秸秆还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响

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白伟, 张立祯, 逄焕成, 孙占祥, 牛世伟, 蔡倩, 安景文. 秸秆还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响. 作物学报, 2017, 43(12): 1845-1855
BAI Wei, ZHANG Li-Zhen, PANG Huan-Cheng, SUN Zhan-Xiang, NIU Shi-Wei, CAI Qian, AN Jing-Wen. Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Performance and Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2017, 43(12): 1845-1855 复制到剪切板

DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.01845
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作物学报编辑部

秸秆还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响

白伟¹, 张立祯², 逄焕成³, 孙占祥¹, 牛世伟⁴, 蔡倩¹, 安景文^4,^*

¹辽宁省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所, 辽宁沈阳110161

²中国农业大学资源与环境学院农业气象系, 北京100193

³中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所, 北京100081

⁴辽宁省农业科学院植物营养与环境研究所, 辽宁沈阳110161

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 安景文, E-mail: jingwenan@126.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: libai200008@126.com

收稿日期:2016-11-22 接受日期:2017-09-10 网络出版日期:2017-09-28

基金:本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研项目(201303130), 国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300204)和辽宁省“百千万人才工程”项目(201746)资助

摘要

秸秆还田配施氮肥是解决旱作农田“耕层变浅”、“土壤紧实”、“有效耕层土壤减少”问题的重要措施之一, 在旱作农业生产中具有重要意义。为探明秸秆深翻还田配施氮肥对东北春玉米光合性能和产量的影响, 本研究于2014—2015年在辽宁铁岭设置S0F0 (秸秆0 kg hm^-2+纯NPK 0 kg hm^-2)、SN0 (秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 0 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2)、SN1 (秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2)、S0N2 (秸秆0 kg hm^-2+纯N 225 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2, 当地传统种植方式, CK)、SN2 (秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 225 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2)、SN3 (秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 337.5 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2) 6个处理开展了研究。结果表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米籽粒产量和生物产量影响显著, 秸秆还田9000 kg hm^-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm^-2处理的籽粒产量最高, 比秸秆不还田和施氮量225 kg hm^-2处理(CK) 2年平均增产6.33%, 增产的主要原因是百粒重和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低; 玉米籽粒产量并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加; 相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均群体生物产量增加2.95%。秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加春玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积, 提高叶绿素含量和光合作用, 相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田处理2年平均灌浆期叶面积增加2.71%, 光合速率提高4.80%。综合分析认为, 秸秆还田9000 kg hm^-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm^-2是辽北棕壤区春玉米生产比较理想的还田和施肥模式, 在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。

关键词: 秸秆还田; 施氮量; 春玉米; 产量; 光合性能

Effects of Straw Returning Combined with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Photosynthetic Performance and Yield of Spring Maize in Northeast China

BAI Wei¹, ZHANG Li-Zhen², PANG Huan-Cheng³, SUN Zhan-Xiang¹, NIU Shi-Wei⁴, CAI Qian¹, AN Jing-Wen^4,^*

¹Tillage and Cultivation Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China

²Agricultural Meteorology Department, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

³Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

⁴Institute of Plant Nutrition and the Environment, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China

Fund:This study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201303130), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300204), and “Liaoning Bai-Qian-Wan Talent” Program (201746)

Abstract

Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important measures to solve the problems of plough role getting shallow and solid with reduced effective soil, having a vital significance in dryland agriculture production. In the present study, a field experiment was conducted at Tieling city of Liaoning province in 2014-2015 with six treatments(0 kg ha^-1 of straw plus 0 kg ha^-1 of pure NPK, S0F0; 9000 kg ha^-1 of straw plus 0 kg ha^-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^-1 of pure P, and 90 kg ha^-1 of pure K, SN0; 9000 kg ha^-1 of straw, 112.5 kg ha^-1 of pure N plus 112.5 kg ha^-1 of pure P, and 90 kg ha^-1 of pure K, SN1; 0 kg ha^-1 of straw plus 225 kg ha^-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^-1 of pure P, 90 kg ha^-1 of pure K, S0N2; 9000 kg ha^-1 of straw plus 225 kg ha^-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^-1 of pure P, 90 kg ha^-1 of pure K, SN2; 9000 kg ha^-1 of straw plus 337.5 kg ha^-1 of pure N, 112.5 kg ha^-1 of pure P, 90 kg ha^-1 of pure K, SN3). The yield of straw 9000 kg ha^-1 plus nitrogen 225 kg ha^-1 treatment was the highest, with an average increase of 6.33% in two years, and compared with no straw returning plus nitrogen 225 kg ha^-1 treatment which was mainly due to the significant increase of weight of 100-kernel and number of kernels per row and the decrease of bare top length. The yield did not increase with the increase of nitrogen application rates. Under the same nitrogen application rate, the average population biomass of straw returning treatment was increased by 2.95% compared with no straw returning. Straw returning plus nitrogen fertilizer increased the plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, SPAD and photosynthesis of maize, and under the same nitrogen application rate, compared with no straw returning, the leaf area and photosynthetic rate at filling stage were increased on an average of 2.71% and 4.80% in two years, respectively. In conclusion, 9000 kg ha^-1 of straw returning plus 225 kg ha^-1 of nitrogen fertilizer is an ideal mode in brown soil area of the northern Liaoning province, which has certain application value in this regional agricultural development.

Keyword: Straw returning; Nitrogen; Spring maize; Yield; Photosynthesis

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玉米是我国第一粮食作物, 东北地区地处世界玉米生产的黄金带, 是我国玉米主产区^[1]。辽宁省是我国13个粮食主产区之一, 每年种植玉米面积200万公顷以上, 其中辽西北地区占辽宁省的2/3以上, 对区域粮食安全具有重要意义^[2]。我国实施家庭联产承包责任制以来, 由于土地零散, 多以小型农机具作业为主, 深翻、深松等大型农机作业面积越来越少, 直接造成了土壤耕层变浅, 犁底层加厚并上移, 耕层有效土壤数量减少, 土壤理化性状趋于恶化, 土壤缓冲能力下降, 玉米生产受到严重影响^[3], 东北地区表现尤为明显^{[4, 5, 6]}。耕层结构不合理和地力持续下降是制约旱地玉米产量提高的2个主要限制因子, 我国每年生产玉米秸秆约4亿吨左右, 秸秆中含有的氮、磷、钾等养分相当于全国目前化肥用量的1/3, 是一种非常重要的生物肥力资源^{[7, 8]}。秸秆还田配施氮肥是改善耕层性状的重要措施之一, 已经得到越来越多学者的认同, 也逐渐成为国内外研究的热点^{[9, 10, 11, 12]}。

秸秆还田能够改善土壤物理性状, 增加土壤团聚体, 降低土壤容重^[13]; 能够增加土壤有机质, 提高地力, 减少氮素流失, 固定外源钾, 碳氮平衡, 增加土壤微生物量^{[14, 15]}; 能够增加土壤扩蓄增容能力, 降低水分蒸发速度, 提高降水利用效率和水分利用效率^{[16, 17, 18, 19, 20]}; 能够促进作物生长、提高叶绿素含量、增加干物质、延长叶片功能、促进光合产物向籽粒转移等^[21], 增加作物产量的同时改善作物品质^{[22, 23]}。但秸秆还田效应周期长, 全量还田影响出苗率, 还田方式不明确, 相关研究还较少。本研究在确定深翻还田是区域最佳还田耕作方式的基础上, 设置秸秆还田和施氮量两个因素, 探讨秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米光合性能和产量的影响, 旨在为辽西北地区春玉米生产确定适宜的秸秆还田方式和氮肥配施量, 提高土壤持续生产能力, 实现玉米高产和稳产提供理论依据和技术支持。

1 材料与方法

1.1 区域概况

铁岭市位于辽宁省北部, 松辽平原中段, 地处北纬41° 59′ ~43° 29′ , 东经123° 27′ ~125° 06′ 之间, 属中温带亚湿润季风大陆性气候, 日照充足, 四季分明, 雨热同季。全年日照为2700 h左右, 年平均降雨量为500~700 mm, 降雨量年际变化较大, 年内分配不均, 大部分集中在6月至9月份, 而春秋两季降水偏少。年蒸发量为1600 mm, 年平均气温6.3° C, 最低气温-31° C, 最高气温34.4° C, 无霜期150 d。该区域以春玉米种植为主, 平均耕层厚度14.56 cm, 犁底层厚度9.89 cm, 0~40 cm土壤容重1.38 g cm^-3, 耕层有效土壤量1.97× 10⁶ kg hm^-2, 耕层浅、土壤容重大, 有效耕层土壤量少、地力持续下降一直是春玉米产量提高的重要限制因子^[6]。

1.2 试验地点

辽宁省铁岭市铁岭县蔡牛镇张庄(辽北典型棕壤类型区), 2014年生育期内降雨量为498.40 mm, 平均温度为19.13° C; 2015年生育期内降雨量为583.50 mm, 平均温度为19.27° C, 逐日降雨量和平均温度如图1所示。试验土壤为棕壤, 耕层土壤含有机质14.9 g kg^-1、全氮1.32 g kg^-1、全磷0.61 g kg^-1、全钾12.4 g kg^-1、碱解氮85.0 mg kg^-1、有效磷27.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾113.2 mg kg^-1、pH 6.3, 试验区地势平坦, 无灌溉条件。当地耕作制度以一季春玉米为主实行连年浅旋耕。

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	图1 试验地点2014-2015年生育期内降雨量和平均温度Fig. 1 Daily precipitation and mean temperature in growth period at experiment station in 2014-2015

1.3 试验设计

采用随机区组设计, 共设6个处理, S0F0、SN0、SN1、S0N2、SN2和SN3。S0F0为秸秆0 kg hm^-2+纯NPK 0 kg hm^-2; SN0为秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 0 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2, 纯K 90 kg hm^-2; SN1为秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2, 纯K 90 kg hm^-2; S0N2为秸秆0 kg hm^-2+纯N 225 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2; SN2为秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 225 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2; SN3为秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 337.5 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2, 其中氮肥为尿素(含氮46.3%), 磷肥为过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 12%), 钾肥为硫酸钾(含K₂O 50%)。每个处理3次重复, 18个小区, 每个小区长10 m, 宽6 m (10垄, 垄距0.6 m), 小区面积60 m², 试验区面积1080 m²。于2014年4月28日播种、9月25日收获, 2015年4月29日播种、9月30日收获; 供试品种为郑单958, 种植密度为60 000株 hm^-2, 种植行距60 cm, 株距27 cm。采用玉米收割机收获, 同时将秸秆打碎覆盖于地表, 用翻转犁深翻(深度25~30 cm)还田, 播种时一次性施入肥料, 其他管理正常。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 土壤理化性质测定 2014年播种前采用常规方法测定土壤基本理化性状^[24]。

