淮北地区氮肥群体最高生产力水稻钾素吸收利用特征

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梁健, 任红茹, 夏敏, 李晓峰, 陈梦云, 李军, 张洪程, 霍中洋. 淮北地区氮肥群体最高生产力水稻钾素吸收利用特征. 作物学报, 2017, 43(4): 558-570
LIANG Jian, REN Hong-Ru, XIA Min, LI Xiao-Feng, CHEN Meng-Yun, LI Jun, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, HUO Zhong-Yang. Potassium Absorption and Utilization Characteristics of Rice Varieties with the Highest Population Productivity under Corresponding Nitrogen Fertilization in Huaibei Area. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2017, 43(4): 558-570 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

淮北地区氮肥群体最高生产力水稻钾素吸收利用特征

梁健, 任红茹, 夏敏, 李晓峰, 陈梦云, 李军, 张洪程, 霍中洋^*

扬州大学农业部长江流域稻作技术创新中心 / 江苏省作物遗传生理重点实验室, 江苏扬州 225009

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 霍中洋, E-mail: huozy69@163.com, Tel: 0514-87979220

第一作者联系方式: E-mail: 365460342@qq.com, Tel: 18052595664

收稿日期:2016-08-05 接受日期:2017-01-21 网络出版日期:2017-02-17

基金:本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B09, 2016YFD0200805), 江苏省科技计划项目(BE2015340, BE2016351)和江苏省农业三新工程项目(SXGC[2016]321)资助

摘要

以淮北地区有代表性的34个中熟中粳品种为试材, 设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm^-2), 得出各品种的最高产量, 将该最高产量定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。在此基础上, 明确处于顶层水平(≥10.50 t hm^-2)、高层水平(9.75~10.50 t hm^-2)、中层水平(9.00~9.75 t hm^-2)和底层水平(≤9.00 t hm^-2)水稻品种的钾素积累、分配及转运特征。结果表明, 4个生产力等级水稻品种地上部植株、茎鞘和叶片的含钾率在拔节期最高; 抽穗期顶层水平品种的这3个参数高于其他3个等级的品种; 穗部含钾率差异不显著。随着氮肥群体生产力等级的提高, 钾素总积累量增多; 拔节前底层水平钾素积累量最多, 两年平均为120.56 kg hm^-2, 比例占50.56%, 顶层水平为最少, 两年平均为108.02 kg hm^-2, 比例占35.99%; 拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期顶层水平钾素阶段积累量及比例显著高于其他3个等级。移栽至拔节期, 钾素积累速率为中层>底层>高层>顶层水平, 拔节后则为顶层>高层>中层>底层水平。叶片的钾素转运量及转运率明显高于茎鞘; 顶层水平叶片的钾素转运量高于其他3个等级, 高层水平叶片的转运率最高; 穗部增加量随生产力等级的递增而变大; 抽穗到成熟期, 茎鞘、叶片对穗的钾素转运贡献率表现为底层最高, 中层次之, 顶层最低。4个等级水稻品种籽粒生产率和百千克籽粒吸钾量差异不显著; 钾素偏生产力和钾收获指数均表现为顶层>高层>中层>底层水平。总之, 氮肥群体最高生产力越高, 水稻中后期植株钾素积累量及器官对钾素的吸收利用效率越显著。抽穗后保持较高的钾素吸收利用及转运效率是高产水稻品种的重要特征。

关键词: 中熟中粳; 生产力; 钾素积累; 钾素转运

Potassium Absorption and Utilization Characteristics of Rice Varieties with the Highest Population Productivity under Corresponding Nitrogen Fertilization in Huaibei Area

LIANG Jian, REN Hong-Ru, XIA Min, LI Xiao-Feng, CHEN Meng-Yun, LI Jun, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, HUO Zhong-Yang^*

Innovation Center of Rice Cultivation Technology in Yangtze River Valley, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China

Fund:This study was supported by the National Key Technology Support Program (2013BAD07B09, 2016YFD0200805), the Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province (BE2015340, BE2016351), and Three New Agricultural Engineering Fund of Jiangsu Province (SXGC [2016]321).

Abstract

A field experiment was carried out using 34 medium-maturing medium japonica rice varieties grown in Huaibei area with seven nitrogen application levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, and 337.5 kg ha^-1) to investigate the relationship between potassium and yield. According to the highest population productivity under corresponding N fertilization, rice varieties were classified into four types including top type (TT), high type (HT), middle type (MT), and low type (LT). Yield components, and K absorption and translocation of the four types of rice variety were compared. K concentration of aboveground parts of plant steam-sheath and leaf in different types was the highest at heading stage and that was higher in TT than the other three types. K concentration of panicle was no significant difference among tested varieties. With increasing productivity level, total K accumulation increased. From transplanting to jointing stage, the K accumulation in LT was 120.56 kg ha^-1, accounting for 50.56%. The K accumulation of TT was 108.02 kg ha^-1, accounting for 35.99%. After jointing, the K accumulation and ratio at each growth stage of TT were higher than those of other three types. The K uptake rate showed a trend of MT > LT > HT > TT from transplanting to jointing stage, and TT > HT > MT > LT from jointing to heading stage and from heading to maturity stage. K translocation and K translocation efficiency of leaf were obviously higher than those of stem-sheath. K translocation of TT and HT’s K translocation efficiency were both the highest. The increasing in K of panicle increased with increasing productivity level. From heading to maturity stage, K translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ was the highest in LT, medium in MT, and the lowest in TT. Internal nutrient efficiency and K requirement for 100 kg grain among four types were no obvious difference and K partial factor productivity and harvest index of K showed a trend of TT > HT > MT > LT. In conclusion, the higher the production level, the higher the potassium use efficiency of plants and organs at the middle and later periods of development. Maintaining high K uptake and translocation efficiency after heading is an important characteristic of high-yield rice varieties.

Keyword: Medium-maturing medium Japonica; Productivity; K accumulation; K translocation

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钾素是植物必须的营养元素之一^{[1, 2]}, 植物对钾的需求量很高, 正常情况下植物吸钾量一般超过吸磷量, 与吸氮量相近^{[3, 4]}。钾素对水稻生长的作用很显著, 不仅能促进水稻光合作用和碳同化, 还可促进对氮素和磷素的吸收, 提高碳、氮在水稻各器官的转移量和转移率, 提高产量, 改善米质^{[5, 6]}。淮北地区属于华北单季稻稻作区, 是我国重要的稻区, 也是我国重要商品粮生产基地之一。相较于其他稻区, 土壤养分含量处于较低水平, 钾素含量处于中等水平^{[7, 8]}。然而近年来, 随着水稻单产的提高, 土壤钾消耗迅速, 缺钾已经成为阻碍水稻高产的一个重要因素^[9]。尽管很多地区已经开始重视钾肥的作用, 但是大多数农户仅仅在基施钾肥(复合肥), 导致农田钾素投入与支出不平衡, 改变了土壤的理化性质。王强盛^[10]研究水稻钾素在器官中的吸收及分配后发现, 水稻是需钾量较高的作物, 随着所施养分元素的不同钾素在植株体内变化很大, 水稻苗期及孕穗期至齐穗期是需钾大量期, 必须保证土壤钾素的充足供应。相关研究指出, 水稻若在苗期缺钾, 以后即使补钾, 也很难恢复正常^[11]。因此, 在大面积水稻栽培中, 一般采用基肥加拔节前各一半的施用方法, 可兼顾壮苗促分蘖和壮秆促大穗的作用^[12]。研究水稻关键生育期和生育阶段植株及营养器官钾素的吸收和分配规律, 对调控水稻生长和增加产量具有重要意义。

刘国栋等^[13]对86种基因型籼稻进行吸钾素率和钾素利用效率的研究, 认为产量高的优良基因型在吸钾速率或钾素利用效率上有十分明显的优势。杨雄^[14]以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 提出了高产品种在钾素积累分配与转运方面的优势。杨波等^[15]研究了杂交稻钾素吸收利用及其对产量的影响。但前人对钾素养分吸收利用规律的研究多集中在杂交稻及长江中下游地区的迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳稻, 关于淮北地区不同产量类型中熟中粳稻钾素积累分配与转运的研究则未见报道。为此本研究以该地区中熟中粳稻为试材, 比较研究氮肥群体最高生产力不同等级品种间钾素的吸收利用特征, 明确不同产量等级水稻品种对钾素的利用及变化规律, 以期为该地区品种改良和因种合理施肥提出理论与实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 供试品种

选用淮北地区普遍种植、生育期基本一致的34个中熟中粳水稻品种, 即中稻1号、新稻18、连粳11、泗稻12、连粳9号、淮稻14、徐稻3号、苏秀10号、苏秀326、盐稻11、华粳6号、连粳4号、镇稻99、镇稻88、郑稻19、盐稻12、武运粳27、宁粳4号、连粳7号、淮稻11、华粳2号、W026、泗1108、泗稻11、徐稻8号、津稻263、泗稻785、武运粳21、徐稻5号、郑稻18、华粳1号、徐稻2号、豫粳6号和苏秀867。千粒重在24~28 g之间。全生育期151~156 d。

1.2 试验设计

试验于2014年和2015年在扬州大学江苏省连云港市东海县平明试验基地进行。试验土质为沙壤土, 地力平衡、中等, 前茬为小麦。土壤含氮1.53 g kg^-1、碱解氮90.3 mg kg^-1、速效磷34.4 mg kg^-1、速效钾88.6 mg kg^-1。采用裂区设计, 以施氮量(纯氮)水平为主区, 设置7个施氮水平, 即0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm^-2。品种为裂区, 裂区面积为10 m², 品种随机排列, 重复3次, 共714个小区。各小区均分布于同一田块, 面积为9000 m²。主区间做埂隔离, 并用塑料薄膜覆盖埂体, 保证各主区单独排灌。两年均采用机插软盘育秧, 5月30日播种, 6月20日移栽。栽插密度为每公顷28.5万穴(11.7 cm × 30.0 cm), 每穴4苗。氮肥按照基肥:蘖肥:穗肥 = 3:3:4施用, 其中穗肥分别于倒四叶和倒二叶叶龄期等量施入。K₂O分别于耕翻前、拔节期各施67.5 kg hm^-2。此外, 于前作小麦收获后每小区基施P₂O₅ 135.0 kg hm^-2, 其他管理措施按照常规栽培要求实施。

1.3 测定内容与方法

分别于拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期, 按每个小区茎蘖平均数取代表性的植株5穴, 将各样本分成茎鞘、叶片和穗(抽穗期和成熟期), 105℃杀青30 min, 80℃烘72 h至恒重, 测定干物重。

将样本粉碎, 采用H₂SO₄-H₂O₂消化, 以火焰光度计法测定钾素含量。

成熟期从每小区选择生长整齐的中部6行, 每行10穴, 共收割60穴, 脱粒、晒干, 测定实际产量。

1.4 数据处理

钾素积累量(kg hm^-2)=某生育期单位面积植株(器官)的钾素积累量

钾素积累速率(kg hm^-2 d^-1)=某生育阶段单位面积单位时间植株的钾积累量

钾素转运量(kg hm^-2)=抽穗期某器官的钾素积累量-成熟期该器官的钾素积累量

钾素转运率(%)=植株某器官的钾素转运量/抽穗期某器官的钾素积累量× 100

钾素转运贡献率(%)=茎鞘和叶片的钾素转运量之和/抽穗至成熟期穗部钾素积累总量× 100

籽粒生产率(kg grain kg^-1)=籽粒产量/成熟期植株钾素积累量

百千克籽粒吸钾量(kg)=成熟期植株钾素积累量/籽粒产量× 100%

钾素偏生产力(kg kg^-1)=籽粒产量/钾肥施用量

钾素收获指数=成熟期籽粒钾素积累量/成熟期植株钾素积累量

使用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据, DPS软件统计分析, SigmaPlot作图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同生产力等级水稻品种及产量

