基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型

引用本文

陈昱利, 杨平, 张文宇, 张伟欣, 诸叶平, 李世娟, 巩法江, 毕海滨, 岳霆, 曹宏鑫. . 基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型. 作物学报, 2016, 43(3): 399-406
CHEN Yu-Li, YANG Ping, ZHANG Wen-Yu, ZHANG Wei-Xin, ZHU Ye-Ping, LI Shi-Juan, GONG Fa-Jiang, BI Hai-Bin, YUE Ting, CAO Hong-Xin. . Biomass-Based Main Spike Morphological Parameter Model for Winter Wheat. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2016, 43(3): 399-406 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型

陈昱利¹, 杨平¹, 张文宇², 张伟欣², 诸叶平³, 李世娟³, 巩法江¹, 毕海滨¹, 岳霆¹, 曹宏鑫^2,^*

¹淄博市农业科学研究院, 山东淄博 255033

²江苏省农业科学院农业经济与信息研究所数字农业工程技术研究中心, 江苏南京 210014

³中国农业科学院农业信息研究所, 北京 100081

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 曹宏鑫, E-mail: caohongxin@hotmail.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: luckydogcyl@163.com

收稿日期:2016-06-19 接受日期:2016-11-02 网络出版日期:2016-11-28

基金:本研究由国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2013AA102305-1)资助

摘要

冬小麦穗部形态结构模型是功能-结构小麦模型的重要研究内容。以济麦22、泰农18和鲁原502为材料, 于2013—2014和2014—2015年度开展了品种和施氮试验。结合2013—2014年数据, 分析穗部主要形态参数与器官生物量的定量关系及形态参数间的内在联系, 构建了冬小麦穗部主要形态结构模型。经2014—2015年小麦生长数据检验, 除穗长模型精度略低外, 穗宽、穗厚、颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚模型精度均较高, 所建模型可较好模拟不同品种与施氮水平冬小麦穗部主要形态结构。

关键词: 冬小麦; 形态结构; 生物量; 穗; 模型

Biomass-Based Main Spike Morphological Parameter Model for Winter Wheat

CHEN Yu-Li¹, YANG Ping¹, ZHANG Wen-Yu², ZHANG Wei-Xin², ZHU Ye-Ping³, LI Shi-Juan³, GONG Fa-Jiang¹, BI Hai-Bin¹, YUE Ting¹, CAO Hong-Xin^2,^*

¹Zibo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zibo 255033, China

²Information Engineering Research Center for Digital Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Economy, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China

³ Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2013AA102305-1).

Abstract

Spike morphological structure model is an important basis for the function and structure model in winter wheat. We carried out a field experiment in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growing reasons using winter wheat varieties Jimai 22, Tainong 18, and Luyuan 502 under different nitrogen application levels. The morphological-structure models of wheat spike were built through dissecting the quantitative relationship between spike morphological-structure parameters and organ biomass, as well as the internal connections of morphological-structure parameters. These models were then validated with an independent dataset collected in the 2014-2015 growing season. Except for spike length, all the models of spike width, spike thickness, glume length, glume width, glume thickness, grain length, grain width, and grain thickness had higher accuracy. These models can be used to simulate spike structure in diverse varieties under different nitrogen application levels.

Keyword: Winter wheat; Morphological structure; Biomass; Spike; Model

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作为国际上作物形态模型与可视化研究的最新趋势^[1], 功能-结构作物模型在小麦、水稻、玉米、油菜等作物上已有报道^{[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]}, 它可将作物生长模型和形态模型有机结合, 充分显示基于3D的作物生长过程, 增强对基因型、机理性和环境条件响应的了解^[11]。功能-结构小麦模型的研究主要集中在叶片、茎秆和穗部等器官形态建模及可视化上^{[12, 13, 14, 15]}, 在小麦生长模型和形态模型结合的基础上, 不断加强模型对其生理过程、基因型和外部环境的响应, 对小麦生长调控和精确管理具有重要指导意义。

目前, 主要从两个方面开展研究, 一是基于环境参数和生长过程的麦穗形态结构模型^[16], 二是基于形态参数的麦穗几何模型与可视化。谭子辉等^[16]通过分析麦穗形态指标随生育进程和环境条件的动态变化, 并利用系统分析方法和动态建模技术, 构建了冬小麦麦穗动态模拟模型, 模型经验性较强。基于形态参数的麦穗几何模型与可视化, 包括穗轴、小穗(外稃、麦芒、花药等)、穗形和籽粒等子模型, 利用计算机图形技术, 结合OpenGL等工具, 实现小麦穗部几何建模和可视化^{[17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]}。例如, 孟军等^[20]利用偏圆柱体重构穗轴节片, 以二次曲面代表颖片、外稃, 实现了麦穗参数化建模; 陈国庆等^[21]将麦穗分成多个小穗, 小穗又分为穗轴节片、护颖和小花三部分, 以圆柱体模拟穗轴节片, 以三角面片为基础模拟小花, 然后将各小穗有序排列组成麦穗, 实现麦穗虚拟显示; Mabille等^[22]对小麦麦穗籽粒进行了三维建模。然而这些研究普遍存在一个问题, 即建模方法与小麦生理过程结合不够紧密, 所建穗部形态模型均未考虑同化物分配与小麦穗部形态结构参数的定量关系。生物量作为麦穗形态建成的物理学和生物学基础, 为冬小麦穗部形态结构建成提供了物质基础。本研究在前人研究成果的基础上, 以小麦器官生物量为尺度, 通过分析冬小麦穗部主要形态参数与器官生物量的定量关系, 将生长模型和形态模型有机结合, 建立冬小麦穗部主要形态结构参数模型, 以期促进功能-结构小麦模型的研究和应用。

1 材料与方法

1.1 品种及试验设计

选用2种穗型3个小麦品种作为试验材料, 其中, 济麦22和鲁原502为多穗型, 泰农18为大穗型。

于2013年10月至2015年6月在山东省淄博市农业科学研究院试验基地开展品种与施氮试验, 土壤为褐土, 0~30 cm耕层含有机碳32.14 g kg^-1、全氮1.62 g kg^-1、速效磷14.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾150.32 mg kg^-1, pH 8.16。采用裂区设计, 3次重复。主区为品种(V), 设V1 (济麦22)、V2 (泰农18)和V3 (鲁原502) 3个水平, 主区面积75 m²; 副区为施氮水平(N), 2013— 2014年度设N1 (0 kg hm^-2)、N2 (84.375 kg hm^-2)、N3 (168.75 kg hm^-2)、N4 (253.125 kg hm^-2)和N5 (337.5 kg hm^-2) 5个水平, 2014— 2015年度设N1 (0 kg hm^-2)、N2 (75 kg hm^-2)、N3 (150 kg hm^-2)、N4 (225 kg hm^-2)和N5 (300 kg hm^-2) 5个水平。共计45个小区, 小区面积10 m × 1.5 m = 15.0 m², 行道宽0.5 m。播种前基施有机肥15 000 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 112.5 kg hm^-2、K₂O 112.5 kg hm^-2, 氮肥50%在播种前施入, 50%在拔节期追施。播种期为2013年10月7日和2014年10月12日, 基本苗均为225万株 hm^-2。按当地大田高产栽培技术进行田间管理。

