秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响

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陈梦云, 李晓峰, 程金秋, 任红茹, 梁健, 张洪程, 霍中洋. 秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响. 作物学报, 2017, 43(12): 1802-1816
CHEN Meng-Yun, LI Xiao-Feng, CHENG Jin-Qiu, REN Hong-Ru, LIANG Jian, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, HUO Zhong-Yang. Effects of Total Straw Returning and Nitrogen Application Regime on Grain Yield and Quality in Mechanical Transplanting Japonica Rice with Good Taste Quality . ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2017, 43(12): 1802-1816 复制到剪切板

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.01802
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作物学报编辑部

秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻产量及品质的影响

陈梦云, 李晓峰, 程金秋, 任红茹, 梁健, 张洪程, 霍中洋^*

扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理国家重点实验室培育点, 江苏扬州225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 霍中洋, E-mail: huozy69@163.com, Tel: 0514-87979220

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 931626962@qq.com, Tel: 18852725545

收稿日期:2017-01-03 接受日期:2017-09-10 网络出版日期:2017-09-28

基金:本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0200805, 2013BAD07B09), 江苏农业三新工程项目(SXGC[2016]421, BE2016351, BE2016364)和江苏农业科技攻关项目(BE2015340)资助

摘要

以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳5055和南粳46为材料, 在总施纯氮量为300 kg hm^-2条件下, 设置9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4、5:5、4:6共6种基蘖肥与穗肥比例运筹, 探讨秸秆全量还田与不同氮肥运筹比例对机插优质食味水稻产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明, 与秸秆不还田相比, 秸秆全量还田具有显著的增产效应, 南粳5055、南粳46平均增产5.04%、4.64%; 随基蘖氮肥占总施氮量比例下降, 秸秆全量还田机插粳稻产量呈先增后减趋势, 基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥比例为7:3时, 水稻产量最高。秸秆全量还田显著增加了稻米的蛋白质含量, 降低了垩白率和垩白度, 对改善稻米的外观品质和营养品质有一定作用。秸秆全量还田还有利于蒸煮食味品质的改善, 显著提高稻米的崩解值和食味值, 显著降低稻米的消减值。提高穗肥占总施氮量的比例可以显著改善稻米的加工和营养品质, 提高整精米率, 但同时增加了稻米垩白, 降低了稻米外观品质, 且稻米蒸煮食味品质也有所下降。

关键词: 秸秆全量还田; 氮肥运筹; 优质食味水稻; 产量; 稻米品质

Effects of Total Straw Returning and Nitrogen Application Regime on Grain Yield and Quality in Mechanical Transplanting Japonica Rice with Good Taste Quality

CHEN Meng-Yun, LI Xiao-Feng, CHENG Jin-Qiu, REN Hong-Ru, LIANG Jian, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, HUO Zhong-Yang^*

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2016YFD0200805, 2013BAD07B09), the Three New Agriculture Project of Jiangsu Province (SXGC[2016]421, BE2016351, BE2016364), and Research on Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu (BE2015340)

Abstract

An experiment was conducted using two rice cultivars with good taste quality grown in Jiangsu, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46, with total pure nitrogen application of 300 kg ha^-1, including six proportions of base-tiller nitrogen fertilizer to earing fertilizer at 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6, to explore the influence of total straw returning and different nitrogen applications on the yield and quality of rice. Compared with non-application of straw, the total straw returning application had a significant yield-increasing effect showing the average yield increase of 5.04% in Nanjing 5055 and in 4.64% Nanjing 46. With the decrease of proportion of base-tiller nitrogen fertilizer in total nitrogen application rate, yield of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with total straw returning showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the treatment with the ratio of base-tiller nitrogen fertilizer to earing nitrogen fertilizer of 7:3 had the highest yield. The treatment with total straw returning significantly increased the protein content of rice, deceased chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree, increased the ratio of length to width of kernel, therefore improved appearance quality and nutritional quality of rice. The treatment total straw returning was also conducive to the improvement of cooking and eating quality, showing significantly improved breakdown value and taste value, and reduced setback value. Increasing the ratio of panicle fertilizer to total N significantly improved the processing and nutritional quality of rice, improved the whole milled rice rate, but at the same time increased the rice chalkiness, reduced the appearance quality, and cooking and eating quality of rice also.

Keyword: Total straw returning; Nitrogen application; Good taste quality rice; Yield; Rice quality

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合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以提高水稻产量也是生产上调控品质的一项重要的栽培措施^{[1, 2, 3]}。我国秸秆资源丰富, 据相关统计, 每年产生作物秸秆约7.95亿吨^[4], 作物秸秆作为一种廉价的有机肥料, 含有大量的氮、磷、钾、硅等矿质营养元素, 秸秆还田对提高水稻产量和品质, 降低农业生产成本有重要作用^[5]。前人对以秸秆还田、氮肥运筹来提高水稻产量及改善稻米品质的理论和技术进行了不少的研究。袁玲等^[6]、陈新红等^[7]研究表明, 秸秆还田能有效提高水稻产量、出糙率、精米率和整精米率, 降低垩白粒率和垩白度及直链淀粉含量, 提高长宽比和胶稠度, 使稻米的加工品质、外观品质、食味品质和营养品质得到改善。万靓军等^[8]研究认为, 随施氮比例的前增中减, 杂交水稻的整精米率、蛋白质含量、消减值、垩白率、垩白度、糊化温度逐渐下降, 胶稠度、淀粉峰值黏度、崩解值上升。丁得亮等^[9]指出, 在施氮量为276 kg hm^-2条件下, 如果只要求优质, 应选用基蘖肥和穗肥比例为10: 0的氮肥运筹处理, 如果只要求高产或既要求高产又要求优质, 则应该选用基蘖肥和穗肥比例为7: 3的氮肥运筹处理。此外, 秸秆还田结合合理的氮肥运筹能有效地提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质^{[10, 11]}。徐国伟等^[10]认为, 秸秆还田结合实地氮肥管理可增加产量, 改善稻米的外观品质与食味品质。王建明等^[11]指出, 在秸秆还田量为2.25 t hm^-2和4.50 t hm^-2、氮肥运筹比例为6: 4~8: 2条件下, 稻米垩白度和直链淀粉含量有所降低, 而胶稠度和蛋白质含量显著提高, 可使稻米蒸煮食味品质和营养品质得到改善。但前人关于稻米品质及产量的研究大多集中于秸秆还田和氮肥运筹单因素条件, 且研究材料大多为非优质食味水稻品种, 而对于秸秆全量还田与不同氮肥运筹比例相耦合对优质水稻品种稻米品质的影响效应, 目前尚缺乏较系统研究。为此本试验比较秸秆全量还田和秸秆不还田条件下不同氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻产量和品质的影响, 以期为秸秆全量还田机插优质食味水稻高产优质施肥提供理论依据和技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点与供试品种

在扬州大学农学院校外基地江苏省常熟市农业综合展示基地(31° 41′ 15″N, 120° 40′ 16″E)进行试验。供试品种为常规早熟晚粳稻南粳46和南粳5055, 两者都属于半糯型品种, 为江苏省大面积栽培的优质食味水稻。前茬为小麦, 土壤质地属黏土, 地力中等偏上, 土壤含有机质21.5 g kg^-1, 全氮1.88 g kg^-1, 速效磷15.9 mg kg^-1, 速效钾98.7 mg kg^-1。

1.2 试验设计

试验以秸秆还田与不还田为主区, 氮肥运筹为裂区, 品种为裂-裂区。秸秆还田处理为, 小麦收获时启动切碎装置将秸秆全部还田, 秸秆还田量6.0 t hm^-2, 秸秆不还田处理为, 小麦机械收获, 留茬高度5 cm, 粉碎秸秆用人工移除至田外。设6种氮肥运筹模式, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例分别为9: 1、8: 2、7: 3、6: 4、5: 5、4: 6。同时设置不施氮处理(CK)。共28个处理, 3次重复, 计84个小区, 小区面积15 m², 每小区之间筑35~40 cm土埂并用塑料薄膜包埂, 保证单独排灌。

施氮区每公顷施纯氮300 kg, 基蘖肥中的基肥与分蘖肥比例均为5: 5, 基肥在移栽前1 d施入, 分蘖肥分别在移栽后第二、三叶期各施50%, 穗肥分别在倒四叶、倒二叶各施60%、40%。N: P: K = 1: 0.5: 0.8, 其中磷肥一次性基施, 钾肥分基肥和拔节肥, 各施50%。不施氮区的磷、钾肥用量及施用方法与施氮区一致。氮、磷、钾肥分别以尿素(含N 46.4%)、过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 12.5%)、氯化钾(含K₂O 57.0%)折算施用。

2014年于5月25日播种, 6月10日移栽; 2015年于5月26日播种, 6月12日移栽。采用毯苗机插软盘旱育秧, 每盘播干种120 g。栽插行株距为30 cm× 11.7 cm, 每穴4苗, 栽插后及时查漏补缺。薄水移栽活棵, 分蘖期浅水勤灌, 至有效分蘖临界叶龄期前1个叶龄(N-n-1)自然断水搁田, 并采取轻搁、多搁的方法; 拔节后实行湿润灌溉, 直至收获前5~7 d停止灌溉。按当地大面积生产统一实施病、虫、草害防治。

1.3 测定内容与方法

1.3.1 产量成熟期普查每小区50穴, 计算有效穗数, 取5穴调查每穗粒数、结实率, 以1000粒实粒样本(干种子)称重, 重复3次(误差不超过0.05 g)求取千粒重及理论产量。成熟期从各小区割取50穴, 脱粒、去杂晒干后称重, 按照13.5%水分含量换算求取实际产量。

1.3.2 稻米品质将水稻收获脱粒, 晒干3个月后, 依照国标《GB/T17891-1999 优质稻谷》测定稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白大小、垩白度、长、宽、胶稠度等。采用近红外谷物分析仪测定稻米的蛋白质含量和直链淀粉含量。

1.3.3 食味指标采用米饭食味计(STA1A, 日本佐竹公司), 自动测定米饭的气味、光泽和色泽、完整性、味道、口感的评分和综合评分值。

1.3.4 稻米淀粉黏滞特性采用澳大利亚Newport Scientific仪器公司生产的Super3型RVA快速黏度分析仪测定淀粉黏滞特性, 用配套软件TWC分析。按照AACC规程(1995-61-02)和RACI标准方法, 当米粉的含水量为12.00%时, 样品量为3.00 g, 蒸馏水为25.00 g。在搅拌测定过程中, 罐内温度: 50℃保持1 min, 以11.84℃ min^-1的速度上升到95℃(3.75 min)并保持2.5 min, 再以11.84℃ min^-1的速度下降到50℃并保持1.4 min。在起始10 s内搅拌器转动速度为960转 min^-1, 之后保持在160转 min^-1。

用峰值黏度(peak viscosity)、热浆黏度(trough viscosity)、崩解值(breakdown, 峰值黏度-热浆黏度)、最终黏度(final viscosity)、消减值(setback, 最终黏度-峰值黏度)、峰值时间(peak time)和糊化温度(pasting temperature)等来表示RVA谱特征值。

1.4 统计分析

由于2年品质数据处理间变化趋势基本一致, 本文仅取2015年数据进行讨论分析。采用Microsoft Excel 2003录入和计算数据, 运用DPS软件统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 机插优质食味水稻的产量

