作物长势遥感监测是农业遥感应用的重要研究领域.本文在概述遥感信息数据源和遥感监测原理的基础上,总结了作物长势遥感监测应用中面积遥感估算、产量估测、实时长势监测和长势遥感监测信息系统开发的研究进展,指出其中存在的一些问题,并对作物长势遥感监测应用的未来进行了展望.

It is very important to develop nondestructive method for estimating nitrogen status and growth characters in cotton. Based on the canopy hyperspectral reflectance and derived hyperspectral vegetation index, we analyzed the quantitative relationships between leaf nitrogen accumulation and canopy reflectance spectra in different cotton cultivars under varied N rates, and put forward the sensitive parameters and monitoring equations for leaf nitrogen accumulation. The results showed that the leaf nitrogen accumulation and canopy hyperspectral reflectance significantly changed with levels of nitrogen fertilization. The sensitive wavebands of leaf nitrogen accumulation were 600–700 nm of red valley and 750–900 nm of near infrared wavebands, and the leaf nitrogen accumulation was high significantly related to NVD672 of canopy reflectance spectra, and an integrated equation could be used in different cultivars. These results provide technical approach for monitoring plant nitrogen status and guiding precision nitrogen management in cotton production.

利用冠层高光谱反射率及演变的多种高光谱植被指数(VI)，分析了不同施氮水平下不同棉花品种叶片氮积累量与冠层反射光谱的定量关系，建立了棉花叶片氮积累量的敏感光谱参数及预测方程。结果显示，棉花叶片氮积累量和冠层高光谱反射率均随不同施氮水平显著变化；棉花叶片氮含量的敏感光谱波段为600~700 nm的红谷波段和750~900 nm的近红外波段，叶片氮积累量与光谱指数 NVD672 有密切的定量关系，且不同品种可以用统一的方程来描述，从而为棉花氮素营养的监测诊断与精确施肥提供了技术支持。

Understanding spectrum characteristics and sensitive bands of wheat infected by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici ( Bgt ) and estimatiing the disease severity will provide a basis for monitoring and subsequently accurately controlling powdery mildew in wheat planted in large scales using aerial remote sensing. Canopy reflectance of winter wheat infected by artificial inoculationof Bgt with different severity levels was measured in disease nursery, field, and pot experiments, and the severity levels in different growth phases were also investigated at the same time. The results indicated that spectrum reflectance increased significantly in visible light region (350–710 nm) with the increase of disease severity level, and the light region between 580 nm to 710 nm was the sensitive bands to wheat powdery mildew, which varied greatly in near-infrared region ( 710–1100 nm ) across treatments with different disease severity levels. However, the correlation between spectrum reflectance and traditional disease index (DI) was low. When the conventional DI was replaced by modified DI, the correlation was improved significantly. An integrated linear regression equation of  disease severity level to red edge width ( Lwidth ) described the dynamic pattern of disease severity level in wheat, with R 2 of 0.811 and relative error (RE) of 17.7%. Besides, correlation coefficients between spectral parameters ( mND705, SIPI, CTR2, and TSAVI) and modified DI were higher than 0.6. No common integrated regression equation could be establishhed due to poor compatibility among experiments . The relative spectral indices ( ΔMSAVI and ΔmND705 ) exhibited high correlations ( R 2 > 0.76) with the disease sensitive level, with RE values of 18.4% and 19.4%, respectively. The results suggested that the models with sensitive spectral indices could retrieve and forecast the disease severity level accurately in a large area.

明确小麦白粉病冠层光谱敏感波段并估算病情严重度，是大面积高空遥感监测小麦白粉病、实现精确防控的基础。采用人工诱发的大田、盆栽和病圃试验，测量不同生育时期对不同发病等级的小麦白粉病冠层光谱，并同步调查发病严重度。结果表明，可见光 350~710 nm 光谱反射率随病情加重呈上升趋势， 580~710 nm 为遥感监测白粉病的敏感波段，近红外波段光谱反射率在病害处理间变幅较大，且与病情严重度相关性较差。修正型病情指数较常规病情指数与对应光谱反射率的相关性显著提高。利用高光谱特征参数与白粉病严重度间的相关回归分析，红边宽度最适宜指示白粉病发生及发展态势，拟合精度 ( R 2 ) 为 0.811 ，检验相对误差 (RE) 为 17.7% ，而 mND705 、 SIPI 、 CTR2 和 TSAVI 在相关分析中也表现相对较好 ( r >0.6) ，但由于试验间兼容性差 , 不宜建立统一回归方程。以 相对光谱指数 ΔMSAVI 和 ΔmND705 与白粉病严重度建立的模型决定系数较高 ( R 2 >0.76) ， RE 分别为 18.4% 和 19.4% ， 可较好反演冠层尺度病情严重度。可见，小麦白粉病冠层光谱特征明显，建立的病害反演模型精度高，对精确防控具有应用价值。

介绍了主要农作物(水稻、小麦、油菜、棉花、花生、甘薯、马铃薯、大豆)的缺氮症状,提出了防治措施.