1.2 穗部形态参数采集与分析

自孕穗期每隔7 d采集一次形态数据, 选取每处理长势一致的植株3株, 用直尺或游标卡尺测定主茎和分蘖的穗长、穗颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚, 取上、中、下3个部位的平均值作为观测值; 从穗部上、中、下部各取5个代表性籽粒测定粒长、粒宽和粒厚, 取平均值作为观测值。同时, 测定各处理的穗粒数和结实数; 分不同蘖位和叶位将穗、叶、茎等分装, 105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃烘至恒重。

采用Microsoft Excel 2007和SigmaPlot v12.5统计分析软件处理试验资料。

1.3 模型检验

2013— 2014年度数据用于模型建立, 2014— 2015年度数据用于模型检验。利用根均方差RMSE、平均绝对误差d_a和平均绝对误差与实测值平均值的比值d_ap等统计量检验模型, 并绘制实测值与模拟值的1︰1关系图, 以检验模型。

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

式中, OBS_i为实测值, SIM_i为模拟值, d为绝对误差, n为样本容量。

2 结果与分析

2.1 模型描述

2.1.1 穗长、穗宽和穗厚模型通过分析植株不同蘖位穗生物量(比穗重)和穗长、穗宽和穗厚的关系, 以及穗长、穗宽和穗厚之间的内在关系, 建立穗长、穗宽和穗厚形态参数模型。不同蘖位穗生物量可由该蘖位穗体积和穗密度的乘积得到; 植株某蘖位穗体积可由该蘖位穗长、穗宽和穗厚, 以及矫正系数的乘积获得。

(5)

(6)

式中, DW_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗干重(g), SV_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗体积(cm³), SD_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗密度(g cm^-3); SL_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗长(cm), SW_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗宽(cm), ST_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗厚(cm), k为矫正系数。

通过分析2013— 2014年度数据, 发现冬小麦穗宽和穗厚随穗长增长均呈指数函数增长(图1), 品种间无显著差异, 可用如下模型描述。

(7)

(8)

式中, SW₀、SW₁、ST₀和ST₁均为模型参数。各模型参数及统计检验见表1。

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	图1 3个品种穗宽(A)和穗厚(B)随穗长的变化趋势(2013-2014)Fig. 1 Changes of spike width (A) and spike thickness (B) with spike length in three varieties (2013-2014)

表1 各模型参数值及其统计检验 Table 1 Parameters of various models and its statistical test

将式(6)至式(8)代入式(5), 可得下式。

(9)

由于麦穗不是一个规则长方体, 故将k和SD_i的乘积(矫正后的单位体积穗干重)定义为比穗重(SSW_i, g cm^-3)。将SSW_i引入式(5)至式(9), 则植株不同蘖位模型可描述如下。

(10)

(11)

(12)

式中, SSW_i为植株某蘖位第i天的比穗重(g cm^-3); DW_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗干重(g), 可由小麦干物质分配模型计算得到^[23]。

2.1.2 SSW_i变化规律 2013— 2014年度数据表明, SSW_i随穗干重升高而逐渐增大, 呈线性函数增长趋势(图2), 品种间无显著差异。不同蘖位植株SSW_i随穗干重变化规律可用如下模型描述。

(13)

式中, SSW_i为植株某蘖位第i天比穗重(g cm^-3), DW_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗干重(g), 可由干物质分配模型获得, SS₀和SS₁为模型参数。各模型参数及统计检验见表1。

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	图2 3个品种比穗重随穗干重的变化趋势(2013-2014)Fig. 2 Special spike weight changing trend with the dry weight of spike in three varieties (2013-2014)

2.1.3 颖壳长、颖壳宽和颖壳厚模型冬小麦颖壳的伸展主要发生在拔节后期, 至开花期冬小麦颖壳已完全伸展。而在开花期以后至成熟期, 随着冬小麦灌浆进程, 颖壳干重和色泽会有所改变, 但外部形态变化不大, 籽粒形态变化较大。故本文只对壳外部形态增长过程(即拔节后期— 开花期)进行研究, 而开花期至成熟期颖壳的变化暂不考虑。

2013— 2014年度试验表明, 3个品种间无显著差异, 颖壳长度、颖壳宽度和颖壳厚度均随着穗干重不断增大, 最后趋于稳定(图3), 其定量模型如下。

(14)

(15)

(16)

式中, GLL_i、GLW_i和GLT_i分别为植株某蘖位第i天颖壳长度(cm)、颖壳宽度(cm)和颖壳厚度(cm); GLL₀、GLL₁、GLL₂、GLW₀、GLW₁、GLW₂、GLT₀、GLT₁和GLT₂均为模型参数。各模型参数及统计检验见表1。

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图3 3个品种颖壳形态指标随穗干重的变化趋势(2013-2014)Fig. 3 Changing trends of the glumes architecture index along with the spike dry weight in three varieties (2013-2014)
V1: 济麦22; V2: 泰农18; V3: 鲁原502; LV1: V1颖壳长度; LV2: V2颖壳长度; LV3: V3颖壳长度; WV1: V1颖壳宽度; WV2: V2颖壳宽度; WV3: V3颖壳宽度; TV1: V1颖壳厚度; TV2: V2颖壳厚度; TV3: V3颖壳厚度。
V1, V2, and V3 represent varieties Jimai 22, Tainong 18, and Luyuan 502, respectively. LV1, LV2, and LV3 represent glume length for V1, V2, and V3, respectively. WV1, WV2, and WV3 represent glume width for V1, V2, and V3, respectively. TV1, TV2, and TV3 represent glume thickness for V1, V2, and V3, respectively.