方差分析表明(表1和表2), 秸秆还田(A)、氮肥运筹(B)及其互作效应(A× B)均达极显著水平, 不同处理年度间(Y)差异也极显著, 而年度(Y)与秸秆还田(A)、氮肥运筹比例(B)处理的互作效应均不显著。

表1 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹条件下南粳5055产量的方差分析 Table 1 Analysis of variance of Nanjing 5055 yield under the condition of wheat residue and nitrogen fertilizer application

表2 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹条件下南粳46产量的方差分析 Table 2 Analysis of variance of Nanjing 46 yield under the condition of wheat residue and nitrogen fertilizer application

进一步分析可知(表3), 南粳5055、南粳46秸秆全量还田条件下各处理的产量分别比秸秆不还田处理高1.44%~12.14%、1.76%~10.70%, 平均高5.04%、4.64%; 不同氮肥运筹间均表现为随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的下降, 产量呈先增后减趋势, 其中在秸秆全量还田条件下, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例以7: 3处理的产量最高, 在秸秆不还田条件下, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例以6: 4处理的产量最高, 且秸秆全量还田条件下最佳氮肥运筹处理(7: 3)的产量显著高于秸秆不还田条件下最佳氮肥运筹处理(6: 4), 平均产量分别高7.70% (南粳5055)、6.25% (南粳46)。说明秸秆全量还田配以合理的氮肥运筹更利于提高水稻产量。

表3 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹下机插优质食味水稻的产量 Table 3 Yield of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning and different nitrogen applications (kg hm^-2)

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment			2015		2014
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment			理论产量 Theoretic yield	实际产量 Actual yield	理论产量 Theoretic yield	实际产量 Actual yield
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning		9:1	10018.3 DEfg	9586.7 DEfg	9802.4 Ef	9361.80 Ef
			8:2	10909.2 Bc	10511.4 Bc	10703.3 Bb	10301.48 Bb
			7:3	11790.7 Aa	11377.1 Aa	11415.3 Aa	11002.16 Aa
			6:4	11067.1 Bb	10704.1 Bb	10773.4 Bb	10374.18 Bb
			5:5	10212.7 De	9819.8 De	10016.5 Dd	9609.82 Dd
			4:6	9516.1 Fh	9164.9 Fh	9283.0 Gh	8909.93 Gh
			对照 CK	6559.5 H	6231.6 H	6407.3 H	6081.64 H
			平均 Mean	10010.54	9627.99	9771.64	9377.29
	秸秆不还田 None straw returning		9:1	9734.6 Fh	9295.4 Fh	9525.5 Fg	9130.46 Fg
			8:2	10190.8 DEef	9751.9 DEef	9893.2 DEde	9541.95 DEde
			7:3	10403.7 Cd	10112.8 Cd	10240.8 Cc	9842.80 Cc
			6:4	10833.5 Bc	10471.8 Bc	10658.3 Bb	10306.86 Bb
			5:5	9984.3 Eg	9547.6 Eg	9710.0 DEef	9397.67 DEef
			4:6	9216.1 G	8824.5 G	9072.1 G	8704.50 G
			对照 CK	6707.5 H	6391.0 H	6587.5 H	6283.02 H
			平均 Mean	9581.54	9199.32	9383.96	9029.61
南粳46 Nanjing 46	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning		9:1	9002.0 DEe	8590.3 DEe	8816.8 DEef	8403.93 DEef
			8:2	9658.3 Bc	9271.4 Bc	9432.5 Bc	9069.18 Bc
			7:3	10348.8 Aa	9924.6 Aa	10147.1 Aa	9726.30 Aa
			6:4	9918.2 Bb	9495.6 Bb	9671.4 Bb	9324.90 Bb
			5:5	9174.7 CDe	8759.4 CDe	8941.1 CDde	8608.80 CDde
			4:6	8678.1 FGg	8276.8 FGg	8464.4 Eg	8126.73 Eg
			对照 CK	6179.5 H	5882.7 H	5922.6 G	5572.68 G
			平均 Mean	8994.26	8600.16	8770.91	8404.65
品种 Cultivar		处理 Treatment		2015		2014
品种 Cultivar		处理 Treatment		理论产量 Theoretic yield	实际产量 Actual yield	理论产量 Theoretic yield	实际产量 Actual yield
南粳46 Nanjing 46		秸秆不还田 None straw returning	9:1	8753.5 EFfg	8377.3 EFfg	8584.2 Eg	8169.30 Eg
			8:2	9081.7 CDe	8727.5 CDe	8895.0 CDdef	8547.81 CDdef
			7:3	9391.7 Cd	8986.8 Cd	9092.9 Cd	8764.88 Cd
			6:4	9687.4 Bc	9290.1 Bc	9534.5 Bbc	9205.20 Bbc
			5:5	8896.4 DEFef	8558.1 DEFef	8715.5 DEf	8380.95 DEf
			4:6	8374.5 Gh	8035.9 Gh	8132.4 Fh	7772.28 Fh
			对照 CK	6350.4 H	6064.3 H	6111.8 G	5788.68 G
			平均 Mean	8648.01	8291.47	8438.11	8089.87

Values followed by different lowercase and capital letters with in a column and a cultivar are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively.

同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。

2.2 机插优质食味水稻的稻米品质

方差分析表明(表4和表5), 机插优质食味水稻稻米品质各指标在年份和氮肥运筹比例间均有极显著差异, 而秸秆处理下部分指标呈不显著差异, 且部分指标在两者互作间有极显著或者不显著差异, 三者互作均差异不显著。可见秸秆还田处理对稻米的加工品质影响不显著, 而年份和氮肥处理对稻米品质的各项指标的影响较大。

表4 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹条件下优质食味稻南粳5055主要稻米品质的方差分析 Table 4 Analysis of variance of main rice quality characteristics in Nanjing 5055 under the condition of wheat residue and nitrogen fertilizer application

表5 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹条件下优质食味稻南粳46主要稻米品质的方差分析 Table 5 Analysis of variance of main rice quality characteristics in Nanjing 46 under the condition of wheat residue and nitrogen fertilizer application

2.2.1 加工品质以及蒸煮食味和营养品质由表6可知, 秸秆全量还田与秸秆未还田相比, 相同氮肥运筹下稻米的糙米率、精米率、整精米率和胶稠度没有明显的影响, 而显著增加了稻米的蛋白质含量, 表现为秸秆全量还田处理较秸秆未还田处理提高了2.74%~3.12% (南粳5055)、2.96%~3.44% (南粳46), 平均高2.96%、3.18%; 降低了直链淀粉的含量但差异不显著。可见秸秆全量还田对机插优质食味水稻的加工品质无显著影响, 但一定程度改善了稻米的营养品质。不同氮肥运筹对稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率均表现为, 随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低逐渐增加, 处理间差异达显著或极显著水平。可见适当增加穗肥比例可以提高机插优质食味水稻的加工品质。两品种的直链淀粉含量和胶稠度除了对照不施氮肥最高外, 均随着基蘖肥比例的降低而逐渐减少; 蛋白质含量变化的趋势则相反, 不同处理间差异达显著或极显著水平。可见增加穗肥比例可显著改善稻米的营养品质。

表6 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹下机插优质食味水稻的加工品质以及蒸煮食味和营养品质 Table 6 Processing quality, cooking and eating and nutritional quality of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning and different nitrogen applications

品种 Cultivar		处理 Treatment			糙米率 BR (%)	精米率 MR (%)	整精米率 HMR (%)	蛋白质含量 PC (%)	直链淀粉含量 AC (%)	胶稠度 GC (mm)
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055		秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning		9:1	85.74 eGH	75.34 hG	72.03 hF	8.51 fG	13.15 cdCD	83.42 cB
				8:2	86.28 dEF	75.98 gEF	72.84 fDE	8.67 eF	12.91 efEF	82.45 dC
				7:3	86.78 cD	76.29 efDE	73.11 eD	8.92 dE	12.67 ghGH	80.39 eD
				6:4	86.96 cCD	76.72 dC	73.76 cC	9.13 cBC	12.45 HI	78.68 gFG
				5:5	87.42 bB	77.35 bcAB	74.60 abAB	9.27 bAB	12.27	78.13 hG
				4:6	87.97 aA	77.68 aA	74.74 aA	9.39 aA	12.15	76.81 H
				对照 CK	84.59 f	74.60 H	69.66 G	7.47 h	15.21 bB	86.1 aA
				平均 Mean	86.53	76.28	72.96	8.77	12.97	80.85
		秸秆不还田 None straw returning		9:1	85.63 eGH	75.22 hG	71.79 f	8.26 gH	13.28 cC	83.25 cB
				8:2	86.12 dFG	75.85 gF	72.64 gE	8.41 fG	13.02 deDE	82.31 dC
				7:3	86.66 cDE	76.12 fgEF	72.93 fDE	8.65 eF	12.77 fgFG	80.55 eD
				6:4	86.79 cD	76.56 deCD	73.57 dC	8.88 dDE	12.53 hiHI	79.62 fE
				5:5	87.27 bBC	77.21 cB	74.43 bB	9.01 cCD	12.36	79.05 gEF
				4:6	87.88 aA	77.59 abAB	74.61 abAB	9.14 bBC	12.22	76.89 H
				对照 CK	84.51 f	74.51 H	69.58 G	7.25	15.48 aA	85.53 bA
				平均 Mean	86.41	76.15	72.79	8.51	13.09	81.03
品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment				糙米率 BR (%)	精米率 MR (%)	整精米率 HMR (%)	蛋白质含量 PC (%)	直链淀粉含量 AC (%)	胶稠度 GC (mm)
南粳46 Nanjing 46	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning		9:1		85.90 GHg	75.70 G	70.41 gF	8.19 gH	14.49 cdCD	82.03 cC
			8:2		86.41 EFef	76.11 ghEF	71.34 eE	8.36 fG	14.21 eE	81.05 dDE
			7:3		86.72 CDEcde	76.42 efCDE	72.12 dCD	8.59 eDE	13.85 fgFG	80.36 efEF
			6:4		86.92 cBCD	76.81 cdBC	72.58 cB	8.70 cdCD	13.61 hiGHI	78.84 gHI
			5:5		87.06 bcABC	77.22 abA	73.46 abA	8.84 bAB	13.36	78.12 h
			4:6		87.47 aA	77.44 aA	73.63 aA	8.96 aA	13.13	76.51
			对照 CK		84.39 h	74.50 H	69.36 hG	7.22	16.32 bB	85.62 aA
			平均 Mean		86.41	76.31	71.84	8.41	14.14	80.36
	秸秆不还田 None straw returning		9:1		85.72 Hg	75.59 G	70.17 gF	7.94 h	14.61 cC	81.78 cCD
			8:2		86.25 FGf	75.98 hFG	71.06 fE	8.12 gH	14.32 deDE	80.61 deEF
			7:3		86.54 DEFdef	76.28 fgDEF	71.89 dD	8.33 fFG	13.93 fF	80.02 fFG
			6:4		86.82 CDEcd	76.67 deBCD	72.43 cBC	8.42 eEF	13.71 ghFGH	79.35 gGH
			5:5		86.97 cBCD	77.06 bcAB	73.27 bA	8.58 dCD	13.45 HI	78.82 gHI
			4:6		87.34 abAB	77.30 abA	73.52 abA	8.68 bcBC	13.23	76.69
			对照 CK		84.32 h	74.45 H	69.03 G	6.98	16.61 aA	84.12 bB
			平均 Mean		86.28	76.19	71.62	8.15	14.27	80.20

Values followed by different lowercase and capital letters with in a column and a cultivar are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. BR: brown rice rate; MR: milled rice rate; HMR: head milled rice rate; PC: protein content; AC: amylose content; GC: gel consistency.