1.4.2 籽粒产量及其构成因素收获玉米后, 随机取每个处理3个具有代表性的10 m²样区测产, 调查成穗数, 用水分仪测定水分, 按14%含水量折合成公顷籽粒产量。从每个样区取15株, 按常规方法测定穗行数、行粒数、秃尖、百粒重等产量构成因素。

1.4.3 群体生物产量苗期(2014年5月25日、2015年5月30日)、拔节期(2014年6月26日、2015年6月28日)、吐丝期(2014年7月30日、2015年7月29日)、灌浆期(2014年9月2日、2015年9月1日)和收获期(2014年9月25日、2015年9月30日), 选择生长发育一致、叶片无病斑和破损的植株地上部, 烘箱105° C杀青60 min, 85° C烘至恒重称干重, 重复5次, 用单株干物质乘以密度折算成群体生物产量。

1.4.4 植株性状包括玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积。从各处理选取10株代表性植株挂牌标记, 在苗期、拔节期和收获期用米尺测定株高; 用游标卡尺测定第2节间(基部扁面)茎粗; 叶面积(LA)=L(叶片最大长度)× A(最大宽度)× 0.75。

1.4.5 叶绿素在苗期、拔节期、吐丝期和灌浆期使用SPAD-502叶绿素计(日本美能达公司制造)测定穗位叶叶基、叶中、叶尖的叶绿素含量, 取10株平均值作为该叶片的SPAD值。

1.4.6 光合作用灌浆期选择晴朗无云的天气采用LI-6400便携式光合作用系统[美国拉哥公司(LI-COR)生产]在田间直接测定光合特性(净光合速率P_n、气孔导度Gond、细胞间隙CO₂浓度C_i、蒸腾速率T_r), 测定时光强为1200 μ mol m^-2 s^-1, 温度为32° C, 选每个处理有生长代表性的植株5株, 测定倒三叶(平时完全暴露在外面), 每个叶片测量3次, 取平均值。

1.5 数据处理与分析方法

用Microsoft Excel整理分析试验数据并作图, 用SPSS 17.0软件作相关的统计分析, 采用Duncan’ s法多重比较, 显著水平为5%。

2 结果与分析

2.1 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响

由表1可知, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米籽粒产量影响显著(P< 0.05), 2014年S0F0、SN0与S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN0> S0F0, SN2比S0N2和S0F0增加11.56%、74.58%, SN0比S0F0增加10.87%; 2015年表现略有不同, S0F0、SN0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN2> S0N2> SN3> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN2比S0N2、S0F0增加1.10%、35.29%, SN0比S0F0增加1.47%。说明秸秆还田条件下, 随着施氮量的增加籽粒产量持续增加, 但增加到一定程度后不再增加; 在相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均增产6.33%。

表1 不同处理对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on maize yield and yield components

处理 Treatment	成穗数 Ear number (Ear hm^-2)	穗行数 Kernel-row number per ear	行粒数 Number of kernels per row	秃尖长 Bare top length (cm)	百粒重 Weight of 100-kernel (g)	籽粒产量 (14%含水量) Yield (kg hm^-2)
2014
S0F0	55149.81± 356.26 a	15.13± 0.32 a	28.87± 1.15 b	1.93± 0.07 a	31.47± 0.63 b	7581.00± 437.45 b
SN0	54738.19± 343.15 a	15.07± 0.27 a	31.40± 1.58 b	1.50± 0.58 a	32.45± 0.89 b	8405.20± 1471.22 b
SN1	55163.69± 362.41 a	15.73± 0.33 a	37.80± 0.60 a	0.93± 0.54 ab	32.20± 1.39 b	10561.60± 1003.98 ab
S0N2	59523.44± 192.34 a	15.47± 0.31 a	37.60± 0.81 a	0.33± 0.17 b	33.83± 1.13 ab	11713.00± 243.77 a
SN2	57520.69± 241.26 a	15.87± 0.31 a	39.40± 0.88 a	0.00± 0.00 b	36.33± 1.51 a	13066.60± 1031.30 a
SN3	58581.39± 201.84 a	15.73± 0.38 a	38.87± 0.80 a	0.10± 0.10 b	36.95± 1.04 a	13234.80± 852.68 a
2015
S0F0	58346.46± 363.41 a	17.11± 0.72 b	31.33± 1.38 b	0.28± 0.15 a	28.98± 2.71 a	9066.67± 1192.10 b
SN0	52963.73± 326.14 b	17.56± 0.79 ab	31.44± 2.34 b	0.33± 0.14 a	31.47± 1.71 a	9200.00± 568.62 b
SN1	58722.28± 294.65 a	18.44± 0.36 ab	34.00± 1.38 ab	0.33± 0.10 a	31.50± 0.19 a	11600.00± 152.75 a
S0N2	55616.04± 156.25 a	18.89± 0.72 a	34.67± 1.32 ab	0.22± 0.11 a	33.32± 1.53 a	12133.33± 517.47 a
SN2	55538.83± 241.34 a	18.22± 0.49 ab	35.67± 0.91 a	0.39± 0.09 a	33.98± 1.48 a	12266.67± 470.22 a
SN3	55959.04± 284.23 a	18.22± 0.49 ab	34.44± 0.96 ab	0.22± 0.11 a	33.22± 0.39 a	11666.67± 218.58 a
P
处理 Treatment	0.624	0	0	0	0.559	0
年份 Year	0.704	0.033	0.003	0	0.731	0.622
处理× 年份 T× Y	0.664	0.612	0.021	0	0.729	0.387

S0F0: 0 kg hm^-2 of straw plus 0 kg hm^-2 of pure NPK; SN0: 9000 kg hm^-2 of straw plus 0 kg hm^-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm^-2 of pure P, and 90 kg hm^-2 of pure K; SN1: 9000 kg hm^-2 of straw plus 112.5 kg hm^-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm^-2 of pure P, and 90 kg hm^-2 of pure K; S0N2: 0 kg hm^-2 of straw plus 225 kg hm^-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm^-2 of pure P plus 90 kg hm^-2 of pure K; SN2: 9000 kg hm^-2 of straw plus 225 kg hm^-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm^-2 of pure P plus 90 kg hm^-2 of pure K; SN3: 9000 kg hm^-2 of straw plus 337.5 kg hm^-2 of pure N plus 112.5 kg hm^-2 of pure P plus 90 kg hm^-2 of pure K. Data are mean± SE; values followed by a different letter within a column for treatments are significantly different at P ≤ 5%.

S0F0: 秸秆0 kg hm^-2+纯NPK 0 kg hm^-2; SN0: 秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 0 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2, 纯K 90 kg hm^-2; SN1: 秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2, 纯K 90 kg hm^-2; S0N2: 秸秆0 kg hm^-2+纯N 225 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2; SN2: 秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 225 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2; SN3: 秸秆9000 kg hm^-2+纯N 337.5 kg hm^-2+纯P 112.5 kg hm^-2+纯K 90 kg hm^-2, 数据为平均值± 标准误, 标以不同字母的值在5%水平上差异显著。

表1 不同处理对春玉米产量及构成因素的影响 Table 1 Effect of different treatments on maize yield and yield components

在产量构成因素方面, 秸秆还田配施氮肥的影响显著(P< 0.05), 2014年成穗数和穗行数差异不显著(P> 0.05), S0F0、SN0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3的行粒数差异显著(P< 0.05), S0F0、SN0与S0N2、SN2、SN3的秃尖长差异显著(P< 0.05), SN2、SN3与S0F0、SN0、SN1的百粒重差异显著(P< 0.05); 2015年表现略有不同, SN0与其他处理的成穗数差异显著(P< 0.05), SN0与S0N2的穗行数差异显著(P< 0.05), SN2与S0F0、SN0的行粒数差异显著(P< 0.05), 秃尖长和百粒重差异不显著(P> 0.05)。相关分析表明, 产量与行粒数和百粒重呈极显著正相关(r=0.874^{* *}、r=0.767^{* *}), 与成穗数和穗行数不相关(r=0.488、r=0.540), 与秃尖长呈极显著负相关(r= -0.783^{* *})。由此表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥增产的主要原因是百粒重和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低。

2.2 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米群体生物产量的影响

从图2可以看出, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米群体生物产量影响的两年趋势基本一致, 均为先快后慢的增长趋势。2014年5月25日, 玉米苗期各处理差异不显著(P> 0.05), 但到了拔节后期(6月26日) S0F0、SN0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 这种差异一直持续到收获期, 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, 收获期春玉米群体生物产量SN3分别比SN2、S0N2、SN1、SN0和S0F0增加3.98%、7.18%、15.48%、26.51%和28.22%。2015年收获期也表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3分别比SN2、S0N2、SN1、SN0和S0F0增加2.62%、6.55%、31.79%、47.29%和48.88%, 相同施氮水平下, 春玉米群体生物产量秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均增加2.95%。由此可见, 秸秆还田条件下, 随着施氮量的增加群体生物产量持续增加, 一定范围内群体生物产量越高则籽粒产量也越高。

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	图2 不同处理对春玉米群体生物产量的影响处理缩写同表1。Fig. 2 Effect of different treatments on maize biomass Abbreviations for the treatments are as described in Table 1.

2.3 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米植株性状的影响

2.3.1 对春玉米株高的影响从图3可以看出, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米苗期、拔节期和收获期株高影响显著(P< 0.05), 2014年苗期各处理差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比SN0和S0F0分别增加35.65%和46.06%; 拔节期SN1与S0F0、SN0、S0N2、SN2差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN1> S0N2> SN2> SN0> S0F0, SN1比SN0和S0F0分别增加30.50%和23.95%; 收获期S0F0、SN0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> S0F0> SN0, SN3比S0F0和SN0分别高13.25%和17.56%。2015年苗期和收获期与2014年表现一致, 拔节期略有不同, S0F0、SN0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0。由此表明, 秸秆还田配施一定数量的氮肥能够增加春玉米的株高, 但并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加。

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	图3 不同处理对春玉米株高的影响处理缩写同表1。Fig. 3 Effect of different treatments on maize height Abbreviations for the treatments are as described in Table 1.