2.1.4 粒长、粒宽和粒厚模型冬小麦籽粒膨大随着籽粒干重增加呈现“ 慢— 快— 慢” 变化趋势(图4), 品种间无显著差异。植株某蘖位第i天单籽粒干重

(17)

式中, ADW为植株某蘖位灌浆初期穗干重(g), SR_i为植株某蘖位第i天结实率(%), PIW为灌浆初期单籽粒干重(g), 取值为0.0035 g ^[24], SN为小花数(包括未结实小花)。

根据籽粒长与单籽粒干重的定量关系, 可以将籽粒长随单籽粒干重的变化规律描述如下。

(18)

式中, GL_i为植株某蘖位第i天籽粒长度(cm); PDW_i植株某蘖位第i天单籽粒干重(g); GL₀、GL₁、GL₂均为模型参数。各模型参数及统计检验见表1。

2013— 2014年度数据表明, 冬小麦籽粒宽和籽粒厚随籽粒长的增加而逐渐增加, 呈指数函数变化趋势(图5), 品种间无显著差异。

(19)

(20)

式中, GL_i、GW_i和GT_i分别为植株某蘖位第i天籽粒长度(cm)、籽粒宽度(cm)和籽粒厚度(cm); GW₀、GW₁、GT₀、GT₁均为模型参数。各模型参数及统计检验见表1。

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	图4 3个品种籽粒长随单籽粒干重的变化趋势(2013-2014)Fig. 4 Changing trends of grain length along with single grain dry weight in three varieties (2013-2014)

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	图5 3个品种粒宽(A)和粒厚(B)随粒长的变化趋势(2013-2014)Fig. 5 Changing trends of grain width (A) and grain thickness (B) along with the grain length in three varieties (2013-2014)

2.2 模型检验

采用独立试验数据对所建冬小麦穗部形态参数模型检验表明, 冬小麦穗部形态参数穗长、穗宽、穗厚、颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚的实测值与模拟值吻合程度均较好(表2和图6), 各模型r值在0.349~0.987之间(P< 0.01)。穗宽、穗厚、颖壳长、颖壳宽、颖壳厚、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚模型的d_ap值在7%~13%之间, 表明模型精度较好, 而穗长模型精度略低(d_ap> 15%), 表明模型有较大改进空间。

表2 冬小麦穗部形态结构模型观察值与模拟值比较的统计参数 Table 2 Comparison of statistical parameters of simulation and observation in winter wheat spike parameter models

3 讨论

穗部结构参数模型是小麦形态结构模型的主要组成部分, 也是功能-结构小麦模型的重要研究内容。本研究中, 通过分析麦穗、颖壳和籽粒等器官形态指标与器官生物量之间的定量关系, 构建了麦穗、颖壳和籽粒等器官主要形态参数模型, 而穗部形态参数除穗、颖壳、籽粒外, 还包括小花、芒、花药和小穗伸展角度等形态参数, 本文尚未涉及, 而这些指标作为穗的重要组成部分, 已有学者实现了其可视化。

本研究所建穗宽、穗厚、籽粒宽和籽粒厚模型的模拟值要略高于实测值(图6), 主要是因为在2014— 2015年小麦生长季, 灌浆后期出现干旱, 影响了小麦籽粒灌浆速率, 进而制约了麦穗伸展和籽粒膨大, 致使穗宽、穗厚、籽粒宽和籽粒厚的实测值较模拟值低, d_ap值大于5%。因此, 进一步研究可以将灌浆影响因子引入模型中, 以提高模型精确度。小麦植株形态结构除了受品种、氮素等因素影响外, 还受水分^[25]、播期^[26]、密度^[12]等多种因素影响, 特别是密度和播期对小麦穗部形态影响较为显著^{[27, 28]}。

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图6 实测值与模拟值比较(2014-2015)Fig. 6 Comparison of the observed with the simulated (2014-2015)
SL: 穗长; SW:穗宽; ST: 穗厚; GLL: 颖壳长; GLW: 颖壳宽; GLT: 颖壳厚; GL: 籽粒长; GW: 籽粒宽; GT: 籽粒厚。
SL: spike length; SW: spike width; ST: spike thickness; GLL: glumes length; GLW: glumes width; GLT: glumes thickness; GL: grain length; GW: grain width; GT: grain thickness.

研究表明, 适宜密度利于缓冲个体与群体的矛盾, 优化群体结构, 利于穗数、穗粒数和粒重的协调发展^[29]; 国麦1号的播期对穗数、穗粒数和产量影响不显著, 但显著影响千粒重^[30]。因此, 进一步研究将密度和播期影响因子引入模型, 以提高模型的精确性和可靠性。

此外, 冬小麦形态结构指标除穗长、穗宽、穗厚等形态数量指标外, 还包括籽粒含氮量、穗粒数等形态质量指标。本文只针对冬小麦部分形态数量指标与器官生物量的定量关系, 进而构建响应模型, 并未涉及冬小麦穗部形态质量指标差异。

4 结论

建立了基于生物量的冬小麦穗部主要形态参数模型。其中, 冬小麦穗长、穗宽及穗厚可表达为穗部生物量的幂函数, 冬小麦穗部颖壳与粒长、粒宽和粒厚可表达为穗部生物量的Logistic函数。除穗长模型精度略低(d_ap> 15%)外, 其他穗、颖壳及籽粒形态模型的精度均较高, d_ap值在7%~13%之间。所建模型可较好地模拟不同品种与施氮水平冬小麦穗部主要形态结构参数, 具有一定解释性和普适性。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2011

0.0

... 作为国际上作物形态模型与可视化研究的最新趋势^[1], 功能-结构作物模型在小麦、水稻、玉米、油菜等作物上已有报道^{[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}, 它可将作物生长模型和形态模型有机结合, 充分显示基于3D的作物生长过程, 增强对基因型、机理性和环境条件响应的了解^[11] ...

1996

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1998

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2001

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2010

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2003

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2005

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2004

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2012

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2009

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刘岩, 陆建飞, 曹宏鑫, 石春林, 刘永霞, 朱大威, 孙金英, 岳延滨, 魏秀芳, 田平平, 包太林. 基于生物量的水稻叶片主要几何属性模型研究. 中国农业科学, 2009, 42: 4093-4099

Liu

, Lu J

, Cao H

, Shi C

, Liu Y

, Zhu D

, Sun J

, Yue Y

, Wei X

, Tian P

, Bao T

Main geometrical parameter models of rice blade based on biomass.