同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。

2.2.2 外观品质由表7可知, 秸秆全量还田处理的垩白率、垩白大小和垩白度均低于相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理, 且差异达到显著或极显著水平。其中南粳5055和南粳46秸秆全量还田处理比秸秆不还田处理的垩白率、垩白大小、垩白度平均低18.71%和14.24%、4.13%和3.92%、23.62%和18.71%。与秸秆未还田相比, 秸秆全量还田后相同氮肥运筹处理稻米的长宽比增加了, 但差异不显著。说明秸秆全量还田有利于机插优质食味水稻稻米外观品质的改善。不同氮肥运筹对稻米外观品质中垩白率、垩白大小以及垩白度的影响较大, 两品种的垩白率和垩白度都随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低呈先增加后减小的趋势, 其中秸秆全量还田条件下, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例以7: 3处理显著大于其他处理, 在秸秆不还田条件下, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例以6: 4处理显著大于其他处理, 各处理间差异显著或极显著。基蘖肥与穗肥比例对稻米粒长和粒宽也有一定的影响, 除对照数值最小外, 均以6: 4、7: 3和8: 2处理的较大, 且无显著差异, 而对稻米长宽比影响不明, 各处理间差异不显著。说明6: 4和7: 3处理虽然增大了稻米粒长和粒宽, 但同时增加了稻米垩白, 降低了稻米的外观品质。

表7 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹下机插优质食味水稻的外观品质 Table 7 Appearance quality of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning and different nitrogen applications

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment		垩白率 CP (%)	垩白大小 CA(%)	垩白度 CD (%)	长 KL (mm)	宽 KW (mm)	长/宽 L/W
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning	9:1	13.36 hH	17.48 G	2.34 hG	4.67 cdCD	2.94 cdBC	1.59 abcAB
		8:2	13.87 eE	17.91 hFG	2.48 gF	4.70 bBC	2.94 cdBC	1.60 abAB
		7:3	14.98 cC	19.17 fD	2.87 cC	4.75 aA	2.96 abcAB	1.61 aA
		6:4	14.56 dD	19.60 eCD	2.85 cdC	4.75 aA	2.96 abcAB	1.60 abAB
		5:5	13.86 eE	20.06 dBC	2.78 deCD	4.69 bcCD	2.95 bcABC	1.59 abcAB
		4:6	13.24 fF	20.44 cB	2.71 eDE	4.67 cdCD	2.94 cdBC	1.59 abcAB
		对照 CK	9.05 hH	12.01	1.09	4.60 eE	2.92 dC	1.58 bcAB
		平均 Mean	13.27	18.10	2.45	4.66	2.94	1.59
	秸秆不还田 None straw returning	9:1	15.83 dD	18.02 hF	2.85 deD	4.66 dD	2.94 cdBC	1.58 bcAB
		8:2	16.28 cC	18.57 gE	3.02 cC	4.69 bcCD	2.94 cdBC	1.59 abcAB
		7:3	16.86 bB	19.85 deC	3.35 bB	4.73 aAB	2.97 abAB	1.59 abcAB
		6:4	17.49 aA	20.51 cB	3.59 aA	4.75 aA	2.98 aA	1.59 abcAB
		5:5	16.15 cCD	21.02 bA	3.39 bB	4.67 cdCD	2.96 abcAB	1.58 bcAB
		4:6	15.76 dD	21.38 aA	3.37 bB	4.66 dD	2.95 bcABC	1.58 bcAB
		对照 CK	11.48	12.56 H	1.44 H	4.58 eE	2.92 dC	1.57 cB
		平均 Mean	15.69	18.84	3.00	4.68	2.95	1.58
南粳46 Nanjing 46	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning	9:1	20.04 hH	18.46 hH	3.70 hF	4.85 efDE	2.91 bcdABC	1.67 abcAB
		8:2	20.53 gG	19.02 gG	3.90 gE	4.88 cdCD	2.91 bcdABC	1.68 abAB
		7:3	21.75 dD	20.39 eE	4.43 cC	4.94 aA	2.93 abAB	1.69 aA
		6:4	21.36 efEF	20.61 deDE	4.40 cdCD	4.93 aAB	2.94 abA	1.68 abAB
		5:5	20.60 gG	21.09 cBC	4.34 cdeCD	4.88 cdCD	2.93 abAB	1.67 abcAB
		4:6	20.06 hH	21.36 cB	4.28 deCD	4.86 defDE	2.92 abcABC	1.67 abcAB
		对照 CK	15.02	12.04	1.81 G	4.79 gF	2.88 dC	1.66 bcAB
		平均 Mean	19.91	19.00	3.84	4.88	2.92	1.67
	秸秆不还田 None straw returning	9:1	22.67 eE	19.29 fG	4.37 efD	4.84 fE	2.92 abcABC	1.66 bcAB
		8:2	23.08 dD	19.87 fF	4.59 dC	4.87 deCDE	2.92 abcABC	1.67 abcAB
		7:3	24.13 bB	20.97 cD	5.06 cB	4.90 bcBC	2.94 abA	1.67 abcAB
		6:4	24.83 aA	21.46 bB	5.33 aA	4.92 abAB	2.95 aA	1.67 abcAB
		5:5	23.63 cC	22.07 aA	5.22 abAB	4.86 defDE	2.93 abAB	1.66 bcAB
		4:6	23.02 dD	22.25 aA	5.12 bcB	4.86 defDE	2.92 abcABC	1.66 bcAB
		对照 CK	17.65	12.36	2.18 G	4.78 gF	2.89 cdBC	1.65 cB
		平均 Mean	17.65	19.75	4.56	4.86	2.92	1.66

Values followed by different lowercase and capital letters with in a column and a variety are significantlydifferent at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. CP: chalkiness percentage; CA: chalkiness area; CD: chalkiness degree; KL: kernel length; KW: kernel width; L/W: ratio of length/width of kernel.

同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。

2.2.3 食味品质由表8可知, 秸秆全量还田与秸秆未还田相比, 相同氮肥运筹下香气、光泽、完整性、味道、口感和食味值差异不显著, 但口感和食味值均有所提高。其中南粳5055和南粳46食味值秸秆全量还田处理比秸秆不还田处理提高了2.89%~3.81%和2.27%~3.49%, 平均提高3.26%和2.85%。可见秸秆全量还田显著提高稻米的食味值。不同氮肥运筹对两品种的食味品质的影响达到显著或极显著水平。除了完整性随着基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而增加外, 香气、光泽、味道、口感以及食味值均呈递减趋势。因此, 适当减少穗肥施用比例比较有利于稻米食味品质的提高。

表8 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹下机插优质食味水稻的食味品质 Table 8 Eating quality of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning and different nitrogen applications

品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment		香气 Aroma	光泽 Gloss	完整性 Integrity	味道 Taste	口感 Mouthfeel	食味值 Comprehensive
南粳5055 Nanjing 5055	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning	9:1	6.62 bBC	6.00 cB	7.29 gG	6.52 bB	6.53 cB	73.71 cBC
		8:2	6.54 bCD	5.80 dCD	7.35 fFG	6.45 cC	6.47 cdB	72.73 dC
		7:3	6.41 cdDE	5.67 efDEF	7.43 deEF	6.37 dD	6.27 eC	71.24 efDE
		6:4	6.34 defEF	5.58 fgEFG	7.49 cCDE	6.30 eDE	6.10 fgDE	70.20 gE
		5:5	6.25 efgFG	5.46 hiGHI	7.55 bBCD	6.22 fF	5.89 hF	68.33 F
		4:6	6.17 gG	5.39 HI	7.63 aAB	6.12 gG	5.71 GH	66.48 G
		对照 CK	6.79 aA	6.86 aA	7.18 Hh	6.76 aA	7.12 aA	77.16 aA
		平均 Mean	6.45	5.83	7.42	6.39	6.30	71.41
		CV (%)	3.35	8.60	2.11	3.29	8.37	4.97
	秸秆不还田 None straw returning	9:1	6.60 bBC	5.91 cBC	7.28 gG	6.53 bB	6.49 cdB	71.59 dCD
		8:2	6.52 bcCD	5.73 deDE	7.35 fFG	6.45 cC	6.42 dB	70.68 eDE
		7:3	6.42 cdDE	5.61 fgEFG	7.42 eEF	6.36 dDE	6.19 efCD	69.16 fgFG
		6:4	6.36 deEF	5.54 ghFGH	7.48 cdDE	6.29 eE	6.04 gE	68.13 hG
		5:5	6.24 fgFG	5.40 HI	7.57 bABC	6.21 fF	5.82 hFG	65.83
		4:6	6.16 gG	5.34	7.65 aA	6.14 gG	5.62 H	64.25
		对照 CK	6.73 aAB	6.75 bA	7.12 h	6.81 aA	7.01 bA	74.45 bB
		平均 Mean	6.43	5.75	7.41	6.40	6.23	69.15
		CV (%)	3.12	8.30	2.42	3.50	7.45	5.13
南粳46 Nanjing 46	秸秆全量还田 Total straw returning	9:1	6.83 bBC	6.38 cC	7.16 gF	6.76 bB	6.94 bB	77.88 bcB
		8:2	6.75 cCD	6.23 deD	7.23 fEF	6.62 cCD	6.81 cdCD	77.09 cBC
		7:3	6.69 dDE	6.06 fEF	7.31 deDE	6.55 dCDE	6.57 eE	75.61 dD
		6:4	6.63 dE	5.90 gGH	7.37 dCD	6.51 dE	6.45 fEF	74.43 efDE
		5:5	6.50 efF	5.79 hiHI	7.45 bcAB	6.41 eF	6.29 ghGH	72.06 gG
		4:6	6.44 fF	5.69	7.55 aA	6.33 fF	6.14	70.27 hH
		对照 CK	6.99 aA	7.12 aA	6.98 hG	6.95 aA	7.43 aA	80.84 aA
		平均 Mean	6.69	6.17	7.29	6.59	6.66	75.45
		CV (%)	2.63	7.26	2.43	2.98	6.09	4.75
	秸秆不还田 None straw returning	9:1	6.85 bB	6.32 cdCD	7.17 fgF	6.75 bB	6.89 bcBC	75.93 cdB
		8:2	6.76 cCD	6.19 eDE	7.23 fEF	6.63 cC	6.75 dD	75.38 dBC
		7:3	6.68 dDE	6.01 fFG	7.30 eDE	6.57 cdCDE	6.48 fEF	73.71 efDE
		6:4	6.64 dE	5.82 ghHI	7.36 deD	6.52 dDE	6.39 fgFG	72.40 gE
		5:5	6.52 eF	5.73 hi	7.47 cBC	6.40 eF	6.20 hiHI	69.97 hFG
		4:6	6.47 efF	5.64	7.53 abAB	6.31 fF	6.08	67.90 H
		对照 CK	6.96 aA	6.98 bB	7.02 hG	6.96 aA	7.35 aA	78.28 bA
		平均 Mean	6.70	6.10	7.30	6.59	6.59	73.37
		CV (%)	2.62	7.56	2.43	3.29	6.65	4.92

Values followed by different lowercase and capital letters with in a column and a cultivar are significantly different at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively.