2.3.2 对春玉米茎粗的影响从图4可以看出, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米苗期、拔节期和收获期茎粗影响显著(P< 0.05), 2014年苗期SN3与SN1、S0F0、SN0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN1> S0F0> SN0, SN3比SN0和S0F0分别增加27.77%和26.45%; 拔节期S0F0、SN0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN2> SN3> S0N2> SN1> S0F0> SN0, SN2比SN0和S0F0分别增加25.08%和20.07%; 收获期SN3、SN2与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 其中SN3最大, 分别比SN0、S0F0增加31.36%和33.89%。2015年苗期和拔节期与2014年表现略有不同, 苗期SN3与S0N2、SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比SN0和S0F0分别增加27.23%和46.48%; 拔节期SN3、SN2与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比SN0和S0F0分别增加27.76%和34.31%; 收获期与2014年表现一致。由此表明, 秸秆还田配施一定数量的氮肥能够增加春玉米的茎粗, 也并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加。

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	图4 不同处理对春玉米茎粗的影响处理缩写同表1。Fig. 4 Effect of different treatments on maize stem diameter Abbreviations for the treatments are as described in Table 1.

2.3.3 对春玉米叶面积的影响从图5可以看出, 秸秆还田配施氮肥2年单株叶面积在全生育期变化基本一致, 呈现先快速增大后缓慢变小的趋势。2014年苗期SN3、SN2与S0N2、SN1、S0F0、SN0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0; 拔节期和吐丝期表现一致, S0F0、SN0与其他处理差异显著(P< 0.05), 这种差异一直保持到乳熟期, SN3比S0F0、SN0分别增加52.64%和62.13%。2015年苗期SN1与S0F0、SN0差异不显著(P> 0.05), 与SN3、SN2和S0N2差异显著(P< 0.05); 拔节期和吐丝期表现一致, SN1与其他处理差异均显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0 > S0F0; 灌浆期和乳熟期表现一致, S0F0、SN0与SN3、SN2与S0N2、SN1差异显著, 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比S0F0、SN0分别增加42.44%和51.03%。相同施肥水平下, 玉米灌浆期叶面积秸秆还田比不还田2年平均增加2.71%。由此表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加春玉米单株叶面积, 为促进叶片光合产物向籽粒转移, 提高春玉米籽粒产量奠定了基础。

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	图5 不同处理对春玉米单株叶面积的影响处理缩写同表1。Fig. 5 Effect of different treatments on maize leaf area Abbreviations for the treatments are as described in Table 1.

2.4 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米光合性能指标的影响

2.4.1 对春玉米叶绿素含量的影响秸秆还田配施氮肥处理的春玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量2年均随生育期的推进呈单峰曲线变化, 于灌浆期达最大值(图6)。2014年全生育期平均值表现为SN3> S0N2> SN1> SN2> SN0> S0F0, SN3分别比SN0和S0F0增加17.13%和20.41%。2015年表现与2014年略有不同, 全生育期平均值表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3分别比SN0和S0F0增加25.93%和29.99%。说明秸秆还田条件下, 随着施氮量的增加春玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量持续增加。

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	图6 不同处理对春玉米穗位叶叶绿素含量的影响处理缩写同表1。Fig. 6 Effect of different treatments on maize SPAD Abbreviations for the treatments are as described in Table 1.

2.4.2 对春玉米光合特征的影响玉米产量主要由吐丝期至乳熟期群体叶片光合特性, 特别是中上部叶片光合能力及较高光合能力所持续的时间决定^[25]。通过对2014年和2015年两年灌浆期春玉米光合性能的方差分析表明(表2), 秸秆还田配施氮肥对春玉米光合性能影响显著(P< 0.05)。2014年光合速率, SN0、S0F0与SN1、S0N2、SN2、SN3差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> S0N2> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比SN0和S0F0分别增加59.59%、62.94%, 相同施肥水平下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田2年平均增加4.80%。气孔导度, SN3与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN1> SN0> S0F0; 细胞间隙CO₂浓度差异不显著(P> 0.05); 蒸腾速率, SN3与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比SN0、S0F0增加57.14%、78.75%。2015年表现与2014年略有不同, 光合速率, SN3与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN1> SN0> S0F0, SN3比SN0、S0F0增加36.25%和38.21%; 气孔导度, SN3、SN2与SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> SN0> S0F0; 细胞间隙CO₂浓度, SN3、SN2与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), 表现为SN3> SN2> SN1> SN0> S0F0; 蒸腾速率, SN3与SN1、SN0、S0F0差异显著(P< 0.05), SN3比SN0、S0F0增加35.71%、52.36%。说明秸秆还田配施一定数量氮肥能够提高春玉米叶片的光合性能, 促进同化产物形成, 但并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加。

表2 不同处理对春玉米光合作用的影响 Table 2 Effect of different treatments on maize photosynthetic characteristics

3 讨论

3.1 春玉米产量

秸秆还田配施氮肥通过改善土壤的水、肥、气、热状况, 为作物提供了一个良好的生长环境, 有利于作物生长发育, 增产效果显著^[26]。但不同生态类型区秸秆还田增产幅度存在着差异, 周怀平等^[27]利用长期定位试验研究发现, 秸秆还田具有明显的增产效果, 增产幅度为11.57%~20.92%; 战秀梅等^[28]研究发现, 秸秆连年还田比秸秆不还田春玉米产量提高5.19%~5.89%。白伟等^[29]研究发现, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田增产3.25%, 但产量未随着施氮量的增加而增加。但也有研究表明, 秸秆还田对作物产量有负面影响, 全量秸秆还田与秸秆不还田相比作物产量并没有增加, 主要由于在半干旱区贫瘠的土壤上秸秆还田过多引起土壤微生物与作物的争氮效应^[30]。本研究结果表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加春玉米产量, 2年平均增产6.33%, 随着施氮量的增加产量也在增加, 但增加到一定程度后不再增加, 增产的主要原因是百粒重和行粒数的显著提高和秃尖的显著降低。与前人研究结果基本一致, 但增产幅度与前人相比较小, 主要是由于秸秆还田时间、方式、周期、施氮数量, 土壤类型、气候条件等因素的不同。

3.2 春玉米生长和光合性能

秸秆还田配施氮肥能够改善作物根系, 促进地上部的生长, 但在不同的气候条件和土壤类型下, 对作物生长发育影响也不同^{[31, 32]}。赵亚丽等^[33]研究发现, 与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比, 深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田处理的作物干物质积累量分别提高19.3%和22.9%, 同时能够增加夏玉米叶面积, 增加的机理主要是深松(耕)和秸秆还田可以疏松土壤, 改善渗透性。霍竹等^[7]研究发现, 秸秆还田配施氮肥增加了夏玉米叶面积和干物质, 提高了叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用, 收获时秸秆还田不施氮比秸秆不还田不施氮干物质增加3.92%, 增加的主要原因是秸秆保水蓄墒, 增加土壤有机质含量并促进土壤中原有氮素的矿化。但也有研究表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对作物生长发育影响并不显著, 徐文强等^[34]研究发现, 秸秆还田玉米株高、茎粗与叶面积均小于对照, 主要是由于在玉米生育前期秸秆还田的土壤温度与水分均显著低于对照, 作物生育后期随着秸秆腐解会出现补偿效应。本研究结果表明, 秸秆还田配施一定数量的氮肥能够增加春玉米的株高、茎粗、叶面积和光合性能, 但并未随着施氮量的增加而持续增加; 相同施氮条件下, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田玉米灌浆期叶面积2年平均增加2.71%、光合速率增加4.80%。与前人研究结果基本一致。

3.3 秸秆还田与施氮量

由于区域生态环境、秸秆还田方式、还田量、还田周期、氮肥配施量不同, 研究者有着不同的结论。秸秆还田方式有多种分类, 我国主要有4种, 即秸秆覆盖还田、秸秆粉碎还田、秸秆堆肥还田和秸秆过腹还田^[8]; 由于种植作物、土壤类型、耕作方式及气候条件等因素的差异, 不同学者得出的秸秆还田适宜量也不完全一致^[35]; 还田周期要根据当地的农时季节、耕作制度确定, 在秸秆还田的同时, 还要配合施入一定数量的氮肥, 保持土壤合理的碳氮比^[36]。高飞等^[37]研究认为玉米秸秆粉碎还田9000 kg hm^-2是四川宁南半干旱区最佳的还田方式; 蔡红光等^[38]研究认为秸秆深翻还田是东北黑土区最佳的还田方式。周怀平等^[15]研究认为不同的秸秆还田方式和不同降水年型对玉米产量和经济效益的影响存在明显差异, 在山西寿阳地区秸秆养畜粪肥还田优于秸秆覆盖还田和秸秆粉碎还田。本研究结果表明, 辽西北棕壤区最佳的方式为深翻还田, 还田量为9000 kg hm^-2, 配施氮肥量为225 kg hm^-2, 与前人研究结果略有不同, 主要由于降雨量、土壤条件等因素的不同。

4 结论

秸秆还田配施氮肥在辽西北地区春玉米生产中具有重要作用。本试验条件下, 秸秆还田9000 kg hm^-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm^-2玉米籽粒产量最高, 比秸秆不还田和施氮量225 kg hm^-2 (对照) 2年平均增产6.33%; 秸秆还田配施氮肥能够增加玉米株高、茎粗、叶面积, 提高叶绿素含量和光合作用, 相同施氮量条件下, 秸秆还田比不还田玉米灌浆期叶面积2年平均增加2.71%, 光合速率平均增加4.80%。综合分析认为秸秆还田9000 kg hm^-2和配施氮肥225 kg hm^-2是辽北棕壤区春玉米生产中比较理想的还田和施肥模式, 在该区域农业发展中具有一定的应用价值。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

参考文献

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2013

0.0

李华, 逄焕成, 任天志, 李轶冰, 汪仁, 牛世伟, 安景文. 深旋松耕作法对东北棕壤物理性状及春玉米生长的影响. 中国农业科学, 2013, 46: 647-656

, Pang H

, Ren T

, Li T

, Wang

, Niu S

, An J

. Effects of deep rotary-subsoiling tillage method on brown physical properties and maize growth in northeast of China. Sci Agric Sin, 2013, 46: 647-656 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 玉米是我国第一粮食作物, 东北地区地处世界玉米生产的黄金带, 是我国玉米主产区^[1] ...

