨雄. 抛秧物理立苗对水稻生长的影响及其调控因素的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 3945-3953 Guo B W, Zhang C H, Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Chen H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Xing L, Guan W W, Huang X F, Yang X. Effects of different postures on growth of broadcasted rice and the regulating factors of physical stand ing of broadcasted seedlings. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 3945-3953 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[11]	许轲, 周兴涛, 曹利强, 张洪程, 郭保卫, 陈厚存, 吴中华, 朱聪聪, 杨岩. 不同类型钵苗及摆栽密度对粳型超级稻氮素吸收利用与转运特征的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4876-4892 Xu K, Zhou X T, Cao L Q, Zhang H C, Guo B W, Chen H C, Wu Z H, Zhu C C, Yang Y. Effect of different types of bowl seedlings and densities on characteristics of nitrogen uptake, utilization and translocation of bowel transplanted japonica super rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4876-4892 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[12]	郭保卫, 朱大伟, 许轲, 张洪程, 周兴涛, 朱聪聪, 曹利强, 陈厚存, 陈京都, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 李明银. 有序摆抛栽对超级稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29: 45-55 Guo B W, Zhu D W, Xu K, Zhang H C, Zhou X T, Zhu C C, Cao L Q, Chen H C, Chen J D, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Wei H Y, Li M Y. Effects of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting on the clum lodging resistance of super rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2015, 29: 45-55 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[13]	梁尹明, 林贤青, 孙永飞, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲. 不同作物管理技术对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响. 土壤通报, 2007, 38: 191-193 Liang Y M, Lin Q X, Sun Y F, Zhu D F, Chen H Z. Effects of crop management on nitrogen up take and utilization of rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Chin J Soil Sci, 2007, 38: 191-193 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[14]	江立庚, 曹卫星. 水稻高效利用氮素的生理机制及有效途径. 中国水稻科学, 2002, 16: 261-264 Jiang L G, Cao W X. Physiological mechanism and approaches for efficient nitrogen utilization in rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2002, 16: 261-264 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[15]	Li G H, Xue L H, Gu W, Yang C D, Wang S H, Ling Q H, Qin X, Ding Y F. Comparison of yield components and plant type characteristics of high-yield rice between Taoyuan, a ‘special eco-site’ and Nanjing, China. Field Crops Res, 2009, 112: 214-221 [本文引用:1]
[16]	Camargo F A O, Gianello C, Tedesco M J. Soil nitrogen availability evaluated by kinetic mineralization parameters. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal, 2004, 35: 1293-1307 [本文引用:1]
[17]	Singh U, Lagha J K, Castillo E G, Punzalan G, Tirol-Padre A, Duqueza M. Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency in medium and long duration rice. Field Crops Res, 1998, 58: 35-53 [本文引用:1]
[18]	张耀鸿, 张亚丽, 黄启为, 徐阳春, 沈其荣. 不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 616-621 Zhang Y H, Zhang Y L, Huang Q W, Xu Y C, Shen Q R. Effects of different nitrogen application rates on grain yields and nitrogen uptake and utilization by different rice cultivars. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 616-621 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	张传胜, 龙银成, 周娟, 董桂春, 王余龙. 不同产量类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用特征的研究. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2004, 25(2): 17-21 Zhang C S, Long Y C, Zhou J, Dong G C, Wang Y L. Study on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different grain yield types of indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ). J Yangzhou Univ (Agric & Life Sci Edn), 2004, 25(2): 17-21 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	Masclaux C, Valadier M H, Brugiere N. Characterization of the sink/source transition in tobacco shoots in relation to nitrogen management and leaf senescence. Planta, 2000, 211: 510-518 [本文引用:1]
[21]	殷春渊, 张庆, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 杭杰, 张胜飞. 不同产量类型水稻基因型氮素吸收、利用效率的差异. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 39-50 Yin C Y, Zhang Q, Wei H Y, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Ma Q, Hang J, Zhang S F. Differences in nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in rice genotypes with different yield performance. Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 39-50 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	张洪程, * 郭保卫, 陈厚存, 周兴涛, 张军, 朱聪聪, 陈京都, 李桂云, 吴中华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 杨雄. 水稻有序摆抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 463-475 Zhang H C, Guo B W, Chen H C, Zhou X T, Zhang J, Zhu C C, Chen J D, Li G Y, Wu Z H, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Yang X. The eco-physiological characteristics and the super high yield formation mechanism of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 463-475 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[23]	胡雅杰, 朱大伟, 钱海军, 曹伟伟, 邢志鹏, 张洪程, 周有炎, 陈厚存, 汪洪洋, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 籼粳杂交稻甬优2640钵苗机插超高产群体若干特征探讨. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 2016-2027 Hu Y J, Zhu D W, Qian H J, Cao W W, Xing Z P, Zhang H C, Zhou Y Y, Chen H C, Wang H Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Guo B W. Some characteristics of mechanically transplanted pot seedlings in super high yielding population of indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 2640. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 2016-2027 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	郭保卫, 许轲, 张洪程, 周兴涛, 朱聪聪, 曹利强, 陈厚存, 陈京都, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 李明银. 有序摆抛栽对超级稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29: 45-55 Guo B W, Xu K, Zhang H C, Zhou X T, Zhu C C, Cao L Q, Chen H C, Chen J D, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Wei H Y, Li M Y. Effect of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting on the culm lodging resistance of super rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2015, 29: 45-55 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	张小平, 吴小京, 易镇邪, 屠乃美, 张阳. 栽培方式对陆两优996产量形成与氮利用效率的影响. 作物研究, 2010, 24(1): 12-15 Zhang X P, Wu X J, Yi Z X, Tu N M, Zhang Y. Effect of wide-narrow-row on yield formation and nitrogen utilization efficiency of Luliangyou 996. Crop Res, 2010, 24(1): 12-15 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	杨祥田, 林贤青, 曾孝元, 王旭辉, 罗三镯. 水稻强化栽培下不同氮肥管理对产量与氮素利用的影响. 土壤通报, 2007, 38: 463-464 Yang X T, Lin Q X, Zeng X Y, Wang X H, Luo S Z. Effect of nitrogen management on grain yield and nitrogen utilization under the system intensified rice cultivation. Chin J Soil Sci, 2007, 38: 463-464 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2006

0.0

李虎, 唐启源. 我国水稻氮肥利用率及研究进展. 作物研究, 2006, (5): 401-404

, Tang Q

Research of nitrogen utilization rate in rice.