同一品种同列数据后不同小、大写字母分别表示处理间差异达5%和1%显著水平。

从变异系数来看, 两品种不同氮肥运筹间光泽最大, 其次是口感、食味值, 最小的是完整性。说明氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻的光泽、口感和食味值的影响程度较大。南粳46的食味值略大于南粳5055, 而其食味值变异系数小于南粳5055, 可见氮肥运筹比例对南粳5055食味值的影响略大于南粳46。

2.3 机插优质食味水稻的RVA谱特征值

淀粉RVA谱特性是反映稻米食味性的重要指标。一般而言, 食味品质较好的品种一般具有较大的崩解值和较低的消减值。由表9可知, 相同氮肥运筹处理下, 秸秆全量还田对热浆黏度、最终黏度、峰值时间和糊化温度无明显影响。秸秆全量还田处理的峰值黏度、崩解值均大于相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理, 分别增大0.85%~1.15% (南粳5055)和0.88%~0.96% (南粳46)、1.62%~2.38%和2.00%~ 3.02%, 其中秸秆全量还田处理的崩解值较相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理的差异显著或极显著。秸秆全量还田处理的消减值均低于相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理且差异显著或极显著, 分别降低了3.19%~ 4.02% (南粳5055)和3.52%~4.13% (南粳46)。说明秸秆全量还田有利于增大峰值黏度、崩解值和降低消减值, 改善机插优质食味水稻的食味品质。不同氮肥运筹对两品种的RVA谱特征值影响较大。其中不同处理的稻米峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度, 除对照不施氮肥处理最大外, 均随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而逐渐减小, 各处理间差异显著或极显著。而消减值的变化则相反, 处理间差异显著或极显著。峰值时间在各处理间差异不显著, 7: 3和6: 4处理的数值略大, 糊化温度随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而逐渐增加, 但其变异系数值较小。两品种不同氮肥运筹间消减值的变异系数较其他RVA谱特征值均大, 说明氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻RVA谱特征值中消减值的影响较大。

表9 秸秆还田与氮肥运筹下优质食味水稻的RVA谱特征值 Table 9 RVA profile characteristics of mechanical transplanting japonica rice with good taste quality under straw returning and different nitrogen applications

3 讨论

3.1 秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻产量的影响

关于秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响, 前人进行了大量研究, 但研究结果不尽一致。袁玲等^[6]、叶文培等^[12]认为, 秸秆还田能提高水稻产量5%~10%。陈新红等^[13]、徐国伟等^[14]认为秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响不显著。关于氮肥运筹对水稻产量的影响, 胡雅杰等^[15]研究认为, 基蘖氮肥: 穗氮肥=7: 3时可显著增加穗数而提高机插超级粳稻产量; 王建明等^[11]研究认为, 基蘖肥: 穗肥比例为7: 3~8: 2时, 可以保证足穗与高产。本研究则认为, 秸秆全量还田具有一定的增产效应, 但增产是否显著与基蘖肥与穗肥的氮肥运筹比例关系密切, 当基蘖肥与穗肥的氮肥运筹比例为7: 3时, 南粳5055、南粳46的增产幅度最大, 分别达12.14%和10.70%, 并极显著高于其他处理; 但当氮肥运筹比例为6: 4、5: 5、4: 6时, 增产效应则不显著。这可能是由于水稻生育前期秸秆腐烂与水稻生长争氮, 如前期施氮比例过小, 则易因氮素供应不足而抑制水稻分蘖, 影响水稻中后期生长与高产, 而适当提高前期氮肥施用比例及施用量, 能较好协调秸秆腐烂与水稻生长争氮, 确保水稻分蘖早发稳发, 实现预期穗数, 并协调足穗与大穗的矛盾, 获得高产。但本试验是在秸秆还田量为6.0 t hm^-2的条件下进行的, 秸秆还田量增加或者减少, 以及土壤养分背景值是否会影响氮肥运筹对秸秆还田水稻产量形成的效应, 这方面仍待进一步深入研究。

3.2 秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻稻米加工、外观品质和营养品质的影响

刘世平等^[16]和葛立立等^[17]研究认为, 秸秆还田后能降低垩白率、垩白大小和垩白度, 提高稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率, 改善稻米的加工品质和外观品质。有研究表明, 在籽粒灌浆期间, 由于胚乳细胞充实所需要的养分是由背部维管束通过珠心表皮和糊粉层传送的, 因此距离背部远的腹部的胚乳细胞易充实不良, 而形成腐白米, 而颖果中部的胚乳细胞也因其距离糊粉层远而充实不好, 形成芯白米^[18], 秸秆全量还田后, 在颖花发育期因稻田秸秆养分的供应导致垩白度下降。本试验表明, 秸秆全量还田较秸秆未还田, 显著或极显著地改善了稻米的外观品质, 即稻米的垩白率、垩白大小以及垩白度降低, 平均分别降低18.71% (南粳5055)和14.24% (南粳46)、4.13%和3.92%、23.62%和18.71%, 长宽比略有增加。我们认为, 秸秆还田对稻米垩白的影响可能主要与籽粒灌浆的氮碳物质供应与灌浆动态改变等因素有关。而糙米率、精米率和整精米率没有显著的变化, 这与前人的结果略有不同, 可能因为秸秆还田量不同和下茬水稻品种不同, 有关秸秆全量还田改善稻米外观品质的机制有待进一步探究。稻米的蛋白质是理想的植物蛋白, 易被人体吸收, 是稻米营养品质的主要指标。严奉君等^[19]研究表明, 秸秆还田能增加稻米蛋白质含量。本试验结果与前人结果相似, 秸秆全量还田能显著或极显著提高蛋白质含量。

合理的氮肥运筹能更显著提高稻米的品质^{[20, 21, 22]}。Wopereis-Pura等^[21]研究认为多施穗肥可以显著提高稻米的加工品质。本研究结果也表明随着穗肥占总施氮量比例的增加, 机插优质食味水稻的糙米率、精米率及整精米率呈增加趋势。说明提高穗肥占总施氮量的比例能显著改善稻米的加工品质。刘立军等^[22]研究认为氮肥后移比重的增加并不会增加稻米的垩白率, 但垩白度变大。本试验结果与前人有所差异, 这可能与选用的品种特性不同有关, 表现为垩白率和垩白度随穗肥占总施氮量比例的增加先增加后减小, 而垩白大小逐渐增加。秸秆全量还田以产量最高处理7: 3的垩白率和垩白度最大, 显著大于其他处理。潘圣刚等^[20]研究认为提高穗肥在总施氮量中的比例, 蛋白质含量显著提高。本研究结果与其一致。说明提高穗肥占总施氮量的比例, 能够显著提高机插优质食味水稻的稻米营养品质。

3.3 秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响

有关秸秆全量还田对稻米食味品质的影响尚缺乏系统性报道。季红娟等^[23]认为, 秸秆还田能显著降低直链淀粉含量, 增加胶稠度。本研究则表明秸秆全量还田处理的直链淀粉含量较相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理略低但差异不显著, 而胶稠度无明显变化, 这可能与供试品种的选择有关。本研究发现, 相同氮肥运筹下的秸秆全量还田较秸秆未还田的, 食味值有显著提高, 分别提高了2.89%~3.81%和2.27%~3.49%。但本试验秸秆还田量单一(6.0 t hm^-2), 要想更科学和显著地提高稻米食味值或许与秸秆还田量和还田深度有关, 这有待进一步探究。淀粉RVA谱特性是评价稻米品质的重要指标, 与蒸煮食味品质密切相关。徐国伟等^[14]研究认为秸秆还田后最高黏度与崩解值均有所增加, 而消减值变小。这样米饭冷热均较软而黏, 适口性好^[24]。本研究结果基本与前人一致, 秸秆全量还田处理的峰值黏度、崩解值均大于相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理, 平均分别增大1.05% (南粳46)和0.91% (南粳46)、2.08%和2.43%, 其中秸秆全量还田处理的崩解值较相同氮肥运筹秸秆不还田处理的差异显著或极显著, 而消减值平均分别降低3.69%和3.89%。说明秸秆全量还田能显著或极显著地增大崩解值和降低消减值从而有效提高稻米的食味品质。本试验还发现不同氮肥运筹比例对稻米的蒸煮食味品质影响显著, 稻米米饭的食味值中除了完整性随基蘖肥所占比例的降低而增加外, 其余指标均呈递减趋势, 处理间差异显著或极显著; 稻米的RVA值中峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度均随基蘖肥占总施氮量比例的降低而减小, 而消减值则相反, 且处理间差异显著。因此秸秆全量还田配以较低的穗肥施用比例比较有利于优质食味品质的提高, 但过低的穗肥施用比例不利于水稻高产的形成, 其中南粳5055最佳食味品质处理为基蘖肥与穗肥比例9: 1, 其产量比最高产处理(7: 3)低14.9%~15.7%, 南粳46则低13.4%~13.6%, 而南粳5055最高产处理(7: 3)的水稻食味品质与8: 2处理没有极显著差异, 南粳46最高产处理(7: 3)的食味品质与8: 2处理虽有显著差异, 但8: 2处理与9: 1处理差异不显著, 8: 2处理的产量也达9000 kg hm^-2以上的高产水平, 9: 1处理的产量却显著低于8: 2处理。因此, 基蘖肥与穗肥比例为7: 3或8: 2时可以协调优质食味水稻高产优质生产。