为了明确长期不同施肥措施下黑土作物产量及养分平衡特征，利用开始于1979年的哈尔滨黑土肥力长期定位试验，以小麦-大豆-玉米轮作（3a）为一个周期，选取对照（不施肥，记作CK）、常量氮磷钾化肥配施（小麦施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2，大豆施N、P2O5量分别为75、150 kg/hm2，玉米施N、P2O5量分别为150、75 kg/hm2，K2O共施75 kg/hm2，记作NPK）、常量有机肥（施肥18 600 kg/hm2，记作M）、常量化肥有机肥配施（化肥施量同NPK，有机肥施量同M，记作MNPK）和二倍量氮磷化肥有机肥配施（小麦施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2，大豆施N、P2O5量分别为150、300 kg/hm2，、玉米施N、P2O5量分别为300、150 kg/hm2，有机肥共37 200 kg/hm2，记作M2N2P2）5个处理，研究了不同作物的平均产量、产量年际变化和土壤养分表观平衡。结果表明：1）较CK，长期平衡施用化肥或化肥配施有机肥提高了作物产量，多年平均增产率分别在82.5%～91.6%（小麦）和35.6%～40.9%（玉米）之间。长期不同施肥措施增产效果表现为M2N2P2 >MNPK>NPK>M，有机无机肥配施与单施化肥处理间作物产量差异不显著。2）长期不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量随试验年限推移呈下降趋势，降幅分别为13.93和42.61 kg/(hm2·a)，大豆则以7.409 kg/(hm2·a)的速率增加。施肥处理小麦、大豆和玉米产量随试验年限的增加呈总体上升的趋势。3）在该试验条件下，长期施用常量化肥处理（NPK）和常量化肥有机肥配施处理（MNPK）土壤氮亏缺量分别为29.7和17.5 kg/hm2，磷盈余量分别为33.4和61.2 kg/hm2。各处理土壤中钾素均表现为亏缺，亏缺量在30.4～73.0 kg/hm2之间。MNPK处理氮、钾供应状况有所改善，较NPK处理分别增加12.2和27.6 kg /hm2。4）作物产量与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、降雨量、生育期日平均气温呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。5）在黑土小麦-大豆-玉米典型轮作制度下，基于土壤养分平衡特征提出"稳氮、减磷和增钾"的施肥策略。该研究为评价和建立长期施肥模式、促进粮食持续生产提供依据。

The field experiment conducted with the fixed plots tested in Dongyang Agricultural Experiment Station of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2011 and 2012 was carried out to investigate the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium on nutrient uptake, yield and quality of grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cv. Jinza 23 under the sorghum-maize rotation cropping system in 2013. The experiment included five treatments with fertilizers NPK, PK, NK, NP, and CK (without fertilization) with three replicates in a completely randomized block design. The experimental results showed that at 76 days after emergence, the sorghum maximum leaf area of NPK, PK, NP, and NK treatments increased by 18.7%, 4.1%, 17.9%, and 16.6% ， respectively; and the total functional leaf area per plant increased by 54.1%, 18.4%, 47.4%, and 48.2% respectively compared with CK treatment. Fertilization treatment had significantly influences on leaf biomass throughout growth period. Since 121 days after emergence, there were significant effects of different fertilization treatments on the stem biomass. Comparison with CK treatment, the sorghum grain yield of NPK, PK, NK, and NP treatments increased by 93.8%, 35.5%, 91.2%, and 78.1% respectively. The N contents in leaves of CK and PK treatments were significantly lower than those of NPK, NK, and NP treatments at 100 days after emergence. The P contents in leaves of CK and NK treatments decreased significantly as well. At 149 days after emergence, CK significantly reduced the N content in grains. The treatments of CK, PK, and NP increased the amylose contents in grains, while decreased the amylopectin content, resulting in an increased amylose/amylopectin ratio accordingly. The protein content in applying N fertilizer treatments of NPK, NP and NK was significantly higher than that of CK and PK . The grain protein content in NPK treatment was 73.9% and 40.3 % , more than that in CK and PK treatments respectively. The grain tannin content of NPK treatment was the highest among treatments. The tannin content of NPK treatment increased by 15.6% and 22.7% respectively, compared with that of CK and PK treatments. These results demonstrated that no N application or no fertilization significantly reduces the growth, dry matte accumulation, grain yield, N and P uptake, and the concentrations of amylase, protein and tannin in grains of grain sorghum. The effect of no N application or no fertilization on sorghum is significantly greater than that of no P or K application. Balanced fertilization with N, P and K is beneficial to increase grain yield and improve grain quality of grain sorghum.

基于 2011 — 2012 年在山西省农业科学院东阳农业试验基地的大田定位试验， 2013 年在高粱 / 玉米轮作体系下，以晋杂 23 高粱 [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ] 为试料，设置 NPK 、 PK 、 NK 、 NP 和 CK ( 不施肥 ) 5 个施肥处理，每个处理 3 次重复，采用随机区组排列 ，研究土壤养分耗竭条件下氮磷钾肥对粒用高粱生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响。结果表明，出苗后 76 d ， NPK 、 PK 、 NK 和 NP 处 理最大叶叶面积分别比 CK 增加 18.7% 、 4.1% 、 17.9% 和 16.6% ，单株总功能叶面积分别比 CK 处理增加 54.1% 、 18.4% 、 47.4% 和 48.2% ；整个生育期施肥处理对叶片生物量有显著影响。自出苗后 121 d ，各施肥处理对茎干物质累积具有显著影响。 NPK 、 PK 、 NK 和 NP 处理籽粒产量分别比 CK 增加了 93.8% 、 35.5% 、 91.2% 和 7 8.1% 。自出苗后 100 d ， CK 和 PK 处理叶片中的 N 含量显著低于 NPK 、 NK 和 NP 处理，此时 CK 和 NK 处理显著降低了叶片中 P 含量。在收获期， CK 处理显著降低了籽粒中 N 含量。 CK 、 PK 和 NP 处理提高了直链淀粉含量，而支链淀粉含量下降，导致直链 / 支链比值相应增加。施氮肥处理 ( NPK 、 NP 、 NK ) 的籽粒蛋白质含量明显高于 CK 和 PK 处理； NPK 处理分别提高了 73.9% 和 40.3 % 。 NPK 处理籽粒单宁含量比 CK 和 PK 处理分别提高 15.6% 和 22.7% 。研究表明，不施肥和不施氮肥显著降低了粒用高粱植株生长、干物质积累、籽粒产量、氮磷养分吸收以及籽粒中支链淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量，不施肥和不施氮对高粱的影响明显大于不施磷或不施钾，平衡施肥有利于粒用高粱产量的提高和品质的改善。