Sci Agric Sin, 2009, 42: 4093-4099 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 To develop a geometrical attribute model of leaf blade based on dry weight (DW), which is the output of growth model. 【Method】 Firstly, the model was deduced from the relationship between biomass and geometrical parameters of leaf theoretically. And then, based on observations on leaf length and leaf width of different leaf positions (LP) on main stems under different nitrogen rates and densities with four cultivars (LY108, 86Y8, NJ43, YD 6), the change patterns of specific leaf weight (SLW) with leaf position and the relationship between leaf length and width of rice on main stem were analyzed. 【Result】 The results indicated that the relationship between leaf blade length and width could be expressed in power function, and SLW changed with the leaf position (LP) in quadratic equation. 【Conclusion】 The validation of the model with independent experimental data under different nitrogen rates and densities with four cultivars showed that the RMSE of dynamic leaf length and leaf width on main stem were 2.55 cm and 0.06 cm, respectively, and the model could be used in simulating the geometrical characteristics of rice leaf blade on main stem under different growth conditions.

2007

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2011

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张文宇, 汤亮, 朱相成, 杨月, 曹卫星, 朱艳. 基于过程的小麦茎鞘夹角动态模拟. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 1765-1770

Zhang W

, Tang

, Zhu X

, Yang

, Cao W

, Zhu

Dynamic simulation of wheat stem-sheath angle based on process.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22: 1765-1770 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the field experiments with different plant-type wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) cultivars and varied population densities, the time-course changes in the angle between stem and sheath (stem-sheath angle) on main stem were observed, and a process-based model was developed for simulating the growth dynamics of stem-sheath angle on the main stem by using system analysis method and dynamic modeling technology. The stem-sheath angle increased with the growth of corresponding leaves, and decreased with increasing population density. The maximum stem-sheath angle decreased with increasing leaf position, except for the first leaf on main stem. The growth dynamics of stem-sheath angle could be described with Logistic equation, and the changes in the maximum stem-sheath angle with leaf position could be quantified with two different equations. The maximal value of stem-sheath angle at the second leaf position was considered as the cultivar parameter to reflect the genetic differences, and the plant number per unit area was used to quantify the effects of population density. The independent field experiment dataset of different wheat cultivars was used to test the model, and the average RMSE between estimated and observed values was 1.7°, suggesting that the present model had good performance and reliability on predicting the growth dynamics of wheat stem-sheath angle, and provided a key module for wheat plant-type simulation and visualization.

基于不同株型品种和不同密度处理的小麦田间试验，连续观察并记录各处理不同叶位叶鞘与主茎之间的夹角，进一步利用系统分析方法和动态建模技术，构建基于过程的小麦叶片茎鞘夹角的动态模拟模型.结果表明：小麦茎鞘夹角随叶片生育进程不断加大，并随密度的增大而减小；从第2叶开始，最大茎鞘夹角随叶位的增加而减小.所建模型利用Logistic方程描述叶片茎鞘夹角随生育进程的动态变化过程，使用分段函数描述最大茎鞘夹角随叶位的动态变化，引入品种参数（第2叶茎鞘夹角的最大值）量化了茎鞘夹角在不同品种之间的差异，并利用基本苗量化了密度对茎鞘夹角的影响.基于独立的田间试验资料对所建模型进行测试与检验，结果显示茎鞘夹角模拟值与观测值之间的均方根差为1.7°.表明模型对小麦主茎叶片茎鞘夹角的动态变化过程具有较好的预测性，为小麦生长过程的可视化表达奠定了技术基础.

... 功能-结构小麦模型的研究主要集中在叶片、茎秆和穗部等器官形态建模及可视化上^{[12,13,14,15]}, 在小麦生长模型和形态模型结合的基础上, 不断加强模型对其生理过程、基因型和外部环境的响应, 对小麦生长调控和精确管理具有重要指导意义 ...

... 小麦植株形态结构除了受品种、氮素等因素影响外, 还受水分^[25]、播期^[26]、密度^[12]等多种因素影响, 特别是密度和播期对小麦穗部形态影响较为显著^[27,28] ...

2015

0.0

陈昱利, 杨平, 张文宇, 张伟欣, 诸叶平, 李世娟, 巩法江, 毕海滨, 岳霆, 曹宏鑫. 越冬前冬小麦主茎叶片几何参数模型研究. 麦类作物学报, 2015, 35: 1719-1726

Chen Y

, Yang

, Zhang W

, Zhu Y

, Li S

, Gong F

, Bi H

, Yue

, Cao H

Study on main geometrical parameter models of leaf blade at pre-overwintering of winter wheat.

J Triticeae Crops, 2015, 35: 1719-1726 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to quantitatively analyse the relationship between the winter wheat leaf blade main geometrical parameter and organ biomass and specific leaf weight at pre-overwintering,the field experiments of different varieties and nitrogen application were carried out in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 growth reasons of winter wheat. Jimai 22,Tainong 18,and Luyuan 502 were used as the experimental materials in this study. Simulation models of leaf blade main geometrical parameter of winter wheat at pre-overwintering were built by analyzing the relationship between the leaf blade length and leaf blade maximum width at pre-overwintering and organ biomass and specific leaf weight,and between the leaf blade tangent angle and leaf blade bowstring angle and specific leaf weight. The models were validated using independent experiment dataset. The results showed that root mean squared error (RMSE),mean absolute error ( d a ),ratio of d a to the mean observation ( d ap ),and the determined coefficient ( R ) between simulated and measured values of leaf blade length,leaf maximum blade width,leaf blade tangent angle,and leaf blade bowstring angle were 1.453 cm ( n =46),1.136 cm,11.997%,and 0.916,respectively; 0.093 cm ( n =46),0.073 cm,13.396%,and 0.837,respectively; 23.906°( n =46),16.059°,52.153%,and 0.556,respectively; and 23.706°( n =46),19.818°,53.966%,and 0.787,respectively,with the significant level at 0.001. The simulated values agreed well with the measured ones. It is indicated that the winter wheat leaf blade geometrical parameter at pre-overwintering could be well simulated by these models.

为了定量分析冬小麦越冬前叶片主要几何参数与器官生物量及比叶重的关系，以小麦品种济麦22、泰农18和鲁原502为材料，于2013-2014和2014-2015年冬小麦生长季内开展了品种和施氮试验，通过分析越冬前叶长和叶宽与器官生物量和比叶重之间的定量关系，以及叶弦角和叶切角与比叶重之间的关系，构建了冬小麦越冬前叶片几何参数模型。经独立试验资料检验，冬小麦越冬前叶片主要几何参数叶长、最大叶宽、叶切角和叶弦角实测值与模拟值的RMSE、平均绝对误差（ d a ）、平均相对误差（ d ap ）和 R 分别为1.453 cm ( n =46)、1.136 cm、11.997%和0.916；0.093 cm ( n =46)、0.073 cm、13.396%和0.837；23.906°( n =46)、16.059°、52.153%和0.556；23.706°( n =46)、19.818°、53.966%和0.787，均达极显著水平（ P <0.001），说明实测值与模拟值的吻合程度较好。所建模型可较好地模拟不同品种、不同施氮水平下冬小麦越冬前叶片主要几何参数。