2014

0.0

白伟, 孙占祥, 郑家明, 侯志研, 刘洋, 冯良山, 杨宁. 辽西地区不同种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特性的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 181-189

Bai

, Sun Z

, Zheng J

, Hou Z

, Liu

, Feng L

, Yang

. Effect of different planting patterns on maize growth and yield in western Liaoning province. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 181-189 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The study of planting patterns is critical to improving maize yield. Based on a field experiment,we investigated the effect of three planting patterns (three ratio space, big ridge double line and equal line) on maize growth, photosynthetic characteristics and yield using two varieties suitable for high-density (Zhengdan 958) and middle-density (Shenyu 21). Our results indicated that the yield and growth of maize were dramatically influenced by various planting patterns. High-density variety was suitable for using the pattern of big ridge double line which promoted plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency of maize. The yield averaged 8882.36 kg ha -1 for two years, with an increasing rate of 6.51% compared with the control. This increase in biomass was largely contributed by hundred-grain weight and number of lines per ear. But differently, middle-density variety, planted with both patterns of big ridge double line and three ratio spaces, showed a higher yield. These two planting patterns could also increase plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and photosynthetic efficiency in maize. The 2-year-averaged yields were 8294.58 kg ha -1 and 8188.30 kg ha -1 , for the two patterns of big ridge double line and equal line, respectively. An increasing rate of 21.36% for big ridge double line and 19.81% for equal line spacing were observed compared with the control, which mainly contributed by the high number of kernels per line. Our results indicated that big ridge double line is an optimal planting pattern to improve maize yield in the western Liaoning Province.

改变玉米田间种植模式是提高玉米单产的重要措施之一。本文在大田试验条件下 , 以耐密品种 ( 郑单 958) 和中密品种 ( 沈玉 21) 研究了三比空密疏密、大垄双行和等行距 (CK) 3 种种植模式对春玉米产量形成及其生长发育特征的影响。结果表明 , 田间种植形式的改变可以显著影响玉米群体产量及其生长发育特征。耐密品种以大垄双行种植模式为宜 , 可以增加玉米的株高、茎粗 , 提高叶面积和光能利用率 , 促进干物质积累 , 两年平均产量为 8882.36 kg hm -2 , 比对照增加 6.51% , 增产的原因是百粒重和穗行数的显著提高 ; 中密品种以大垄双行和三比空种植模式为宜 , 两种种植模式均可增加玉米的株高、茎粗 , 提高叶面积和光能利用率 , 促进干物质积累 , 且与耐密品种表现不同 , 两年平均产量分别为 8294.58 kg hm -2 和 8188.30 kg hm -2 , 比对照增加 21.36% 和 19.81% , 增产的原因是行粒数的显著增加。因此 , 笔者认为在辽西地区特定的自然条件下大垄双行是提高玉米单产的最佳种植模式。

... 辽宁省是我国13个粮食主产区之一, 每年种植玉米面积200万公顷以上, 其中辽西北地区占辽宁省的2/3以上, 对区域粮食安全具有重要意义^[2] ...

2014

0.0

白伟, 孙占祥, 郑家明, 郝卫平, 刘勤, 刘洋, 蔡倩. 虚实并存耕层提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率. 农业工程学报, 2014, 30(21): 81-90

Bai

, Sun Z

, Zheng J

, Hao W

, Liu

, Cai

. Furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer improves spring maize yield and water use efficiency. Trans CSAE, 2014, 30(21): 81-90 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了探明耕层构造对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响，在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站利用长期定位试验，设置了虚实并存耕层（furrow loose and ridge compaction plough layer，FLRC）、全虚耕层（all loose plough layer，AL）、全实耕层（all compaction plough layer，AC）、以及作为对照（controlled trial，CK）的上虚下实耕层（up loose and down compaction plough layer，ULDC）4种耕层结构，研究了不同耕层构造对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。利用2011和2012年数据分析结果表明，不同耕层构造对春玉米产量影响显著（P AL>ULDC>AC，FLRC和AL比CK分别增加16.39%、5.30%，收获指数在0.38～0.44之间。在平水年（2011）和丰水年（2012）虚实并存耕层和全虚耕层均可有效蓄积降水，改善土壤水分状况，明显提高玉米的降水利用效率，2011年FLRC比ULDC提高11.95%（P<0.05）；2012年FLRC和AL分别比CK提高21.23%（P<0.05）和12.43%（P<0.05）；不同降雨年型和不同耕层结构对作物水分利用效率（water use efficiency，WUE）影响不同，2011年FLRC比CK增加15.68%（P<0.05），2012年FLRC比CK增加23.13%（P<0.05），2a平均提高18.43%。综合分析认为，虚实并存耕层是提高土地生产力和农田水分利用效率的最优耕层结构。该研究为辽西旱作农业区合理耕层构建、确定适宜的耕作技术和实现作物的高产稳产提供参考。

... 我国实施家庭联产承包责任制以来, 由于土地零散, 多以小型农机具作业为主, 深翻、深松等大型农机作业面积越来越少, 直接造成了土壤耕层变浅, 犁底层加厚并上移, 耕层有效土壤数量减少, 土壤理化性状趋于恶化, 土壤缓冲能力下降, 玉米生产受到严重影响^[3], 东北地区表现尤为明显^[4,5,6] ...

2010

0.0

2011

0.0

张闯, 包军善, 沈利国, 刘喜明, 张玉荣, 王晶. 吉林地区土壤耕层调查报告. 农业科技通讯, 2011, (6): 127-128

Zhang

, Bao J

, Shen L

, Liu X

, Zhang Y

, Wang

. Investigation of soil plough layers in Jilin. Bull Agric Sci & Technol, 2011, (6): 127-128 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对吉林市外五县地区5个示范县(舒兰、蛟河、桦甸、磐石、永吉)90个具有代表性的主要土壤类型进行了土壤有效耕层深度、有效耕层土壤量、土壤容重等调查.调查结果表明,吉林地区土壤耕层深度仅14.003 cm,有效耕层土壤量为1.96×106 kg/hm2,土壤容重为1.43g/cm3,耕层的浅化长期制约着土壤的肥水供给能力,导致产量下降.

2011

0.0

白伟, 孙占祥, 郑家明, 刘洋, 侯志研, 冯良山, 杨宁. 辽西地区土壤耕层及养分状况调查分析. 土壤, 2011, 43: 714-719

Bai

, Sun Z

, Zheng J

, Liu

, Hou Z

, Feng L

, Yang

. Soil plough layers and soil nutrients in western Liaoning. Soils, 2011, 43: 714-719 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 10⁶ kg hm^-2, 耕层浅、土壤容重大, 有效耕层土壤量少、地力持续下降一直是春玉米产量提高的重要限制因子^[6] ...

2006

0.0

霍竹, 王璞, 付晋峰. 秸秆还田与氮肥施用对夏玉米物质生产的影响研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2006, 14(2): 95-98

Huo

, Wang

, Fu J

. Effects of crop residues incorporation and N fertilizer utilization on the matter production of summer maize. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2006, 14(2): 95-98 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer on the dry matter of summer maize were studied.The results show that crop residues in corporation and N-fertilizer utilization can promote the matter production of summer maize,delay the decrepitude of summer maize's leaves in some degree,prolong the function period of leaves and increase the transportation ability of dry matter from stem to grain.

试验研究秸秆还田与N肥施用对夏玉米干物质生产的影响结果表明，秸秆还田与N肥施用对夏玉米干物质生产有促进作用，且在一定程度上延缓夏玉米叶片衰老，延长叶片功能期，并促进夏玉米干物质由茎秆向籽粒的转运。

... 耕层结构不合理和地力持续下降是制约旱地玉米产量提高的2个主要限制因子, 我国每年生产玉米秸秆约4亿吨左右, 秸秆中含有的氮、磷、钾等养分相当于全国目前化肥用量的1/3, 是一种非常重要的生物肥力资源^[7,8] ...

... 霍竹等^[7]研究发现, 秸秆还田配施氮肥增加了夏玉米叶面积和干物质, 提高了叶片叶绿素含量和光合作用, 收获时秸秆还田不施氮比秸秆不还田不施氮干物质增加3 ...

2012

0.0

杨滨娟, 钱海燕, 黄国勤, 樊哲文, 方豫. 秸秆还田及其研究进展. 农学学报, 2012, 2(5): 1-4

Yang B

, Qian H

, Huang G

, Fan Z

, Fang

. Research progress and rice-straw returning. J Agric, 2012, 2(5): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In the current promotion of high-yield, efficient and ecological context of agriculture, rice-straw returning as an effective measure has been vigorously promoted. So from the basic concept of rice-straw returning, comprehensively elaborate domestic and foreign research progress of rice-straw returning, and focus on the study the effects of the rice-straw returning on soil organic matter, soil bulk density and capillary porosity, soil temperature, microorganisms in soil, decomposition characteristics of rice, rice quality and weeds. Pointed out the straw in the physiological and ecological effects of the broader applications，and made of straw and the future direction of research priorities. So as to protect agricultural ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of modern agriculture provides theoretical basis.

在目前提倡高产、高效和生态农业的大背景下，秸秆还田作为一项有效的农业措施得到了大力地推广应用。为此，从秸秆还田的基本概念开始，综合阐述了国内、国外秸秆还田的研究进展情况，重点分析了秸秆还田对土壤有机质、土壤容重和毛管孔隙度、土壤温度、土壤微生物、稻草腐解规律、水稻稻米品质以及作物杂草情况等的影响，指出了秸秆还田在生理生态效应方面的广泛应用，提出了秸秆还田的未来发展方向及研究重点。以期在保护农业生态环境，促进现代农业的可持续发展方面提供一定的理论依据。

... 秸秆还田方式有多种分类, 我国主要有4种, 即秸秆覆盖还田、秸秆粉碎还田、秸秆堆肥还田和秸秆过腹还田^[8] ...

2015

0.0

聂良鹏, 郭利伟, 牛海燕, 魏杰, 李增嘉, 宁堂原. 轮耕对小麦-玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 468-478

Nie L

, Guo L

, Niu H

, Wei

, Li Z

, Ning T

. Effects of rotational tillage on tilth soil structure and crop yield and quality in maize-wheat cropping system. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 468-478 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In a three-year field experiment from the wheat season of 2009 to the maize season of 2012 in North China., we compared the effects of six tillage systems (zero-tillage, subsoiling, and conventional tillage before wheat sowing; zero-tillage and subsoiling before maize sowing) on soil porosity, moisture content, and crop yield and quality. Compared with zero-tillage, subsoiling before maize sowing greatly increased the annual mean soil total porosity in 0–40 cm soil layer, and subsoiling or conventional tillage before wheat sowing was also in favor of improving soil total porosity in 0–40 cm layer. The interaction between tillage practices in wheat and maize seasons had the largest influence on soil porosity, and the tillage in maize season determined the soil non-capillary porosity. S ubsoiling and conventional tillages in wheat season resulted in more water absorption at late wheat growth stage than zero-tillage; particularly, wheat yield in subsoiling was the highest with significant differences from that of zero-tillage and conventional tillage. Subsoiling in maize season had more water absorption at filling stage and yield promotion than zero-tillage. Meanwhile, subsoiling in maize season had a successive effect in the following wheat season. In an overview of yield and grain quality, subsoiling in both maize and wheat seasons was the most optimal tillage mode for wheat-maize cropping system in North China, followed by subsoiling in wheat season plus zero-tillage in maize season.