建立基于光谱特征参量的新温185号（Juglans regia 'Xinwen185'）核桃叶片氮素含量估测模型，旨在为快速监测新温185号核桃叶片N素营养状况提供技术途径。基于肥料效应田间试验，测定N肥不同施用量水平下新温185号核桃果实坐果期、速生生长期、脂化期和近成熟期的叶片光谱反射率和N素含量，采用Pearson相关分析方法筛选与叶片N素含量呈极显著相关的光谱特征参量，并应用回归分析方法建立叶片N素含量光谱特征参量估测模型。结果表明：与叶片N素含量呈极显著相关（P＜0.01）的光谱特征参量在果实坐果期有绿峰反射率和红色比值指数，在果实速生生长期有黄边位置、红谷反射率和绿色比值指数、红色比值指数、绿色归一化差值指数、红色归一化差值指数，在果实脂化期有绿峰反射率和红色比值指数，在果实近成熟期有绿峰反射率、黄边幅值和红边面积。分别以绿峰反射率、黄边位置、红色比值指数和黄边幅值为自变量采用三次函数建立的果实坐果期、速生生长期、脂化期和近成熟期叶片N素含量回归估测模型的拟合度R2均在0.99以上，且模型具有很好的稳定性和很高的估测精度。表明可采用三次函数建立果实不同生育时期叶片N素含量光谱特征参量估测模型对新温185号核桃树体N素营养水平进行监测。光谱技术在核桃树体N素营养信息探测方面有较大的应用潜力。

为了给辣椒精准施肥及其高产、优质、高效生产提供依据,分析了2个辣椒品种在不同施氮水平下地上部分的全氮含量及其与冠层光谱反射率和叶绿素含量(SPAD)之间的相关性。结果表明:植株全氮含量在适量施氮处理下达最大值,随着施氮量的增加,叶片全氮含量与叶片SPAD呈极显著相关且相关性减小;冠层光谱反射率在760~1 350nm能较准确地反映地上部分全氮含量和叶片全氮含量,说明通过光谱测定能及时监测辣椒的氮素状况,这为利用作物全氮含量计算施氮量提供了廉价、快速、实时的作物含氮量信息。

The objectives of this study were to analyze the relationships between canopy leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) and leaf spectral reflectance characteristics of different leaf positions, and to establish useful method for nondestructive and quick assessment of canopy LNC in rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Four field experiments were conducted with different N rates and rice cultivars across three growing seasons at different eco-sites, and time-course measurements were taken on leaf hyperspectral reflectance of 350–2 500 nm and LNC at different leaf positions over growth stages. Quantitative relationships and monitoring models of canopy LNC to leaf hyperspectral indices were established by extracting sensitive bands and developing proper spectral indices. The results indicated that the performance of leaf hyperspectral indices were different with varied leaf positions for monitoring canopy LNC, the best single leaf position was the second leaf from the top (L 2 ), the third leaf from the top followed (L 3 ), and the averaged spectra of L 2 and L 3 (L 23 ) was the optimum leaf spectra combination which contributed to improving the sensitivity to canopy LNC. The simple ratio spectral indices (SR [R λ1 , R λ2 ]) combined green reflectance around 560 nm and red-edge reflectance around 705 nm to near infrared region (NIR) could effectively estimate canopy LNC in rice. New green and red-edge narrow band SRs as SR (R 780 , R 580 ) and SR (R 780 , R 704 ) performed the best, with the coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) respectively as 0.887 and 0.884, and RMSE respectively as 0.216 and 0.235. When the widths of green, red-edge and NIR bands were expanded to 100, 20, and 10 nm respectively, the newly developed broad band SRs as SR [AR (750–850) , AR (568–588) ] and SR [AR (750–850) , AR (699–709) ] were also closely related to canopy LNC, with the coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) respectively as 0.886 and 0.883, and RMSE respectively as 0.218 and 0.237 at L 23 level.

通过测定叶片高光谱来快速估测整个水稻叶层全氮含量对于水稻氮素诊断有重要意义。本文通过连续3年不同施氮水平和不同品种类型的4个大田试验，分生育期同步测定了不同叶位叶片的高光谱反射率及叶层全氮含量，并系统分析了叶片水平多种高光谱指数与水稻叶层全氮含量的定量关系。结果表明，不同叶位叶片的光谱反射率与叶层全氮含量的相关程度不同，顶二叶(L 2 )表现最好、顶三叶(L 3 )次之，而L 2 和L 3 的平均光谱(L 23 )有助于进一步提高光谱指数的敏感性，是估测叶层氮含量的适宜叶位组合。绿光560 nm和红边705 nm波段附近光谱反射率与叶层全氮含量呈极显著负相关关系，两者分别与近红外波段组合而成的光谱比值指数可较好地监测水稻叶层全氮含量，其中绿光、红边窄波段比值指数SR(R 780 , R 580 )和SR(R 780 , R 704 )表现较好，与叶层全氮含量的决定系数分别为0.887和0.884；独立试验数据检验的RMSE分别为0.216和0.235。将上述2个窄波段比值指数中的近红外、绿光波段和红边波段宽度分别扩展至100、20和10 nm，从而构建的宽波段比值指数SR[AR (750-850) , AR (568-588) ]和SR[AR (750-850) , AR (699-709) ]与叶层全氮含量相关性仍具有较高水平，线性回归模型的拟合精度( R 2 )为0.886和0.883，检验RMSE值分别为0.218和0.237。从而在叶片水平，确立了适于叶层全氮含量估测的基于绿光、红边与近红外波段的比值组合和波段适宜宽度。