4 结论

秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻的产量及稻米品质均有显著影响。与秸秆不还田相比, 秸秆全量还田处理平均增产5.04% (南粳5055)、4.64% (南粳46), 当基蘖氮肥与穗氮肥为7: 3时产量最高, 且显著高于秸秆不还田最佳氮肥运筹处理(6: 4), 分别高7.70% (南粳5055)、6.25% (南粳46)。秸秆全量还田显著改善了稻米的外观品质和营养品质, 并对稻米蒸煮食味品质有一定提高。在氮肥运筹方面, 提高穗肥占总施氮量的比例可以显著改善稻米的加工和营养品质, 能提高整精米率, 但同时增加了稻米垩白, 降低了稻米外观品质, 且稻米的蒸煮食味品质也有所下降。秸秆全量还田配以基蘖肥与穗肥比例为7: 3或8: 2的氮肥运筹模式, 能协调优质食味水稻高产优质生产。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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[17]	葛立立, 王康君, 范苗苗, 马义虎, 张乐, 刘立军. 秸秆还田对土壤培肥与水稻产量和米质的影响. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(12): 1-6 Ge L L, Wang K J, Fan M M, Ma Y H, Zhang L, Liu L J. Effect of straw returning on soil fertility, grain yield and quality of rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2012, 28(12): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	钟旭华. 稻米垩白形成与籽粒灌浆动态的关系. 江西农业学报, 1995, 7(1): 55-60 Zhong X H. The relationship between chalkiness formation and filling dynamics of rice grains. Acta Agric Jiangxi, 1995, 7(1): 55-60 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[19]	严奉君, 孙永健, 马均, 徐徽, 李玥, 杨志远, 蒋明金, 吕腾飞. 秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21: 23-55 Yan F J, Sun Y J, Ma J, Xu H, Li Y, Yang Z Y, Jiang M J, Lyu T F. Effect of straw mulch and nitrogen management on root growth and nitrogen utilization characteristics of hybrid rice. J Plant Nutr Fert, 2015, 21: 23-55 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	潘圣刚, 瞿晶, 曹凑贵, 蔡明历, 王若涵, 黄胜奇, 李进山. 氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收特性及稻米品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 522-527 Pan S G, Qu J, Cao C G, Cai M L, Wang R H, Huang S Q, Li J S. Effects of nitrogen management practices on nutrition uptake and grain qualities of rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 522-527 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[21]	Wopereis-Pura M M, Watanabe H, Moreira J, Wopereis M C S. Effect of late nitrogen application on rice yield, grain quality and profitability in the Senegal River valley. Eur J Agron, 2002, 17: 191-198 [本文引用:2]
[22]	刘立军, 王志琴, 桑大志, 杨建昌. 氮肥运筹对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2002, 23(3): 46-50 Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Sang D Z, Yang J C. Effect of nitrogen management on rice yield and grain quality. J Yangzhou Univ (Agric & Life Sci Edn), 2002, 23(3): 46-50 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[23]	季红娟, 戴正元, 赵步洪, 董长生, 张小祥, 谭长乐, 张洪熙. 小麦秸秆还田对稻米蒸煮食用品质的影响. 江苏农业科学, 2013, 41(12): 55-57 Ji H J, Dai Z Y, Zhao B H, Dong C S, Zhang X X, Tan C L, Zhang H X. Effects of wheat straw returning on cooking and eating quality of rice. J Agric Sci Jiangsu, 2013, 41(12): 55-57 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[24]	黄发松, 孙宗修, 胡培松, 唐绍清. 食用稻米品质形成研究的现状与展望. 中国水稻科学, 1998, 12: 172-176 Huang F S, Sun Z X, Hu P S, Tang S Q. Present situations and prospects for the research on rice grain quality forming. Chin J Rice Sci, 1998, 12: 172-176 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

2005

0.0

叶全宝, 张洪程, 李华, 霍中洋, 魏海燕, 夏科, 戴其根, 许轲. 施氮水平和栽插密度对粳稻淀粉RVA谱特性的影响. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 124-130

Ye Q

, Zhang H

, Li

, Huo Z

, Wei H

, Xia

, Dai Q

, Xu

. Effects of amount of nitrogen applied and planting density on RVA profile characteristic of japonica rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 124-130 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of nitrogen applied and planting density on RVA profile characteristic of japonica rice were studied by using Changyou 1(a japonica hybrid cultivar) and Wuyunjing 7(a traditional japonica cultivar) as materials. The results were as follows：(1)There were differences in RVA profile charac

以杂交粳稻常优1号和常规粳稻武运粳7号为材料，研究了不同施氮量和栽插密度对粳稻稻米淀粉RVA谱特性的影响。结果表明：(1)两供试品种的RVA谱特性存在品种间差异，常优1号的峰值黏度和崩解值较大，冷胶黏度、消减值、回复值和糊化起始温度较低。(2)施氮量和栽插密度对RVA谱特性均有不同程度的影响，而施氮量的影响更大。(3)

... 合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以提高水稻产量也是生产上调控品质的一项重要的栽培措施^[1,2,3] ...

2010

0.0

王艳, 崔晶, 王小波, 赵梅, 朱长娟, 施利利, 张欣. 施肥对中日水稻品系土壤养分及食味品质的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2010, 18: 286-289

Wang

, Cui

, Wang X

, Zhao

, Zhu C

, Shi L

, Zhang

. Effect of fertilization method on soil available nutrients and taste of Japanese and Chinese rice. Chin J Eco-agric, 2010, 18: 286-289 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以提高水稻产量也是生产上调控品质的一项重要的栽培措施^[1,2,3] ...

2011

0.0

吴建富, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 施氮量对免耕抛栽稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响. 江西农业大学学报, 2011, 33: 1031-1036

Wu J

, Pan X

, Shi Q

. Effect of nitrogen application on yield of no-tillage and cast transplanted rice and its nitrogen absorption. Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis, 2011, 33: 1031-1036 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究了双季稻免耕抛栽氮肥用量(0,120,180,240 kg/hm2)对产量及氮素吸收利用的影响.结果表明,在0 ～ 240 kg/hm2供氮水平下,免耕抛栽稻产量随氮肥用量的增加而显著增加,当氮肥用量超过180 kg/hm2,晚稻产量显著下降.水稻一生中氮素的积累量与施氮量呈显著正相关,早、晚稻抽穗至成熟期茎叶氮素的运转率与产量呈显著正相关.氮肥的吸收利用率免耕抛栽早稻随着施氮量的增加而增加,晚稻则随施氮量的增加而降低；氮肥的生理利用率、农学利用率和氮收获指数均随施氮量的增加而降低.

... 合理的氮肥运筹不仅可以提高水稻产量也是生产上调控品质的一项重要的栽培措施^[1,2,3] ...

2009

0.0

高利伟, 马林, 张卫峰, 王方浩, 马文奇, 张福锁. 中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况. 农业工程学报, 2009, 25: 173-179

Gao L

, Ma

, Zhang W

, Wang F

, Zhang F

. Estimation of nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its utilization situation in China. Trans CSAE, 2009, 25: 173-179 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 95亿吨^[4], 作物秸秆作为一种廉价的有机肥料, 含有大量的氮、磷、钾、硅等矿质营养元素, 秸秆还田对提高水稻产量和品质, 降低农业生产成本有重要作用^[5] ...

2006

0.0

2013

0.0

袁玲, 张宣, 张静, 杨春蕾, 曹小闯, 吴良欢. 不同栽培方式和秸秆还田对水稻产量和营养品质的影响. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 350-359

Yuan

, Zhang

, Yang C

, Cao X

, Wu L

. Effects of different cultivation methods and straw incorporation on grain yield and nutrition quality of rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 350-359 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC) under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production, while yield decline from continuous cropping of aerobic rice is a constraint to the widespread adoption of PFMC. Rice straw incorporation has been proposed to counter this negative effect in recent decades. T his study examined the effects of three cultivation methods and rice straw incorporation on rice grain yield and quality using “ Liangyoupeijiu” (an indica hybrid cultivar). The three cultivation treatments were: conventional flooding cultivation (CFC); non-flooded plastic film mulching cultivation (PFMC); no mulching cultivation in non-flooded condition (NMC). Compared with that under CFC, average rice grain yield under PFMC from 2008 to 2010 was significantly improved by 8.0%, while total amino acids content was decreased by 3.5%, no obvious effect was observed on rice protein, Fe and Zn concentrations in rice; under NMC, the reduction in yield, protein, total amino acids and Fe concentrations were 5.1%, 4.4%, 9.3%, and 11.8%, respectively. With rice straw incorporation, grain yield was improved by 113.6, 142.6, and 522.1 kg ha -1 under CFC, NMC, and PFMC, respectively. Average rice grain yield, Fe and Zn contents in brown rice were significantly improved by 3.3%, 3.1%, and 6.4% with rice straw incorporation. The results of the three years showed the same trend in rice grain yield and nutrition quality. The results indicated that PFMC could improve not only grain yield, but also part of rice nutrition quality. Rice straw incorporation could significantly improved rice grain yield as well as Fe and Zn concentrations in brown rice, which would be a good method to overcome grain yield decline under long term PFMC.

为阐明水稻产量和营养品质在不同栽培方式和秸秆还田条件下的表现特性, 以两优培九(籼稻)为材料, 常规水作(CFC)为对照, 通过长期定位试验(2001—2010年)研究了覆膜旱作(PFMC)、裸地旱作(NMC)和秸秆还田对水稻产量、精米中蛋白质和氨基酸、糙米中铁和锌含量的影响。2008—2010三年试验结果(平均值)表明, 与CFC相比, PFMC能显著增加水稻产量, 增产幅度达8.0%, 精米中总氨基酸含量下降3.5%, 精米中蛋白质, 糙米中铁锌含量与CFC处理差异不显著; NMC处理产量显著下降5.1%, 蛋白质、总氨基酸和铁含量分别下降4.4%、9.3%和11.9%。秸秆还田较不还田处理, CFC条件下, 产量增加了113.6 kg hm -2 ; NMC条件下, 产量增加142.6 kg hm -2 ; PFMC条件下, 产量增加522.1 kg hm -2 ; 三种栽培方式产量平均增加3.3%, 糙米中的铁和锌含量平均增加3.1%和6.4%, 精米中蛋白质和总氨基酸含量差异不显著。本试验结果表明, PFMC能显著提高水稻产量, 秸秆还田能显著提高水稻产量和稻米中铁、锌含量。

... 袁玲等^[6]、陈新红等^[7]研究表明, 秸秆还田能有效提高水稻产量、出糙率、精米率和整精米率, 降低垩白粒率和垩白度及直链淀粉含量, 提高长宽比和胶稠度, 使稻米的加工品质、外观品质、食味品质和营养品质得到改善 ...

... 袁玲等^[6]、叶文培等^[12]认为, 秸秆还田能提高水稻产量5%~10% ...

2009

0.0

陈新红, 叶玉秀, 许仁良, 周青, 吴冬梅. 小麦秸秆还田量对水稻产量和品质的影响. 作物杂志, 2009, (1): 54-57

Chen X

, Ye Y

, Xu R

, Zhou

, Wu D

. Effects of wheat straw returning on rice yield and quality. Crops, 2009, (1): 54-57 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2006

0.0

万靓军, 霍中洋, 龚振恺, 张洪程, 林忠成, 戴其根, 许轲. 氮肥运筹对杂交水稻主要品质性状及淀粉RVA谱特征的影响. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 1491-1497

Wan L

, Huo Z

, Gong Z

, Zhang H

, Lin Z

, Dai Q

, Xu

. Effect of nitrogen application on main quality and RVA profile characters of hybrid rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 1491-1497 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rice quality can be improved through nitrogen fertilizer strategy, such as the rate and the timing of application. The establishment of “the leaf age model of development process of rice” makes rice cultivation move accurate in growth and development process modeling, cultivation diagnosis standardization and regularization of technical measures. The objective of this study was to find the suitable way of nitrogen application for improving the rice quality under the condition of the high yield. Using hybrids Kyou818 and Changyou1 planted with a total applied nitrogen amount of 225 kg/ha in the all growth stage. The different proportion of N-fertilizer at earlier and middle stages (the ratio of basic-tilling and stem- panicle fertilizer was 3:7, 5:5 and 7:3, respectively) and N-applying leaf age of stem- panicle N-fertilizers (Stage of remaining leaf primordium number 5, 3; 5, 4, 3, 2, 1; 4, 2; 3, 1, respectively) were imposed on the experiment. The results showed that with the increasing of N-application rate at earlier stages, head milled rice, protein content, setback, chalkiness and pasting temperature were decreased; gel consistency, peak viscosity and breakdown increased gradually; effect of N-fertilizer on trough viscosity and final viscosity varied with different cultivars. It suggested that the decrease of the nitrogen application proportion at middle stage improved facial features、cooking quality and viscosity of amylum, but adverse effect on milling quality and nutrient quality were found. Effect of N-applying leaf age on quality varied in different application proportions and cultivars. With decreasing proportion of N-application at middle stages, good facial features, cooking quality and viscosity of amylum were obtained by postponing the time of N-applying leaf age. Some quality indexes of Changyou 1 reached maximum (such as gel consistency, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity and breakdown etc.) or minimum (such as chalkiness percentage, chalkiness degree and setback etc.) when the time of panicle fertilizer application was at a leafage later than that of K-you 818. This maybe attributes to Changyou 1 with long days-to-maturity. As a whole, the N-application proportion of 7:3 at earlier and middle stages could result in a good performance for quality of the two cultivars, while under this proportion, a much more good performance for quality of K-you 818 and Changyou 1 could be observed when applied stem- panicle N-fertilizers with equal amount in 4 th and 2 nd , and 3 rd and 1 st leaf age from top, respectively.