根据前人对水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力(当水稻品种在某一施氮水平下最大限度地发挥其增长潜力而达到最高产)的研究^{[16, 17]}, 可将34个品种按产量划分为4个生产力等级(表1), 顶层水平(≥ 10.50 t hm^-2)、高层水平(9.75~10.50 t hm^-2)、中层水平(9.00~9.75 t hm^-2)和底层水平(≤ 9.00 t hm^-2)。本文主要研究不同生产力等级水稻品种间钾素的积累、分配与转运特征。

表1 供试水稻品种最高生产力等级及其对应施氮量 Table 1 The highest productivity levle and its N application rates of rice varieties

2.2 不同生产力等级水稻品种主要生育期含钾率及钾素积累量

2.2.1 含钾率由表2可知, 4个生产力等级水稻品种的地上植株含钾率均表现为拔节期> 抽穗期> 成熟期, 拔节期地上部植株平均含钾率较抽穗期和成熟期分别高36.40%和123.29% (两年平均值)。不同生产力等级水平间, 拔节期和抽穗期以底层水平地上部植株的含钾率最低, 顶层水平抽穗期和成熟期的含钾率则高于其他3个等级。中层、高层水平茎鞘和叶片的含钾率在拔节期最高, 但与顶层水平差异不显著。抽穗后则以顶层水平最高并显著高于中层、底层水平。成熟期茎鞘含钾率以顶层最高, 叶片间差异则不显著。4个等级的穗部含钾率在抽穗期和成熟期差异也不显著, 两年规律一致。以2015年为例, 4个等级间穗部含钾率变异系数仅为1.06%和0.66%。

表2 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种地上部植株、茎鞘、叶片和穗的含钾率 Table 2 K concentration of aboveground parts for plant, stem-sheath, leaf and panicle in different varieties with the highest population productivity with corresponding N fertilization levels(%)

2.2.2 钾素积累量地上部植株钾素积累量在拔节期表现为中层、底层水平显著高于顶层、高层水平(图1)。抽穗期植株钾素迅速积累, 并随着生产力等级的提高钾素积累量呈递增趋势。以2015年为例, 顶层水平较高层水平, 高层水平较中层水平, 中层水平较底层水平地上部植株平均钾素积累量分别高7.45% (7.28%~7.59%)、5.08% (4.98%~5.16%)和9.94% (9.84%~10.07%), 且差异显著。成熟期与抽穗期规律相似, 即顶层水平钾素积累量最高, 底层水平最低。

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图1 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种地上部植株、茎鞘、叶片和穗的钾素积累量
A: 2014年各生育期钾素积累量; B: 2015年各生育期钾素积累量。JO: 拔节; HE: 抽穗; MA: 成熟。Fig. 1 K accumulation of aboveground parts for plant, stem-sheath, leaf and panicle in different varieties with highest population productivity under corresponding N fertilization levels
A: K accumulation at each growth stage in 2014; B: K accumulation at each growth stage in 2015. JO: jointing; HE: heading; MA: maturity.

进一步分析不同器官钾素积累量可知, 随着生育进程, 茎鞘和叶片的钾素积累量均先增加后降低, 在抽穗期达到峰值, 茎鞘积累量较拔节期和成熟期高140.16%和15.52% (两年平均值), 叶片积累量较拔节期和成熟期高69.93%和87.68% (两年平均值)。拔节前, 顶层、高层水平茎鞘和叶片钾素积累量显著低于中层、底层水平; 抽穗期, 随着生产力等级的提高, 茎鞘和叶片的钾素积累量表现出增加的趋势; 成熟期仍以顶层水平最高, 但高层、中层和底层水平叶片的钾素积累量差异不显著。

穗部钾素积累量在抽穗期差异不显著, 两年变异系数仅为4.60%和2.38%; 成熟期则以顶层、高层水平的籽粒吸钾能力最强, 以2015年为例, 顶层水平成熟期穗的钾素积累量分别较高层、中层和底层水平高9.16% (8.94%~9.26%)、17.29% (17.08%~ 17.43%)和37.20% (37.06%~37.31%)。

2.3 不同生产力等级水稻品种关键生育阶段钾素积累量及积累速率

2.3.1 关键生育阶段的钾素积累量由表3可知, 各生产力等级水稻品种钾素积累主要集中在移栽至拔节期和拔节至抽穗期, 占总吸收量的96.57%~ 98.81%。其中, 移栽至拔节期, 中层、底层水平钾素积累量显著高于顶层、高层水平, 顶层水平两年平均钾素积累量为108.02 kg hm^-2, 较底层水平低10.41%; 拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期钾素积累量均随着生产力等级提高而显著增加。从各生育阶段钾素积累量比例看, 生产力等级越高, 其拔节至抽穗期所占比例越大。以2015年为例, 移栽至拔节期顶层水平与底层水平钾素积累比例分别占35.74% (34.68%~36.48%)和51.34% (50.84%~51.93%), 拔节至抽穗期顶层水平与底层水平钾素积累比例分别占61.01% (60.77%~61.85%)和47.47% (46.33%~ 49.62%), 两年趋势一致。

表3 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种阶段钾素积累量及比例 Table 3 K accumulation and ratio at each growth stage in different varieties with highest population productivity under corresponding N fertilization levels

生产力等级 Productivity level	钾素总积累量 Total K uptake (kg hm^-2)	移栽-拔节期Transplanting-Jointing		拔节-抽穗期 Jointing-Heading		抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity
生产力等级 Productivity level	钾素总积累量 Total K uptake (kg hm^-2)	积累量 Uptake (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Uptake (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)	积累量 Uptake (kg hm^-2)	比例 Ratio (%)
2014
顶层水平TL (≥ 10.50 t hm^-2) (N=7)	301.47 a 293.55-309.14	109.22 b 103.64-112.69	36.23 35.21-36.95	181.91 a 176.34-186.26	60.34 58.69-61.31	10.34 a 9.64-11.06	3.43 3.09-3.81
高层水平HL (9.75-10.50 t hm^-2) (N=12)	280.63 b 268.57-292.35	112.31 b 109.34-119.64	40.02 38.64-40.92	162.29 b 154.43-172.04	57.83 54.11-58.93	6.03 b 5.19-7.01	2.15 1.98-2.25
中层水平ML (9.00-9.75 t hm^-2) (N=11)	265.46 c 256.34-273.67	121.00 a 110.72-126.62	45.58 43.66-46.98	139.66 c 128.36-146.71	52.61 50.63-54.31	4.80 c 4.69-5.12	1.81 1.67-1.90
底层水平LL (≤ 9.00 t hm^-2) (N=4)	241.31 d 231.91-248.39	120.10 a 115.91-125.48	49.77 48.35-50.64	116.70 d 108.69-121.55	48.36 47.42-49.36	4.51 d 4.01-5.28	1.87 1.84-1.95
平均数 Mean	272.22	115.66	42.90	150.14	54.79	6.42	2.32
变异系数 CV (%)	9.31	5.01	13.93	18.78	9.78	41.94	32.74
2015
顶层水平TL (≥ 10.50 t hm^-2) (N=7)	298.85 a 292.64-305.68	106.81 c 103.62-110.36	35.74 34.68-36.48	182.33 a 177.14-184.96	61.01 60.77-61.85	9.71 a 9.46-9.98	3.25 3.06-3.50
高层水平HL (9.75-10.50 t hm^-2) (N=12)	274.73 b 261.69-282.16	113.27 b 106.93-117.42	41.23 40.29-42.38	155.83 b 148.43-160.34	56.72 54.31-59.14	5.63 b 5.19-6.33	2.05 1.83-2.16
中层水平ML (9.00-9.75 t hm^-2) (N=11)	260.18 c 251.63-267.69	121.45 a 118.83-124.36	46.68 45.16-47.83	134.64 c 127.39-140.81	51.75 49.65-54.68	4.08 c 3.46-4.66	1.57 1.40-1.72
底层水平LL (≤ 9.00 t hm^-2) (N=4)	235.74 d 226.69-241.42	121.03 a 118.62-125.37	51.34 50.84-51.93	111.91 d 108.88-114.67	47.47 46.33-49.62	2.81 d 2.71-2.89	1.19 1.05-1.24
平均数 Mean	267.38	115.64	43.75	146.18	54.24	5.56	2.02
变异系数 CV (%)	9.89	6.04	15.43	20.55	10.86	53.98	44.44

TL: top level; HL: high level; ML: middle level; LL: low level. Values within the same column and year followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

TL: 顶层水平; HL: 高层水平; ML: 中层水平; LL: 底层水平。同栏同年内比较, 标以不同小写字母的数值在0.05水平差异显著。

2.3.2 生育阶段钾素积累速率移栽至拔节期, 中层水平和底层水平钾素积累速率差异很小, 但显著高于顶层水平(图2); 拔节至抽穗期, 4个生产力等级积累速率差异较大, 其中顶层水平积累速率最快, 显著高于其他3个等级, 两年变异系数达16.44%和18.42%; 抽穗至成熟期水稻品种的钾素积累速率最低, 其中顶层水平、高层水平、中层水平和底层水平两年平均速率为0.201、0.117、0.089和0.074 kg hm^-2 d^-1。

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图2 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种钾素积累速率
A: 2014年各生育阶段钾素积累速率; B: 2015年各生育阶段钾素积累速率。TR-JO: 移栽至拔节; JO-HE: 拔节至抽穗; HE-MA: 抽穗至成熟。Fig. 2 K uptake rate in different varieties with the highest population productivity under corresponding N fertilization levels
A: K uptake rate at each growth stage in 2014; B: K uptake rate at each growth stage in 2015. TR-JO: Transplanting-Jointing; JO-HE: Jointing-Heading; HE-MA: Heading-Maturity.