Labeled 15N ammonium sulfate was used as nitrogen source to study the effects of nitrogen nutrition levels on soybean (cultivar Dongnong 47) N-accumulation and yields using the sand culture. The results show that the crop N-accumulation and yields are increased earlier and decreased later as the exogenous-N levels are gradually increased, and the crop N-accumulation and yield are the highest when the nitrogen concentration is 50 mg/L. Applying N fertilizer during the R4 and R5 periods could increase the crop N-accumulation and yield significantly. Soybean growth and development needs “startup-N”, and the best effect of the “startup-N” on the soybean N-accumulation is until the V3 period. Proportion of soybean absorption of exogenous-N is increased when enhancing the application level of the exogenous-N, while proportion of nodulation-N is decreased. The accumulation of the exogenous-N and accumulation of nodulation-N are increased earlier, and decreased later. The accumulation of exogenous-N is the main source when the nitrogen concentration is 100 mg/L, while the accumulation of nodulation-N is the main source when the nitrogen concentration is 50 mg/L. The accumulation of exogenous-N and accumulation of nodulation-N are increased apparently when continuously using “startup-N” until the V3 period. The exogenous-N absorption is increased apparently when high level of exogenous-N is applied during the R4 and R5 periods.

以“东农47”为试材，采用 15 N 标记的 (NH4)2SO4作为氮源，利用砂培方式研究了氮素营养水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响。结果表明，随外源氮水平增加，大豆植株氮素积累量和产量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势，当营养液氮浓度为50 mg/L时，植株氮素积累量和子粒产量最大。在 R4和 R5 期补充氮肥的供给明显增加植株对氮的积累，并能显著提高大豆产量。大豆生长需要一定量的“启动氮”，“启动氮”的作用维持到V3期对大豆氮的积累和产量形成效果最好。随外源氮水平增加，大豆吸收外源氮的比例增加，根瘤固氮所占比例降低，外源氮和根瘤固氮积累量随外源氮水平增加呈先增加后降低的变化趋势。当氮浓度为100 mg/L时，有利于植株对外源氮的吸收，当氮浓度为50 mg/L时，有利于根瘤固氮的积累，“启动氮”的作用维持到V3期根瘤固氮的积累明显增加； 在R4和R5期补充外源氮的供给可以显著增加对外源氮利用，以R5期效果最好。

【目的】研究不同行距的玉豆间 距带状套作组合对大豆冠层结构特征与光能利用的影响,为制定适宜的群体配置提供理论依据。【方法】以四川省主推玉米和大豆品种"川单418"和"贡选1 号"为试材,设计(A)玉豆间距40 cm(大豆窄行行距70 cm)、(B)玉豆间距50 cm(大豆窄行行距50 cm)、(C)玉豆间距60 cm(大豆窄行行距30 cm)3种玉豆带状套作组合,并以单作玉米(SM)和单作大豆(SSB)作为对照,对带状套作大豆冠层结构、光能截获量、干物质重等指标进行测定分析。 【结果】(1)不同带状套作大豆群体冠层上方的PAR存在显著差异,且均显著低于SSB(P0.05)。玉豆共生期间,处理A大豆群体冠层上方的PAR与 处理B和C相比,分别低44.1%和60.4%。这说明由于处理A缩短了玉豆间距,加剧了玉米对大豆的遮荫程度,从而降低了大豆群体可利用的有限光照资 源。(2)不同带状套作大豆群体的LAI、叶倾角和株高均呈现显著差异(P0.05),在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理B比处理C和处理A的LAI分别提 高了16.4%、13.1%、12%和30.3%、32.2%、29.3%。叶倾角比处理C和处理A分别提高了15%、16%、14%和34%、31%、 26%。株高比处理C和处理A分别减低了7%、8.8%、7.9%和13.5%、16.7%、14.8%。说明适宜的玉豆间距可以提高套作大豆的LAI, 调整更加合理的叶倾角和株高,优化植株形态特征,实现光能在大豆群体内的均匀分布,有利于提高大豆的光能利用效率。(3)不同带状套作大豆光能截获量呈现 显著差异(P0.05)。在大豆V5、V7和R1期间,处理A与处理B相比光能截获量分别降低了43%、22%和33%,处理C与处理B相比则分别降低了 21%、10%和17%,LAI与光能截获量存在显著的正相关关系(0.977**),说明在玉豆间距为50 cm时增加了大豆群体的LAI,从而提高了光能截获量。(4)不同带状套作大豆光能利用率呈现显著差异(P0.05)。在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理B 与处理C相比光能利用率分别提高了8.6%、7.0%和5.8%,处理B与处理A相比则分别提高了40%、23%和13%。(5)不同带状套作大豆群体的 干物质重均显著低于SSB,且处理间呈显著性差异(P0.05)。在大豆V5、V7和R1期,处理A与处理B相比分别降低了59%、36%和41%,处理 C与处理B相比则分别降低了27%、16%和22%,DMW与光能截获量存在显著的正相关关系(0.989**),说明在玉豆间距为50 cm时增加了大豆群体的光能截获量,从而提高了大豆群体干物质的积累。(6)不同带状套作大豆群体产量及总产量存在显著性差异(P0.05)。其中处理B 的大豆产量分别比处理C和处理A提高了10%和27%,总产量比处理C和处理A提高了1%和3%。说明随着玉豆间距的缩短,大豆弱光胁迫程度的增加,大豆 产量呈下降趋势。【结论】本试验条件下,以玉豆间距为50 cm的玉豆带状套作种植模式可以优化大豆群体冠层结构、提高光能利用率和产量。