以杂籼K优818和杂粳常优1号为材料，研究了在高产施氮量条件下（225 kg/hm 2 ），前、中期不同施氮比例及中期依不同叶龄期追氮对主要米质性状及淀粉RVA谱特征的影响。结果表明，随着施氮比例的前增中减，两品种稻米整精米率、蛋白质含量、消减值、垩白率、垩白度、糊化温度逐渐下降；胶稠度、淀粉峰值黏度、崩解值呈直线上升趋势；而热浆黏度、最终黏度对氮肥运筹的反应因品种而异。说明适当减少中期施氮比例可改善稻米外观、蒸煮品质并提高淀粉黏性，但同时也对稻米加工、营养品质带来不利的影响；中期不同叶龄期追氮因前期施氮比例的差异和品种的不同，效应也不尽一致，总体而言，随中期施氮比例的减少，相应推迟追肥叶龄期可以获得较好的稻米外观品质、蒸煮品质和淀粉黏性。对于胶稠度、淀粉峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度、崩解值、垩白率、垩白度、消减值等品质指标，常优1号较K优818推迟一个叶龄期施肥最佳。

... 万靓军等^[8]研究认为, 随施氮比例的前增中减, 杂交水稻的整精米率、蛋白质含量、消减值、垩白率、垩白度、糊化温度逐渐下降, 胶稠度、淀粉峰值黏度、崩解值上升 ...

2008

0.0

丁得亮, 刘玉亮. 氮肥施用时期和施用量对水稻产量和食味品质的影响. 天津农学院学报, 2008, 15(1): 1-3

Ding D

, Liu Y

. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer amount and different nitrogen application periods on yield and taste value of rice. J Tianjin Agric Univ, 2008, 15(1): 1-3 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以优质品种W45为材料研究了不同施氮时期和不同施氮比例条件下水稻单株产量、产量性状、品质性状间的相互关系.结果表明:单株产量与穗粒数、千粒重、经济系数、有效穗数均呈极显著正相关关系;经济系数与穗粒数、千粒重、有效穗数也均呈极显著正相关关系;食味值与蛋白质含量、粉状粒百分含量呈极显著负相关关系,与直链淀粉含量呈显著负相关关系;粉状粒百分含量与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关关系;N10处理的水稻产量最高,N1处理的稻米食味值最高.即种植W45水稻品种,在总施肥量P2O510.8 kg/(667 m2),K2O10 kg/(667 m2),N18.4 /kg,(667 m2)的条件下,如果只要求优质,应该选择N1处理的底肥:蘖肥:穗肥=7:3:0的施氮比例;如果只要求高产或既要求高产又要求优质,应该选择N10处理的底肥:蘖肥:穗肥=3:4:3的施氮比例.

... 丁得亮等^[9]指出, 在施氮量为276 kg hm^-2条件下, 如果只要求优质, 应选用基蘖肥和穗肥比例为10#cod#x02236 ...

2009

0.0

徐国伟, 谈桂露, 王志琴, 刘立军, 杨建昌. 秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对直播水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 2736-2746

Xu G

, Tan G

, Wang Z

, Liu L

, Yang J

. Effect of wheat-residue application and site-specific nitrogen management on grain yield and quality and nitrogen use efficiency in diect-seeding rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 2736-2746 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wheat-residue application and nitrogen (N) management on grain yield and quality and nitrogen use efficiency in direct-seeding rice. 【Method】 A mid-season japonica rice cultivar of Yangjing 9538 was directly sown in the field. Three treatments of N-fertilizer application, farmers’ N-fertilizer practice (FFP), site-specific N management (SSNM) based on chlorophyll measurement (SPAD) readings, and no N application, and with or without wheat residue application were conducted. Grain yield and quality and N use efficiency were determined. 【Result】In comparison with the wheat-residue removal treatment, the wheat-residue application (the residue was incorporated into soil) treatment reduced panicles, but increased spikelets per panicle, filled-grain percentages and 1 000-grain weight, therefore increased grain yield. This treatment also improved rice appearance and cooking qualities, under either SSNM or FFP. In comparison with FFP, SSNM increased grain yield, reduced the grain protein content, and improved rice cooking quality. In comparison with the wheat-residue removal plus FFP treatments, the wheat-residue application plus SSNM treatments enhanced the maximum grain filling rate and mean grain filling rate and shortened the active grain filling period, leading to an increase in grain weight. Such treatments increased N harvest index, N recovery efficiency, N agronomic use efficiency, N physiological efficiency, and N partial factor productivity. 【Conclusion】 The results suggest that wheat-residue application combined with SSNM could not only increase grain yield and quality, but also improve N use efficiency in direct-seeding rice.

（扬州大学江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室）

【目的】探讨麦秸秆还田与施氮技术对直播水稻产量、品质的影响及氮肥利用效率的表现。【方法】以直播粳稻扬粳9538为材料进行大田对比试验,设置麦秸还田与不还田、实地氮肥管理（SSNM）和农民习惯施肥法（FFP）等处理,测定水稻产量、品质及氮肥利用效率。【结果】无论是SSNM还是FFP,与秸秆未还田相比,秸秆还田降低了单位面积穗数,提高了每穗粒数、结实率与千粒重,增加了产量,改善了稻米的外观品质与蒸煮品质。与FFP相比,SSNM显著提高水稻产量,降低了稻米蛋白质含量,改善了稻米的食味性。秸秆还田结合SSNM增大了籽粒最大灌浆速率与平均灌浆速率,缩短了活跃灌浆期,增加了粒重,并提高了氮收获指数、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮肥偏生产力。【结论】秸秆还田结合SSNM可增加产量,改善稻米品质,提高氮肥利用效率。

... 此外, 秸秆还田结合合理的氮肥运筹能有效地提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质^[10,11] ...

... 徐国伟等^[10]认为, 秸秆还田结合实地氮肥管理可增加产量, 改善稻米的外观品质与食味品质 ...

2010

0.0

王建明, 杨建忠, 何晓艳, 毛华方, 石世杰. 小麦秸秆还田条件下氮肥运筹对水稻产量、品质和氮素利用的影响. 江苏农业科学, 2010, (6): 124-126

Wang J

, Yang J

, He X

, Mao H

, Shi S

. Effects of nitrogen application on yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under wheat residue return. J Agric Sci Jiangsu, 2010, (6): 124-126 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 此外, 秸秆还田结合合理的氮肥运筹能有效地提高水稻产量、改善稻米品质^[10,11] ...

... 王建明等^[11]指出, 在秸秆还田量为2 ...

... 王建明等^[11]研究认为, 基蘖肥#cod#x02236 ...

2008

0.0

叶文培, 谢小立, 王凯荣, 李志国. 不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育及产量的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2008, 22: 65-70

Ye W

, Xie X

, Wang K

, Li Z

. Effect s of rice straw manuring in different periods on growth and yield of rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2008, 22: 65-70 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of rice straw manuring in paddy on growth and development of rice were studied through a longterm fertilization experiment on Taoyuan Station of AgroEcology Research, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Straw manuring in soil increased the number of tillers, leaf area index and aboveground dry matter. And straw manuring also increased the number of panicles per m2, number of grains per panicle and grain yield of rice. But the effects of straw manuring on growth and yield was obviously greater in early rice than in late rice. With fertilizer application, straw manuring increased rice yield by 12.88% in 2005 and 1003% in 2006 in early rice and 133% in 2005 and 261% in 2006 in late rice. Different effects of straw manuring in early rice and late rice could be explained by two reasons. Different temperature in early season and late season affected the decomposition and nutrient release of straw. And the time between straw manuring and rice transplanting affected the accumulation of some toxic substances .

通过在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期定位试验，研究了不同时期秸秆还田对水稻生长发育的影响。秸秆还田提高水稻分蘖数、叶面积指数和地上部干物质量，增加了水稻每1 m2穗数和每穗实粒数，从而提高了水稻产量。但秸秆还田对早稻生长发育的影响明显大于对晚稻生长发育的影响。在施用氮、磷、钾肥条件下，秸秆还田使早稻产量增加1288%（2005年）和1003%（2006年），效果显著；而晚稻仅增加133%（2005年）和261%（2006年），增产作用不明显。造成秸秆还田对早晚稻生长发育及产量的影响有明显差异的主要原因是早晚稻生育期的温度等气候条件对还田后秸秆腐解及养分释放影响的不同及秸秆还田到水稻移栽这段时间的长短会对有机酸和CO2等物质的浓度产生影响。还对合理利用秸秆资源提出了建议

... 袁玲等^[6]、叶文培等^[12]认为, 秸秆还田能提高水稻产量5%~10% ...

2013

0.0

陈新红, 韩正光, 叶玉秀, 张安存, 王哲, 周青. 麦草全量机械还田对机插水稻产量和生长特性的影响. 西北农业学报, 2013, 22(8): 38-41

Chen X

, Han Z

, Ye Y

, Zhang A

, Wang

, Zhou

. Effects of wheat-residue application on grain yield and growth characteristics in mechanical transplanting rice. Acta Agric Boreali-occident Sin, 2013, 22(8): 38-41 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wheat residue application on grain yield and growth characteristics in mechanical transplanting rice. With mid maturation japonica rice Huajing 2 hao as material, growth characteristics and yield formation of transplanting rice with wheat reside return and wheat reside removal were investigated. The main results were as follows: compared with transplanting rice with wheat reside removal, the panicle number of transplanting rice was decreased slightly, whereas the number of grains per panicle, seed setting rate and 1000 grain mass were all increased, leading to a significant increase in grain yield. Under wheat reside return, number of stems and tillers of rice was much lower at al1 the growth stages, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, the root shoot ratio and photosynthetic rate were lower before the heading stage, but higher after heading stage than those under wheat residue removal. The physiologica1 causes of high yielding rice under wheat residue return were discussed．

旨在探讨麦秸全量机械还田对机插水稻产量和生长特性的影响。以中熟华粳2号为试验材料，设小麦秸秆还田与秸秆不还田两个处理，进行机械插秧，对水稻的产量形成和生长特性进行分析。结果表明：秸秆还田处理后穗数降低，每穗穗粒数、结实率和千粒质量均高于秸秆不还田处理，产量显著提高；各生育时期的茎蘖数明显降低；干物质积累、叶面积指数、根冠比和光合速率在抽穗前低于秸秆不还田处理，抽穗后则相反。可见，秸秆还田对机插水稻具有增产效应。

... 陈新红等^[13]、徐国伟等^[14]认为秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响不显著 ...