Crop Res, 2006, (5): 401-404 (in Chinese with English abstract)

综述了我国氮肥使用现状和存在的问题,介绍了我国水稻氮肥利用率研究进展.

... 氮素是水稻生产的重要限制性大量元素, 其吸收与积累是水稻产量的营养基础, 起着十分重要的作用^[1], 氮肥调控在水稻生产中已成为影响其最终产量的重要栽培措施 ...

2005

0.0

张亚洁, 林强森, 孙斌, 刁广华, 杨建昌. 种植方式对水稻和陆稻氮素吸收利用的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2005, 19: 539-544

Zhang Y

, Lin Q

, Sun

, Diao G

, Yang J

Effects of cultivation methods on nitrogen absorption and use efficient of upland and paddy rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2005, 19: 539-544 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Upland rice cultivar Zhonghan 3(japonica)and paddy rice cultivar Wuxiangjing 99-8 (japonica) were used to study the effects of cultivation methods on nitrogen(N) absorption and use efficiency at later growth stage. The rice grain yield was significantly lower under dry cultivation than under submerged cultivation(SC,control) for Zhonghan 3 and there was no significant difference between dry cultivation with plastic film mulching (PFMC) and MC for Wuxiangjing 99-8,and the yield was the lowest under bare cultivation(BC)among the three cultivation methods for two cultivars. N contents in the plants under PFMC and BC were lower at heading,and decreased more slowly from heading to maturity with the order of SC > BC >PFMC. The amount of N absorption by plants was in the order of SC > PFMC > BC at heading and maturity. The proportion of N was significantly higher in the culms and sheaths,whereas significantly lower in the grains,under dry cultivation than under SC. The proportion of N in leaves was different between the two cultivars. N efficiency of matter production was significantly greater under dry cultivation than under SC at heading and was the least for PFMC among the three cultivation methods at maturity. Dry cultivation had higher N efficiency of grain yield production(except PFMC for Zhonghan 3)and greater N harvest index than SC,with the order of BC > PFMC > SC. Compared with Wuxiangjing 99-8,Zhonghan 3 exhibited a faster decrease in N content after heading,smaller N accumulation in plants,greater proportion of N in leaves and grains and smaller in the culms and sheaths,higher N efficiency of matter production(at maturity) and grain yield production,greater N harvest index,and lower grain yield.

以武香粳99-8（水稻）和中旱3号（陆稻）为材料，研究了种植方式对水稻和陆稻生育后期N素吸收利用的影响。与水种稻（对照）相比，中旱3号覆膜旱种时产量显著低于对照，武香粳99-8覆膜旱种时和对照没有显著差异，裸地旱种产量均为最低。覆膜旱种和裸地旱种抽穗期植株的含N率较低，抽穗至成熟期植株含N率下降速率为水种＞裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种。抽穗和成熟期植株吸N量大小为水种＞覆膜旱种＞裸地旱种。旱种稻成熟期茎鞘中的N素分配显著高于对照，籽粒显著低于对照，品种间叶片有所不同。抽穗期旱种稻的N素物质生产效率显著高于对照。成熟期覆膜旱种N素物质生产效率最低。旱种稻N素籽粒生产效率（中旱3号覆膜旱种除外）和N素收获指数较对照增加，大小为裸地旱种＞覆膜旱种＞水种。与武香粳99-8相比，中旱3号抽穗后植株含N率下降快，植株N素积累量较小，叶片和籽粒中N素分配比例高，茎鞘低；N素物质生产效率（成熟期）、N素籽粒生产效率和N素收获指数高，产量低。

... 通过栽植方式的优化, 可改善群体结构和质量, 提高氮素积累量和利用率, 最终提高产量^[2,3,4,5] ...

2004

0.0

殷晓燕, 徐阳春, 沈其荣, 周春霖, 黄新宇, 李曼莉, 尹金来, Dittert

直播旱作和水作水稻的氮素吸收利用特征研究. 土壤学报, 2004, 41: 983-986

Yin X

, Xu Y

, Shen Q

, Zhou C

, Huang X

, Li M

, Yin J

, Dittert

Nitrogen uptake and use efficiency by rice crops cultivated in waterlogged field and sowed on dry field without or with different mulchings.

Acta Pedol Sin, 2004, 41: 983-986 (in Chinese with English abstract)

淡水资源的不足和大量耗竭将严重影响农业的可持续发展,因此,人们对消耗我国农业用水80%左右的传统水稻栽培提出了挑战 [1] ,水稻旱作也就越来越多地受到关注.其中,地膜覆盖旱作和利用半腐解秸秆替代地膜的覆盖旱作都受到了广泛的重视 [2~3] .目前,旱作水稻的研究往往是以移栽后旱种的方式为主 [1~3] ,这不仅耗时费力,而且与水作相比,移栽旱作还存在活棵所需时间长、成活率低等问题.本试验采用旱直播地膜覆盖育苗技术,克服了上述缺陷,但在这种栽培方式下水稻对氮素的吸收利用情况尚不清楚.

... 通过栽植方式的优化, 可改善群体结构和质量, 提高氮素积累量和利用率, 最终提高产量^[2,3,4,5] ...

2009

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徐世宏, 梁天锋, 曾华忠, 江立庚, 丁成泉, 张玉. 不同耕作方式下水分管理对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响. 核农学报, 2009, 23: 1065-1069

Xu S

, Liang T

, Zeng H

, Jiang L

, Ding C

, Zhang

Influence of water management and tillage patterns on nitrogen utilization of rice.

J Nucl Agric Sci, 2009, 23: 1065-1069 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要： 2008年早季和晚季，以桂旱1号和金优253为试验材料，利用^15N示踪技术研究了盆栽条件下湿润灌溉、交替灌溉、水层灌溉3种水分管理模式下和免耕、常耕2种土壤耕作方式下水稻氮素与吸收利用的差异。结果表明：（1）湿润灌溉栽培降低了2 种耕作方式水稻的氮肥吸收量，其中对基肥和分蘖肥吸收量的降低达显著水平；（2）湿润灌溉栽培时施入稻田中的氮肥被当季水稻吸收利用的比率下降，在土壤中的残留比率增加；（3）常耕条件下，湿润灌溉水稻氮素吸收总量明显低于水层灌溉和交替灌溉水稻，但免耕条件下湿润灌溉对水稻氮素吸收总量的影响比较小；（4）湿润灌溉时水稻产量和氮素的生产效率下降。

... 通过栽植方式的优化, 可改善群体结构和质量, 提高氮素积累量和利用率, 最终提高产量^[2,3,4,5] ...