研究了2种光照环境（自然光和近50％遮光）和2种供氮水平（260kg／hm^2和130kg／hm^2）对玉米气孔特征的影响。自然光下的气孔开度（SA）、气孔长度（SL）、气孔导度（GS）的均值均比遮光条件下的高，而气孔总长度（STL）、气孔频度（SF）无此变化规律。高氮供应下的SA，SF，GS比低氮供应的小，而SL则比低氮供应的大。经方差分析，光照环境、氮素供应2个因素均分别对SA，SL，SF，STL，GS有显著或极显著影响（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），且两因素的交互作用对SA，SF，STL影响也达显著水平。相关分析表明，SL与SF呈显著负相关，SF与STL，SA与GS，SF与GS均呈显著正相关。

地物的光谱特征研究是现代遥感技术的重要组成部分,野外地物波谱测量对航天航空传感器定标、遥感数据解译、遥感应用潜力研究都具有重要意义.在野外采集准确的地物波谱需要熟悉光照条件、大气特性和稳定性、仪器视场角、观测和光线照射的几何角度、仪器扫描速度以及目标的时空变化等各种因素对测量结果的影响.该文从实践角度探讨了地物波谱测量的原理以及各种外界因素对地物光谱测量的影响.

在大田高产栽培条件下,以大穗型小麦品种'兰考矮早八'和多穗型品种'豫麦49-198'为材料,研究了4个施氮水平下2种穗型冬小麦品种的籽粒产量、氮素吸收和氮肥利用效率.结果显示:随着施氮水平的提高,2种穗型小麦植株地上部生物量(返青期、拔节期除外)、籽粒产量和籽粒蛋白质产量均呈先增加后降低的趋势并都显著高于对照(不施氮),且均以180 kg·hm-2施氮处理最高,而2品种小麦各生育期植株氮素积累量和成熟期籽粒蛋白质含量却逐渐增加,且大都显著高于对照;2品种小麦的氮肥利用率、土壤氮贡献率以及氮收获指数均表现出180 kg·hm-2＞90 kg·hm-2＞360 kg·hm-2的趋势,且不同氮肥处理间均存在极显著差异(P＜0.01).研究表明,2种穗型冬小麦品种在试验条件下施用纯氮180 kg·hm-2可获得较高籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氮收获指数.

The study on the effects of N application rate on the N utilization, yield and quality of mono- and inter-cropped spring- and summer-sown maize showed that under both of the cropping systems, the N uptake, grain yield, dry matter accumulation, and grain protein yield of spring- and summer-sown maize were increased with increasing N application rate. Due to the same demand of N nutrition, there was a competition between spring- and summer-sown maize in inter-cropping system, especially under low level N application. Spring-sown maize was of superiority in inter-cropping system, but its N uptake was still less than that in mono-cropping system. The competition could be offset by increasing N application. When N application increased from 187.5 kg·hm -2 to 375 kg·hm -2 , the average increment of dry matter yield of mono-cropped spring- and summer-sown maize was 1.717 kg·kg -1 N, while that of inter-cropped spring- and summer-sown maize was 12.179 kg·kg -1 N. The average increment of protein yield of mono- and inter-cropped spring- and summer-sown maize was 0.305 kg·kg -1 N and 1.829 kg·kg -1 N, respectively, with the land equivalent ratio increased from 1.59 to 1.91. Com- pared with mono-cropping, inter-cropping spring- and summer-sown maize could get higher yield and higher quality, and this effect was increased with increasing N application rate.

研究了不同施氮量对套作和单作条件下春、夏玉米氮利用以及产量和品质的影响. 结果表明，随着施氮量的增加，单作和套作条件下，春、夏玉米吸氮量显著增加，籽粒产量、生物产量和籽粒蛋白质产量也显著增加.由于春、夏玉米需求的养分种类与形态一致，低氮条件时竞争较激烈，春玉米处于优势地位，但其吸氮量仍低于单作.增加施氮量可以缓解这种竞争，利于玉米的高产优质.施氮量由187.5 kg·hm -2 增至375 kg·hm -2 时，春、夏玉米单作时生物产量平均增加1.717 kg·kg -1 N，而套作时平均增加12.179 kg·kg -1 N；春、夏玉米单作时蛋白质产量平均增加0.305 kg·kg -1 N，而套作时平均增加1.829 kg·kg -1 N；春夏玉米套作的土地当量比由1.59增加到1.91.与单作相比，春夏玉米套作可显著提高玉米产量和改善品质，增施氮肥有利于套作条件下玉米高产优质潜力的充分发挥.