2007

0.0

徐国伟. 种植方式、秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理的研究. 扬州大学博士学位论文, 江苏扬州, 2007

Xu G

. Effect of Planting Patterns, Straw Application and Site-specific Nitrogen Management on Grain Yield and Quality of Rice and Their Physiological Mechanism. PhD Dissertation of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2007(in Chinese with English abstract)

秸秆还田、发展早种稻和直播稻生产、提高氮肥利用效率是当前农业生产研究的热点。本研究以代表性水稻品种为材料，在大田试验条件下研究了种植方式、秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理对水稻产量与品质的影响及其生理。主要结果如下： 1、在秸秆还田与实地氮肥管理条件下产量与品质形成的特点与秸秆未还田相比，秸秆还田增加了水稻的产量，降低了单位面积穗数，提高了每穗粒数、结实率与千粒重，改善了稻米的外观品质与食味品质。与习惯施肥法(FFP)相比，实地氮肥管理(SSNM)提高了水稻产量，降低了稻米蛋白质含量，但稻米的食味性变优。与移栽稻相比，直播稻产量、精米...

... 陈新红等^[13]、徐国伟等^[14]认为秸秆还田对水稻产量的影响不显著 ...

... 徐国伟等^[14]研究认为秸秆还田后最高黏度与崩解值均有所增加, 而消减值变小 ...

2015

0.0

胡雅杰, 朱大伟, 邢志鹏, 龚金龙, 张洪程, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 郭保卫. 改进施氮运筹对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21: 12-22

Hu Y

, Zhu D

, Xing Z

, Gong J

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Guo B

. Modifying nitrogen fertilization ratio to increase the yield and nitrogen uptake of super japonica rice. J Plant Nutr Fert, 2015, 21: 12-22 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】 Crop straw incorporation can increase soil organic matter and improve soil fertility, enhance crop yield and quality. However, it sometime inhibits rice growth in the vegetative stage due to accumulation of organic acids and N immobilization. Farmers usually deal with this phenomena through increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer in rice-wheat cropping system in the Yangtze Catchments. Excessive nitrogen input results in low nitrogen use efficiency and water and air pollution. Therefore, the optimization of nitrogen fertilization is important for the improvement of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice. 【Methods】 Local popular japonica rice cultivars, Wuyunjing 24 and Ningjing 3, were selected as material, field experiments were conducted in Xinghua County, Jiangsu Province, China in 2012 and 2013.Two nitrogen rates (N1: 300 kg/ha and N2: 345 kg/ha) and two nitrogen application methods [conventional fertilizer-nitrogen practice (CFP, basal:tillering:earring =3:3:4) and modified fertilizer-nitrogen practice (MFP, basal:tillering:earring =4:3:3)] were designed. The yield, yield components, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated. 【Results】With the increase of the nitrogen fertilizer rate, the unit area panicles of rice are increased significantly, but the spikelet per panicle, filled-grain percentage and 1000-grain weight are decreased, finally, the grain yield increase is not significant. The grain yield is higher using MFP than CFP, owing to the more panicles per unit area and the significant enhanced population spikelet as a result. The range of yield increase with the MFP in N1 is 5.18%-7.10%, higher than that in N2 (2.70%-4.29%). With the increase of nitrogen rate, the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake at the middle tiller stage and the jointing stage, from transplanting stage to the middle tiller stage, and from the middle tiller stage to the jointing stage are significantly improved, but the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake increases at the maturity are not significant, the nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen recovery efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity are consequently decreased significantly. In comparison with CFP, the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake amount and rate from the transplanting stage to the middle tiller stage are improved significantly under MFP. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake at the maturity and nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity of MFP are higher than those of CFP and the differences of those are significant in N1, and the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake at the maturity, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen recovery efficiency, nitrogen physiological efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity are increased by 6.52%, 5.55%, 13.36%, 8.55%, 4.44% and 5.29%, respectively. 【Conclusions】Under the straw completely incorporation, increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate will not increase the rice yield, but decrease the N use efficiency. Keeping the normal nitrogen fertilizer input, modifying the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer input of basal:tillering:earring from 3:3:4 to 4:3:3 will be capable of significant increase of yield, dry matter accumulation, N uptake and N use efficiency in mechanical transplanted super japonica rice with wheat straw return.

【目的】秸秆还田不仅可改良土壤和增加土壤有机质,还能提高作物产量和品质。但秸秆还田后,土壤有机酸积累和微生物固氮,抑制水稻前期生长。在长江流域稻麦两熟地区,当地农户往往通过增加施氮量来解决秸秆还田的负效应,造成肥料浪费和氮污染。因此,探索研究秸秆还田条件下水稻优化的氮肥运筹措施,阐明水稻产量形成和氮素吸收与利用对氮素响应特征,对于提高水稻产量和氮素利用效率具有重要意义。【方法】2012～2013年,以超级粳稻武运粳24号和宁粳3号为材料,在江苏省兴化市进行大田试验,在秸秆全量还田条件下,设置常规施氮300 kg/hm 2 (N1)、增加施氮量345 kg/hm 2 (N2)和常规施氮运筹(CFP,基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=3:3:4)、改进施氮运筹(MFP,基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3),以无氮处理为对照,研究施氮量和氮肥运筹措施对水稻产量及其产量构成、干物质积累、氮素积累、氮素吸收速率和氮肥利用效率的影响。【结果】随着氮肥水平提高,水稻穗数显著增加,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重下降,最终增产不显著。与常规施氮运筹比较,改进氮肥运筹显著增加穗数,显著提高群体颖花量并增产,在N1水平下,改进施氮运筹增产幅度为5.18%～7.10%,高于N2水平的2.70%～4.29%。随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖中期、拔节期、移栽期至分蘖中期、分蘖中期至拔节期干物质积累量、氮素积累量显著增加,最终成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量有所增加,但差异不显著,而氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率和氮偏肥生产力显著下降。与常规氮运筹处理相比,改进氮运筹显著增加水稻移栽期至分蘖中期干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮素吸收速率,增加成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量,提高氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力,在N1水平下成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量分别增加6.52%和5.55%,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥生理利用率和氮偏肥生产力分别提高13.36%、 8.55%、 4.44%和5.29%,差异均达显著水平。【结论】秸秆全量还田条件下,增加氮肥用量水稻增产不显著,且氮肥利用效率低。不增加氮肥用量,通过适当提高基肥比例(基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥=4:3:3),可实现提高水稻产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累量和氮肥利用效率。

... 关于氮肥运筹对水稻产量的影响, 胡雅杰等^[15]研究认为, 基蘖氮肥#cod#x02236 ...

2007

0.0

刘世平, 聂新涛, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲. 免耕套种与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2007, 21: 71-76

Liu S

, Nie X

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

. Effects of interplanting with zero tillage and wheat straw manuring on rice growth an grain quality. Chin J Rice Sci, 2007, 21: 71-76 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of interplanting with zero tillage and wheat straw manuring(ZIS) on rice growth and grain quality were studied in a wheat-rice cropping system. Results showed that ZIS reduced the plant height,leaf area per tiller and the biomass of rice, but the biomass accumulation of rice at the late stage was quicker than that under the transplanting cultivation. In the first year, the grain yield was the highest in ZIS, and the yield in transplanting with plowing and wheat straw manuring was higher than that without straw manuring. However, grain yield decreased in interplanting with zero tillage in the second year. Compared with other treatments with the similar number of panicles per unit area, the number of filled grains per panicle was the lowest but 1000-grain weight was the highest in interplanting with zero tillage, which was the main factor to higher yield. Interplanting with zero tillage improved the milling and appearance grain quality of rice. The rates of brown, milled and head rice increased while chalky rice rate and chalkiness decreased in interplanting with zero tillage. Transplanting with plowing and straw manuring also increased the head rice rate and slightly reduced the chalky rice rate and chalkiness. The cooking quality of rice in ZIS was improved due to the increase of protein, decline of amylose content and increase of gel consistency, while transplanting with straw manuring increased both the protein and amylose contents and decreased the gel consistency, which resulted in the decline of cooked rice quality.

在稻麦两熟条件下，研究了麦田免耕套种水稻与秸秆还田对水稻生长和稻米品质的影响。与移栽稻相比，免耕套种水稻株高较低，单茎叶面积略小，生物量低，但生育后期干物质累积量增加迅速。第1年免耕套种秸秆还田的产量最高，翻耕移栽秸秆还田的产量略高于移栽秸秆不还田的产量，但随着连续免耕时间的延长，第2年免耕套种的产量降低。在单位面积穗数相差不大的情况下，免耕套种水稻每穗实粒数较少，千粒重较高，套种水稻可获得较高产量。水稻免耕套种可明显改善稻米的加工品质和外观品质，提高出糙率、精米率和整精米率，降低垩白率和垩白度。翻耕移栽秸秆还田也能提高整精米率，降低垩白率和垩白度。水稻免耕套种和秸秆还田可提高稻米蛋白质含量，降低直链淀粉含量，使胶稠度变软，稻米品质变优；而水稻移栽秸秆还田条件下蛋白质含量提高，直链淀粉含量略增，胶稠度变硬，食味品质有变劣的趋势。

... 2 秸秆全量还田与氮肥运筹对机插优质食味水稻稻米加工、外观品质和营养品质的影响刘世平等^[16]和葛立立等^[17]研究认为, 秸秆还田后能降低垩白率、垩白大小和垩白度, 提高稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率, 改善稻米的加工品质和外观品质 ...

2012

0.0

葛立立, 王康君, 范苗苗, 马义虎, 张乐, 刘立军. 秸秆还田对土壤培肥与水稻产量和米质的影响. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(12): 1-6

Ge L

, Wang K

, Fan M

, Ma Y

, Zhang

, Liu L

. Effect of straw returning on soil fertility, grain yield and quality of rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2012, 28(12): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract)

1995

0.0

钟旭华. 稻米垩白形成与籽粒灌浆动态的关系. 江西农业学报, 1995, 7(1): 55-60

Zhong X

. The relationship between chalkiness formation and filling dynamics of rice grains. Acta Agric Jiangxi, 1995, 7(1): 55-60 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本文综述并论证了籽粒灌浆动态与稻米垩白形成的关系，认为合理的灌浆动态是无垩白米形成的必要条件之一，这一假说使以往许多相互矛盾的实验现象得到了合理的解释。

... 有研究表明, 在籽粒灌浆期间, 由于胚乳细胞充实所需要的养分是由背部维管束通过珠心表皮和糊粉层传送的, 因此距离背部远的腹部的胚乳细胞易充实不良, 而形成腐白米, 而颖果中部的胚乳细胞也因其距离糊粉层远而充实不好, 形成芯白米^[18], 秸秆全量还田后, 在颖花发育期因稻田秸秆养分的供应导致垩白度下降 ...