2010

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梁天锋, 徐世宏, 刘开强, 王殿君, 梁和, 董登峰, 韦善清, 周佳民, 胡钧铭, 江立庚. 栽培方式对水稻氮素吸收利用与分配特性影响的研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 20-26

Liang T

, Xu S

, Liu K

, Wang D

, Liang

, Dong D

, Wei S

, Zhou J

, Hu J

, Jiang L

Studies on influence of cultivation patterns on characteristics of nitrogen utilization and distribution in rice.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 20-26 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of no tillage with straw incorporation on characteristics of nitrogen utilization and distribution in rice using 15N tracer techniques in the early seasons of 2006 and 2007. The test plant was Jinyou 253. Four treatments, no tillage-straw incorporation(NT-S), no tillage(NT), conventional tillage-straw incorporation(CT-S), conventional tillage(CT) were designed. The results showed that:1) Nitrogen fertilizer uptake and distribution in rice plants were influenced by soil tillage practices. NT increased the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer uptake in grain and root, and decreased the distribution in leaves and stem. 2) Lower grain yield was observed under NT compared to CT, but the difference was not significant. The difference of total nitrogen uptake in rice plants was not significant under different tillage practices, but higher proportion of nitrogen uptake from fertilizer and nitrogen recovery efficiency were found under NT compare to CT. 3) Straw incorporation had a significant effect on nitrogen fertilizer utilization. Under NT-S decreased the accumulate of nitrogen uptaken from basal and tillering fertilizer, however, increased nitrogen uptake of fertilizer at earring. Under CT-S increased accumulate of nitrogen fertilizer of each stage of the growing period, consequently, increased the total nitrogen fertilizer absorption significantly. 4) Straw incorporation increased rice grain yield under both tillage practices, but decreased nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency under no tillage.

2006和2007年，在桶栽条件下，以早稻（三系籼型杂交稻金优253）为试材，应用15N示踪技术研究了稻草还田免耕、免耕、稻草还田常耕、常耕4种栽培方式对水稻氮素吸收利用与分配特性的影响。结果表明，1）水稻植株吸收的氮肥数量及其在体内的分配与土壤耕作方式密切相关；免耕提高了水稻对肥料氮的吸收比率及在子粒和根中的分配比率，但降低了在叶和茎中的分配比率。2）免耕水稻产量和氮素吸收总量与常耕水稻差异不显著，但免耕水稻吸收的氮素中来源于肥料的比例比常耕水稻的大；免耕水稻的氮肥回收效率高于常耕水稻，但氮素的稻谷生产效率差异不明显。3）稻草还田对氮肥的吸收利用有显著的影响。免耕条件下，稻草还田降低了基肥和分蘖肥氮素的积累量，增加了穗肥氮素积累量，氮肥总积累量呈下降趋势；常耕条件下，稻草还田提高了各个时期的肥料氮素积累量，氮肥的总积累量增加显著。4）稻草还田提高了免耕水稻和常耕水稻产量，2007年其差异达显著水平。免耕条件下稻草还田降低了氮素的回收效率，但常耕条件下稻草还田提高了氮肥的回收效率。

... 通过栽植方式的优化, 可改善群体结构和质量, 提高氮素积累量和利用率, 最终提高产量^[2,3,4,5] ...

... 梁天锋等^[5]研究也认为水稻植株吸收的氮肥数量及其在体内的分配与土壤耕作方式密切相关 ...

2007

0.0

... 传统的抛秧主要是撒抛, 秧苗分布不匀, 生长不平衡, 氮肥后期积累量较手插和摆栽水稻低^[6] ...

2001

0.0

卢维盛, 李华兴, 刘远金, 陈喜崇. 不同耕作方法对抛秧水稻生长和氮素利用的影响. 华南农业大学学报, 2001, 22(4): 8-10

Lu W

, Li H

, Liu Y

, Chen X

Effect of glucosinolates of host vegetables on preference of stripped flea beetle.

J South China Agric Univ, 2001, 22(4): 8-10 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of different tillage methods on rice growth and nitrogen use efficiency were studied in a potted experiment using 15 N. The results showed that compared with the conventional tillage, with scattered transplanting, the rice yield decreased by 32.6% and nitrogen use efficiency decreased by 15.6% in no tillage. However, minimum tillage and conventional tillage had the similar rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

利用盆栽试验和^15N示踪技术研究了不同耕作方法对抛秧水稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，免耕抛秧水稻产量比传统耕减少32．6％，氮肥利用率降低15．6％，然而，轻耕和传统耕水稻产量和氮肥利用率相近。

... 免耕水稻抛栽时平躺苗较多、根系入土浅、群体分布不匀衡, 其产量和氮素利用率比传统秧苗分布相对均衡的翻耕抛秧低^[7] ...

2010

0.0

... 优化定抛是一种较有序化抛秧方式, 蓝平^[8]认为优化抛秧, 提高均匀度, 促进栽后植株氮素积累量的提高, 邓飞等^[9]研究认为优化定抛加快了拔节前和抽穗后氮素积累, 提高植株氮素总量 ...

2012

0.0

邓飞, 王丽, 任万军, 刘代银, 杨文钰. 不同生态条件下栽植方式对中籼迟熟杂交稻组合II优498氮素积累与分配的影响. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 4310-4325

Deng

, Wang

, Ren W

, Liu D

, Yang W

Effects of planting methods on nitrogen accumulation and distribution of mid-late indica hybrid rice combination II you 498 under different ecological conditions.

Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 4310-4325 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The hybrid rice combination II You 498 was used to clarify the effects of ecological conditions, planting methods and their interaction on nitrogen accumulation, distribution and production efficiency of rice in Sichuan province. 【Method】 Field experiments were conducted in Renshou, Pixian and Ya’an in 2011, involving two seedling ages and four transplanting methods. During rice growth period, the dry matter weight, yield and nitrogen content of organs were measured, and the nitrogen accumulation, distribution, translocation and production efficiency under different ecological conditions were analyzed. 【Result】The nitrogen content and accumulation of rice decreased, while the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index significantly increased in Renshou which were characterized by low soil fertility and high light intensity. The 50-day-old seedling transplanting treatment improved the nitrogen accumulation during jointing-heading period and translocation of rice leaf and stem-sheath nitrogen after heading stage. Furthermore, it was found that the single seedling optimized-broadcasting treatment enhanced the nitrogen accumulation rate of rice during sowing-jointing and heading-maturity periods and thus improved the total nitrogen accumulation. According to the correlation analysis, rice yield in Renshou was positively and significantly correlated to the nitrogen accumulation during sowing-jointing period and the translocation of rice leaf nitrogen, but the rice yield in Pixian was positively correlated to the nitrogen accumulation during heading-maturity period. In Ya’an, the effective panicle of rice was correlated to the nitrogen content of plant at maturity stage, while the spikelet number to the translocation of stem-sheath nitrogen, positively and significantly. 【Conclusion】In order to coordinate the accumulation and distribution of nitrogen and increase the total nitrogen accumulation and grain yield, a suitable planting method, such as 50-day-old single seedling optimized-broadcasting treatment in Renshou and Pixian, 50-day-old single seedling hand-transplanted treatment in Ya’an, must be chosen to adapt different ecological conditions.

【目的】明确水稻氮素积累特性及生产效率与生态条件、栽植方式及二者互作效应的关系。【方法】采用随机区组多点试验设计，研究了秧龄和移栽方式对四川不同生态稻区水稻氮素积累、分配及生产效率的影响。【结果】3个生态点中，高光照、低土壤肥力的仁寿点，其植株含氮量和氮素积累量较低，氮素生产效率及收获指数则显著高于雅安和郫县。不同栽植方式间，50 d秧龄移栽提高了拔节-抽穗阶段氮素积累速率和积累量，促进抽穗后叶片和茎鞘氮素转运；单苗优化定抛加快了拔节前和抽穗后氮素积累，提高植株氮素总量。相关分析表明，仁寿水稻产量与播种-拔节阶段氮素积累量和叶片氮素转运呈显著水平以上正相关；郫县产量与抽穗-成熟阶段氮素积累量呈显著正相关；雅安有效穗数与成熟期植株含氮量显著正相关，颖花数与茎鞘氮素转运量显著正相关。【结论】长秧龄单苗优化定抛提高了仁寿和郫县水稻植株氮素积累总量，增产显著；长秧龄单苗手插则能协调雅安水稻氮素积累与分配，确保稳产高产。

... 邓飞等^[9]认为用50 d秧龄单苗优化定抛能显著提高各时期水稻氮素积累量, 并提高抽穗后叶片氮素的转运, 增产效益显著 ...

... 邓飞等^[9]研究认为优化定抛提高抽穗期茎鞘氮素分配比例, 同时显著提高成熟期穗氮所占比例, 其转运量和转运率较高 ...

2010

0.0

郭保卫, 张春华, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 陈厚存, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 邢琳, 管文文, 黄幸福, 杨雄. 抛秧物理立苗对水稻生长的影响及其调控因素的研究. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 3945-3953

Guo B

, Zhang C

, Wei H

, Zhang H

, Chen H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Xing

, Guan W

, Huang X

, Yang

Effects of different postures on growth of broadcasted rice and the regulating factors of physical stand ing of broadcasted seedlings.

Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 3945-3953 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：【目的】研究抛秧物理立苗对水稻生育的影响及其调控因素,探讨提高物理立苗的技术指标,为改善生产上抛秧群体起点质量提供理论依据。【方法】通过设置直立苗、倾斜苗、平躺苗3种物理立苗姿态,研究不同物理立苗状况对抛秧稻生育的影响,从整地、抛栽高度、水层深度、不同球土比例等方面试验,探讨抛秧物理立苗的调控因素。【结果】直立苗在抛后活棵快,各生育阶段干物重、N素吸收、光合势、净同化率、抗倒性、产量上都高于倾斜苗,并显著高于平躺苗;在土壤5—6cm呈烂糊状,抛高为3m时,直立苗率最高,达81%;随着抛栽时水层深度的增加,直立苗比例逐渐减少;对苗高而言,宜控制在10—16cm,适当选择孔大的塑盘,抛后的直立苗比例超过70%。【结论】直立秧苗各阶段生育状况好于倾斜苗和平躺苗,显著好于平躺苗。提高直立苗比例,可有效促进抛秧高产的形成。土壤5—6cm烂糊,采用矮壮苗,适当提高球土比例,抛高3—4m条件下,立苗效果好。

... 4%^[10] ...

... 钵苗有序机插是适合机械化作业稻区的发展方向, 且目前示范推广主要集中于地势平坦的黑龙江和江苏等省份, 而对我国具有较好抛秧基础的南方丘陵水稻产区来说, 二连孔、三连孔钵苗有序摆栽、抛栽的产量高^[10]、抗倒能力强^[24], 是更适合的水稻高产轻简栽培方式 ...

2013

0.0

许轲, 周兴涛, 曹利强, 张洪程, 郭保卫, 陈厚存, 吴中华, 朱聪聪, 杨岩. 不同类型钵苗及摆栽密度对粳型超级稻氮素吸收利用与转运特征的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 4876-4892