在“玉米－大豆”套作模式下，以贡选１号为材料，研究了施氮量对套作大豆花后光合特性、干物质积累量及产量的影响。结果表明，花后Ｃｈｌａ含量、Ｃｈｌａ／ｂ值、净光合速率、叶、叶柄、茎和荚的干重以及地上部干物质积累总量均以低氮处理（纯氮３２．４ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ ）最优，其次为中氮处理（纯氮６４．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ ）。套作大豆的产量和有效荚数均以低氮处理最高，分别较对照（不施氮）高１８．２２％ 和１７．３７％，差异极显著；其次为中氮处理，与对照差异显著；高氮处理（纯氮９７．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ ）则显著低于对照，这是由于经高氮处理的大豆植株花后叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）过高，影响通风透光，落花落荚严重所致。可见，合理施用氮肥（纯氮３２．４，６４．８ｋｇ／ｈｍ ２ ）能提高套作大豆花后叶片的净光合速率，地上部干物质积累量，进而提高大豆产量。

Maize-soybean strip relay intercropping pattern is widely adopted in Southeast China. Whereas the traditional fertilized measures used by farmers are not good for high yield of soybean. In order to get high yield for both maize and soybean in this system, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of reduced N application on photosynthetic characteristics and dry matter accumulation of soybean, and the system crop yield. The experiment included three planting patterns (maize monocropping, soybean monocropping and maize-soybean relay strip intercropping) and three rates of N fertilizer application (0, 180, 240 kg ha –1 ). The results demonstrated that, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( G s ), stomatal conductance ( C i ), photosynthetic capacity ( T r ), dry matter accumulation of soybean increased initially and then decreased in the later stage. Compared with soybean monocropping, the P n , G s , and T r of intercropped soybean decreased significantly in the intergrowth stage (V5), but had no significant differences at R2, R4, and R6 stages. Although the below-ground, above-ground and total dry matter accumulation of soybean significantly decreased during the whole growth period, the crop growth rate from R4 to R6 stages and economic coefficient significantly increased. In the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system, N application significantly enhanced the P n , G s , T r , dry matter accumulation, pod number per plant, and grain yield of soybean. Compared with the conventional N application (240 N kg ha –1 ), P n of soybean under the reduced amount of N application (180 N kg ha –1 ) increased by 3.57% and 11.82% at R4 and R6 stages, respectively. Furthermore, the total dry matter accumulation increased by 5.06% and 10.21% at R6 and R8 stages, and pod number per plant and grain yield increased by 8.30% and 10.15%, respectively. Finally, the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system possessed the highest yield under the N application rate of 180 N kg·ha –1 , with the economic coefficient and land equivalent ratio (LER) of 0.49 and 2.17, respectively. Taken together, the reduced N application in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system can increase the yield of soybean and whole the system through improving soybean photosynthetic characteristics and enhancing dry matter accumulation.

通过田间试验，研究了种植模式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg hm –2 )对作物产量和大豆光合特性、干物质积累的影响。结果表明，大豆叶片 P n 、 G s 、 C i 、 T r 和植株干物质积累量随生育时期的推移呈先增加后降低的趋势。与单作相比，套作处理大豆的 P n 、 G s 、 T r 在V5期(玉米大豆共生期)显著降低，但在R2、R4、R6期(玉米收获后)无显著差异，地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量在各生育时期呈降低趋势，R4~R6期的作物生长率和经济系数则显著提高。玉米-大豆套作体系下，施氮显著提高了大豆花后叶片 P n 、 G s 、 T r 和植株地下部、地上部及总干物质积累量，增加了大豆单株荚数和产量， 与习惯施氮 (240 N kg hm –2 )相比，减量施氮处理(180 N kg hm –2 )大豆的 P n 在R4、R6期提高了3.57%、11.82%，总干物质积累量在R6、R8期提高了5.06%、10.21%，单株荚数、产量提高了8.30%、10.15%。 减量施氮处理下，玉米-大豆套作系统的总产量最高，总经济系数为0.49，LER达2.17。玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高大豆光合特性和干物质积累，提高大豆产量和玉米-大豆套作系统总产。

采用框栽的培养方法,设置同一氮肥水平,按不同生育时期施用,对大豆植株生长过程中根瘤固氮酶活性动态变化进行研究.结果表明,减少基肥的施用可以降低对根瘤生长的抑制作用,使得固氮酶活性峰期后移.延缓后期大豆根系及根瘤的衰退,促进生长后期养分积累及干物质积累,促进成荚、鼓粒,产量比一次性施肥有所提高.鼓粒初期追施氮肥较一次性施用氮肥产量提高3.33%,在花期和鼓粒期追肥及荚期追肥增产效果不显著.

The accurate, rapid and timely monitoring and diagnosis of maize nitrogen (N) nutrition is the base of the reasonable application of N fertilizer. By using the method of potted plant experiment to precisely control the supply of N, the sensitive spectral band and diagnosis model of three kinds of maize (hybrid) for leaf N concentration (LNC) monitoring and their variety difference were studied. The results show that: 1) There is variety difference in correlation between the LNC and the leaf spectrum reflectance within the range of 350-2 500 nm, but it presents significant negative correlation at F=0.01 between 500-649 nm and 691-730 nm for all the three varieties (hybrid), and gets the highest correlation coefficient at the same wavelength. All of those show that an unified spectral band can be used to diagnose LNC in different varieties. 2) The quantitative equations of different varieties are established between maize LNC and normalized difference spectral index (NDSI) or ratio spectral index (RSI). The fitting degree is the best based on NDSI (714, 554) and RSI (714, 554) and is significantly at F=0.01 for the linear and exponential equations, so the derived regression models can be reliably used for estimating LNC in maize. 3) The deviation of estimation for maize LNC is the lowest when using the regression model derived from the same variety, but the deviation increases when using a model derived from multi-varieties or other variety. The maximum deviation of up or down estimation are 35.6% and 32.7%, respectively. The variety difference should be taken account, when using hyperspectral technique to diagnose the maize plant N status in researches and applications.