2.4 不同生产力等级水稻品种抽穗至成熟期的钾素转运

由表4可知, 叶片的钾素转运量和转运率均明显高于茎鞘。随着生产力等级的提高, 叶片的钾素转运量呈递增趋势, 而茎鞘的钾素转运量两年均以底层水平最低。钾素转运率表现为高层水平> 顶层水平> 中层水平> 底层水平, 高层、顶层水平差异不显著。穗部钾增加量也表现为随生产力等级的提高而显著增加, 其中顶层水平植株穗部钾增加量两年平均为73.04 kg hm^-2, 底层水平为49.22 kg hm^-2; 抽穗到成熟期茎鞘、叶片对穗的钾素转运贡献率为底层最高, 中层次之, 顶层最低。以2015年为例, 底层水平较顶层水平钾素转运贡献率高8.67% (8.36%~ 8.84%), 两年趋势一致。

表4 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种抽穗至成熟期钾素转运 Table 4 K translocation from heading to maturity in different varieties with highest population productivity under corresponding N fertilization

生产力等级 Productivity level	茎鞘Stem-sheath		叶片Leaf		穗部钾增加量 Increase in K of panicle (kg hm^-2)	钾素转运贡献率 K translocation conversion rate of vegetative organ (%)
生产力等级 Productivity level	K转运量 K translocation (kg hm^-2)	K转运率 K translocation efficiency (%)	K转运量 K translocation (kg hm^-2)	K转运率 K translocation efficiency (%)	穗部钾增加量 Increase in K of panicle (kg hm^-2)
2014
顶层水平TL (≥ 10.50 t hm^-2) (N=7)	23.42 ab 22.19-24.03	11.83 b 10.73-12.49	38.89 a 37.69-40.26	49.81 a 48.44-50.66	72.65 a 70.94-74.34	85.77 b 84.61-86.37
高层水平HL (9.75-10.50 t hm^-2) (N=12)	24.78 a 23.83-25.34	13.21 a 12.64-14.57	36.37 b 34.69-38.48	49.92 a 48.06-51.64	67.19 b 64.97-69.36	91.02 a 87.31-93.61
中层水平ML (9.00-9.75 t hm^-2) (N=11)	21.98 b 20.49-23.44	12.51 b 11.84-13.64	33.54 c 32.68-34.35	48.16 a 47.24-49.37	60.33 c 58.39-62.42	92.04 a 91.34-94.61
底层水平LL (≤ 9.00 t hm^-2) (N=4)	17.24 c 17.01-17.54	10.93 c 10.49-11.34	27.51 d 26.84-28.49	43.51 b 41.34-45.94	49.26 d 48.01-51.31	92.84 a 91.63-95.64
平均数 Mean	21.86	12.12	34.08	47.85	62.36	89.92
变异系数 CV (%)	15.02	8.04	14.36	6.27	16.16	3.13
2015
顶层水平TL (≥ 10.50 t hm^-2) (N=7)	27.92 ab 27.04-29.27	13.89 c 13.47-14.94	35.80 a 35.13-36.94	47.96 a 46.64-48.81	73.43 a 70.94-76.39	86.77 b 84.31-88.42
高层水平HL (9.75-10.50 t hm^-2) (N=12)	26.33 b 25.49-27.64	14.18 c 12.93-15.67	34.06 b 33.49-34.73	48.81 a 47.34-50.64	66.03 b 65.31-67.61	91.47 a 89.47-94.28
中层水平ML (9.00-9.75 t hm^-2) (N=11)	28.62 a 27.64-29.64	15.97 a 15.06-17.35	27.92 c 27.24-28.94	44.11 b 43.10-46.91	60.63 c 58.39-61.48	93.26 a 90.47-95.14
底层水平LL (≤ 9.00 t hm^-2) (N=4)	23.97 c 23.09-25.94	14.87 b 13.59-16.34	22.41 d 22.04-23.42	38.95 c 35.96-40.34	49.18 d 48.63-51.01	94.29 a 92.49-95.68
平均数 Mean	26.71	14.73	30.05	44.96	62.32	0.91
变异系数 CV (%)	7.73	6.26	20.34	10.01	16.38	3.64

TL: top level; HL: high level; ML: middle level; LL: low level. Values within the same column and year followed by different letters are significantly different at the 0.05 probability level.

TL: 顶层水平; HL: 高层水平; ML: 中层水平; LL: 底层水平。同栏同年内比较, 标以不同小写字母的数值在0.05水平差异显著。

2.5 不同生产力等级水稻品种钾素利用效率

研究表明(表5), 钾素籽粒生产率与百千克籽粒吸钾量在不同生产力等级间差异不明显。钾素偏生产力表现为顶层水平> 高层水平> 中层水平> 底层水平, 且差异显著。以2015年为例, 顶层水平钾素偏生产力较底层水平高23.72% (22.29%~24.67%), 不同等级间变异系数9.08%。顶层水平钾收获指数最大, 两年平均为0.291, 且顶层水平、高层水平和中层水平差异不显著, 但显著高于底层水平。

表5 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种钾素利用效率 Table 5 K use efficiency in different varieties with highest population productivity under corresponding N fertilization

2.6 钾素积累转运特征与产量的相关分析

相关分析表明(表6), 水稻产量与植株及其茎鞘、叶片等器官钾积累量有着密切的关系。其中, 水稻产量与抽穗期地上植株、茎鞘、叶片的钾素积累量, 与成熟期地上植株、茎鞘、穗的钾素积累量, 与拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期地上植株的钾素阶段积累量及钾素积累速率, 与抽穗至成熟期叶片的钾素转运量呈极显著正相关; 水稻产量与成熟期叶片的钾素积累量呈正相关; 水稻产量与拔节期地上植株、茎鞘、叶片的钾素积累量, 与移栽至拔节期地上植株的钾素阶段积累量及钾素积累速率呈极显著负相关; 水稻产量与抽穗期穗的钾素积累量, 与抽穗至成熟期茎鞘的钾素转运量无相关性。

表6 钾素积累转运与产量的相关系数 Table 6 Correlation coefficients between rice yield and accumulation of K

3 讨论

3.1 水稻品种产量与钾素吸收利用特征的关系

近年来, 随着作物产量的不断提高和有机肥施用量的下降, 淮北地区缺钾和肥力不均等问题日趋突出^{[18, 19]}。钾对水稻的正常生长和产量有重要影响^{[20, 21]}, 水稻高产需要在各生育期及生育阶段吸收利用与产量相适应的钾素。杨雄^[14]对长江中下游50个早熟晚粳品种的研究发现, 水稻地上部分植株的钾素积累量在拔节期随着生产力等级的提高逐渐下降, 抽穗至拔节期随着生产力等级的提高呈增加趋势。杜永等^[22]研究表明, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期之前, 不同产量水平水稻品种植株吸钾量差异不明显, 拔节后, 钾素吸收量越多其产量也越高。本试验研究条件下, 拔节期顶层水平吸钾量低于中层、底层水平, 抽穗期钾素积累量则表现为顶层水平> 高层水平> 中层水平> 底层水平。两年中, 顶层水平抽穗期钾素积累量为291.13 kg hm^-2 (286.48~296.37 kg hm^-2)和289.14 kg hm^-2(283.05~298.64 kg hm^-2), 高层水平为274.60 kg hm^-2(267.81~281.61 kg hm^-2)和269.10 kg hm^-2(264.62~273.05 kg hm^-2), 中层水平为260.66 kg hm^-2(254.68~367.30 kg hm^-2)和256.10 kg hm^-2(251.83~ 258.09 kg hm^-2), 底层水平为236.80 kg hm^-2(230.72~ 243.92 kg hm^-2)和232.93 kg hm^-2(225.38~334.87 kg hm^-2), 与前人研究结果基本一致。

凌启鸿等^[11]对籼优3号不同产量群体关键生育阶段的吸钾量研究表明, 拔节至抽穗阶段的吸钾量与产量呈正相关, 提高此阶段群体的吸钾量是高产水稻栽培的重点。纪洪亭等^[23]对2个杂交稻品种进行拟合分析得出, 钾素积累均呈现“ 慢— 快— 慢” 的变化。韦还和等^[24]对超级稻甬优12移栽至拔节阶段和拔节至抽穗阶段的钾素积累量与产量关系进行拟合方程分析得出, 播种至拔节阶段甬优12钾素积累量与产量呈极显著线性负相关, 拔节至抽穗阶段呈极显著正相关。本试验研究表明, 4个生产力等级水稻品种移栽至拔节阶段钾素积累量与产量极显著负相关, 相关系数r = -0.897, 拔节至抽穗阶段呈极显著正相关, r = 0.982。此外, 拔节至抽穗阶段钾素积累速率显著高于移栽至拔节阶段和抽穗至成熟阶段, 这与纪洪亭等分析认为的钾素快速增长期出现在拔节前12~16 d至孕穗前1~5 d基本吻合^[23]。说明水稻大面积栽培中, 重点提高拔节后植株的钾素积累, 适当减少拔节前钾素积累, 有利于提高产量。

3.2 不同产量水平水稻品种钾素分配及转运特征

陈智慧等^[25]研究表明, 水稻地上部植株钾素含钾量随生育期的推进逐渐降低, 且在相应生育阶段分配相对应的钾素于各营养器官以满足其代谢活动。葛梦婕^[26]的研究显示, 地上部植株含钾率越高水稻品种产量越高。本试验中, 顶层水平抽穗期和成熟期的地上部植株含钾率高于高层、中层和底层3个水平平均值5.89%和4.17%。前期顶层水平茎鞘和叶片的含钾率并没有中层、底层水平高, 说明前期顶层水平对土壤钾素的吸收不及其他3个等级; 但在拔节后含钾率增大, 显著高于其他3个等级, 说明顶层水平水稻品种器官对钾素的吸收作用在中后期优势明显。

杨雄^[14]研究发现, 水稻茎鞘抽穗期的钾素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关, 叶片拔节至抽穗阶段的钾素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关。本研究表明, 顶层水平水稻品种茎鞘抽穗期的钾素积累量显著高于其他3个等级, 顶层水平叶片在拔节至抽穗阶段的钾素积累量达38.41 kg hm^-2(两年平均值), 高层水平为32.18 kg hm^-2, 中层水平为24.24 kg hm^-2, 底层水平为18.18 kg hm^-2。水稻品种前期吸收的钾素主要分配到茎鞘、叶片等器官。抽穗后, 水稻茎鞘和叶片的钾素向籽粒转运^[27]。钾素在植物体内非常活跃, 在水稻中积累中心为茎鞘, 各生产力等级品种在拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期茎鞘钾素积累量占整个植株的比例分别为64.70%~65.32%、66.65%~ 70.03%和56.90%~59.21%。叶片通过根系吸收来自土壤中的钾素, 一部分随外部环境淋失, 其在叶片中的积累动态呈单峰曲线, 在齐穗期达高峰。前人研究发现, 抽穗后钾素转运到茎鞘和穗部^[28]。我们用钾素的转运量和转运率来表示茎鞘和叶片向籽粒的运输转移。转运量大说明各器官能更多地向穗部转运钾素, 而转运率大说明各器官更有效率地向穗部转运钾素。本研究表明, 两年中茎鞘钾素转运量底层水平显著低于中层、高层、顶层水平, 但中层、高层、顶层水平规律不明显; 叶片钾素转运量则随着生产力等级的提高而增大。这说明叶片对籽粒钾素的转移与产量呈正相关(r = 0.877), 而茎鞘对籽粒钾素的转移与产量无相关性(r = 0.587)。但转运量和转运率大并不代表最终的钾素贡献率就大^[29]。尽管顶层水平和高层水平叶片和茎鞘转运量更大, 但是由于外部环境的影响, 一部分钾素在下雨等外部条件下淋失, 最终顶层水平和高层水平的钾素转运贡献率没有中层水平和底层水平高。因此在栽培管理中, 要力争在增加转运量的基础上提高转运贡献率, 从而更有效地增加钾素向籽粒的转移。