为了解不同轮耕模式对小麦-玉米两熟制耕层构造、作物产量和品质的影响，从2009年小麦季开始至2012年玉米生长季结束连续3个种植周期设置小麦季免耕、深松或翻耕+玉米季免耕或深松的6种耕作模式组合，研究其对农田土壤孔隙度和水分含量、作物产量、以及籽粒蛋白质含量、油分含量和容重的影响。结果表明，与免耕相比，玉米季深松大幅度提高0~40 cm土壤的周年总孔隙度，小麦季深松或翻耕改善了土壤孔隙状况。小麦季耕作和玉米季耕作的交互效应是各层次土壤毛管孔隙度的决定因素，而玉米季耕作的独立效应是土壤各层次非毛管孔隙度的决定因素。小麦季深松和翻耕促进小麦生育后期对土壤水分的吸收，深松较翻耕和免耕处理的小麦产量显著升高。玉米季深松比免耕提高了玉米在灌浆阶段对水分的吸收，有利于提高玉米产量，同时对后茬小麦有积极作用。从全年产量与品质看，6种耕作模式组合中，全年两季深松效果最佳，其次是小麦季深松+玉米季免耕，这两种轮耕模式均适合在华北平原推广应用。

... 秸秆还田配施氮肥是改善耕层性状的重要措施之一, 已经得到越来越多学者的认同, 也逐渐成为国内外研究的热点^[9,10,11,12] ...

2008

0.0

王立春, 马虹, 郑金玉. 东北春玉米耕地合理耕层构造研究. 玉米科学, 2008, 16(4): 13-17

Wang L

, Ma

, Zheng J

. Research on rational plough layer construction of spring maize soil in northeast China. J Maize Sci, 2008, 16(4): 13-17 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过对不同耕法所形成的耕层剖面研究,分析了不同耕法形成的耕层结构特点.根据对不同耕层构造模式的生态功能试验分析.提出了苗带紧行间松、松紧兼备型耕层模式的构建,该构造对土壤水、气调节具有良好效果,能充分满足春玉米生长对耕层土壤的生态需求.采用此种耕层构造,对于促进玉米的生长发育、产量的提高具有明显效果.

... 秸秆还田配施氮肥是改善耕层性状的重要措施之一, 已经得到越来越多学者的认同, 也逐渐成为国内外研究的热点^[9,10,11,12] ...

2015

0.0

郑洪兵, 郑金玉, 罗洋, 李瑞平, 王浩, 李伟堂, 齐华. 农田不同耕层构造对玉米生长发育及产量的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2015, (5): 41-45

Zheng H

, Zheng J

, Luo

, Li R

, Wang

, Li W

, Qi

. Effects of different tillage layer structures on growth and yield of maize in cropland zone in northeast of China. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2015, (5): 41-45 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A long-term positioned experiment had been conducted since 1983 in Gongzhuling empolying plow tillage (PT), no-tillage (NT), spacing tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The seeding rate, plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root and yield of maize were measured in the study in odrder to investigate the effects of different tillage layer structures on growth and yield of maize. The results showed that the seeding rate was higher in spacing tillage (94.90%), than that in other treatments. The height and stem diameter of seeding stage were increased in ST. Moreover, compared to those in PT and CT, leaf numbers in ST were significantly increased by 0.8 and 1.2, which was not significantly different from that in NT. After flowering stage, the growth of maize was enhanced, leaf area of plants was increased and mass of roots was improved. In particular, compared with CT, root numbers were increased by 16.80, layers of aerial root were increased by 0.80, gaining 4.60 and 20.50 g weight in stalk root and aerial root, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield of maize with ST treatment was higher than that with other treatments, ranging from 8.17% to 15.02% and the yield of maize was lowest in CT. Therefore, ST was the optimal layer because it could enhance the growth of seeding and delay the process of decrepitude of maize in black soil zone in Jilin province.

在公主岭市吉林省农科院长期定位试验田(1983年) 4种耕层构造(上虚下实、全虚耕层、全实耕层和虚实并存)上，通过对玉米出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶片数、叶面积、根系及产量指标测定，探讨不同耕层构造对玉米生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明，虚实并存耕层玉米出苗率为94.90%，明显高于其他耕层，增加苗期玉米株高和茎粗，叶片数较全虚耕层和上虚下实耕层分别增加0.8和1.2片，但与全实耕层相比差异不明显。从玉米生育中后期来看，虚实并存耕层促进玉米生长发育，增加叶面积，改善根系性状，与上虚下实耕层比较，根条数增加16.80条，气生根和地下根干重分别增加4.60 g和20.50 g，且气生根层数增加0.80层。同时，虚实并存耕层玉米产量显著高于其他耕层，增产幅度为8.17%～15.02%，上虚下实耕层产量最低。可见，虚实并存耕层“既发小苗，又发老苗”，稳产高产，是较为理想的耕层构造。

... 秸秆还田配施氮肥是改善耕层性状的重要措施之一, 已经得到越来越多学者的认同, 也逐渐成为国内外研究的热点^[9,10,11,12] ...

2009

0.0

韩晓增, 邹文秀, 王凤仙, 王凤菊. 黑土肥沃耕层构建效应. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20: 2996-3002

Han X

, Zou W

, Wang F

. Construction effect of fertile cultivated layer in black soil. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2009, 20: 2996-3002 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The clayey farmland soil in black soil region of Northeast China, due to the existence of thicker plough pan created by unreasonable tillage, is a main limiting factor for local agricultural production. In this paper, a field experiment was conducted to study the construction effect of fertile cultivated layer on crop yield, soil physical properties, soil moisture content, and soil microbial number. After the construction of fertile cultivated layer, the soil had a thicker cultivated layer, and the crop yield was increased. Comparing with traditional tillage, applying straw and organic manure into 20-35 cm soil layer decreased soil bulk density by 9.88% and 6.20%, increased soil porosity by 9.58% and 6.02%, and enhanced soil saturated hydraulic conductivity by 167.99 and 73.78%, respectively, indicating that the construction of fertile cultivated layer could improve soil aeration and water permeability, and enhance the infiltration of rainfall. The soil moisture content and water use efficiency under the application of straw and organic manure into plough pan were higher than those under traditional tillage, and a positive correlation was observed between the moisture content in 0-35 cm soil layer and the emergence of maize seedlings. Due to the increased organic carbon source and aeration in the constructed fertile cultivated layer, soil microbial number was also increased.

东北黑土区粘重的耕地土壤，经多年不合理耕作后产生了较厚的“犁底层”，成为该地区农业生产的主要限制因子.本研究利用田间试验，分析了构建肥沃耕层对作物产量、土壤物理性质、土壤含水量和微生物数量的影响.结果表明：肥沃耕层构建后，土壤形成了一个深厚的耕层，作物产量增加.与常规耕作法相比，向20～35 cm土层施用秸秆和有机肥使土壤容重分别降低了9.88%和6.20%，总孔隙度分别增加了9.58%和6.02%，饱和导水率分别增加了167.99%和73.78%，表明肥沃耕层的构建能够有效地改善土壤的通气透水性，提高大气降水的入渗能力；向“犁底层”施用秸秆和有机肥处理0～100 cm土层土壤含水量和水分利用效率均显著高于常规耕作法，该处理玉米出苗率与0～35 cm土层土壤含水量之间呈显著正相关关系.肥沃耕层的构建由于增加了土壤中的有机碳源和透气性，从而增加了土壤中的微生物数量.

... 秸秆还田配施氮肥是改善耕层性状的重要措施之一, 已经得到越来越多学者的认同, 也逐渐成为国内外研究的热点^[9,10,11,12] ...

2009

0.0

申源源, 陈宏. 秸秆还田对土壤改良的研究进展. 中国农学通报, 2009, 25(19): 291-294

Shen Y

, Chen

. The progress of study on soil improvement research with straw stalk. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2009, 25(19): 291-294 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 秸秆还田能够改善土壤物理性状, 增加土壤团聚体, 降低土壤容重^[13] ...

2010

0.0

张静, 温晓霞, 廖允成, 刘阳. 不同玉米秸秆还田量对土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 612-619

Zhang

, Wen X

, Liao Y

, Liu

. Effects of different amount of maize straw returning on soil fertility and yield of winter wheat. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 612-619 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Effects of different returnning amount of maize straw on soil fertility and yield of winter wheat was studied using randomized block design. The results showed that straw returning can increase soil organic matter content and reduce soil total nitrogen loss, enhance the capacity of soil microbial fixing and supplying C and N,increase C/N, and change the distributionof soil microbial community. Higher soil microbial C/N and redistribution of original soil microbial community was propitious to the soil organic transformation and mineralize carbon decomposition, as consequence, improve the soil nutrient supply. Our results indicate that under condition of study area, applying N 138 kg/ha, combined with returnning amount of maize straw 9000 kg/ha can enhance soil fertility and increase yield by 7.47%,significantly.

通过田间随机区组设计试验，研究了不同玉米秸秆还田量对接茬麦田土壤碳、氮肥力及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田可以增加土壤有机质和缓解土壤氮流失，提高土壤微生物碳、氮的固持和供给效果，增加土壤微生物量C/N，提高土壤供肥水平。从不同玉米秸秆还田量的效应对比与回归分析，进一步明确在黄土高原有灌溉条件的地区，施N 138 kg/hm 2 ，玉米秸秆还田量9000 kg/hm 2 ，能有效提高土壤肥力，可使接茬冬小麦显著增产7.47%。

... 能够增加土壤有机质, 提高地力, 减少氮素流失, 固定外源钾, 碳氮平衡, 增加土壤微生物量^[14,15] ...