准确、快速、及时地对玉米氮营养状况做出判断是氮肥合理施用的基础。该研究在水培条件下对3个玉米品种（组合）叶片氮含量（LNC）的高光谱敏感波段、估算模型及其品种差异进行了探讨。结果表明，LNC与不同波段叶片光谱反射率的相关性存在品种差异，但3个品种（组合）都在500～649 nm和691～730 nm表现极显著的负相关关系，并在同一波长获得最高的相关系数，说明可以利用统一的波段来预测不同品种的LNC。依品种建立了LNC与归一化差值光谱指数（NDSI）或比值光谱指数（RSI）的定量关系模型，NDSI（714，554）和RSI（714，554）所建模型的拟合度最好，直线和指数模型拟合度均达到极显著水平，可以用来估算玉米LNC。玉米LNC估算中，以该品种数据所建模型的估算偏差最低，利用综合模型或其他品种模型则加大了估算偏差，高估与低估的最高偏差分别为35.6%和32.7%。在利用高光谱技术进行玉米氮营养状况诊断的研究及应用中，应考虑品种间差异。

Three field experiments were conducted with different nitrogen application rates and wheat cultivars across three growing seasons, and time-course measurements were taken on canopy spectral reflectance, leaf dry weight and leaf nitrogen concentration under the various treatments. The primary objective of this study was to explore the optimum red edge characteristics parameters and quantitative models for estimating leaf nitrogen accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results showed that the first derivative of the reflectance spectra changes regularly with increasing N rates in red edge region, and canopy spectral reflectance changes complexly. The analyses on relationships between the vegetable indices reported to leaf N accumulation indicated that red edge spectral parameters related most significantly to leaf N accumulation, differed among red edge spectral parameters. An integrated linear regression equation of leaf N accumulation to GM2, SR705 and FD742 described the dynamic pattern of change in leaf N accumulation in wheat, giving the determination of coefficients（R2）as 0.854, 0.848 and 0.873, respectively, and the standard errors (SE) as 1.136, 1.160 and 1.059, respectively. The two peak spectral parameters in red edge region were constructed on analysis of red edge characteristics, and differential vegetation index of two peak in red edge region LSDr_REPLE was highly correlated with leaf N accumulation with 0.868 of R2 and 1.080 of SE. When independent data were fit to the derived equations, the average relative error (RE) values as 17.6%, 17.0%, 14.9% and 14.5% between measured and estimated N accumulation using spectral parameters GM2, SR705, FD742 and LSDr_REPLE, respectively, indicating a good fit and better in LSDr_REPLE. The result indicated that those models could be used to reliably estimate the leaf N states in wheat, and especially LSDr_REPLE of new extracted parameters could indicate further steadily dynamic changes in leaf N accumulation.

以不同类型小麦品种在氮素差异梯度下连续3 a田间试验为基础，在关键生育时期同步测定冠层光谱反射率、叶片干物质量及氮含量，探索建立小麦叶片氮素状况估算的新型红边参数及监测模型。结果表明，冠层微分光谱在红边区域内随氮素水平提高呈明显规律性变化，而原始光谱反射率的变化却较为复杂。与叶片氮积累量关系密切的常见红边参数间存在差异，其中，以GM2、SR705和FD742表现最突出，线性回归模型拟合精度（R2）分别为0.854、0.848和0.873，估计标准误差（SE）分别为1.136、1.160和1.059。基于红边双峰特征分析，构建新型红边双峰特征参数，其中，红边左偏峰面积LSDr_REPLE对叶片氮积累量方程拟合取得很好效果，决定系数和估计标准误差分别为0.869和1.080。经不同年际独立数据的检验表明，以GM2、SR705和FD742为变量，模型预测平均相对误差（RE）分别为17.6%、17.0%和14.9%，而红边左偏峰面积LSDr_REPLE模型预测误差控制得更好，平均相对误差RE为14.5%。以上表明，红边参数GM2、SR705和FD742可以对小麦叶片氮素状况进行有效监测，而红边左偏峰面积LSDr_REPLE模型预测更为准确可靠。