, Zhou X

, Cao L

, Zhang H

, Guo B

, Chen H

, Wu Z

, Zhu C

, Yang

Effect of different types of bowl seedlings and densities on characteristics of nitrogen uptake, utilization and translocation of bowel transplanted japonica super rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 4876-4892 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The objective of this experiment was to identify the differences in N absorption and use efficiency of three different bowl types and densities in bowl transplanted rice. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted by the seedlings of 3-bowl combined together, 2-bowl combined together and single bowl seedling disc with Wuyunjing 24 and Nanjing 44 as materials, and the setting of different transplanting densities. The differences in N absorption, use efficiency and their relationship with yield were studied. 【Result】 For the same type of bowl seedlings, N uptake amount at heading and maturity stages, recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency, partial factor productivity increased first and then decreased with the increase of the basic seedlings number. Under the same basic seedling conditions, the N uptake amount at heading and maturity stages, recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity showed the following rules: the lower basic seedling number condition of 36×104•hm-2 to 54×104•hm-2 showed a trend of single bowl＞2-bowl＞3-bowl, the medium basic seedling number condition of 72×104•hm-2 showed a trend of 2-bowl＞single bowl＞3-bowl, while the larger basic seedling number condition of 90×104•hm-2 to 108×104•hm-2 showed a trend of 2-bowl and 3-bowl＞single bowl. Under the three maximum yield conditions, the N uptake at heading and maturity stages, recovery efficiency, agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity showed a trend of 2-bowl＞3-bowl＞single bowl. Correlation analysis of the three maximum yield treatments indicated that there existed a significant or a highly significant positive correlation between yield and N uptake of leaves and aboveground at maturity stage, N uptake from jointing to heading stage and heading to maturity stage.【Conclusion】Under the suitable or larger basic seedling number conditions, compared with single bowl cultivation, 3-bowl and 2-bowl, especially the 2-bowl seedling planting methods have a higher N absorption amount at middle and late growth stages and N use efficiency is also high. They are new ways with high nitrogen use efficiency, labor saving to accomplish super high yielding cultivation.

【目的】比较研究3种类型钵苗不同摆栽密度下的水稻氮素吸收利用与转运特征。【方法】以超级稻品种武运粳24和南粳44为供试材料，采用新型3连孔、2连孔塑盘育秧，以常规单孔塑盘育秧为对照，并分别设置5种不同栽插密度，研究各处理氮素吸收利用与转运特征的差异及其与产量的关系。【结果】3种类型钵苗摆栽不同基本苗之间，抽穗期和成熟期氮素吸收量、氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率以及偏生产力随移栽基本苗增加均表现为先增大后减小的趋势。不同类型钵苗之间，抽穗期和成熟期氮素吸收量、氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率和偏生产力均表现为：在较低基本苗条件下（36×104—54×104•hm-2），单孔＞2连孔＞3连孔；在中等基本苗条件下（72×104•hm-2），2连孔＞单孔＞3连孔；在较高基本苗条件下（90×104—108×104•hm-2），2连孔、3连孔＞单孔。3种类型钵苗摆栽最高产量条件下，抽穗期和成熟期氮素吸收量、氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率以及偏生产力均表现为2连孔＞3连孔＞单孔。3个最高产量处理的相关分析表明：水稻产量与成熟期叶片、地上部分吸氮量，拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期地上部分阶段吸氮量呈显著或极显著的正相关。【结论】在适宜或较高移栽密度条件下，与单孔相比，2、3连孔稀植摆栽尤其是2连孔摆栽水稻在生育中、后期氮素积累量较多，氮素利用效率较高，是氮高效的省工高产栽培新途径。

... 许轲等^[11]研究发现摆栽稻抽穗期和成熟期氮素吸收量、氮素农学利用率、氮素吸收利用率以及偏生产力随移栽基本苗增加均表现先增大后减小的趋势 ...

2015

0.0

郭保卫, 朱大伟, 许轲, 张洪程, 周兴涛, 朱聪聪, 曹利强, 陈厚存, 陈京都, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 李明银. 有序摆抛栽对超级稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29: 45-55

Guo B

, Zhu D

, Xu

, Zhang H

, Zhou X

, Zhu C

, Cao L

, Chen H

, Chen J

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Wei H

, Li M

Effects of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting on the clum lodging resistance of super rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2015, 29: 45-55 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The lodging resistance of rice under ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT) was compared with that under mechanical transplanting (MT) based on culm breaking resistance, culm diameter, internodes length, culm wall thickness, dry weight, etc by using super rice wuyunjing 24 and nanjing 44. The results are as follows: 1) The lodging resistance significantly differed under different transplanting patterns. The breaking force (BF), bending moment (BM) and lodging resistance among different transplanting treatments were OT>OB>CT, MT. There were no significant differences in lodging index(LI) of the 1st basal internodes for 3hole, 2hole and singlehole seedlings while the lodging resistance of 2hole and 3hole rice was higher than that of singlehole rice for the 2nd, 3rd, 4th basal internodes. 2) Ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting resulted in slightly lower ratio of gravity center height to plant height, heavier dry weight of leaf and sheath and single panicle weight, especially for 2hole and 3hole cultivated rice. And culm diameter, culm wall thickness, dry weight of culm, dry weight per unit internode under different transplanting treatments followed a trend of OB>OT>CT and 2hole>3hole>singlehole. While internode length of the basal 2nd, 3rd, 4th internodes showed a trend of OB

以粳型超级稻武运粳24和南粳44为试材，设置摆栽、点抛和撒抛三种抛栽方式，并以机插为对照，从茎秆抗折力、茎秆壁厚、节间长度、粗度、干质量等方面系统研究了有序摆抛稻的茎秆特性及其抗倒伏能力，结果如下：1）超级稻不同抛栽方式间抗倒伏能力差异显著，茎秆倒伏指数不同抛栽方式间表现为摆栽点抛>撒抛、机插。就各抛栽方式下不同连孔处理而言，基部N1节间倒伏指数差异不显著，N2、N3、N4抗倒伏能力表现为2连孔、3连孔>单孔。2）有序摆抛栽水稻相对重心高度稍低，成熟期茎鞘干物质量大，单穗干质量大，尤其2连孔和3连孔植株优势明显。不同抛栽方式间基部节间粗度、壁厚、节间质量和单位干质量表现为摆栽>点抛>撒抛，不同连孔处理间为2连孔>3连孔>单孔。除基部第1节间外，节间长度在抛栽方式间表现为摆栽>点抛>撒抛的趋势，不同连孔节间表现为2连孔、3连孔<单孔的趋势。2连孔、3连孔钵苗有序摆抛在高产条件下稻株茎秆粗壮，节间短粗，节间壁厚，茎秆单位节间重，基部节间抗折力大，抗倒伏能力强，是一种利于提高水稻抗倒能力的新型水稻轻简高产栽培方式。

2007

0.0

梁尹明, 林贤青, 孙永飞, 朱德峰, 陈惠哲. 不同作物管理技术对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响. 土壤通报, 2007, 38: 191-193

Liang Y

, Lin Q

, Sun Y

, Zhu D

, Chen H

Effects of crop management on nitrogen up take and utilization of rice (Oryza sativa L. ).