4 结论

氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种钾素积累主要集中在移栽至拔节和拔节至抽穗(占总吸收量的96.57%~98.81%), 钾素阶段积累速率以拔节至抽穗阶段较高; 随着生产力等级的提高, 抽穗后地上部植株及茎鞘和叶片的含钾率、钾素积累量、钾素阶段积累量、钾素积累速率呈递增趋势, 钾素转运贡献率呈递减趋势, 但籽粒生产率及百千克籽粒吸钾量规律不明显。处于生产力顶层水平的水稻品种生育前期吸钾率与钾素积累量较低, 生育中后期钾素积累量与积累速率高, 钾素积累总量多, 叶片钾素转运量、转运率、穗部钾增加量、钾收获指数及钾素偏生产力均高。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[5]	胡泓, 王光火. 钾肥对杂交水稻养分积累以及生理效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2003, 9: 184-189 Hu H, Wang G H. Influence of potassium fertilizer on nutrient accumulation and physiological efficiency of hybrid rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2003, 9: 184-189 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[6]	He P, Yang L P, Xu X P, Zhao S C, Chen F, Li S T, Tu S H, Jin J Y, Johnston A M. Temporal and spatial variation of soil available potassium in China (1990-2012). Field Crops Res, 2015, 173: 49-56 [本文引用:1]
[7]	任意, 张淑香, 穆兰, 田有国, 卢昌艾. 我国不同地区土壤养分的差异及变化趋势. 中国土壤与肥料, 2009, (6): 13-17 Ren Y, Zhang S X, Mu L, Tian Y G, Lu C A. Change and difference of soil nutrients for various regions in China. Soil Fert Sci China, 2009, (6): 13-17 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[8]	赵明松, 李德成, 张文凯, 胡春华, 邵云鹏. 淮北平原农田土壤养分空间变异特征——以安徽省蒙城县为例. 土壤通报, 2016, 47: 611-617 Zhao M S, Li D C, Zhang W K, Hu C H, Shao Y P. Spatial variability characteristics of soil nutrient in North Plain of Anhui province: a case study of Mengcheng county, Anhui province. Chin J Soil Sci, 2016, 47: 611-617 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[9]	褚国良, 詹国勤, 丁剑英, 吴行国, 戴增捷. 丘陵地区水稻氮磷钾经济用量与配比研究. 江苏农业科学, 1996, (3): 5-7 Chu G L, Zhan G Q, Ding J Y, Wu X G, Dai Z J. The research of economic dosage and the ratio of NPK on rice in Hilly region. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 1996, (3): 5-7 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[10]	王强盛. 水稻钾素营养的积累特征及生理效应. 南京农业大学博士学位论文, 江苏南京, 2009 Wang Q S. Accumulation Characteristics and Physiological Effect of Rice Potassium Nutrition. PhD Dissertation of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, 2009 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[11]	凌启鸿. 作物群体质量. 上海: 上海科技出版社, 2000. pp 1-210 Ling Q H. The Quality of Crop Population. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers, 2000. pp 1-210(in Chinese) [本文引用:2]
[12]	张洋洋, 鲁剑巍, 王友珠, 王振, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环. 钾肥施用方式对直播和移栽水稻产量和钾肥利用效率的影响. 作物杂志, 2016, (1): 110-114 Zhang Y Y, Lu J W, Wang Y Z, Wang Z, Li X K, Ren T, Cong R H. Effects of potassium fertilizer application method on yield and potassium apparent efficiency of direct-sowing rice and transplanting rice. Crops, 2016, (1): 110-114 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[13]	刘国栋, 刘更另. 籼稻耐低钾基因型的筛选. 作物学报, 2002, 28: 161-166 Liu G D, Liu G L. Screening indica rice for K-efficient genotypes. Acta Agron Sin, 2002, 28: 161-166 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[14]	杨雄. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种氮磷钾的积累、分配与转运的差异性分析. 扬州大学硕士学位论文, 江苏扬州, 2012 Yang X. The Accumulation, Distribution and Translocation of NPK of Rice Varieties with Different Productivity Levels. MS Thesis of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:3]
[15]	杨波, 任万军, 杨文钰, 卢庭启, 肖启银. 不同种植方式下钾肥用量对水稻钾素吸收利用及产量的影响. 杂交水稻, 2008, 23(5): 60-64 Yang B, Ren W J, Yang W Y, Lu T Q, Xiao Q Y. Effects of applying amounts of potassium fertilizer on potassium uptake and utilization and grain yield in rice under different planting modes. Hybrid Rice, 2008, 23(5): 60-64 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[16]	张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98 Zhang H C, Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Ge M J, Li G Y, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Liu Y Y. The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[17]	霍中洋, 顾海永, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 李国业, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 芦燕, 张洪程. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的氮素吸收利用差异. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 2061-2068 Huo Z Y, Gu H Y, Ma Q, Yang X, Li M, Li G Y, Dai Q G, Xu K, Wei H Y, Gao H, Lu Y, Zhang H C. Differences of nitrogen absorption and utilization in rice varieties with different productivity levels. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 2061-2068 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[18]	陈川, 丁国霞, 钟平, 邵文奇, 安凯先, 石彦兵. 淮北稻田套播麦的主要生育特点与施肥技术. 江苏农业科学, 2008, (1): 26-28 Chen C, Ding G X, Zhong P, Shao W Q, An K X, Shi Y B. Main reproductive characteristics and application techniques at interplanting wheat in paddy in Huaibei area. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2008, (1): 26-28 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[19]	刘枫, 王允清, 刘英, 钱国平. 安徽省土壤钾素供应状况与钾肥效应分析. 土壤通报, 2016, 34: 205-208 Liu F, Wang Y Q, Liu Y, Qian G P. Analysis of soil potassium status and potash fertilizer effect in Anhui province. Chin J Soil Sci, 2016, 34: 205-208 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[20]	Fageria N K, Baligar V C, Wright R J. Lowland rice response to potassium fertilization and its effect on N and P uptake. Fert Res, 1990, 21: 157-162 [本文引用:1]
[21]	王强盛, 甄若宏, 丁艳锋, 吉志军, 曹卫星, 黄丕生. 钾肥用量对优质粳稻钾素积累利用及稻米品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 1444-1450 Wang Q S, Zhen R H, Ding Y F, Ji Z J, Cao W X, Huang P S. Effects of potassium fertilizer application rates on plant potassium accumulation and grain quality of japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 1444-1450 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	杜永, 刘辉, 杨成, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 超高产栽培迟熟中粳稻养分吸收特点的研究. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 208-215 Du Y, Liu H, Yang C, Wang Z Q, Yang J C. Characteristics of nutrient absorption in super-high-yielding mid-season and late- maturity japonica rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 208-215 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[23]	纪洪亭, 冯跃华, 何腾兵, 潘剑, 范乐乐, 李云, 武彪, 肖铭, 梁显林. 超级杂交稻群体干物质和养分积累动态模型与特征分析. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 3709-3720 Ji H T, Feng Y H, He T B, Pan J, Fan L L, Li Y, Wu B, Xiao M, Liang X L. A dynamic model of dry matter and nutrient accumulation in super hybrid rice and analysis of its characteristics. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 3709-3720 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[24]	韦还和, 孟天瑶, 李超, 张洪程, 戴其根, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 杨筠文. 超级稻甬优12不同产量水平群体的钾素营养特性. 作物学报, 2016, 42: 1047-1057 Wei H H, Meng T Y, Li C, Zhang H C, Dai Q G, Ma R R, Wang X Y, Yang J W. Potassium nutrition characteristics in different yield populations of super rice Yongyou 12. Acta Agron Sin, 2016, 42: 1047-1057 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[25]	陈智慧, 王火焰, 周健民, 安林林, 陈小琴, 杜昌文. 不同钾素水平对水稻不同部位含钾量的影响. 土壤, 2013, 45: 489-494 Chen Z H, Wang H Y, Zhou J M, An L L, Chen X Q, Du C W. Dynamic changes of rice K content influenced by different soil K levels. Soils, 2013, 45: 489-494 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[26]	葛梦婕. 长江中下游地区常规超级粳稻产量形成及养分吸收利用特性. 扬州大学硕士学位论文, 江苏扬州, 2014 Ge M J. Yield Formation, Absorption and Utilization of NPK of Conventional Japonica Super in Yangtze River Area. MS Thesis of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2014 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[27]	杨柳青. 不同氮水平下钾对水稻生长的影响. 西南大学博士学位论文, 重庆, 2012 Yang L Q. Effects of Potassium on the Growth of Rice under Different Nitrogen Levels. PhD Dissertation of Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[28]	姜照伟, 李小萍, 赵雅静, 李义珍. 杂交水稻氮钾素吸收积累特性及氮素营养诊断. 福建农业学报, 2011, 26: 852-857 Jiang Z W, LI X P, Zhao Y J, Li Y Z. N/P absorption and accumulation and N nutrition of hybrid rice. Fujian J Agric Sci, 2011, 26: 852-859 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[29]	孙永健, 孙园园, 李旭毅, 张荣萍, 郭翔, 马均. 水氮互作对水稻氮磷钾吸收、转运及分配的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 655-664 Sun Y J, Sun Y Y, Li X Y, Zhang R P, Guo X, Ma J. Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on absorption, translocation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 655-664 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]

1993

0.0

金继运. 土壤钾素研究进展. 土壤学报, 1993, 30: 94-101

Jin J

. Advances in soil potassium research. Acta Pedol Sin, 1993, 30: 94-101 (in Chinese)

Advances in soil potassiurn(K) research in the last decade was reviewed. Soil Potassium is usually divided into water soluble. K, exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K and mineral K. The exchangeable K can be further divided into surface adsorbed K and specifically adsorbed K. The contents of K in various forms and their transformation processes determine the K-supplying pawer of soils. Methods commonly used to derermine thermodynamic parameters of soil K exchange processes are the equilibrium method and kinetics approach, The thermodynamic parameters obtamed can be used to explain the mechanisms of soil K transformation. For kinetics study of soil K, batch equilibrium technique, miscible displacenment techmique, and ion exchange resin method have been used. The results can be descrihed by using the first order equation, Parabolic: diffusion equation and other functions.Potassium dynamics in rhizosphere has received great attention in recent years. The results have been used to evaluate the characteristics of soils in K supply.

本文对近十几年夹国内外关于土壤钾素研究的进展进行了综合评述。土壤钾按其存在形态分为水溶性钾、交换性钾、非交换性钾和矿物态钾,而交换性钾又可进一步分为表面吸附的钾和特殊吸附的钾。各形态钾的含量及其相互转化过程决定土壤供钾能力。研究土壤钾素转化热力学的方法主要有体系平衡法和动力学方法,所得出的自由能、焓、熵等热力学参数有助于解释土壤体系中钾素转化的机制。土壤钾素转化动力学的研究方法有振荡平衡法、流动交换法和树脂交换法,其结果常用一级方程和Parabolic扩散方程模拟。根际钾素动态研究进展较快,其研究结果已被用来解释土壤供钾特征。

... 钾素是植物必须的营养元素之一^[1,2], 植物对钾的需求量很高, 正常情况下植物吸钾量一般超过吸磷量, 与吸氮量相近^[3,4] ...

1995

0.0

陈化榜, 李振声, 李继云. 植物矿质营养育种的研究进展. 中国农业科学, 1995, 24: 1-6

Chen H

, Li Z

, Li J

. Progress and perspectives of plant breeding for efficient utilization of mineral nutrition soil. Sci Agric Sin, 1995, 24: 1-6 (in Chinese with English abstract)

土壤养分胁迫是全球性问题。实践证明，通过育种手段，改良植物的矿质营养遗传特性，使其能活化和利用被土壤吸附固定的养分，变无效态为有效态，以满足植物的正常生长发育，是一条可行的途径。随着农业生产中出现的日益严重的经济和生态环境等问题，这一途径越来越受到人们的重视。本文较系统地介绍了植物矿质营养育种的发展历史、理论依据、研究现状、存在问题以及今后的发展方向，旨在为高效益、低投入、少污染的农业持续发展提供新的措施及理论依据。

... 钾素是植物必须的营养元素之一^[1,2], 植物对钾的需求量很高, 正常情况下植物吸钾量一般超过吸磷量, 与吸氮量相近^[3,4] ...