【Objective】 Intercropping, an agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time, is an old and commonly used cropping practice which aims to match efficiently crop demands for the available growth resources and labor. Cereal and legume intercropping, as one of the multiple cropping systems, has played a very important role in China. However, because of the different canopies between maize and soybean which influences the PAR distribution within relay strip intercropping system, and it not only decreases the light interception but also bad to development of the intercropped soybean, thus resulting in limited photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped soybean which restricts the productivity of maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. Therefore, there is a need for exploration of an optimum spatial-temporal configuration management for this system based on competition so that light resources requirement of soybean can be realized in this system. 【Method】 An experiment with soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivar Gongxuan1 and maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Denghai 605, Chuandan 418 and Yayu 13 was conducted. The relay strip intercropping systems were designed as soybean intercropping with Denghai 605 (A), Chuandan 418 (B) and Yayu13 (C), and soybean monoculture was used as control (CK). Distribution characteristics of light, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of soybean were studied in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping systems in order to optimize the reasonable group configuration. 【Result】 The PAR density and transmittance varied considerably by different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, and lower than CK significantly (P＜0.05). During the co-growth stage of maize and soybean, the PAR density occurred in treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 54.4% and 90.7%, respectively. The transmittance occurred in treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 7.4% and 17.7% significantly. This means that the configuration of Denghai 605+Gongxuan 1 could improve the PAR density and transmittance in relay strip intercropping system. The Pn, Gs and Ci of intercropped soybean varied considerably in different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. The Pn of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C significantly. Treatments B and C was lower than that in treatment A by 14.16% and 27.23%, Gs of treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 14.6% and 40.4%. The Ci in treatment A was higher than that in treatments B and C by 8.5% and 16.9%. A positive correlation of Pn and Gs was significantly (0.883**), which means that Gs might be the main factor due to the Pn decreased. The contents of Chla, Chlb and Chl(a+b) of intercropped soybean were improved by different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems, and the ratio of Chla/b decreased significantly. During the stages of V3, V5 and R1, the content of Chla of treatment C was higher than that in treatments A and B by 5.42%, 10.2%, 5.9% and 3.08%, 4.9%, 3.3%. The content of Chlb of treatment C was higher than that in treatments A and B by 14.4%, 14.9%, 11.73% and 7.8%, 7%, 5.74%. The content of Chl(a+b) of treatment C was higher than that in treatments A and B by 7.27%, 11.1%, 7% and 4.08%, 5.35%, 3.8%, respectively. However, the changing trend of the Chla/b was inverse. The photosynthetic pigment of soybean in different maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems increased because of the influence of intensified low light, and it is not only beneficial to capture more light but also have a compassion for the low light stress so as to with improve the light use efficiency. The LAI and dry matter weight of soybean in all intercropping systems were lower than monoculture significantly (P<0.05), and varied considerably in different maize and soybean relay strip intercropping systems. This study shown that the LAI of treatments A was higher than treatments B and C, the treatment C was the lowest, and the dry matter weight of treatments B and C was lower than that in treatment A by 35.4% and 57.1%. A positive correlation of LAI and dry matter weight was significantly (0.977**). The results indicate that the compact maize decreased the effect of low light stress on soybean, and increased the LAI and light interception of intercropped soybean and resulted in the improvement of dry matter weight. The yield and yield component of soybean were varied considerably in all of the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping systems. This study shown that the Pods per plant of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 11.28% and 32.75%, the seeds per plant of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 5.19% and 13.34%, the seeds per pod of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 6.4% and 22.5%, Seeds weight per plant of treatment A was higher than treatments B and C by 2.16% and 6.22%. This means that the yield of intercropped soybean decreased as influenced by the intensified low light stress. 【Conclusion】 Suitable plant type configuration could improve radically light conditions, photosynthetic efficiency and yield of relay strip intercropping soybean.

【目的】发展间种套作大豆是有效解决粮食供需矛盾的重要途径。本文旨在通过优化群体配置，改善群体光分布特征，实现大豆对有效光能的高效利用，为套作大豆高产栽培及群体结构的优化设计提供理论依据和技术途径。【方法】本研究于2011年和2012年，以不同株型玉米杂交种和大豆品种贡选1号为试材，设计登海605/贡选1号（处理A）、川单418/贡选1号（处理B）、雅玉13/贡选1号（处理C）3种玉豆带状套作组合，并以大豆单作作为对照（CK），分析不同玉豆带状套作组合PAR分布特征对大豆光合特性和产量的影响。【结果】（1）不同玉豆带状套作组合的PAR和透光率存在显著差异，且均显著低于CK（P＜0.05）。玉豆共生期间，处理A的PAR分别比处理B和处理C高54.4%和90.7%。处理A的透光率分别比处理B和处理C高7.4%和17.7%。处理A的PAR和透光率均显著高于处理B和处理C。这说明登海605/贡选1号的带状套作组合，能够提高套作系统的光合有效辐射强度和透光率。（2）不同玉豆带状套作组合下，处理A大豆叶片Pn显著高于处理B和处理C (P＜0.05），处理B和处理C大豆的Pn与处理A相比分别低了14.16%和27.23%。Gs和Ci与Pn变化趋势相同，Pn与Gs存在显著的正相关关系（0.883**），说明气孔限制可能是Pn下降的主要原因。（3）不同玉豆带状套作组合显著提高了大豆叶片的Chla、Chlb、Chl(a+b)含量，降低了Chla/b比值，且均呈显著差异（P<0.05）。在V3、V5和R1期时，处理C大豆叶片Chla含量比处理A和B相比分别高5.42%、10.2%、5.9%和3.08%、4.9%、3.3%。处理C下大豆的Chlb含量比处理A和处理B分别高14.4%、14.9%，11.73%和7.8%、7%和5.74%。处理C大豆叶片Chl(a+b)的含量比处理A和处理B分别高7.27%，11.1%，7%和4.08%，5.35%，3.8%。处理间Chla/b与其呈相反的变化趋势。不同套作组合大豆叶片的叶绿素含量随着遮阴程度的增加而增加，使叶片更有效的捕获有限的光能，对光强降低有一定的补偿作用，增加对有限光能的利用。（4）不同玉豆带状套作组合大豆叶面积指数和干物质重且均显著低于CK。且处理间呈显著性差异(P＜0.05），玉豆共生期间，不同玉豆带状套作组合大豆的LAI表现为处理A＞处理B＞处理C，且处理B和处理C的干物质重分别比处理A低35.4%和57.1%，LAI与干物质重存在显著的正相关关系 （0.977**），说明紧凑型玉米削弱了对大豆弱光胁迫的程度，增加了LAI和光能截获量，从而提高了套作大豆群体的物质积累。（5）不同玉豆带状套作组合下，大豆产量及产量构成因素存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。处理A的单株荚数比处理B和处理C高11.28%和32.75%，单株粒数高5.19%和13.34%，每荚粒数高6.4%和22.5%，单株粒重高2.16%和6.22%。不同处理间大豆产量以处理A的产量最高，且分别比处理B和处理C高13.13%和35.6%，说明随着玉米对大豆弱光胁迫程度的加剧，大豆产量呈现降低趋势。【结论】适宜的株型配置可以改善套作大豆生长的光照环境、提高其光合效率和产量。