2015

0.0

严奉君, 孙永健, 马均, 徐徽, 李玥, 杨志远, 蒋明金, 吕腾飞. 秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21: 23-55

Yan F

, Sun Y

, Ma

, Xu

, Li

, Yang Z

, Jiang M

, Lyu T

. Effect of straw mulch and nitrogen management on root growth and nitrogen utilization characteristics of hybrid rice. J Plant Nutr Fert, 2015, 21: 23-55 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objectives】 In rice-wheat rotation, rice-rape rotation and other multi-cropping regions in China, large amounts of wheat or rape straw or other straws of rice fore-rotation crop were discarded or burned, which caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste. Hence, it has significant meaning to investigate a win-win mode between straw mulch and nitrogen (N) management. To explore the optimal straw mulch and N management mode, effects of the straw mulch and N management on root growth, N uptake and utilization and dry matter accumulation in main growth stages of hybrid rice (Fyou 498) were evaluated in this research. 【Methods】 The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University in 2013.A split-plot design was used, with the main plots under wheat straw mulch (S 1 ), rape straw mulch (S 2 ) and no straw mulch (S 0 ), N management as sub-plots combined with three N management practices under N 135 kg/ha rate in this study. Three N application ratios were applied on different splits: a) 3 splits: 50% basal, 30% 7 d after transplanting (7 DAT), and 20% panicle N-fertilizer according to different leaf ages at 4th leaves emerged from the top (N 1 ), b) 3 splits: 30% basal, 30% 7 DAT, 40% panicle N-fertilizer at 4th leaves emerged from the top (N 2 ), c) 4 splits: 30% basal, 10% 7 DAT, 60% panicle N-fertilizer equally at 4th and 2nd leaves emerged from the top (N 3 ), in addition, no N application (N 0 ) was set as control. Root growth, morphological characteristics, dry matter and N accumulation, dry matter transportation in stems and sheaths, and N utilization on 20 DAT and 30 DAT and at the filling stage and ripping stage were studied. At the same time, the correlation coefficients among root growth, N uptake and utilization, and grain yield were also analyzed in this research. 【Results】 The results showed that the wheat straw mulch generally improves the dry matter accumulation and N uptake of rice, promotes the root growth and N utilization efficiency, and increases the grain yield significantly. The rape straw mulch could also increase the grain yield remarkably, but not as much as the wheat straw mulch. As for the N management practice, the N 30% basal, 30% 7 DAT and 40% panicle N management practice (N 2 ) is the optimal N-fertilizer management practice in all straw mulch treatments. The optimal N-fertilizer management practice regulates the root growth at the main growth stage efficiently, improves dry matter transportation in stems and sheaths, promotes the N utilization efficiency, and increases the grain yield significantly. When the panicle N-fertilizer ratio increases to 60%, the root growth is poor, especially at the heading stage, the grain yield and N utilization decrease. The correlation coefficients among the root growth, N uptake and utilization and grain yield are as follows: under the straw mulch and N-fertilizer management, the root dry weight, total root volume and total root length generally have significant or extremely significant and positive correlations with the grain yield and N uptake and utilization at the main growing stage of rice ( r =0.38 * -0.78 ** ). 【Conclusions】 Compared with the no straw mulch treatment, the straw mulch could promote the root growth, N utilization efficiency, dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and grain yield, especially for the treatments with the wheat straw mulch. The combination of the straw mulch and 30% basal, 30% 7 DAT and 40% panicle N management practice (N 2 ) could regulate the root growth, promote N utilization efficiency, and increase the dry matter and N accumulation and grain yield more efficiently. Among all the treatments, the wheat straw mulch with 30% basal, 30% 7 DAT and 40% panicle N management practice (N 2 ) is the optimal mode in this research.

【目的】在我国稻-麦、稻-油等多熟制区域,富含氮素的小麦、油菜等水稻前茬作物秸秆被大量弃置、焚烧, 造成极大浪费和环境污染,与此同时,稻季氮肥投入量却在逐年增加,因此在水稻生产中研究秸秆覆盖与氮肥配合施用的理论与技术,对实现秸秆还田与减少氮肥用量具有重要意义。本试验研究油菜、小麦2种秸秆覆盖方式下,3种不同的氮肥运筹方式对杂交稻主要生育时期根系生长、氮素吸收利用特征及产量的影响,并探讨其根系生长与氮素利用及产量间的关系,以期寻求最佳的秸秆还田与氮肥运筹搭配模式。【方法】本试验以杂交稻F优498为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,主区为小麦秸秆覆盖(S 1 )、油菜秸秆覆盖(S 2 )和无秸秆覆盖(S 0 );副区为氮肥运筹模式,在135 kg/hm 2 总施氮量条件下,设置基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为5:3:2 (N 1 ); 基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3:3:4(N 2 ); 基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3:1:6(N 3 ) 3种氮肥运筹模式,以不施氮肥(N 0 )为对照。研究各处理杂交稻在移栽后20 d、移栽后30 d、齐穗期和成熟期根系生长及形态、各生育期的干物质与氮素积累,水稻茎鞘的干物质转运、产量及其构成因子以及各时期氮素积累及利用效率,同时对各生育时期根系生长与氮素利用及产量间的关系进行分析。【结果】结果表明,小麦秸秆覆盖均可有效促进杂交稻各生育时期的根系生长、改善根系形态、增加各时期的干物质与氮素积累,提高氮肥的利用效率及稻米产量。在不同种类秸秆覆盖下,基肥:蘖肥:穗肥(倒4叶龄期施入)为3:3:4(N 2 )时,可及时地对杂交水稻主要生育时期的根系生长进行调控,有效促进抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累与转运率,提高水稻主要生育时期的氮素积累及氮肥利用效率,显著增加稻谷产量,为本试验中最优的氮肥管理模式;而氮肥后移比例过高(基肥:分蘖肥:穗肥运筹比例为3:1:6), 会限制齐穗期根系的生长,导致稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率降低。相关性分析表明,秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹下主要生育时期根干重、根体积、总根长与产量及氮素吸收利用均存在显著或极显著的正相关( r =0.38 * ~0.78 ** ),尤其以齐穗期的根体积与总根长、根干重与氮素累积、产量及氮素回收利用率的相关性最好。【结论】小麦秸秆、油菜秸秆覆盖能够有效促进杂交稻根系的生长,增加干物质与氮素积累,提高氮肥利用效率,且小麦秸秆覆盖效果更显著。秸秆覆盖条件下,氮肥运筹以基肥:蘖肥:穗肥为3:3:4时的水稻根系生长旺盛,物质生产能力强,氮肥利用效率最高。因此,小麦秸秆覆盖与基肥:蘖肥:穗肥以3:3:4的比例配合的水稻的产量最高,为最优组合。

... 严奉君等^[19]研究表明, 秸秆还田能增加稻米蛋白质含量 ...

2010

0.0

潘圣刚, 瞿晶, 曹凑贵, 蔡明历, 王若涵, 黄胜奇, 李进山. 氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收特性及稻米品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 522-527

Pan S

, Qu

, Cao C

, Cai M

, Wang R

, Huang S

, Li J

. Effects of nitrogen management practices on nutrition uptake and grain qualities of rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 522-527 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of nitrogen management practices on nutrition uptake and grain qualities of rice were examined using a rice cultivar, Yanglianyou 6, in a field study. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied in three splits, namely, 40% as basal, 30% at 10 days after transplanting (DAT) and 30% at 36 DAT (40-30-30), and 30% as basal, 20%at 10 DAT and 50% at 36 DAT (30-20-50), and the N application rates were set to N 0, 150 and 240 kg/ha, expressed as N 0 , N 150 and N 240 , respectively. Compared to the N 150 and N 0 treatments, total nitrogen accumulation (TNA), total phosphorus accumulation (TPA) and total potassium accumulation (TKA) of the N 240 treatment at maturity stage are increased by 21.5%, 18.5%, 18.3% and 134.6%, 127.0%, 82.7%, and rice yields are increased by 10.4% and 39.6%, respectively. Under the same nitrogen application rate, TNA and yield of the 30-20-50 split are 15.4% and 7.3% higher than those of the 40-30-30 split at the maturity stage. The grain protein of rice is improved significantly; while grain amylose content is decreased, and the quality of appearance is worsen due to the improvement of chalkyness of grain under the N 240 treatment with the 30-20-50 split.

以水稻品种扬两优6号为材料，研究了田间条件氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收及产量和品质的影响。结果表明，高氮处理（N 240 ）成熟期氮素积累总量、磷素积累总量和钾素积累总量分别比中氮（N 150 ）和低氮处理（N 0 ）增加了21.5%、18.5%、18.3%和134.6%、127.0%和82.7%；产量增加了10.4%和39. 6%。在相同氮素水平下，采用B种施肥比例（基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗粒肥＝30%∶20%∶50%），水稻成熟期氮素积累总量比A处理（基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗粒肥＝40%∶30%∶30%）增加了15.4%，产量提高了7.3%。在高氮处理（N 240 ）条件下，采用B施肥比例，蛋白质含量显著提高，直链淀粉显著降低，但提高了稻米的垩百度而使稻米外观品质变劣。

... 合理的氮肥运筹能更显著提高稻米的品质^[20,21,22] ...

... 潘圣刚等^[20]研究认为提高穗肥在总施氮量中的比例, 蛋白质含量显著提高 ...

2002

0.0

... 合理的氮肥运筹能更显著提高稻米的品质^[20,21,22] ...

... Wopereis-Pura等^[21]研究认为多施穗肥可以显著提高稻米的加工品质 ...

2002

0.0

刘立军, 王志琴, 桑大志, 杨建昌. 氮肥运筹对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2002, 23(3): 46-50

Liu L

, Wang Z

, Sang D

, Yang J

. Effect of nitrogen management on rice yield and grain quality. J Yangzhou Univ (Agric & Life Sci Edn), 2002, 23(3): 46-50 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在总施氮(纯氮)量为300 kg*hm-2的条件下,研究氮肥运筹对水稻汕优63和镇稻88产量及稻米品质的影响.结果表明: 按基肥、分蘖肥、保花肥之比为4∶2∶4施用,可提高分蘖成穗率、叶片光合速率和叶片含氮量,促进物质运转,增加抽穗至成熟期的物质积累, 从而提高产量和氮肥利用率;并能降低垩白率,提高碾米品质和稻米蛋白质含量.

... 合理的氮肥运筹能更显著提高稻米的品质^[20,21,22] ...

... 刘立军等^[22]研究认为氮肥后移比重的增加并不会增加稻米的垩白率, 但垩白度变大 ...

2013

0.0

季红娟, 戴正元, 赵步洪, 董长生, 张小祥, 谭长乐, 张洪熙. 小麦秸秆还田对稻米蒸煮食用品质的影响. 江苏农业科学, 2013, 41(12): 55-57

Ji H

, Dai Z

, Zhao B

, Dong C

, Zhang X

, Tan C

, Zhang H

. Effects of wheat straw returning on cooking and eating quality of rice. J Agric Sci Jiangsu, 2013, 41(12): 55-57 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 季红娟等^[23]认为, 秸秆还田能显著降低直链淀粉含量, 增加胶稠度 ...

1998

0.0

黄发松, 孙宗修, 胡培松, 唐绍清. 食用稻米品质形成研究的现状与展望. 中国水稻科学, 1998, 12: 172-176

Huang F

, Sun Z

, Hu P

, Tang S

. Present situations and prospects for the research on rice grain quality forming. Chin J Rice Sci, 1998, 12: 172-176 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 这样米饭冷热均较软而黏, 适口性好^[24] ...