1999

0.0

... 钾素是植物必须的营养元素之一^[1,2], 植物对钾的需求量很高, 正常情况下植物吸钾量一般超过吸磷量, 与吸氮量相近^[3,4] ...

2006

0.0

... 钾素是植物必须的营养元素之一^[1,2], 植物对钾的需求量很高, 正常情况下植物吸钾量一般超过吸磷量, 与吸氮量相近^[3,4] ...

2003

0.0

胡泓, 王光火. 钾肥对杂交水稻养分积累以及生理效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2003, 9: 184-189

, Wang G

. Influence of potassium fertilizer on nutrient accumulation and physiological efficiency of hybrid rice. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2003, 9: 184-189 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Fertilizer K experiments were conducted for consecutive 4 years at Jinhua city in Zhejiang province under field condition to study the influence of fertilizer K on nutrient absorb and use efficiency for rice. The results indicated that fertilizer K could promote nitrogen and phosphorus transporting from stem and leaf to panicle in rice plant, therefore, the yield increased. Contrast to the treatment without fertilizer K application, average total N uptake of hybrid rice increased 7.1-9.3 kg/hm 2 , total P increased 10-2.0 kg/hm 2 , total K uptake increased 45.3-56.6 kg/hm 2 respectively. N and P nutrient use efficiency did not increased and reached to statistically significance, but K use efficiency significantly decreased 26.3%-28.9% compared with inbred rice. Hybrid rices behaved of physiology advantage in nutrient uptake and use efficiency than that of inbred rice. By analyzing annual dynamic change of exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K in testing soil, suggested that hybrid rice depleted more nonexchangeable K in soil than inbred rice. The trend of content of available K in testing soil decreased annually whereas nonexchangeable K increased when fertilizer K were applied.

在浙江省金华市进行连续4年水稻钾肥田间试验,以研究钾肥对杂交水稻氮磷钾养分吸收和利用效率的影响。结果表明,钾肥可促进氮磷养分从水稻的茎叶部位向穗输送,增加水稻产量。同不施钾处理比较,施钾处理杂交稻氮的平均吸收总量增加7.1～9.3kg/hm 2 ,磷增加0.9～1.1kg/hm 2 ,钾增加38.3～56.6kg/hm 2 ;氮和磷养分的利用效率无显著提高,而钾素的利用效率明显降低26.3%～28.9%。在养分的吸收和利用效率方面,杂交稻较常规稻表现出明显的生理优势。分析土壤交换性钾和缓效钾含量的年动态变化得出,杂交稻较常规稻消耗土壤中更多的缓效钾,施钾处理下的测试土壤速效钾含量逐年下降,而土壤缓效钾含量却有逐年上升的趋势。

... 钾素对水稻生长的作用很显著, 不仅能促进水稻光合作用和碳同化, 还可促进对氮素和磷素的吸收, 提高碳、氮在水稻各器官的转移量和转移率, 提高产量, 改善米质^[5,6] ...

2015

0.0

2009

0.0

任意, 张淑香, 穆兰, 田有国, 卢昌艾. 我国不同地区土壤养分的差异及变化趋势. 中国土壤与肥料, 2009, (6): 13-17

Ren

, Zhang S

, Mu

, Tian Y

, Lu C

. Change and difference of soil nutrients for various regions in China. Soil Fert Sci China, 2009, (6): 13-17 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对我国东北、西北、华北、西南、中南和华东地区农田的190个土壤质量监测点20多年来的土壤养分观测数据进行区域统计分析,结果表明,中南、华北区耕层土壤有机质含量在1986～1997年有显著的上升趋势,华东、东北区有下降趋势,西北、西南区基本稳定;1998～2006年各区变化不大,基本平稳.全氮、碱解氮与有机质含量变化存在显著相关关系,变化趋势也基本一致.20年来不同地区耕层土壤有效磷含量各区域均稳中有升.1986～1997年除西北耕层土壤速效钾含量有一定的下降趋势外,其他区域基本稳定;1998～2006年,土壤速效钾的平均含量变化也不大.总之,不同地区的土壤有效磷呈稳中有升的趋势,其它土壤养分指标不同地区存在一定的差异. Abstract： The data of soil nutrients in agriculture land from 190 monitoring sites for more than 20 years was investigated based on different regions.The results showed that the soil organic matter during 1986～1997 for different areas presented variouse change trends,increasing trends for Zhongnan and Huabei,whereas decreasing trends for Huadong and Dongbei,stable trends of various areas during 1998～2006.The content of total N,avlaible N presented similar change trends with the content of organic matter,the relationship was significant among them.The content of soil available P for different regions increased with experimental years.The content of soil available K stabilized during 1986～1997 except Xibei area.The content of available K stablized during 1998～2006 for all research areas.In a words,the content of available P presented increasing trends for various regions,others indexes of soil nutrients exsited a definitely difference with different regions.

... 相较于其他稻区, 土壤养分含量处于较低水平, 钾素含量处于中等水平^[7,8] ...

2016

0.0

... 相较于其他稻区, 土壤养分含量处于较低水平, 钾素含量处于中等水平^[7,8] ...

1996

0.0

褚国良, 詹国勤, 丁剑英, 吴行国, 戴增捷. 丘陵地区水稻氮磷钾经济用量与配比研究. 江苏农业科学, 1996, (3): 5-7

Chu G

, Zhan G

, Ding J

, Wu X

, Dai Z

. The research of economic dosage and the ratio of NPK on rice in Hilly region. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 1996, (3): 5-7 (in Chinese)

丘陵地区水稻氮磷钾经济用量与配比研究储国良，詹国勤，丁剑英，吴行国，戴增捷（江苏丘陵地区镇江农科所句容２１２４００）（句容市农业局土肥站）研究水稻在主要土壤类型上的氮磷钾用量及配比，可为水稻施肥模式化、定量化提供科学依据，亦可为水稻专用肥生产提供参数...

... 然而近年来, 随着水稻单产的提高, 土壤钾消耗迅速, 缺钾已经成为阻碍水稻高产的一个重要因素^[9] ...

2009

0.0

王强盛. 水稻钾素营养的积累特征及生理效应. 南京农业大学博士学位论文, 江苏南京, 2009

Wang Q

. Accumulation Characteristics and Physiological Effect of Rice Potassium Nutrition. PhD Dissertation of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, 2009 (in Chinese with English abstract)

钾是水稻植株含量最丰富的主要营养元素之一，对水稻的生长和发育有着明显地促进作用，参与了水稻体内多种酶的活化、物质合成、同化物运输、水分代谢、光合作用及离子平衡等植株生理生化过程，对提高水稻养分吸收利用效率、增加水稻产量、改善稻米品质具有十分重要的作用。本试验在大田和盆栽条件下，通过基肥、穗肥和前后运筹的钾素管理方式，研究了施钾量对不同类型水稻植株养分吸收、转运和利用的影响，分析了钾素水平对不同类型水稻光合生理及防御系统的影响，探讨了钾素用量对不同类型水稻茎秆生物力学和机械强度的影响，揭示了钾肥运筹对不同类型水稻产...

... 王强盛^[10]研究水稻钾素在器官中的吸收及分配后发现, 水稻是需钾量较高的作物, 随着所施养分元素的不同钾素在植株体内变化很大, 水稻苗期及孕穗期至齐穗期是需钾大量期, 必须保证土壤钾素的充足供应 ...

2000

0.0

... 相关研究指出, 水稻若在苗期缺钾, 以后即使补钾, 也很难恢复正常^[11] ...

... 凌启鸿等^[11]对籼优3号不同产量群体关键生育阶段的吸钾量研究表明, 拔节至抽穗阶段的吸钾量与产量呈正相关, 提高此阶段群体的吸钾量是高产水稻栽培的重点 ...

2016

0.0

张洋洋, 鲁剑巍, 王友珠, 王振, 李小坤, 任涛, 丛日环. 钾肥施用方式对直播和移栽水稻产量和钾肥利用效率的影响. 作物杂志, 2016, (1): 110-114

Zhang Y

, Lu J

, Wang Y

, Wang

, Li X

, Ren

, Cong R

. Effects of potassium fertilizer application method on yield and potassium apparent efficiency of direct-sowing rice and transplanting rice. Crops, 2016, (1): 110-114 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用田间试验研究了施钾量和基追比对直播和移栽水稻产量和钾肥利用效率的影响,以明确直播水稻和移栽水稻适宜的钾肥施用方式.结果表明,水稻施钾增产效果显著,当钾肥一次性基施时,钾肥施用量为270kg/hm2的增产效果好于施135kg/hm2,且钾元素积累量最高,但其钾元素利用率最低.当钾肥用量为135kg/hm2时,直播水稻钾肥一次性基施与分次施用效果无显著差异,而移栽水稻钾肥分为基肥和穗肥两次施用与一次性基施相比增产效果显著.直播水稻施钾是通过获得较高的穗数以提高产量,移栽水稻施钾则是通过增加每穗颖花数和提高千粒重而达到高产.直播水稻钾肥一次性基施增加的纯收益、钾元素积累量和钾元素表观利用率略高于钾肥分次施用,但差异不显著;而移栽水稻则相反,钾肥分次施用的纯收益较钾肥一次性基施增加1 833元/hm2,钾肥表观利用率显著高于钾肥一次性基施.研究表明施钾方式对直播水稻和移栽水稻产量提高及产量构成因子的影响存在差异,水稻生产应根据目标产量施足钾肥,建议直播水稻采用钾肥基施,而移栽水稻采用基肥和穗肥并重的运筹方式.

... 因此, 在大面积水稻栽培中, 一般采用基肥加拔节前各一半的施用方法, 可兼顾壮苗促分蘖和壮秆促大穗的作用^[12] ...

2002

0.0

刘国栋, 刘更另. 籼稻耐低钾基因型的筛选. 作物学报, 2002, 28: 161-166

Liu G

, Liu G

. Screening indica rice for K-efficient genotypes. Acta Agron Sin, 2002, 28: 161-166 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本研究针对我国钾矿资源短缺的基本国情,以业已建立的水培快速方法为筛选方法对86种不同的基因型进行了筛选比较.结果表明无论是吸钾速率、钾素利用效率还是生物量,籼稻的基因型差异十分显著:最大吸钾速率为IR45138-115-1-1-2-2,达663.9,而最小吸钾速率为IR47761-27-1-3-6,仅只有232.6 nmol K+ plant-1 h-1,相差近3倍;最大钾

... 刘国栋等^[13]对86种基因型籼稻进行吸钾素率和钾素利用效率的研究, 认为产量高的优良基因型在吸钾速率或钾素利用效率上有十分明显的优势 ...