2004

0.0

周怀平, 杨治平, 李红梅, 关春林. 秸秆还田和秋施肥对旱地玉米生长发育及水肥效应的影响. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15: 1231-1235

Zhou H

, Yang Z

, Li H

, Guan C

. Effect of straw return to field and fertilization in autumn on dry land corn growth and on water and fertilizer efficiency. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2004, 15: 1231-1235 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A ten years location experiment of various kinds straw return to field and deep fertilization in autumn was conducted in Shouyang dryland experimental area of Shanxi Province to study their effect on the growth and yield of dryland corn,the use efficency of soil water and fertilizer,and the changes of soil fertility.The results showed that this kind of experimental method could better solve the contradiction of deep fertilization with maintaining soil moisture and keeping a full stand of seedlings in spring,and the competition of water and fertilizer between the degradation of crop remains and the seedlings.What is more,the abundant resources of crop remains were used more sufficiently,the activity of soil microorganisms was more active,and soil fertility was obviously improved,which was proved by the complete and strong seedlings and developed roots,the photosynthesis and transpiration rates were enhanced,the water use efficiency(WUE)was increased by 3.26～3.51 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 ,and the accumulated water consumption was decreased by 8.1～264.5 mm.During plant growth period,the utilization rate of fertilizer N and P could increase 3.9%～13.9% and 3.0%～9.1%,respectively,and the use efficiency of water and fertilizer was higher.The ten years accumulated yield increased 12.10～17.27 t·hm -2 ,a rise of 25.6%～36.5%,and in the meantime,higher soil fertility and productivity were maintained.

在我国北方半湿润偏旱区的晋东豫西(寿阳)旱农试验区,持续10年进行了多种方式秸秆还田与秋季深施肥配合定位试验,探讨秸秆还田秋施肥对旱地玉米生长发育、产量、土壤水肥高效利用和土壤肥力变化的影响.结果表明,秸秆还田秋施肥较好地解决了深施肥与春季保墒捉全苗的矛盾,以及秸秆腐解与幼苗争夺水分养分而影响玉米幼苗生长的矛盾,秸秆资源丰富的区域优势得以充分利用,土壤微生物活动更为活跃,土壤水肥状况得到明显改善,表现为玉米苗全苗壮,根系发达,植株叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率提高,水分利用效率年平均提高了3.26～4.51 kg·hm -2 ·mm -1 ,生育期耗水量累计减少8.1～264.5 mm,氮、磷肥利用率分别提高了3.9%～13.9%和3.0%～9.1%,水肥资源得到了高效利用,10年累计增加12.10～17.27 t·hm -2 玉米籽粒,增产幅度达25.6%～36.5%,玉米产量年际间波动减小,同时维持了较高的土壤肥力和生产力.

... 能够增加土壤有机质, 提高地力, 减少氮素流失, 固定外源钾, 碳氮平衡, 增加土壤微生物量^[14,15] ...

... 周怀平等^[15]研究认为不同的秸秆还田方式和不同降水年型对玉米产量和经济效益的影响存在明显差异, 在山西寿阳地区秸秆养畜粪肥还田优于秸秆覆盖还田和秸秆粉碎还田 ...

2016

0.0

王淑兰, 王浩, 李娟, 吕薇, 陈宁宁, 李军. 不同耕作方式下长期秸秆还田对旱作春玉米田土壤碳、氮、水含量及产量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27: 1530-1540

Wang S

, Wang

, Li

, Lyu

, Chen N

, Li

. Effects of long- term straw mulching on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and moisture and spring maize yield on rain- fed cropland s under different patterns of soil tillage practice. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2016, 27: 1530-1540 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：为了探索渭北旱塬春玉米田保护性轮耕模式的土壤培肥效果和增产增收效应,于2007—2014年在陕西合阳实施了秸秆覆盖或还田条件下免耕/深松（NT/ST）、深松/翻耕（ST/CT）、翻耕/免耕（CT/NT）、连续免耕（NT）、连续深松（ST）和连续翻耕（CT）等6种耕作处理田间定位试验,测定并分析了2010—2014年玉米收获期各耕作处理下0～60 cm土壤有机碳、氮储量,0～200 cm土层土壤含水量变化及春玉米产量差异.结果表明：6种耕作处理中以NT/ST处理增加土壤有机碳和全氮储量最为明显.与2007年试验前相比,6种耕作处理均增加了0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳储量,5年平均值增幅为12.3%～28.3%,5种保护性耕作处理土壤有机碳储量5年平均值较CT对照处理显著增加7.1%～13.2%.NT/ST、ST/CT、CT/NT等3种轮耕处理和NT处理0～60 cm土层土壤氮储量5年平均值较试验前增加2.5%～7.3%.NT/ST、ST/CT、CT/NT、NT和ST处理土壤氮储量5年平均值比连续翻耕增加3.6%～11.1%.5种保护性耕作处理土壤含水量较CT处理依次增加5.7%、2.3%、2.0%、5.5%和4.4%,以NT/ST处理土壤含水量最高.6种耕作处理春玉米平均产量表现为NT/ST〉ST/CT〉ST〉NT〉CT/NT〉CT,以NT/ST处理最高,分别较其他5种处理显著增产4.2%、13.0%、11.3%、4.7%和13.8%;经济效益平均表现为NT/ST〉ST/CT〉ST〉NT〉CT/NT〉CT.在6种耕作处理中,免耕/深松轮耕处理在改善土壤环境质量、提升土壤肥力和增产增收方面都表现出优越性,为旱作春玉米田较适宜的土壤轮耕模式.

... 能够增加土壤扩蓄增容能力, 降低水分蒸发速度, 提高降水利用效率和水分利用效率^{[16,17,18,19,20]} ...

2006

0.0

徐泰平, 朱波, 汪涛, 况福虹. 秸秆还田对紫色土坡耕地养分流失的影响. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(1): 30-32

Xu T

, Zhu

, Wang

, Kuang F

. Effects of returned straw on nutrient loss from slope cropland of purple soil. J Soil Water Conserv, 2006, 20(1): 30-32 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of nutrient loss in hilly area of central Sichuan basin.There were 5 kinds of fertilization systems: application of N P K(NPK),straw returned to field alone(RSD),straw N(RSDN),straw N P(RSDNP),straw N P K(RSDNPK).Series water samples were collected from the different plots in each rainfall event.The results showed as follows: Returned straw significantly affected the soil erosion and runoff from slope cropland of purple soil.Compared with NPK,the sediment yield from the application with returned straw decreased by 70%~82%,the surface runoff decreased by 26%~31%,and the leaching amount increased by 30%~52%.Returned straw significantly reduced 60%~76% of the total nutrient loss.There were significant differences in the losses of nutrient of various treatment plots.The order of phosphorus loss was NPK >RSD> RSDNPK>RSDNP > RSDN,and the order of nitrogen loss was NPK > RSDN > RSDNPK>RSDNP> RSD.As to phosphorus,transported by surface runoff was the major way,and total particulate phosphorus was the major form in that way. PO~(3-)_4-P is major form of dissolved total phosphorus in surface runoff.On the other hand,PO~(3-)_4-P / DTP in leachate significantly decreased.As to nitrogen,transported by leaching was the major way,NO~-_3-N was the major form in leachate and there was not a same situation in surface runoff.

通过对川中丘陵区不同施肥坡地径流、泥沙和养分流失的观测与测定分析,研究了紫色土坡耕地暴雨下的产流产沙特征和氮、磷养分流失特征。结果表明,秸秆还田显著影响雨季紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀和产流情况;相比单施化肥处理,秸秆还田的泥沙量减少了70%~82%,地表径流量减少了26%~31%,渗漏径流量增加了30%~52%。秸秆还田显著减少了N、P的流失,减幅为60%~76%;各处理P流失的强度顺序依次为:NPK>RSD>RSDNPK>RSDNP>RSDN,N流失的强度顺序为:NPK>RSDN>RSDNPK>RSDNP>RSD;地表径流损失是P的主要流失途径,颗粒态是地表径流中P的主要迁移形态,磷酸盐是地表径流中溶解态总磷的主要组成部分,渗漏径流中的PO43--P/DTP显著下降。渗漏淋失是N的主要流失途径,硝态氮是渗漏液中N的主要迁移形态,地表径流中NO3--N/DTN较渗漏液略低,溶解态总氮在地表径流N流失中所占比例超过50%。

... 能够增加土壤扩蓄增容能力, 降低水分蒸发速度, 提高降水利用效率和水分利用效率^{[16,17,18,19,20]} ...

2003

0.0

... 能够增加土壤扩蓄增容能力, 降低水分蒸发速度, 提高降水利用效率和水分利用效率^{[16,17,18,19,20]} ...

2011

0.0

... 能够增加土壤扩蓄增容能力, 降低水分蒸发速度, 提高降水利用效率和水分利用效率^{[16,17,18,19,20]} ...

2006

0.0

李全起, 陈雨海, 于舜章, 吴巍, 周勋波, 董庆裕, 余松烈. 覆盖与灌溉条件下农田耕层土壤养分含量的动态变化. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(1): 37-40

Li Q

, Chen Y

, Yu S

, Wu

, Zhou X

, Dong Q

, Yu S

. Dynamic variety of soil nutrient content under conditions of straw mulching and irrigation. J Soil Water Conserv, 2006, 20(1): 37-40 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 能够增加土壤扩蓄增容能力, 降低水分蒸发速度, 提高降水利用效率和水分利用效率^{[16,17,18,19,20]} ...

2010

0.0

张学林, 张许, 王群, 赵亚丽, 杨青华, 李潮海. 秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米产量和品质的影响. 河南农业科学, 2010, 39(9): 69-73

Zhang X

, Zhang

, Wang

, Zhao Y

, Yang Q

, Li C

. Effects of straw returned plus nitrogen fertilizer on summer maize yield and grain quality. J Henan Agric Sci, 2010, 39(9): 69-73 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为明确秸秆还田配施氮肥对夏玉米产量和品质的影响,设计了秸秆还田（0、11400 kg/hm^2）和施氮肥（0、375kg/hm^2）二因素试验,研究了处理间玉米产量和品质的变化特征。结果表明：与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田后玉米穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量均增加,籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量增加,脂肪含量降低,而赖氨酸含量没有变化。与不施氮肥相比,施氮肥处理显著提高籽粒蛋白质含量,降低淀粉含量。与秸秆不还田不施氮肥相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥可以显著提高夏玉米穗粒数、籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量,降低淀粉含量。

... 能够促进作物生长、提高叶绿素含量、增加干物质、延长叶片功能、促进光合产物向籽粒转移等^[21], 增加作物产量的同时改善作物品质^[22,23] ...