Chin J Soil Sci, 2007, 38: 191-193 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过2年田间试验,以杂交粳稻甬优1号为材料,研究不同作物管理技术对稻株氮素吸收利用和产量形成的影响.结果表明,水稻超高产集成技术产量提高21.2%,在分蘖期和抽穗期总氮量低于高产管理,但在成熟期总氮量与高产管理相近;在成熟期叶片、茎鞘中氮滞留量及其占总吸氮量的比例减少;穗部吸氮量提高,其占总吸氮量的比例增加.因此,水稻超高产集成技术能促进水稻叶片和茎鞘中的贮藏性氮向穗部转运,在总氮吸收量变化不大情况下,氮素的吸收利用率、氮素的农学利用率、氮素的生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力等均显著提高.

... 水稻超高产栽培在于促进叶片和茎鞘中的贮藏性氮向穗部转运, 显著提高氮素的吸收利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率^[13] ...

2002

0.0

江立庚, 曹卫星. 水稻高效利用氮素的生理机制及有效途径. 中国水稻科学, 2002, 16: 261-264

Jiang L

, Cao W

Physiological mechanism and approaches for efficient nitrogen utilization in rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2002, 16: 261-264 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Some advances on physiological mechanism of efficient nitrogen uptake and utilization in rice were reviewed. Heredity potential and approaches for efficient nitrogen utilization and the influence of farm resource management to nitrogen uptake were summarized. Some topics were brought forward for the time to come.

阐述了水稻高效吸收和利用氮素的生理机制，分析了水稻高效利用氮素的遗传潜力和改良途径以及农田资源管理技术对氮素效率的影响，并提出了需要研究的重要课题。

... 2 抛秧稻高产栽培下的氮素高效利用目前, 高产是我国水稻生产的一大重要主题, 而提高作物氮素吸收利用是稳定提高作物产量和种植效益的有效手段^[14,15,16] ...

2009

0.0

2004

0.0

1998

0.0

... Singh等^[17]报道, 水稻75%的产量差异是氮素吸收效率造成的, 也有研究认为产量差异主要是氮素利用效率^[18]引起, 而吸收效率的差异很小 ...

2006

0.0

张耀鸿, 张亚丽, 黄启为, 徐阳春, 沈其荣. 不同氮肥水平下水稻产量以及氮素吸收、利用的基因型差异比较. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 616-621

Zhang Y

, Zhang Y

, Huang Q

, Xu Y

, Shen Q

Effects of different nitrogen application rates on grain yields and nitrogen uptake and utilization by different rice cultivars.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 616-621 (in Chinese with English abstract)

It is of great importance to identify the effects of nitrogen(N) fertilizer on grain yield and N utilization in rice production in terms of N economy and N ecology.Field experiments were conducted to analyze the various traits of yield components and N uptake and utilization by different rice cultivars under N application rates of 0,60,120,180,240,300,360 kg/ha.Two cultivars,ELIO and 4007,with similar agronomic traits were cultivated in the southeast in China in 2003 and 2004.Grain yields of 4007,well responding to N application,were significantly higher than those of ELIO at all N application rates.Yield components were significantly affected by N treatments,among which panicles per square meter had highest correlations with grain yields(0.839 ** and 0.933 ** for ELIO and 4007,respectively),suggesting the importance of number of panicles for obtaining high yields.Maximum grain yields were obtained at about 332 and 561 panicles per square meter for ELIO and 4007,respectively.N uptake by these two cultivars was generally increased with increasing of N application rates,but N utilization efficiency for grain yield(NUE) decreased with increasing N application rates.NUE of 4007 was significantly higher than that of ELIO at all N application rates,mainly resulting from its higher NHI potential.NUE was negatively correlated with stem and leaf N concentration at maturity,suggesting that the effective nitrogen translocation from the vegetative tissues to the grains during the post-anthesis period was one of main causes resulting in a higher NUE. In addition,4007 generally had higher partitioning parameters,such as agronomic N use efficiency,apparent recovery of applied N and partial factor productivity for applied N,than ELIO at all N application rates.Therefore,it was suggested that 4007 had advantages over ELIO under both N limited and sufficient conditions.It is feasible to optimize productivity and reduce the pollution risk for the environment in rice production systems through cultivating excellent rice cultivars.

采用田间试验在施氮量为06、0、120、1802、40、3003、60.kg/hm 2 7个水平下研究了不同水稻子粒产量、产量构成因子以及氮素吸收和利用的差异。结果表明,水稻品种4007的子粒产量在各个施氮水平下显著高于品种ELIO对氮肥的响应度高。施氮水平显著影响子粒产量构成因子。有效穗数与子粒产量存在显著正相关:ELIO和4007的相关系数(r)分别为0.839 ** 和0.933 ** ,表明有效穗数对水稻子粒产量起着非常重要的作用。本试验条件下,ELIO和4007获得最高产量所需的有效穗数分别为332、561个/m 2 ;两者的氮素吸收效率在各施氮素水平下差异很小,均随着施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素利用效率均随着施氮量的增加而下降。4007的氮素利用效率在各个施氮水平下显著高于ELIO,较高的氮素收获指数(NHI)是主要原因之一。水稻氮素利用效率与成熟期茎秆、叶片的氮含量显著负相关,说明开花期后植物将吸收的氮素从营养器官有效地转运到子粒中是氮素利用效率高的重要原因之一。

... Singh等^[17]报道, 水稻75%的产量差异是氮素吸收效率造成的, 也有研究认为产量差异主要是氮素利用效率^[18]引起, 而吸收效率的差异很小 ...

2004

0.0

张传胜, 龙银成, 周娟, 董桂春, 王余龙. 不同产量类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用特征的研究. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2004, 25(2): 17-21

Zhang C

, Long Y

, Zhou

, Dong G

, Wang Y

Study on nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different grain yield types of indica rice (Oryza sativa L. ).