2012

0.0

杨雄. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种氮磷钾的积累、分配与转运的差异性分析. 扬州大学硕士学位论文, 江苏扬州, 2012

Yang X. The

Accumulation

, Distribution and Translocation of NPK of Rice Varieties with Different Productivity Levels. MS Thesis of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract)

试验于2010和2011年在扬州大学农学院实验农场进行,在稻麦两熟制条件下,以长江中下游地区所选育和引进的有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料,模拟机插小苗(3.5叶)栽培方式,设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5kg/hm2),从中得到各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力及其对应的施氮水平。本研究以品种氮肥群体最高生产力为基础,明确了生产力处于顶层、高层、中层、低层水平水稻品种氮磷钾的积累、分配与转运特点,提出了顶层生产力水平品种在氮磷钾积累分配与转运方面的优势,以期为水稻品种改良与选育提供理论支持。主要研究结果如下： 1.地上部植株氮素积累量,在拔节期随生产力等级的递减逐渐增加,抽穗和成熟期随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,成熟期不同生产力等级间差异达到显著水平,顶层水平品种地上部植株的氮素积累量为195.65kg/hm2,比其他三个水平品种分别高3.47%、7.98%和11.07%。氮素抽穗前主要集中在叶片,其中拔节期和抽穗期叶片所占比例分别为68.72%-69.55%和54.83%-56.78%；抽穗后氮素主要集中在穗部,其中成熟期穗所占比例为56.01%-58.44%。抽穗期叶片的含氮量和氮素积累量以及成熟期叶片和穗的氮素积累量随生产力等级递减逐渐降低。水稻生育前期(播种至拔节)植株的氮素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐增加,生育中后期(拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟)植株的氮素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低。抽穗至成熟阶段穗部的氮素积累量随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,顶层水平穗部氮素积累量为94.74kg/hm2,比其他三个水平分别高3.14%、13.70%和16.71%。抽穗至成熟阶段顶层水平水稻品种叶片的氮素转运量为55.23kg/hm2,分别比其他三个水平高出3.78%、7.67%和14.85%,而转运贡献率比其他三个水平低。在满足氮肥群体最高生产力的施肥条件下,水稻生育中后期植株的氮素积累和产量呈显著正相关,生育后期叶片的氮素转运量与产量呈显著正相关。顶层水平水稻品种叶片的氮素积累与转运比其他三个水平品种在抽穗后表现出明显的优势,穗部氮素积累量较高。 2.地上部植株磷素积累量,在拔节期随生产力等级的递减逐渐增加,抽穗和成熟期随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,成熟期顶层水平品种植株磷素积累量为70.98kg/hm2,比其他三个水平分别高2.54%、5.28%和12.42%。磷素抽穗前主要集中在茎鞘,其中拔节期和抽穗期茎鞘所占比例分别为64.26%-66.44%和65.25%-67.45%；抽穗后主要集中在穗部,其中成熟期穗所占比重为60.59%-63.77%。抽穗期叶片的磷素积累量以及成熟期叶片和穗的磷素积累量随生产力等级递减逐渐降低。水稻生育前期(播种至拔节)植株的磷素积累量和磷素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐增加,生育中期(拔节至抽穗)植株的磷素积累量和磷素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,生育后期(抽穗至成熟)植株磷素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低。从各阶段磷素积累量占全生育期总积累量的比例看,拔节至抽穗阶段磷素积累比例最高,为45.85%-50.99%,播种至拔节阶段最低,为14.84%-16.47%,抽穗至成熟阶段居中,为27.48%-28.54%。抽穗到成熟期穗部磷素增加量随生产力等级递减逐渐降低,顶层水平品种穗部磷素增加量为41.05kg/hm2,比其他水平分别高3.10%、10.58%和14.09%。叶片磷素转运量随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,顶层水平叶片磷素转运量为7.00kg/hm2,比其他三个水平分别高1.07%、9.46%和18.33%。在满足氮肥群体最高生产力的施肥条件下,水稻生育中期的磷素积累与产量呈极显著正相关,生育后期的茎鞘和叶片的磷素转运量与产量相关性不显著。顶层水平水稻品种拔节至抽穗阶段的磷素积累,特别是叶片的磷素积累量比其他三个水平品种表现出明显的优势,成熟期叶片和穗的磷素积累量也明显高于其他三个水平品种。 3.地上部植株钾素积累量,在拔节期随生产力等级的递减逐渐增加,在抽穗和成熟期随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,成熟期顶层水平品种植株钾素积累量为308.55kg/hm2,比其他三个水平分别高3.65%、5.78%和7.22%。茎鞘是钾素积累中心,茎鞘钾素积累量占植株钾素积累总量的比例在拔节、抽穗和成熟期分别为64.92%-65.91%、67.92%-69.15%和58.71%-59.14%。各生育期茎鞘的含钾率,抽穗期茎鞘钾素积累量以及成熟期穗的钾素积累量随生产力等级递减逐渐降低。水稻生育前期(播种至拔节)植株的钾素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐增加,生育中期(拔节至抽穗)植株的钾素积累量和钾素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低,生育后期(抽穗至成熟)植株的钾素积累速率随生产力等级的递减逐渐降低。从各阶段钾素积累量占全生育期总积累量的比例看,播种至拔节阶段为40.18%-49.51%,拔节至抽穗阶段为48.64%-57.30%,抽穗至成熟阶段为1.52%-2.51%。抽穗到成熟期穗部钾素增加量随生产力等级递减逐渐降低,顶层水平品种穗部钾素增加量为71.88kg/hm2,比其他水平分别高3.43%、9.57%和13.09%。顶层水平品种叶片钾转运量为38.91kg/hm2,比其他三个水平分别高7.41%、7.03%和8.88%。在满足氮肥群体最高生产力的施肥条件下,水稻生育中期茎鞘和叶片的钾素积累和产量呈极显著正相关,生育后期的钾素积累与产量呈显著正相关,生育后期的茎鞘和叶片的钾素转运量与产量相关性不显著。顶层水平水稻品种拔节至抽穗阶段的钾素积累,不管是茎鞘还是叶片的钾素积累量都比其他三个水平品种表现出明显的优势,抽穗期茎鞘和成熟期穗的钾素积累量也明显高于其他三个水平品种。

... 杨雄^[14]以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 提出了高产品种在钾素积累分配与转运方面的优势 ...

... 杨雄^[14]对长江中下游50个早熟晚粳品种的研究发现, 水稻地上部分植株的钾素积累量在拔节期随着生产力等级的提高逐渐下降, 抽穗至拔节期随着生产力等级的提高呈增加趋势 ...

... 杨雄^[14]研究发现, 水稻茎鞘抽穗期的钾素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关, 叶片拔节至抽穗阶段的钾素积累量与产量呈极显著正相关 ...

2008

0.0

杨波, 任万军, 杨文钰, 卢庭启, 肖启银. 不同种植方式下钾肥用量对水稻钾素吸收利用及产量的影响. 杂交水稻, 2008, 23(5): 60-64

Yang

, Ren W

, Yang W

, Lu T

, Xiao Q

. Effects of applying amounts of potassium fertilizer on potassium uptake and utilization and grain yield in rice under different planting modes. Hybrid Rice, 2008, 23(5): 60-64 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以D优527为材料,研究了不同种植方式下不同施钾量对水稻钾素吸收利用和产量的影响.结果表明,常规翻耕插秧利用穗粒数的优势实现最高产量10.71t/hm2,比常规翻耕抛秧、免耕抛秧和免耕高桩抛秧分别高3.62%,1.58%和1.88%,其中常规翻耕插秧与常规翻耕抛秧的差异达极显著水平;随着施钾量的增加,稻谷产量和钾素积累总量增加,钾素干物质生产效率、钾素稻谷生产效率和钾素收获指数下降,农学钾素利用效率无明显变化.

... 杨波等^[15]研究了杂交稻钾素吸收利用及其对产量的影响 ...

2012

0.0

张洪程, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 葛梦婕, 李国业, 戴其根, 霍中洋, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 刘艳阳. 水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力及其增长规律. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 86-98

Zhang H

, Ma

, Yang

, Li

, Ge M

, Li G

, Dai Q

, Huo Z

, Xu

, Wei H

, Gao

, Liu Y

. The highest population productivity of nitrogen fertilization and its variation rules in rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 86-98 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Based on the concept of the highest population productivity of N fertilization , we carried out a field experiments with 50 early-maturing late japonica rice varieties which were the representativein the region of Yangtze River, using seven nitrogen applying levels (0, 150, 187.5, 225, 262.5, 300, 337.5 kg ha -1 ), to investigate the difference of the most population productivity of N fertilization in varieties. Its relationships with yield components, plant-type characteristics and nitrogen agronomic efficiency were also analyzed . The main results were as follows. (1 )With the basic yield capacity of sandy loam being 6 t ha -1 , optimum N levels of 50 tested varieties which were corresponding to their highest population yield converged in the range of 225–300 kg ha -1 , while the highest grain yield showed significant differences, varying from 7.42 to 11.02 t ha -1 .(2) There was significantly positive correlation between the highest productivity of N fertilization and the total spikelet number, with the correlation coefficient of 0.865. The top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significantly larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. (3) The highest productivity of N fertilizer rose as the high-efficiency leaf area and the weight per panicle increased. Compared with middle- and low-level yielding cultivars, top- and high-level yielding cultivars performed superior plant type characteristics: the plant height ranged from 105–110 cm, the width of basal internodes was circa 0.65 cm, the high-efficiency leaf area index was higher than 5, and panicles were big . (4) Generally speaking, the theoretical highest population productivity of N fertilization increased with the increasing of corresponding applied N amount. But within each group of similar optimum N level, various rice cultivars produced significantly different grain yields. (5) Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, six varieties with high yield and high efficiency were selected and recommended.

在提出氮肥群体最高生产力概念的前提下, 以长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)为供试材料, 比较研究品种间氮肥群体最高生产力的差异及其与产量构成因素、株型和氮肥农学利用率的关系。结果表明: (1) 在基础地力产量为6 t hm -2 的沙壤土上, 50个早熟晚粳品种氮肥群体最高生产力对应的施氮量主要集中在 225~300 kg hm -2 , 各品种的氮肥群体最高生产力因种而异, 变动在7.42~11.02 t hm -2 , 差异显著。(2)氮肥群体最高生产力与群体颖花量呈显著正相关( r = 0.865), 生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种, 而颖花量的增加主要体现在每穗粒数的极显著增加。(3)氮肥群体最高生产力随高效叶面积与单穗重增加而增长, 顶层和高层水平品种的基本株型性状均显著优于中层和低层水平品种, 主要表现为株高105~110 cm, 基部节间粗0.65 cm左右, 高效叶面积大(高效LAI大于5), 穗型较大。(4) 品种间理论氮肥群体最高生产力随对应施氮量增加而增长, 但相同对应施氮量下, 品种生产力亦有一定差异。 (5)筛选出6个氮肥群体最高生产力(≥10.5 t hm -2 )与氮肥农学利用率均较高且协调统一的品种。

... 1 不同生产力等级水稻品种及产量根据前人对水稻品种氮肥群体最高生产力(当水稻品种在某一施氮水平下最大限度地发挥其增长潜力而达到最高产)的研究^[16,17], 可将34个品种按产量划分为4个生产力等级(表1), 顶层水平(#cod#x02265 ...

2012

0.0

霍中洋, 顾海永, 马群, 杨雄, 李敏, 李国业, 戴其根, 许轲, 魏海燕, 高辉, 芦燕, 张洪程. 不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种的氮素吸收利用差异. 作物学报, 2012, 38: 2061-2068

Huo Z

, Gu H

, Ma

, Yang

, Li

, Li G

, Dai Q

, Xu

, Wei H

, Gao

, Lu

, Zhang H

. Differences of nitrogen absorption and utilization in rice varieties with different productivity levels. Acta Agron Sin, 2012, 38: 2061-2068 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The field experiment was carried out using 50 early-maturing late Japonica rice varieties, adopted in the region of Yangtze River, with seven nitrogen application levels (0, 150.0, 187.5, 225.0, 262.5, 300.0, 337.5 kg ha -1 ) to investigate the differences of the nitrogen absorption and utilization. We defined the highest rice yields under different nitrogen levels as the highest population productivity of N fertilization (HPPNF). The main results indicated that the top- and high-level yielding varieties had extremely significant larger amount of population spikelets than the middle- and low-level yielding varieties, and this superiority of total spikelets was mainly due to the extremely remarkable increase of spikelets per panicle. The nitrogen content and nitrogen absorption rate in plant at jointing, heading and maturity were all significantly increased with increasing productivity level. In transplanting to jointing and jointing to heading stages, there were no significant differences in ratio of nitrogen accumulation among four productivity levels, but a trend of decrease with the increase of productivity level. In heading to maturity stages, the ratio of nitrogen accumulation was significantly increased with increasing productivity level, which was 14.94% for top-level yielding cultivars. With the productivity level increasing, the apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency and physiological nitrogen use efficiency were significantly increased. Taking into consideration of the production capacity and the apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency of all 50 rice varieties, 13 varieties with high yield and high nitrogen efficiency were selected and recommended.