2010

0.0

江晓东, 迟淑筠, 宁堂原, 李增嘉. 秸秆还田与施氮量对小麦、玉米产量与品质的影响. 河南农业科学, 2010, (12): 44-47

Jiang X

, Chi S

, Ning T

, Li Z

. Effects of straw returning and nitrogen applied amount on yield and quality of wheat and maize. J Henan Agric Sci, 2010, (12): 44-47 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了研究高产条件下秸秆还田与不同施氮量对冬小麦/夏玉米一年两熟灌溉农田作物产量、品质的影响,在山东龙口进行了田间试验.结果表明,高产条件下,短期(2 a)秸秆还田对小麦、玉米增产效果不显著,但可以提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、延长面团稳定时间,改善加工品质.麦季施氮240 kg/hm2(N2)和减氮处理168 kg/hm2(N1)、玉米季施氮皆为112.5 kg/hm2条件下,N1、N2处理间小麦产量2 a均无显著差异,麦季氮肥后效对玉米季产量亦无显著影响.试验第1年,N1、N2处理对小麦和玉米籽粒品质无显著影响,试验第2年,小麦籽粒湿面筋含量及淀粉含量,N1处理显著高于N2处理,N2处理玉米籽粒的淀粉含量显著高于N1,同时也改变了玉米籽粒直链淀粉与支链淀粉比值.综合比较认为,在秸秆还田条件下,氮肥用量以麦季168 kg/hm2、玉米季112.5 kg/hm2较适宜.

... 能够促进作物生长、提高叶绿素含量、增加干物质、延长叶片功能、促进光合产物向籽粒转移等^[21], 增加作物产量的同时改善作物品质^[22,23] ...

2012

0.0

张亚丽, 吕家珑, 金继运, 李书田, 陈占全, 高旭升. 施肥和秸秆还田对土壤肥力质量及春小麦品质的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18: 307-314

Zhang Y

, Lyu J

, Jin J

, Li S

, Chen Z

, Gao X

. Effects of chemical fertilizer and straw return on soil fertility and spring wheat quality. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2012, 18: 307-314 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A long-term field experiment was conducted for 19 years to investigate the effects of chemical fertilizer and wheat straw return on soil fertility and quality of grain under the condition of wheat-wheat continuous rotation on castanozems soil in Hehuang irrigation region of Qinghai province. The results show that compared with the control treatment, soil bulk densities and soil water contents are decreased by 1.2%–7.1% and 4.7%–13.5% under the N and P chemical fertilization combined with potash addition fertilization and/or straw return treatments, and the contents of soil water-stable aggregate (>0.25mm) are increased and stability of soil aggregate is improved. Regard to improving soil physical properties, the straw return is superior to the chemical N, P and K fertilization. The light fraction of soil organic matter, soil total organic matter, soil N, P and K contents are increased as well, especially soil available K content which reaches to 279.5mg/kg in the NPK+100%ST treatment and is about 2.6 times of the control treatment. The yield of spring wheat is also increased under the chemical N, P and K fertilization treatment combined with straw and chemical fertilizer. On base of the N and P fertilization, straw return and/or potash addition treatments except for the NPK+100%ST treatment improve protein content of wheat seed and have no negative effects on grain quality. Conclusions: suitable amounts of potash and/or straw application with chemical N and P fertilization can improve soil fertility and spring wheat yield and quality, and half amount of straw return can replace potash application in local agricultural practice.

通过在青海省河湟灌区栗钙土上连续19年的春小麦连作长期定位试验，研究了施用化肥与秸秆还田对土壤肥力质量及春小麦产量、品质的影响。结果表明，在施氮、磷化肥的基础上增施钾肥和或秸秆还田可降低土壤容重1.2%～7.1%，提高土壤含水量4.7%～13.5%，增加土壤＞0.25mm团聚体的数量，促进团聚体的稳定性；对土壤轻组有机质、有机质、土壤氮、磷、钾养分含量的提高也有明显的作用，尤其是提高土壤速效钾含量最高达2.6倍；对春小麦产量和品质也有一定的维持和促进作用。在施氮、磷的基础上增施适量无机钾肥或秸秆还田能够改善农田土壤肥力及质量状况，稳定和提高春小麦产量和品质。考虑矿质钾肥成本较高和资源有效利用，当地农业生产在氮、磷肥基础上半量秸秆还田可以替代无机钾肥。

... 能够促进作物生长、提高叶绿素含量、增加干物质、延长叶片功能、促进光合产物向籽粒转移等^[21], 增加作物产量的同时改善作物品质^[22,23] ...

2000

0.0

... 1 土壤理化性质测定 2014年播种前采用常规方法测定土壤基本理化性状^[24] ...

2010

0.0

朱元刚, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 刘鹏, 杨今胜, 贾春兰, 李登海. 种植方式对夏玉米光合生产特征和光温资源利用的影响. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 1417-1424

Zhu Y

, Dong S

, Zhang J

, Liu

, Yang J

, Jia C

, Li D

. Effects of cropping patterns on photosynthesis characteristics of summer maize and its utilization of solar and heat resources. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 1417-1424 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 2 对春玉米光合特征的影响玉米产量主要由吐丝期至乳熟期群体叶片光合特性, 特别是中上部叶片光合能力及较高光合能力所持续的时间决定^[25] ...

1999

0.0

... 1 春玉米产量秸秆还田配施氮肥通过改善土壤的水、肥、气、热状况, 为作物提供了一个良好的生长环境, 有利于作物生长发育, 增产效果显著^[26] ...

2012

0.0

周怀平, 解文艳, 关春林, 杨振兴, 李红梅. 长期秸秆还田对旱地玉米产量, 效益及水分利用的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 19: 321-330

Zhou H

, Xie W

, Guan C

, Yang Z

, Li H

. Effects of long-term straw-returning on corn yield, economic benefit and water use in arid farming areas. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2012, 19: 321-330 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 但不同生态类型区秸秆还田增产幅度存在着差异, 周怀平等^[27]利用长期定位试验研究发现, 秸秆还田具有明显的增产效果, 增产幅度为11 ...

2014

0.0

战秀梅, 彭靖, 李秀龙, 李亭亭, 韩晓日, 宋涛, 潘全良. 耕作及秸秆还田方式对春玉米产量及土壤理化性状的影响. 华北农学报, 2014, 29(3): 204-209

Zhan X

, Peng

, Li X

, Li T

, Han X

, Song

, Pan Q

. Effects of tillage and crop residues incorporation on spring maize yield and physical and chemical properties of soil. Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2014, 29(3): 204-209 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 战秀梅等^[28]研究发现, 秸秆连年还田比秸秆不还田春玉米产量提高5 ...

2015

0.0

白伟, 逄焕成, 牛世伟, 蔡倩, 安景文. 秸秆还田与施氮量对春玉米产量及土壤理化性状的影响. 玉米科学, 2015, 23(3): 99-109

Bai

, Pang H

, Niu S

, Cai

, An J

. Effects of straw incorporation and nitrogen rate on spring maize yield and soil physicochemical property. J Maize Sci, 2015, 23(3): 99-109 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 白伟等^[29]研究发现, 秸秆还田比秸秆不还田增产3 ...

2007

0.0

王宁, 闫洪奎, 王君, 李必富, 张永坤, 曹敏建. 不同量秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及产量影响的研究. 玉米科学, 2007, 15(5): 100-103

Wang

, Yan H

, Wang

, Li B

, Zhang Y

, Cao M

. Research on effects of different amount straws return to field on growth development and yield of maize. J Maize Sci, 2007, 15(5): 100-103 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在辽宁柳饶地区风沙性碳酸盐草甸土土壤上,设置常量化肥、半量秸秆还田+常量化肥、全量秸秆还田+常量化肥三个处理,研究了不同量秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及产量的影响.结果表明,与常量化肥相比,秸秆还田处理的植株抗倒伏能力、叶绿素含量不会减小,叶面积指数显著提高,半量秸秆还田处理产量显著提高,全量秸秆还田处理也没有造成减产.

... 但也有研究表明, 秸秆还田对作物产量有负面影响, 全量秸秆还田与秸秆不还田相比作物产量并没有增加, 主要由于在半干旱区贫瘠的土壤上秸秆还田过多引起土壤微生物与作物的争氮效应^[30] ...

2012

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徐萌, 张玉龙, 黄毅, 张玉玲, 虞娜, 闫洪亮, 邹洪涛. 秸秆还田对半干旱区农田土壤养分含量及玉米光合作用的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2012, 30(4): 153-156

, Zhang Y

, Huang

, Zhang Y

, Yu

, Yan H

, Zou H

. Effects of returning straw to field on soil nutrient content and corn photosynthesis in semiarid region. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2012, 30(4): 153-156 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了提升和保育辽西半干旱区农田土壤质量,采用盆栽试验的方式探讨了不同处理方式、不同用量玉米秸秆还田对土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田后,其土壤含水量比对照组提高了3%~7%;有机质含量比对照组提高幅度为1.9%~19%;全氮含量比对照组提高幅度为0.7%~14.4%;速效磷含量比对照组提高了2.51~14.75 mg/kg;速效钾含量比对照组提高了7.33~188.07 mg/kg;碱解氮含量比对照组提高了8.46mg/kg;净光合速率比对照组提高了3~11.03 CO2μmol/(m2.s);秸秆还田可以缓解土壤碱化。

... 2 春玉米生长和光合性能秸秆还田配施氮肥能够改善作物根系, 促进地上部的生长, 但在不同的气候条件和土壤类型下, 对作物生长发育影响也不同^[31,32] ...

2012

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慕平, 张恩和, 王汉宁, 方永丰. 不同年限全量玉米秸秆还田对玉米生长发育及土壤理化性状的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20: 291-296

, Zhang E

, Wang H

, Fang Y

. Effects of continuous straw return to soil on maize growth and soil chemical and physical characteristics. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012, 20: 291-296 (in Chinese with English abstract)

As it significantly improves the physical and chemical characteristics of farmland plow layer soil, straw return is an efficient strategy to enhance soil fertility. To understand the effects of different straw return methods on soil fertility and maize growth, experiments were conducted from 2002 to 2010 in Pingliang Maize Breeding Experimental Station (PMBES) of Gansu Agricultural University. Soil chemical and physical characteristics, and maize plant root growth and yield were determined for three straw return treatments ― 3-year straw return (H3, 2007―2010), 6-year straw return (H6, 2005―2010) and 9-year straw return (H9, 2002―2010) ― and non-straw return used as the control (0-year straw return, CK). The results showed that soil contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolysis N and available K in the 0~30 cm soil layer significantly improved with increasing years of straw return. Soil bulk density reduced significantly in the 20~50 cm soil layer with increasing years in the order of 9 < 6 < 3 < 0 years. Root weight density, total length and activity significantly improved with increasing years of maize straw return. Especially during later growth stage, maize root characteristics in deep soil exhibited significant differences among different straw return treatments. Root activity in the 40~60 cm soil layer in H9, H6 and H3 treatments were higher than in CK treatment by 54.8%, 29.1% and 16.3%, respectively. Root weight density and total length in H9 treatment increased respectively by 44.3% and 79.3% over CK. The root weight density and total length increased by 30.8% and 58.9% in H6, and by 18.8% and 47.7% in H3 treatments over CK, respectively. Under CK, maize root rapidly recession in the fields. Plant height, ear height of maize increased with increasing years of straw return. Ear height of H9, H6 and H3 was 11.1 cm, 5.3 cm and 0.7 cm higher than that of CK respectively. The maize yield improved with increasing years of straw return too. 100-seed weigh and yield of H9, H6, H3 increased by 17.4%, 10.2%, 7.5%, and 15.4%, 10.3%, 4.5%, respectively, over the CK. The findings suggested that straw return delayed root consenescence, enhanced root nutrient uptake at the later growth stage and increased maize yield.