J Yangzhou Univ (Agric & Life Sci Edn), 2004, 25(2): 17-21 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在群体水培条件下,于2001和2002年分别以国内外不同年代育成的88、122个具代表性的籼稻品种(品系)为供试材料,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法对供试品种的产量进行聚类,研究不同产量类型籼稻品种氮素吸收利用的基本特征.结果表明:抽穗期植株含氮率高,抽穗前、后的氮素吸收量大,抽穗后吸收的氮素比例大,成熟期运转到穗部的氮素比例高,氮素籽粒生产效率及氮素收获指数高是高产品种氮素吸收利用的基本特征.多元回归分析表明:在9个氮素吸收和利用的性状中,对产量有显著影响的为抽穗前吸氮量、抽穗后吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率,随着抽穗前吸氮量、抽穗后吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率的增加,供试籼稻品种的产量显著提高.

... 张传胜等^[19]研究认为吸氮量和氮素籽粒生产效率是氮素改良、提高水稻产量的主要性状 ...

2000

0.0

... Masclaux等^[20]认为水稻产量差异由氮吸收和利用效率共同决定 ...

2010

0.0

殷春渊, 张庆, 魏海燕, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 马群, 杭杰, 张胜飞. 不同产量类型水稻基因型氮素吸收、利用效率的差异. 中国农业科学, 2010, 43: 39-50

Yin C

, Zhang

, Wei H

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Ma

, Hang

, Zhang S

Differences in nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in rice genotypes with different yield performance.

Sci Agric Sin, 2010, 43: 39-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：【目的】明确不同产量基因型水稻氮素营养吸收、利用差异。【方法】采用大田试验,以长江中下游地区5种生育期类型中相对高产和低产的20个粳稻品种为材料,研究施氮量为225kg·hm^-2水平下两种产量类型水稻的产量、氮素积累量、氮素吸收速率和氮素利用效率的差异及其之间的相互关系。【结果】随着生育期的延长,高产水稻类型的平均产量分别比低产类型高31.62%、31.94%、 39.47%、26.21%和21.82%;氮素生育期累积量和氮素利用率随着生育期的延长呈逐渐增加的趋势,高产类型明显高于低产类型;氮素阶段性积累量和阶段性吸收速率的变化为：移栽至拔节和拔节至抽穗阶段为高产类型高于低产类型;抽穗至成熟阶段部分基因型表现为低产类型高于高产类型,但差异不大。相关分析表明,水稻产量与氮素积累量、氮素利用率呈显著或极显著正相关,与各阶段的氮素吸收速率亦呈正相关关系,其中移栽至拔节阶段达极显著水平,其余阶段未达显著水平。【结论】相对于低产基因型水稻,高产基因型在各个生育阶段的氮素积累量、抽穗前的氮素吸收速率及氮素利用效率均较高。可见,高产与提高氮素的积累和利用在品种本身的改良上可得到统一。

... 殷春渊等^[21]则认为氮素吸收利用效率、氮素农学利用效率、氮素生理利用效率与产量的相关系数分别为0 ...

2013

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张洪程, * 郭保卫, 陈厚存, 周兴涛, 张军, 朱聪聪, 陈京都, 李桂云, 吴中华, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 杨雄. 水稻有序摆抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产形成机制. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 463-475

Zhang H

, Guo B

, Chen H

, Zhou X

, Zhang

, Zhu C

, Chen J

, Li G

, Wu Z

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Gao

, Yang

The eco-physiological characteristics and the super high yield formation mechanism of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice.

Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 463-475 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】The eco-physiological characteristics and mechanisms of ordered transplanting and broadcasting rice were studied to explore the means of super high yield for rice. 【Method】Three planting methods including ordered transplanting (OT), optimized broadcasting (OB) and cast transplanting (CT) using dry-raising seedlings in plastic plates with mechanical transplanting (MT) were compared to investigate the eco-physiological characteristics and the super high yield formation mechanism in respects of seedling establishment, tillering, matter production and accumulation, root characteristics at late stages, population light transmittance characteristics, and stem lodging resistance. 【Result】Ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice had better population starting point quality and earlier seedling establishment, and their LAI, leaf area duration, grain-leaf ratio, matter production, accumulation and translocation at each stage were all significantly or highly significantly superior to cast transplanting. Moreover, at late stages, they showed better population light transmittance and slower senescence, and maintained higher matter production and lodging resistance as well. 【Conclusion】With their higher population start point, earlier seedling establishment, and obvious growth superiority, ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting rice are capable of serving as the basis of rice super high cultivation.

1.College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University/Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture/Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu 2.Crop Cultural Station, Haian County, Haian 226600, Jiangsu

【目的】研究水稻有序摆栽和点抛超高产形成的生理生态特征及机制，探索水稻超高产轻简化栽培途径。【方法】本试验通过塑盘旱育摆栽、点抛、撒抛3种栽插方式及与机插稻产量形成的生理生态特征比较，从活棵发苗、分蘖发生、光合物质生产、后期根系活性、群体透光率和抗倒伏性等方面，探究了水稻有序摆、抛栽的生理生态特征及超高产机制。【结果】有序摆栽和点抛群体起点质量好，发棵快，各生育时期群体叶面积、光合势、粒叶比、物质生产积累与转运均显著或极显著优于撒抛，且后期通风透光性好，群体衰老慢，保持较强的物质生产能力，抗倒伏性强，产量高。【结论】有序摆、抛栽群体起点质量高，活棵快，各时期生长优势显著，产量潜力大，是实现水稻超高产轻简化栽培的精良基础。

... 水稻抛秧多采用钵苗, 钵苗栽培的高产、超高产要求栽插有序化^[22], 胡雅杰等^[23]认为, 后期具有较强的光合物质生产力和较高的氮素积累量是钵苗有序机插超高产的重要特征, 而本试验中的二连孔、三连孔钵苗大穴摆栽同样具有较高的氮素吸收能力和保持较合理氮素分配, 提高了水稻氮素干物质和籽粒生产效率、氮素偏生产力和氮素收获指数 ...

2014

0.0

胡雅杰, 朱大伟, 钱海军, 曹伟伟, 邢志鹏, 张洪程, 周有炎, 陈厚存, 汪洪洋, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 籼粳杂交稻甬优2640钵苗机插超高产群体若干特征探讨. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 2016-2027

Hu Y

, Zhu D

, Qian H

, Cao W

, Xing Z

, Zhang H

, Zhou Y

, Chen H

, Wang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

Some characteristics of mechanically transplanted pot seedlings in super high yielding population of indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 2640.

Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 2016-2027 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to identify the characteristics of super high yielding population and its yield formation in mechanically transplanted pot seedlings of rice with wheat straw return, we selected a large panicle type indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as material in Donghai, Xinghua and Hai’an, and analyzed grain yield and its components and characteristics of its super high yielding population (SHY 13.5 t ha -1 ) and high yielding population (HY 12.0 t ha -1 ). The results showed that, compared with HY, SHY had more total population spikelets owing to its very significantly increased spikelets per panicle. There were no differences in effective panicle, percentage of filled grain and 1000-grain weight between SHY and HY treatments. SHY showed fewer tillers at the early growth stage, achieved expected number of stem and tiller at the critical leaf age for productive tiller, and had lower number of peak tiller at the jointing stage. Then, the number of population stems and tillers began to decrease slowly after jointing. At maturity, the percentage of productive tiller in SHY was higher than that in HY. The leaf area index of SHY was lower than that of HY at the critical leaf age for productive tiller and the jointing stage, the max leaf area index was about 8.5 at booting, which decreased stably after booting, and with the value above 3.5 at maturity. The dry matter accumulation of SHY was comparable to that of HY at the critical leaf age for productive tiller and at the jointing stage, increased greater after jointing, and was higher at booting, heading and maturity than that of HY. The ratio of total biomass accumulation was higher in SHY than in HY at the middle and late growth stage. The nitrogen accumulation, photosynthetic potential, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate were smaller at the early stage and higher at the middle and late stages in SHY. Therefore, SHY has greater photosynthate production and higher nitrogen accumulation than HY at the middle and late growth stage. In this study, we also discussed the key cultivation techniques for super-high-yielding production of pot seedling mechanical transplanting rice with wheat straw return.

选用大穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优2640, 以国家粮食丰产科技工程实施基地江苏东海、兴化和海安6.4、6.8和7.3 hm 2 连片超高产攻关方为依托, 对籼粳杂交稻钵苗机插超高产群体(13.5 t hm -2 左右)和高产群体(12.0 t hm -2 左右)系统比较研究, 旨在阐明秸秆还田条件下钵苗机插水稻超高产产量构成及其群体特征。结果表明, 与高产群体相比, 籼粳杂交稻钵苗机插超高产群体表现穗型大、粒数多和群体颖花量高, 有效穗数、结实率和千粒重相当; 群体茎蘖数生育前期稳步增长, 有效分蘖临界叶龄期达适宜穗数, 拔节期高峰苗数量少, 拔节之后缓慢消减, 最终成穗率高; 群体叶面积指数有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期较小, 孕穗期达最大值(8.5左右), 此后平稳减少, 成熟期仍保持3.5以上; 群体干物质积累量有效分蘖临界叶龄期和拔节期相当, 拔节后积累较快, 孕穗期、抽穗期和成熟期显著或极显著增高, 且生育中、后期干物质积累比例高; 群体氮素积累、群体光合势、群体生长率和净同化率表现为“前小, 中高, 后强”。说明水稻钵苗机插超高产群体生育中、后期具有较强的光合物质生产力和较高的氮素积累量。本文还探讨了秸秆还田条件下水稻钵苗机插超高产栽培关键技术。

2015

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郭保卫, 许轲, 张洪程, 周兴涛, 朱聪聪, 曹利强, 陈厚存, 陈京都, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 李明银. 有序摆抛栽对超级稻植株抗倒伏能力的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2015, 29: 45-55

Guo B

, Xu

, Zhang H

, Zhou X

, Zhu C

, Cao L

, Chen H

, Chen J

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Wei H

, Li M

Effect of ordered transplanting and optimized broadcasting on the culm lodging resistance of super rice.

Chin J Rice Sci, 2015, 29: 45-55 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2010

0.0

张小平, 吴小京, 易镇邪, 屠乃美, 张阳. 栽培方式对陆两优996产量形成与氮利用效率的影响. 作物研究, 2010, 24(1): 12-15

Zhang X

, Wu X

, Yi Z

, Tu N

, Zhang

Effect of wide-narrow-row on yield formation and nitrogen utilization efficiency of Luliangyou 996.

Crop Res, 2010, 24(1): 12-15 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在施氮180 kg/hm2与不施氮条件下,比较了宽窄行和等行距两种栽培方式对超级杂交早稻陆两优996产量形成特性与氮利用效率的影响.结果表明:(1)与等行距栽培相比,宽窄行栽培具有一定的增产作用,增产原因在于:促进分蘖,提高有效穗数;促进穗分化,提高每穗总粒数;增大叶面积,延缓叶片衰老,促进物质积累;降低茎鞘物质输出率,改善源库关系.(2)与等行距栽培相比,宽窄行栽培的氮素累积量、氮肥利用率与氮素吸收效率显著提高,氮收获指数与氮素利用效率显著下降,而氮生理效率与氮肥效率变化不大.

... 有关高产稀植栽培, 前人研究认为宽窄行栽培显著提高氮素累积量、氮肥利用率与氮素吸收效率, 但降低氮收获指数与氮素利用效率, 而氮生理效率与氮肥效率变化不大, 也是其增产的一个方面^[25], 杨详田等^[26]研究认为籼型超级稻强化栽培与常规栽培比较, 增产达11 ...

2007

0.0

杨祥田, 林贤青, 曾孝元, 王旭辉, 罗三镯. 水稻强化栽培下不同氮肥管理对产量与氮素利用的影响. 土壤通报, 2007, 38: 463-464

Yang X

, Lin Q

, Zeng X

, Wang X

, Luo S

Effect of nitrogen management on grain yield and nitrogen utilization under the system intensified rice cultivation.

Chin J Soil Sci, 2007, 38: 463-464 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以籼型单季超级杂交稻中浙优1号为材料,研究水稻强化栽培氮肥管理对产量与氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:水稻强化栽培与常规栽培对照比较,增产达11.1%-15.2%,氮肥回收率比对照高5.3%～26.9%,农学利用率比对照高67.2%～92.2%,生理利用率比对照高6.0%～80.5%.因此,在水稻生产上应用水稻强化栽培可以提高氮肥的利用,降低氮肥在环境中积累及对环境造成污染.此外,本文对水稻强化栽培下氮肥管理的高产机理进行了探讨.