选用长江中下游地区有代表性的50个早熟晚粳品种(系)，设置7个氮肥水平(0、150.0、187.5、225.0、262.5、300.0、337.5 kg hm -2 )，得出各品种在各个氮肥水平下出现的最高生产力及其对应施氮水平，将该最高生产力定义为氮肥群体最高生产力。在此基础上，比较研究不同氮肥群体最高生产力水稻品种间氮素吸收利用的差异。结果表明，生产力处于顶层与高层水平品种的颖花量极显著高于中层、低层品种，颖花量的增加主要表现为每穗粒数的极显著增加。各生育阶段的植株吸氮量和氮素吸收速率均随着生产力等级的增加而显著增加。4个生产力等级品种间在移栽至拔节和拔节至抽穗阶段氮素积累比例差异均不大，但随着生产力等级的增加呈减小趋势；抽穗至成熟阶段氮素积累比例随着生产力等级的增加呈显著增加趋势，顶层水平品种在抽穗至成熟阶段氮素积累比例为14.94%。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率和生理利用率均随着生产力等级的增加而增加。初步筛选出13个集高产与氮高效于一体的品种。

2008

0.0

陈川, 丁国霞, 钟平, 邵文奇, 安凯先, 石彦兵. 淮北稻田套播麦的主要生育特点与施肥技术. 江苏农业科学, 2008, (1): 26-28

Chen

, Ding G

, Zhong

, Shao W

, An K

, Shi Y

. Main reproductive characteristics and application techniques at interplanting wheat in paddy in Huaibei area. Jiangsu Agric Sci, 2008, (1): 26-28 (in Chinese)

淮北稻田套播麦具有早苗早发易早衰的特点.在施肥上,应适当减少冬前用肥比例,增加春季追肥数量.目标产量为6 750 kg/hm2的施氮量为330 kg/hm2,冬前肥与春季肥的比例为2:1,春季追肥中起身肥与穗肥比例也为2:1,同时应重视磷钾肥的施用.

... 1 水稻品种产量与钾素吸收利用特征的关系近年来, 随着作物产量的不断提高和有机肥施用量的下降, 淮北地区缺钾和肥力不均等问题日趋突出^[18,19] ...

2016

0.0

刘枫, 王允清, 刘英, 钱国平. 安徽省土壤钾素供应状况与钾肥效应分析. 土壤通报, 2016, 34: 205-208

Liu

, Wang Y

, Liu

, Qian G

. Analysis of soil potassium status and potash fertilizer effect in Anhui province. Chin J Soil Sci, 2016, 34: 205-208 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本文对安徽省1985年以来在淮北地区、江淮之间和沿江江南(包括皖南山区)三大农业区域的主要土壤和作物的140个钾肥试验结果进行了分析,结果表明:全省由北向南土壤速效钾含量逐渐降低,而钾肥肥效逐渐增加.施钾肥有效率以花生、紫云英、烟草和红麻最高,其次是水稻、玉米、麦类和油菜,而棉花和大豆较低.全省土壤有效钾临界值为80mg/kg,淮北地区土壤有效钾低于120mg/kg时施钾有效.随着钾肥用量增加,作物产量出现报酬递减现象,作物施钾的增产潜力以烟草、紫云英、红麻和麦类作物较大,花生、油菜、玉米和棉花等相对较小.

1990

0.0

... 钾对水稻的正常生长和产量有重要影响^[20,21], 水稻高产需要在各生育期及生育阶段吸收利用与产量相适应的钾素 ...

2004

0.0

王强盛, 甄若宏, 丁艳锋, 吉志军, 曹卫星, 黄丕生. 钾肥用量对优质粳稻钾素积累利用及稻米品质的影响. 中国农业科学, 2004, 37: 1444-1450

Wang Q

, Zhen R

, Ding Y

, Ji Z

, Cao W

, Huang P

. Effects of potassium fertilizer application rates on plant potassium accumulation and grain quality of japonica rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2004, 37: 1444-1450 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A three-year experiment was conducted in order to examine the effects of potassium (K) application rates on plant K accumulation, K use efficiency and grain quality of japonica rice (Wuxiangjing14 and Wuyujing3) from 2000 to 2002 in Dongtai, Jiangsu, China. When K fertilizer was applied as basal dressing, K uptake of rice population amounted to maximum at the K2O application rate of 12.8 kg/667m2 and excessive-fertilization decreased population K uptake, grains K absorption always increased with the increase of K fertilizer application rate, only the increment extent decreased gradually. Potassium uptake by rice population peaked in the growth season from the elongation stage to the heading stage. Non-fertilization and excessive-fertilization enhanced the proportion of plant K uptake before the elongation stage, but reduced effective panicles. With one-time application of K fertilizer as basal dressing, the highest grain yield and quality occurred at the level of 1∶0.8 of N∶K2O ratio, which significantly increased the percentage of earbearing tiller and setting percentage and K physiological and agronomy efficiencies. Also, low chalkiness degree and amylose content were found at this level. Compared to one-time application of K fertilizer as basal dressing, fertilization as panicle fertilizer caused increases in plant K uptake and proportion from elongation stage to heading stage, the number of filled grain, the setting percentage and gel consistency. Moreover, K fertilization as panicle fertilizer significantly decreased chalkiness degree and amylose content, resulting in considerable high grain yield and quality.

以武香粳14号和武育粳3号为材料，研究了钾肥用量对优质粳稻群体钾素积累利用和稻米品质的影响。结果表明，钾肥一次性基施，水稻群体吸钾量在K2O用量为12.8 kg/667m2时最大，过量施钾却降低了群体吸钾量，稻谷吸钾量随钾肥用量的增加而增大，增幅则逐渐降低；优质粳稻群体最大吸钾数量和比例出现在拔节至抽穗阶段，但不施钾肥和过量施钾，造成拔节前吸钾比例较大，从而抑制有效穗数；钾肥一次性基施，以N∶K2O为1∶0.8对优质粳稻产量构成和品质性状影响最佳，有较高的成穗率和结实率，显著降低稻米垩白度和直链淀粉含量，同时钾素生理效率、农艺效率较大；钾肥的穗肥追施比一次性基施，能够明显增加拔节至抽穗的吸钾数量和比例，提高实粒数、结实率和产量，降低稻米垩白度和直链淀粉含量，提高胶稠度，改善稻米品质，并显著提高钾素利用效率。

... 钾对水稻的正常生长和产量有重要影响^[20,21], 水稻高产需要在各生育期及生育阶段吸收利用与产量相适应的钾素 ...

2007

0.0

杜永, 刘辉, 杨成, 王志琴, 杨建昌. 超高产栽培迟熟中粳稻养分吸收特点的研究. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 208-215

, Liu

, Yang

, Wang Z

, Yang J

. Characteristics of nutrient absorption in super-high-yielding mid-season and late- maturity japonica rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 208-215 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. Elucidation of nutrient requirement and absorption has great significance in the realization of high-yielding, good quality and high efficiency in rice. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of nutrient absorption in super-high-yielding cultivation (SHYC, grain yield >11 t ha -1 ) and in high-yielding cultivation as the control (grain yield > 7.5 t ha -1 ) using two mid-season and late-maturity japonica rice cultivars, Huaidao 68 and Zhendao 88. The absorption and accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the plants were analyzed. The results showed that plants in SHYC absorbed and accumulated less N before the critical stage of productive tillers and more N after the jointing stage, when compared with the those in control. The amount of P absorbed in SHYC was more than that in the control at each growth stage, especially at later growth stages. There was no significant difference in K absorption and accumulation between the SHYC and the control before the critical stage of productive tillers, whereas the plants in SHYC absorbed more K than in the control from jointing to maturity. Input of N balanced the output in SHYC, but the control showed more input than output in N. There were more outputs than inputs in P and K for both SHYC and high-yielding cultivation, especially the former. The amount absorbed of N, P, K for the production of 1 000 kg grains was 21.6–21.9 kg, 6.7–7.2 kg, and 24.8–25.6 kg, respectively in SHYC, and 23.8–24.3 kg, 6.8–7.3 kg, and 27.4–29.0 kg, respectively, in the control. The results indicated that the mid-season japonica rice with SHYC absorbed nutrients less at early growth stages whereas more during the later growth period, and increased the internal nutrient efficiency. The characteristics of nutrient absorption and optimized nutrient management for mid-season japonica rice with SHYC were discussed.

以迟熟中粳稻淮稻68和镇稻88为材料，进行超高产栽培（产量> 11 t hm -2 ），以一般高产栽培为对照，观察了氮（N）、磷（P）和钾（K）吸收和累积特点。与对照（产量>7.5 t hm -2 ）相比，超高产栽培水稻在有效分蘖临界叶龄期前Ｎ的吸收量较低，拔节后的吸氮量较高；磷的吸收量在各生育期均高于对照，中后期尤为明显；K的吸收量在有效分蘖临界叶龄期以前，超高产稻与对照差异很小，自拔节起，前者明显高于后者。超高产栽培稻田N的输入输出基本平衡，普通高产栽培稻田表现为N盈余。在两种栽培条件下P与K均表现为表观亏缺，超高产栽培尤为严重。每生产1 000 kg稻谷所吸收的N、P、K，超高产中粳稻分别为21.6~21.9 kg、6.7~7.2 kg和24.8~25.6 kg，对照为23.8~24.3 kg、6.8~7.3 kg和27.4~29.0 kg。上述结果说明，超高产栽培中粳稻对养分吸收具有生育前期较低、中后期较高的特点，并具较高的产谷效率。对超高产栽培中粳稻养分吸收特点和养分优化管理进行了讨论。

... 杜永等^[22]研究表明, 在有效分蘖临界叶龄期之前, 不同产量水平水稻品种植株吸钾量差异不明显, 拔节后, 钾素吸收量越多其产量也越高 ...