2015

0.0

张伟欣, 曹宏鑫, 朱艳, 刘岩, 张文宇, 陈昱利, 傅坤亚. 基于生物量的油菜越冬前植株叶片空间形态结构模型. 作物学报, 2015, 41: 318-328

Zhang W

, Cao H

, Zhu

, Liu

, Zhang W

, Chen Y

, Fu K

Morphological structure model of leaf space based on biomass at pre-overwintering stage in rapeseed (

Brassica napus L. ) plant. Acta Agron Sin, 2015, 41: 318-328 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rapeseed morphogenesis at pre-overwintering stage is the basis of growth and development of rapeseed in whole growth stage, and the leaf blades are important vegetative organ in this stage. To quantify the relationships between rapeseed plant architecture indices and the corresponding organ biomass, we used three cultivars including (V1) Ningyou 18 (conventional variety), (V2) Ningyou 16 (conventional variety), and (V3) Ningza 19 (hybrid) in the field experiments, and designed treatment of variety-fertilizer, variety-fertilizer-density, and variety tests in 2011–2012 and 2012–2013, with three fertilizer levels of no fertilizer, normal fertilizer (N, P2O5, K2O are 90 kg ha–1), and high fertilizer (N, P2O5, K2O are 180 kg ha–1), and three density levels of D1 (6×104 plant ha–1), D2 (1.2×105 plant ha–1), and D3 (1.8×105 plant ha–1). Morphological indices were determined at pre-overwintering stage, the biomass-based rapeseed aboveground structure model was established with morphological indices, and the relationships between leaf blade indices and leaf blade biomass were analyzed. The models were verified using independent experiment data in 2011–2012, and 2012–2013, showing that the simulated values from the rapeseed plant leaf space morphological structure models, such as leaf blade length, leaf blade width, leaf blade bowstring length, leaf blade petiole length, and leaf blade angle from 2011 to 2012 were goodness of fit to observed values, and their da values and RMSE values were –0.231 cm, 2.102 cm (n=63); –0.273 cm, 0.484 cm (n=63); –0.343 cm, 1.963 cm (n=63); 0.412 cm, 2.095 cm (n=36); –0.635 cm, 1.006 cm (n=27); 4.421°, 14.734° (n=63); 6.642°, 21.817° (n=63), respectively. The correlation between observation and simulation in the morphological indices were significant at P

油菜越冬前的形态建成是油菜苗后期乃至整个生长中、后期的物质基础，叶片是该期最重要的营养器官。为了明确油菜植株的形态结构要素与器官生物量的关系，以3个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料，于2011—2013年分别设置品种和肥料试验、品种、肥料和密度试验、品种试验，越冬前测定油菜植株不同叶位叶片形态指标，分析油菜主茎叶片形态参数与叶片干物重的关系，构建基于生物量的油菜越冬前植株叶片空间形态结构模型。建模后以独立试验数据检验，除短柄长、叶切角和叶弦角、不施肥品种叶片干物重分配系数值(partitioning coefficient of leaf blade dry weight, CPLB)误差较大外，油菜越冬前植株叶片空间形态结构模型观察值与模拟值拟合度较好，所建模型可靠性较好，具有一定的解释性。

2005

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陈国庆, 朱艳, 曹卫星. 小麦叶鞘和节间生长过程的模拟研究. 麦类作物学报, 2005, 25(1): 71-74

Chen G

, Zhu

, Cao W

Modeling leaf sheath and internode growth dynamics in wheat.

J Triticeae Crops, 2005, 25(1): 71-74 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on extensive observations and quantitative analysis on leaf sheath and internode growth processes with different variety types, a dynamic model was developed to simulate time-course growth characters of leaf sheath and internode in wheat. The growth

以5个不同株型小麦品种为供试材料,通过对冬小麦品种叶鞘和节间生长过程的连续观测和定量分析,构建了小麦叶鞘和节间生长过程的动态模拟模型。模型采用Logistic方程描述了叶鞘和节间的伸长动态;利用叶鞘与对应节间长度的比例关系模拟了不同节间的长度;利用节间粗与对应节间长的比例关系定量描述了不同节间的粗度。模型检验结果显示,不同叶鞘长、节间长和节间粗预测值的平均RMSE值分别为1.34、1.71和0.06 cm,表明本模型具有较好的预测性和可靠性。

2006

0.0

谭子辉, 朱艳, 姚霞, 田永超, 刘小军, 曹卫星. 冬小麦麦穗生长过程的模拟研究. 麦类作物学报, 2006, 26(4): 93-97

Tan Z

, Zhu

, Yao

, Tian Y

, Liu X

, Cao W

Modeling spike growth dynamics in winter wheat.

J Triticeae Crops, 2006, 26(4): 93-97 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Modeling spike growth dynamics in wheat is of significant importance for realizing virtual and digital wheat plant growth.Based on time-course observations on spike morphological properties(spike length,spike width and spike thickness) on main stems and t

为了实现小麦麦穗生长过程的可视化表达，以不同氮肥处理条件下不同类型小麦品种的两年田间试验为基础，通过连续观测并记载不同处理条件下的小麦主茎和分蘖麦穗形态指标（包括穗长、穗宽和穗厚），综合分析了小麦麦穗形态指标随生育进程和环境条件的变化规律，并利用系统分析方法和动态建模技术，构建了冬小麦麦穗生长过程的动态模拟模型。结果表明，麦穗的伸长过程符合S型曲线，而不同蘖位麦穗的最终长度符合二次曲线，且在不同氮肥处理之间均差异明显；采用Logistic方程描述了麦穗长度的动态变化过程，用二次曲线和线性方程定量描述了穗形的动态变化过程，同时采用旗叶的SPAD值量化了氮素对麦穗生长特征的影响；并利用不同小麦品种的田间试验资料对所建模型进行了测试和检验。结果显示，不同时期麦穗穗长、穗宽和穗厚预测值的平均RMSE分别为0．28、0．05和0．04cm。表明模型具有较强的动态预测性和可靠性，从而为进一步建立虚拟小麦生长系统奠定了基础。

... 目前, 主要从两个方面开展研究, 一是基于环境参数和生长过程的麦穗形态结构模型^[16], 二是基于形态参数的麦穗几何模型与可视化 ...

... 谭子辉等^[16]通过分析麦穗形态指标随生育进程和环境条件的动态变化, 并利用系统分析方法和动态建模技术, 构建了冬小麦麦穗动态模拟模型, 模型经验性较强 ...