试验以未进行秸秆还田(H0, 对照)、连续3年秸秆还田(H3, 2007―2010年)、连续6年秸秆还田(H6, 2005―2010年)及连续9年秸秆还田(H9, 2002―2010年)的连作玉米农田为对象, 通过测定土壤理化性状及玉米根系发育和地上产量性状的变化, 探索不同秸秆还田年限对不同层次土壤改良效应及作物生长响应机理。结果表明: 随着玉米全量秸秆连续还田, 耕层0~30 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量大幅增加, 速效氮、速效钾显著增加, 而速效磷养分变化幅度较小, 表明秸秆还田能够有效改善土壤养分状况; 20~50 cm土层土壤容重随着秸秆还田年限增加较对照显著下降, 表现H9

2014

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赵亚丽, 郭海斌, 薛志伟, 穆心愿, 李潮海. 耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中干物质生产和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40: 1797-1807

Zhao L

, Guo H

, Xue Z

, Mu X

, Li C

. Effects of tillage and straw returning on biomass and water use efficiency in a winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. Acta Agron Sin, 2014, 40: 1797-1807 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Straw returning to the field has been carried out in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain for ten years. In a consecutive two-year field experiment from 2010 to 2012, the effects of conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT) and subsoiling (SS) on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were tested in a winter wheat鈥搒ummer maize rotation system for setting up a tillage practice suitable for straw returning. The results were obtained from the comparison among six treatments, including CT+AS (all straw returning), CT+NS (nostraw returning), DT+AS, DT+NS, SS+AS, and SS+NS. Under straw returning condition, either DT or SS practice increasedwater consumption amount during winter wheat or summer maize growth period but decreased it during fallow period. In addition, relative water content, net photosynthetic rate (), transpiration rate () of leaf, and bleeding sap in stalk were also increased in both crops, leading to more biomass and higher water use efficiency together with increased grain yields in winter wheat and summer maize seasons. The effects of interactions between soil tillage (DT or SS) and straw returning on dry matter accumulation and water use efficiency were significant in both crops. Compared with conventional tillage under no straw returning, DT and SS under straw retuning resulted in increased dry matter accumulation (19.3% and 22.9%, respectively), annual crop yield (by 18.0% and 19.3%, respectively), and water use efficiency (by 15.9% and 15.1%, respectively). The difference of the effect between DT and SS under straw returning was not significant. Therefore, we recommend DT or SS practice in straw returning field under the environment similar to that of this experiment.

... 赵亚丽等^[33]研究发现, 与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比, 深耕+秸秆还田和深松+秸秆还田处理的作物干物质积累量分别提高19 ...

2013

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徐文强, 杨祁峰, 牛芬菊, 牛俊义, 熊春蓉, 张永祥. 秸秆还田与覆膜对土壤理化特性及玉米生长发育的影响. 玉米科学, 2013, 21(3): 87-93

Xu W

, Yang Q

, Niu F

, Niu J

, Xiong C

, Zhang Y

. Effects of stalk returned to the field and film mulching on the soil physical and chemical characteristics and the maize growth. J Maize Sci, 2013, 21(3): 87-93 (in Chinese with English abstract)

试验研究秸秆还田对不同覆膜时期的全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育与土壤理化特性的影响。结果表明,经秸秆还田后全膜双垄沟播耕层土壤养分含量变化依次表现为整株还田秸秆粉碎免耕留茬,不同覆膜时间对土壤养分变化影响不明显;秸秆还田土壤容重明显降低但免耕留茬一膜两年用处理土壤容重增大。在玉米生育前期经秸秆还田后的土壤温度与水分均显著低于对照,其株高、茎粗与叶面积均小于对照;在玉米生育后期秸秆腐解后对土壤水分起到一个补偿效应。玉米产量表现为秋覆膜整株秸秆还田顶凌覆膜整株秸秆还田秋覆膜秸秆粉碎还田顶凌覆膜秸秆粉碎还田免耕留茬一膜两年用,秸秆还田后玉米产量较对照有增产趋势,而免耕留茬一膜两年用有减产倾向,但处理间差异不显著。

... 但也有研究表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥对作物生长发育影响并不显著, 徐文强等^[34]研究发现, 秸秆还田玉米株高、茎粗与叶面积均小于对照, 主要是由于在玉米生育前期秸秆还田的土壤温度与水分均显著低于对照, 作物生育后期随着秸秆腐解会出现补偿效应 ...

2012

0.0

葛立立, 王康君, 范苗苗, 马义虎, 张乐, 刘立军. 秸秆还田对土壤培肥与水稻产量和米质的影响. 中国农学通报, 2012, 28(12): 1-6

Ge L

, Wang K

, Fan M

, Ma Y

, Zhang

, Liu L

. Effect of straw returning on soil fertilizing, grain yield and quality of rice. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2012, 28(12): 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 由于种植作物、土壤类型、耕作方式及气候条件等因素的差异, 不同学者得出的秸秆还田适宜量也不完全一致^[35] ...

2015

0.0

... 还田周期要根据当地的农时季节、耕作制度确定, 在秸秆还田的同时, 还要配合施入一定数量的氮肥, 保持土壤合理的碳氮比^[36] ...

2011

0.0

高飞, 贾志宽, 路文涛, 韩清芳, 杨宝平, 侯贤清. 秸秆不同还田量对宁南旱区土壤水分、玉米生长及光合特性的影响. 生态学报, 2011, 31: 777-783

Gao

, Jia Z

, Lu W

, Han Q

, Yang B

, Hou X

. Effects of different straw returning treatments on soil water, maize growth and photosynthetic characteristics in the semi-arid area of Southern Ningxia. Acta Ecol Sin, 2011, 31: 777-783 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the effect of different straw returning treatments on the yield of corn、soil water、the growth characteristics of spring corn and the photosynthetic characteristics on key growth period, a field experiment was conducted in the area of southern Ningxia.The experiment of straw returning consists 3 levels which is 3000 kg/hm 2 (L), 6000 kg/hm 2 (M),9000 kg/hm 2 (H)for wheat straw and 4500 kg/hm 2 (L), 9000 kg/hm 2 (M), 13500 kg/hm 2 (H)for corn straw. The control treatment has no straw returning. There is three times of every treatment.With the completely randomized block arrangement, straw is chopped at the length about 5cm and is uniform buried in the soil about 25cm layer. The results show that, the soil water storage of 0-200cm soil layer significantly increased,which enhanced 30.17mm, 31.13 mm, 32.83 mm respectively follow the amount of straw returning from high to low compared to CK. Compared with CK, the maize height, the stem diameter and leaf area have significantly increased( P -2 · s -1 respectively, the transpiration rate increased 2.08, 1.63, 0.72μmol · m -2 · s -1 respectively( P WUE of corn increased 38.5％, 31％ and 0.9％respectively. The results of experiment from 2007-2009 showed that straw returning treatments in the area of southern Ningxia can increase WUE and the ability of soil water storage, promote the photosynthesis of corn, and then increases the yield of corn. The daily variation regularity of the photosynthetic rate and the transpiration rate is different on different soil moisture. The main limiting factor is water deficit of soil for the photosynthesis of crop in the arid area of Ningxia Province.

在宁南半干旱区通过大田定位试验研究了不同秸秆还田量对农田土壤水分、春玉米生长性状、关键生育期光合特性及产量的影响。试验设计为3个秸秆还田量水平,小麦秸秆按3000 kg/hm 2 (L)、6000 kg/hm 2 (M)、,9000 kg/hm 2 (H)粉碎还田;玉米秸秆按4500 kg/hm 2 (L) 、9000 kg/hm 2 (M)、13500 kg/hm 2 (H)粉碎还田,对照为秸秆不还田。每个处理设3次重复,随机区组排列,秸秆被粉碎机打碎成5cm左右的小段,人工均匀翻埋至25cm左右深度的土层。结果表明,不同秸秆还田量(高、中、低)下, 播前各处理0-200cm土层土壤贮水量均较CK(对照)有显著提高, 秸秆还田量由高到低,0-200cm土层土壤贮水量增加量是30.17-32.83 mm,不同还田量之间没有显著差异。玉米株高、茎粗和单株叶面积显著增加,和对照比较差异达显著水平( P -2 · s -1 ( P -2 · s -1 。随秸秆还田量由高到低,高、中、低3个不同秸秆还田量处理的玉米籽粒产量较对照分别提高了58.3%、36.7%和5.4%,玉米水分利用效率( WUE )较CK分别提高38.5％、31％和0.9％。秸秆还田可提高土壤的水分利用率和蓄水能力,促进作物的光合作用,进而使作物增产。不同土壤含水量条件下,光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化规律不同,土壤水分亏缺对干旱地区作物光合作用来说将是最大的限制因子。

... 高飞等^[37]研究认为玉米秸秆粉碎还田9000 kg hm^-2是四川宁南半干旱区最佳的还田方式 ...

2016

0.0

蔡红光, 梁尧, 闫孝贡, 刘剑钊, 袁静超, 张洪喜, 王立春. 东北黑土区秸秆不同还田方式下玉米产量及养分累积特征. 玉米科学, 2016, 24(5): 68-74

Cai H

, Liang

, Yan X

, Liu J

, Yuan J

, Zhang H

, Wang L

. Grain yield and characteristic of nutrient accumulation for maize under different straw return modes in black soil region of northeast. J Maize Sci, 2016, 24(5): 68-74 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 蔡红光等^[38]研究认为秸秆深翻还田是东北黑土区最佳的还田方式 ...