2013

0.0

聂志刚, 李广. 基于APSIM模型的可视化小麦生长系统分析. 草业科学, 2013, 30: 795-598

Nie Z

, Li

Analysis of APSIM-based visual growth system in wheat.

Pratacult Sci, 2013, 30: 795-598 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Driven by weather, soil, crop variety databases, intergrating APSIMbased growth simulation model in wheat and wheat morphostructure module, wheat functionmorphostructure module was developed. By applying computer visualization technology, a systembased visual growth system in wheat is able to be developed and be programmed in the .NET framework. OpenGL library was used for realizing 2D and 3D graphics application and visualization and it could be used for drawing the 3D morphology of organs in wheat. The contact of forming morphostructure and growth was created by a feedbackbased wheat functionmorphostructure module, the change process of morphostructure according to growth simulation was analyzed. The forecast accuracy of system will be higher and the level of graphic simulation be better.

以气象参数、土壤条件和作物属性等基础数据为驱动，通过耦合基于APSIM的小麦（Triticum aestivum）生长模拟模型、形态结构建成模块构建小麦功能－结构模块（Wheat FunctionMorphostructure Module）。利用计算机图形技术，在.NET平台上，调用OpenGL作图工具，可以绘制小麦器官三维形态，并通过功能－结构反馈校正建立形态建成过程与生理生态过程的内在融合，分析了小麦形态结构随生长过程动态变化的可视化生长系统的研发过程，从而为提高系统开发中预测的准确性和图形对象高仿真度提供关键的技术支持。

... 基于形态参数的麦穗几何模型与可视化, 包括穗轴、小穗(外稃、麦芒、花药等)、穗形和籽粒等子模型, 利用计算机图形技术, 结合OpenGL等工具, 实现小麦穗部几何建模和可视化^{[17,18,19,20,21,22]} ...

2009

0.0

2011

0.0

雷晓俊, 汤亮, 张永会, 姜海燕, 曹卫星, 朱艳. 小麦麦穗几何模型构建与可视化. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(3): 179-184

Lei X

, Tang

, Zhang Y

, Jiang H

, Cao W

, Zhu

Geometric model and visualization of wheat spike.

Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(3): 179-184 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Crop organ morphological model is one of the key technologies of virual crop. By observing and analyzing the morphological and topological structures of wheat spike, the morphological parameter-based 3D geometric model and visualization method were developed. Based on the existing morphological model of spike in wheat, the 3D morphological geometric model of wheat spike was constructed by integrating the topological structure of spike, including the submodels of ear axis, spikelet (including outer bran, awn and anther) and spike shape. The ear axis was constructed by connected proglottids which were represented by slant cylinder. Based on the surface vertical curve, the outer bran was simulated by approximate semiellipsoid with triangular faces. The awn, with transversal surface as nearly equilateral triangular, was constructed by triangular faces based on the curve of awn. The anther on the top of floret in flowering stage was simulated with NURBS surface. In addition, the spike shape was controlled by using hierarchical model. Then according to the topological structure, the above organ models were organized together to rebuild the whole 3D geometric model of wheat spike. By further integrating the rendering models of color, texture and light, the visualization of growth dynamic of wheat spike was realized based on the platform of Microsoft .Net and CSOpenGL graphic library. The reconstructed geometric model with three dimensions can simulate visualization of growth dynamic of wheat spike under different varieties and treatments. The result will be helpful to realizing the realistic simulation of wheat plant, and the digitalization and visualization of growth dynamic of wheat.

作物器官几何建模是虚拟作物研究的关键技术之一。通过对小麦穗形态结构的观测分析，提出基于形态特征参数的麦穗几何模型及可视化实现方法。在已有麦穗形态模拟模型的基础上，结合麦穗拓扑结构，构建麦穗形态结构几何模型，包括穗轴、小穗（外麸、麦芒、花药等）、麦穗穗形等子模型。其中，穗轴节片使用底面为椭圆的圆柱体进行模拟，节片交错叠加构成穗轴。基于外麸曲面半径变化曲线，以三角面片构造近似半椭球体来模拟外麸；基于麦芒曲线，以三角面片重构横截面近似为等边三角形的麦芒；用非统一有理B样条曲面模拟开花期小花顶端的花药；采用分层模型控制麦穗穗形。然后根据麦穗拓扑结构组合以上各器官，即可构建出麦穗几何模型。进一步结合颜色渲染、纹理映射、光照渲染等真实感显示技术，基于.Net平台，借助CSOpenGL，实现麦穗生长动态的可视化。结果表明，重构出的麦穗具有一定的真实感，能够用于不同品种、不同处理条件下麦穗生长动态的可视化表达。研究结果将有助于实现小麦植株生长动态的数字化、可视化。

2009

0.0

孟军, 郭新宇, 赵春江. 小麦地上部器官几何造型与可视化研究. 麦类作物学报, 2009, 29: 106-109

Meng

, Guo X

, Zhao C

Geometry modeling and visualization of above-ground organs of wheat.

J Triticeae Crops, 2009, 29: 106-109 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了精确重构小麦三维空间形态,增强几何模型与品种特性及作物模型间的衔接,通过对小麦植株拓扑结构和形态结构的观测分析,对叶片、穗、茎秆等地上部器官几何造型算法进行了研究.结果表明,小麦叶脉曲线可用比叶重、叶倾角和叶长3个参数确定,进一步与叶形和叶片边缘几何造型模型整合,能够对小麦叶片生长、卷曲以及扭曲等进行精确描述.在麦穗几何造型中,使用偏圆柱体重构穗轴节片,以二次曲面代表颖片、稃片,可以实现麦穗的参数化建模.通过定量化小麦植株拓扑结构和器官的形态特征参数,采用结构化建模途径,在VC++6.0集成开发环境和OpenGL图形平台上驱动器官几何模型,可以快速精确重构出不同生育时期的小麦三维形态,并实现可视化显示,重构出的小麦植株具有较强的真实感.因此,基于形态特征参数的小麦地上部器官几何造型算法能够较好地实现器官及植株的精确重构,且易于交互、可控性强.

... 例如, 孟军等^[20]利用偏圆柱体重构穗轴节片, 以二次曲面代表颖片、外稃, 实现了麦穗参数化建模 ...

2007

0.0

陈国庆, 朱艳, 刘慧, 曹卫星. 基于形态模型的小麦器官和单株虚拟生长系统研究. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(3): 126-130

Chen G

, Zhu

, Liu

, Cao W

Morphogenesis model-based virtual growth system for organs and plant of wheat.

Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(3): 126-130 (in Chinese with English abstract)

By applying the system analysis principle and mathematical modeling technique to the morphogenesis, the morphogenesis model for wheat was developed through the quantitative analyses of the experimental data and integrating the existing theory and knowledge. The whole morphogenesis model includes four submodels of leaf, stem, sheath and ear morphogenesis. The submodel of leaf morphogenesis can quantitatively describe the dynamics of leaf length, leaf shape, leaf area, leaf curve, leaf angle, leaf color and leaf senescence, and the stem morphogenesis submodel can simulate the dynamics of stem length and thickness. By integrating the existing wheat growth model WheatGrow, a morphogenesis model based wheat virtual growth system for organs and plant was developed with OpenGL on the platform of Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0. The system comprised of models, database and interface (or browser), in which the models included the morphogenesis model, growth model, visualization model and scene control model, and the database included the weather data, soil data and variety parameters. The operational results of the system show that the system can primarily realize the visual description of growth process of organs and single plant in wheat.

为更加直观的展示小麦的整个生长过程，同时为教学科研提供支持，将系统分析方法和数学建模技术应用于小麦植株的形态建成，通过对小麦形态数据的定量分析，并结合前人的研究成果，构建了小麦形态建成模拟模型，包括叶片形态建成子模型(包括叶长、叶形、叶面积、叶片空中伸展曲线、茎叶夹角、叶色和叶片衰亡)、茎形态建成子模型(包括茎长和茎粗)、叶鞘形态建成子模型(包括叶鞘长和叶鞘粗)和麦穗形态建成子模型(包括穗长和麦芒)等。并以此为基础，结合已有小麦生长模拟模型WheatGrow，在Microsoft Visual C＋＋平台上利用OpenGL构建了基于形态模型的小麦虚拟生长系统(WVGS)，初步实现了小麦生长过程的可视化表达。建立的模型库主要包括形态模型、生长模型、可视化模型以及场景控制模型四部分。所建数据库主要存储气象数据、土壤数据和品种参数。系统运行结果表明该系统能较好地模拟小麦形态特征，能较逼真的实现小麦生长过程的虚拟显示。

... 陈国庆等^[21]将麦穗分成多个小穗, 小穗又分为穗轴节片、护颖和小花三部分, 以圆柱体模拟穗轴节片, 以三角面片为基础模拟小花, 然后将各小穗有序排列组成麦穗, 实现麦穗虚拟显示 ...

2003

0.0

... Mabille等^[22]对小麦麦穗籽粒进行了三维建模 ...

2001

0.0

刘铁梅, 曹卫星, 罗卫红, 王绍华, 郭文善, 邹薇, 周琴. 小麦器官间干物质分配动态的定量模拟. 麦类作物学报, 2001, 21(1): 25-31

Liu T

, Cao W

, Luo W

, Wang S

, Guo W

, Zou

, Zhou

Quantitative simulation on dry matter partitioning dynamic in wheat organs.

J Triticeae Crops, 2001, 21(1): 25-31 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Partitioning indexes of shoot and root were defined as the proportion of their dry weights in plant biomass, and those of green leaf, stem and ear as the proportion of their dry weights in shoot mass. The functional relationships of partitioning indexes t

干物质分配是作物生长模拟模型中的关键成分。本文根据对大量试验资料的分析与处理，建立了小麦一生中各器官分配指数随生育进程连续变化的动态关系，并以收获指数作为遗传参数调节不同品种穗部的分配比例，从而预测不同品种各器官的物质增长动态。模型的检验结果表明，模拟值与观察值之间具有较高的符合度，平均相对误差小于8%。

... DW_i为植株某蘖位第i天穗干重(g), 可由小麦干物质分配模型计算得到^[23] ...

2002

0.0

... 0035 g ^[24], SN为小花数(包括未结实小花) ...

2010

0.0

田梦雨, 李丹丹, 戴廷波, 姜东, 荆奇, 曹卫星. 水分胁迫下不同基因型小麦苗期的形态生理差异. 应用生态学报, 2010, 21: 41-47

Tian M

, Li D

, Dai T

, Jiang

, Jing

, Cao W

Morphological and physiological differences of wheat genotypes at seedling stage under water stress.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2010, 21: 41-47 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Taking thirty six wheat cultivars bred in different era and ecological regions as test materials, their seedlings growth under water stress was investigated, and their drought resistance was evaluated by gray correlation grade analysis. Significant difference was observed in the drought resistance among the cultivars. The weighted drought resistance index ranged from 0.6580 to 0.2434. Among the test seventeen morphological and physiological traits, shoot dry mass had the greatest correlation degree (0.9473) with drought resistance, while SPAD had the smallest one (0.5356). The test cultivars were clustered into three groups, among which, eight cultivars belonged to strong drought resistance group, twenty three cultivars belonged to medium drought resistance group, and five cultivars belonged to drought-sensitive group. The shoot dry mass, root dry mass, plant dry mass, plant height, root nitrogen accumulation, leaf area, and tiller number per plant differed significantly among the three groups, which could be used for evaluating the drought resistance of wheat cultivars at seedling stage.

以36个不同育成年代和生态区域的小麦品种为材料，研究了水分胁迫对小麦苗期生长的影响，并基于灰色关联分析评价了小麦品种苗期抗旱性的基因型差异.结果表明：小麦品种抗旱性差异显著，加权抗旱指数在0.2434～0.6580之间；17个形态生理性状中与抗旱性关联程度最大的是地上部干物质量(0.9473)，最小的是叶绿素含量(0.5356).采用聚类分析将36个小麦品种分为3类，其中抗旱型8个、中间型23个、敏感型5个.3类基因型的地上部干物质量、根干物质量、植株干物质量、株高、根系氮积累量、叶面积和单株分蘖数差异显著，可作为小麦品种苗期抗旱性鉴定的直接指标.

2001

0.0

李存东, 曹卫星, 戴廷波, 严美春. 小麦不同品种和播期对发育阶段的效应. 应用生态学报, 2001, 12: 218-222

Li C

, Cao W

, Dai T

, Yan M

Effects of different varieties and sowing dates on development stages of wheat.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2001, 12: 218-222 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of different sowing dates and varieties on development stages of wheat were studied in this paper.The results showed that the emergence of tiller was mainly regulated by the ecological factors rather than the genetic effect.For winter-type variety(Jing 411),most variable growth duration throughout the entire growth cycle occurred from tillering to jointing. In contrast,the timing of single ridge stage was determined by genotypic effect rather than ecological factors.Single ridge to double ridge stage was most sensitive to vernalization progress.For spring sowing of winter-type variety,the vernalization process could last till floral primordium differentiation stage. The corresponding relationships existed between phenological and spike development stages in different sowing dates,although a little variable. Winter-type variety had more ecologically variable leaf primoudia,due to its stronger vernalization requirement. For winter-type variety,the primordium numbers of reproductive organs were not apparently related to the GDD accumulated prior to vernalization completion,while for spring-type variety(Yangmai 158),the numbers of different apex primordia including vegetative and reproductive organs were significantly related to the accumulated GDD during the entire phenological stages as well as before anther separation stage.

以热时间(thermal time)为尺度研究了小麦不同品种和播期对发育阶段的效应.结果表明,小麦分蘖发生的早晚以生态因子调控为主,基因型差异较小;分蘖拔节期为冬性品种(京411)一生中可变性最大的生育阶段.穗分化进入单棱期的早晚以基因型效应为主,生态因子的影响次之;单棱二棱期为春化作用的敏感期,冬性品种晚播(3月2日)春化效应可延迟到小花原基分化期之前.小麦物候期与穗发育阶段的对应关系具有一定的可变性.冬性品种较强的春化作用增加了其生态可变叶原基数;春化过程结束前,物候发育及穗发育阶段累计GDD与相应生殖器官原基分化数的相关性不明显.春性品种(扬麦158)的物候发育及药隔分化期之前的穗发育阶段与各类顶端原基的分化数均具有极显著的正相关关系.

2009

0.0

张定一, 张永清, 闫翠萍, 裴雪霞. 基因型、播期和密度对不同成穗型小麦籽粒产量和灌浆特性的影响. 应用与环境生物学报, 2009, 15(1): 28-34

Zhang D

, Zhang Y

, Yan C

, Pei X

Effects of genotype, sowing date and planting density on grain filling and yield of wheat varieties with different ears forming characteristics.

Chin J Appl Environ Biol, 2009, 15(1): 28-34 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用裂裂区设计,研究了主茎分蘖成穗并蘑型品种临优145、临优2069、临优2018和主茎成穗为主型品种临汾138、临汾139播期和种植密度对小麦籽粒产量及灌浆特性的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,基因型、播期和种植密度对小麦籽粒产量的效应大小为:播期>基因型>种植密度.临优145和临优2018最佳播期为10月3日,最佳种植密度分别为318.16×104hm-2和313.77×104 hm-2;临汾138最佳播期为10月1日,最佳种植密度为375.00×104hm-2;其最高产量分别达7 573.43 kg hm-2、8 202.52 kg hm-2和8 390.34 kg hm-2.小麦籽粒灌浆进程符合三元次方程"慢、快、慢"的"S"型变化;随播期推迟,理论最高粒重(W)、最大灌浆速率(Rmax)、平均灌浆速率(R)和起始生长势(C0)均提高,灌浆持续期(S)和有效灌浆持续期(Se)延长,籽粒产量先升高后降低;种植密度对小麦籽粒灌浆速率影响较大.对灌浆持续期影响较小.相关分析表明.灌浆速率与千粒重极显著正相关;临优145的Se与千粒重显著正相关,而临优2018不显著.不同成穗型品种对播期和种植密度敏感性存在差异,其中,临汾138对播期的敏感性大于临优2018和临优145;临优145和临优2018对种植密度的敏感件大于临汾138.图3表8参19

2010

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李宁, 段留生, 李建民, 翟志席, 李召虎. 播期与密度组合对不同穗型小麦品种花后旗叶光合特性、籽粒库容能力及产量的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2010, 30: 296-302

, Duan L

, Li J

, Zhai Z

, Li Z

Effect of sowing date and planting density on flag leaf photosynthesis, storage capacity after anthesis and yield in different spike type cultivars,

J Triticeae Crops, 2010, 30: 296-302 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to clarify the suitable combination of sowing date and planting density under the condition of increaing accumulative temperature before over winter of winter wheat, the field experiment was conducted to investigate LAI, flag leaf photosynthesis, storage capacity during grain filling stage and grain yield in different sowing date and planting density of two different spike type cultivars during 2007 2008. The results indicated that two different spike type cultivars showed the best of flag leaf photosynthesis in the second sowing date. Treatment with higher LSC and KFI, higher grain number and grain weight per unit of leaf area, yield was higher for two spike type cultivars. October 12 to 19 was the suitable sowing period, large spike type cultivar (Zhouyuan 9369) appropriated high density than small spike type cultivar (Liangxing 99).

为给在近年冬前积温增加的情况下冬小麦的种植选择适宜的播期和密度，在山东莱州大田条件下，以两种不同穗型小麦品种为试验材料，研究了播期、密度组合对小麦叶面积系数及生育后期旗叶光合特性、籽粒库容能力和产量的影响。结果表明，播期和密度组合处理对不同穗型小麦品种LAI、旗叶光合特性、籽粒库容能力及产量均存在明显影响，两个小麦品种的旗叶光合特性均以中播两密度处理（10月19日播种，密度分别为180万和270万株·hm-2）的表现较优，潜在库容大，籽粒充实指数高，粒叶比值大，最终产量高。综合来看，本试验条件下，10月12日至19日可作为当前冬小麦适宜播期，大穗型品种比多穗型品种更适宜密植，多穗型品种密度应在120万~180万株·hm-2（播量60~90 kg·hm-2），而大穗型品种应在180万~270万株·hm-2（播量90~135 kg·hm-2)。

1986

0.0

... 研究表明, 适宜密度利于缓冲个体与群体的矛盾, 优化群体结构, 利于穗数、穗粒数和粒重的协调发展^[29] ...

2004

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马溶慧, 朱云集, 郭天财, 闫耀礼, 刘万代. 国麦1号播期播量对群体发育及产量的影响. 山东农业科学, 2004, (4): 12-15

Ma R

, Zhu Y

, Guo T

, Yan Y

, Liu W

Effects of planting date and seed rate in group development and yield of Guomai 1.

Shand ong Agric Sci, 2004, (4): 12-15 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2002～2003年度在大田高产栽培条件下安排了国麦1号播期、播量裂区试验,对其群体结构指标、幼穗发育、产量与产量构成因素进行了观察和测定分析.结果表明,在本年度生态条件下,国麦1号的幼穗发育进程略晚于豫麦49.不同播期对产量、穗数、穗粒数影响不大,对千粒重影响明显,处理间差异达到显著水平;不同播量对产量、穗数影响均达到显著水平,对穗粒数的影响达到极显著水平.在河南省中部地区种植,可掌握在10月6日左右播种,基本苗控制在150万/hm2左右.

... 国麦1号的播期对穗数、穗粒数和产量影响不显著, 但显著影响千粒重^[30] ...