2012

0.0

纪洪亭, 冯跃华, 何腾兵, 潘剑, 范乐乐, 李云, 武彪, 肖铭, 梁显林. 超级杂交稻群体干物质和养分积累动态模型与特征分析. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45: 3709-3720

Ji H

, Feng Y

, He T

, Pan

, Fan L

, Li

, Wu

, Xiao

, Liang X

. A dynamic model of dry matter and nutrient accumulation in super hybrid rice and analysis of its characteristics. Sci Agric Sin, 2012, 45: 3709-3720 (in Chinese with English abstract)

【Objective】 Modeling dynamics of dry matter and nutrient accumulation of super hybrid rice is an important task for further improvement of yield and rational application of fertilizer.【Method】A field experiment with two super hybrid cultivars (Zhunliangyou527, Qyou 6) and CK(Ⅱyou838) was conducted in 2011, and dry matter accumulation (DMA) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation（NA, PA, KA）were measured. The dynamic equations of relative dry matter accumulation (DMAR) and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation （NAR, PAR, KAR） were established with the normalized DMA, normalized NA, PK and KA and normalized growth time, and the dynamic characteristics of DMA and NA, PA, KA changes were analyzed based on the relative equations.【Result】Gompertz simulated better than the other equations for the DMA and nutrient dynamic accumulation characteristics of super hybrid rice. The equations were validated with field experimental data of 2009 and 2011.The NRMSE of DMA simulation were relatively smaller, and R2 values were above 0.9820. The accuracies were about 1, and the NS values were above 0.9530. Validation for the nutrient accumulation equation showed that the model simulated well. The R2, k and NS were all about 1. The analysis of growth characteristics of super hybrid rice showed that the rate of DMA in super hybrid rice was slightly higher than CK at earlier stage and significantly at last stage. The maximum rate of DMA of super hybrid rice was from boot stage to heading stage. The initial of DMA rapid growth stage for super hybrid rice were lower than the CK. The duration of rapid growth period of DMA of super hybrid rice was 71-75 d, which was 16-19 d longer than the CK and the ratio of DMA of rapid growth period in total DMA of super hybrid rice was 4.47%-11.25% higher than that of the CK. The maximum NA rate of super hybrid rice was in 10 d before boot stage. The NA (nitrogen accumulation) rapid growth stage was from 12 d before jointing stage to heading stage, and the NA in rapid growth period was 65.60% of total NA. The maximum PA rate of super hybrid rice was in 8 d before boot stage. The PA（phosphorus accumulation）rapid growth stage was from after jointing stage to 7 d before heading stage, and the PA in rapid growth period was 68.36% of total PA. The maximum KA rate of super hybrid rice was in 3-4 d after jointing stage. The PA(potassium accumulation) rapid growth stage was from 12-16 d after jointing stage to 1-5 d before heading stage, and the KA in rapid growth period was 60.10%-61.71% of total KA. 【Conclusion】The study used the Gompertz equation to simulate the DMA and nutrient dynamic accumulation characteristics of super hybrid rice. The advantage of DMA and nutrient of super hybrid rice were that the duration of rapid growth was longer than that of conventional rice, and the accumulation rate at last stage was faster relatively.

【目的】定量描述超级杂交稻干物质与养分积累的动态变化，为进一步提高超级杂交稻干物质积累的潜力以及肥料的合理施用提供依据。【方法】于2011年在大田条件下，以超级杂交稻准两优527、Q优6号和对照品种Ⅱ优838为供试材料，通过连续测定干物质和氮磷钾含量，并对干物质和氮磷钾积累量及生长时间进行归一化处理，建立超级杂交稻相对干物质和相对氮磷钾积累动态模型，进而分析超级杂交稻干物质和氮磷钾积累的动态特征。【结果】Gompertz方程对超级杂交稻干物质和养分的动态模拟效果较好。利用2009年和2011年试验数据对模型进行验证，干物质积累模型模拟的NRMSE较小，R2值均达到0.9820以上，模拟的准确度（以k表示）约为1，NS均在0.9530以上；对养分积累模型检验表明，模型模拟效果较好，不同模型NRMSE较小，R2和k值以及NS值趋近于1。对超级杂交稻生长特性分析表明，超级杂交稻干物质积累速率在前期略高于对照，后期尤为明显，最大干物质积累速率出现在孕穗至抽穗期；超级杂交稻干物质积累快速增长期持续的时间为71—75 d，比对照持续时间长15—19 d；快速增长期干物质积累量占总积累量的比例，超级杂稻比对照品种高4.47%—11.25%。超级杂交稻氮积累的最大速率出现在孕穗期前10 d；氮积累的快速增长期出现在拔节期前12 d至抽穗期，在快速增长期氮的积累量占氮总积累量的65.60%。超级杂交稻磷积累的最大速率出现在孕穗期前8 d；磷积累的快速增长期出现在拔节期至抽穗期前7 d，在快速增长期的磷积累量占磷总积累量的68.36%；超级杂交稻钾积累的最大速率出现在拔节期后3—4 d；钾积累的快速增长期出现在拔节期前12—16 d至孕穗期前1—5 d，在快速增长期的钾积累量占钾总积累量的60.10%—61.71%。【结论】采用Gompertz模型y=ae-exp(b-cx)模拟了超级杂交稻干物质和养分的积累动态。超级杂交稻干物质和养分的优势在于快速增长期持续时间较长，中后期干物质和养分积累速率较快。

... 纪洪亭等^[23]对2个杂交稻品种进行拟合分析得出, 钾素积累均呈现#cod#x0201c ...

... 此外, 拔节至抽穗阶段钾素积累速率显著高于移栽至拔节阶段和抽穗至成熟阶段, 这与纪洪亭等分析认为的钾素快速增长期出现在拔节前12~16 d至孕穗前1~5 d基本吻合^[23] ...

2016

0.0

韦还和, 孟天瑶, 李超, 张洪程, 戴其根, 马荣荣, 王晓燕, 杨筠文. 超级稻甬优12不同产量水平群体的钾素营养特性. 作物学报, 2016, 42: 1047-1057

Wei H

, Meng T

, Li

, Zhang H

, Dai Q

, Ma R

, Wang X

, Yang J

. Potassium nutrition characteristics in different yield populations of super rice Yongyou 12. Acta Agron Sin, 2016, 42: 1047-1057 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment was conducted using super rice Yongyou 12 to compare the differences in absorption and accumulation characteristics of potassium among high yield population (HY, 10.5–12.0 t ha -1 ), higher yield population (HRY, 12.0–13.5 t ha -1 ), and super high yield population (SHY, ≥13.5 t ha -1 ) in 2013 and 2014. Results followed that, on an average across two years, grain yield of SHY was 13.9 t ha -1 , significantly higher than that of HRY (12.5 t ha -1 ) and HY (10.9 t ha -1 ). HY showed higher K content in plants, followed by HRY and SHY, with no significant difference among them. K content at heading and maturity stages, showed a trend of SHY> HRY > HY, whileK uptake amount at jointing stage showed HY>HRY>SHY. K uptake amount at heading stage of SHY was 364.1 kg ha -1 , significantly higher than that of HRY (326.7 kg ha -1 ) and HY (282.8 kg ha -1 ), respectively. K uptake amount at maturity stage of SHY was 374.6 kg ha -1 , significantly higher than that of HRY (331.1 kg ha -1 ) and HY (284.1 kg ha -1 ), respectively. With increasing grain yield, K accumulation amount decreased from sowing to jointing stage, while increased from jointing to heading. Very significantly negative linear relationship was observed between K accumulation amount from sowing to jointing and grain yield. Very significantly positive linear relationship was observed between K accumulation amount from jointing to heading and grain yield. Compared with HY and HRY, SHY showed higher K uptake amount in the stem and sheath, leaf, and panicle at heading and maturity stages, which wassignificantly or very significantly and positivelycorrelated with grain yield. SHY showed higher K uptake amount but lower internal nutrient efficiency and K partial productivity, indicating its relatively lower K use efficiency, when compared with HY and HRY. Great attention should be paid for increasing K use efficiency in production of rice. Methods to improve K use efficiency in SHY of Yongyou 12 were discussed.

2013—2014年，以超级稻甬优12不同产量群体为研究对象，系统比较研究甬优12高产(10.5~12.0 t hm -2 )、更高产(12.0~13.5 t hm -2 )、超高产(>13.5 t hm -2 )3个产量群体的钾素吸收与积累特征差异。结果表明：(1)甬优12超高产、更高产和高产群体的两年平均产量分别为13.9、12.6和10.8 t hm -2 。(2)拔节期植株含钾量呈高产群体>更高产群体>超高产群体；抽穗期和成熟期植株含钾量呈超高产群体>更高产群体>高产群体；拔节期3个产量群体间钾素吸收量差异不显著，超高产群体抽穗期和成熟期钾素吸收量分别为364.1 kg hm -2 和374.6 kg hm -2 ，显著高于更高产(326.7 kg hm -2 、331.1 kg hm -2 )和高产群体(282.8 kg hm -2 、284.1 kg hm -2 )。(3)随产量上升，植株钾素积累量播种至拔节期随之下降，而拔节至抽穗期随之增加。播种至拔节期钾素积累量与产量呈极显著线性负相关，拔节至抽穗期钾素积累量与产量呈极显著线性正相关。(4)与对照相比，甬优12超高产群体抽穗期和成熟期茎鞘、叶片和穗部钾素吸收量较高且与产量呈显著或极显著线性正相关。(5)与对照相比，尽管甬优12超高产群体钾素吸收总量较高，但其籽粒生产率和钾素偏生产力较低，表明甬优12超高产群体钾素利用率较低，在今后甬优12超高产栽培管理中应重视钾肥的高效利用。最后就提高甬优12超高产群体钾素吸收利用的措施进行了探讨。

... 韦还和等^[24]对超级稻甬优12移栽至拔节阶段和拔节至抽穗阶段的钾素积累量与产量关系进行拟合方程分析得出, 播种至拔节阶段甬优12钾素积累量与产量呈极显著线性负相关, 拔节至抽穗阶段呈极显著正相关 ...

2013

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陈智慧, 王火焰, 周健民, 安林林, 陈小琴, 杜昌文. 不同钾素水平对水稻不同部位含钾量的影响. 土壤, 2013, 45: 489-494

Chen Z

, Wang H

, Zhou J

, An L

, Chen X

, Du C

. Dynamic changes of rice K content influenced by different soil K levels. Soils, 2013, 45: 489-494 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过盆栽试验研究了不同供钾水平下水稻各叶位的含钾量变化。结果表明，水稻含钾量随生育期的推进逐渐下降，下降幅度达69%?~?75%。水稻含钾量与生育期和土壤供钾水平有关：分蘖期不同叶位的鞘、叶含钾量由上至下大幅下降，鞘与叶的含量钾比值均大于1，且比值随叶片含钾量的增加而上升。拔节期钾素水平由低至高，叶位间鞘、叶含钾量由上至下降低的趋势减弱；鞘与叶含钾量比值为0.26?~?1.49，且随叶片含钾量的增加而增加。齐穗期，低钾水平下，叶位间鞘、叶含钾量由上至下降低，高钾水平则相反；鞘叶含钾量比值为0.36~1.33。成熟期，秸秆的含钾量范围为2.8~22.9g/kg，随钾素水平增加而增加；籽粒的含钾量约为5.0g/kg。综合不同时期含钾量变化规律可以看出，水稻分蘖期上部叶是钾素优先积累的部位，而叶鞘更是钾奢侈吸收储存的部位；齐穗期以后，钾奢侈吸收主要是积累到了中下部叶和叶鞘中。由于水稻植株钾含量因不同生育期、不同部位而变化很大，根据植株钾含量来进行营养诊断需要考虑取样时期、取样部位，而鞘、叶钾含量比值可能有较好的指示作用。

... 2 不同产量水平水稻品种钾素分配及转运特征陈智慧等^[25]研究表明, 水稻地上部植株钾素含钾量随生育期的推进逐渐降低, 且在相应生育阶段分配相对应的钾素于各营养器官以满足其代谢活动 ...

2014

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葛梦婕. 长江中下游地区常规超级粳稻产量形成及养分吸收利用特性. 扬州大学硕士学位论文, 江苏扬州, 2014

Ge M J. Yield Formation, Absorption and Utilization of NPK of Conventional Japonica Super in Yangtze River Area. MS Thesis of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China, 2014 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2011-2012年,试验在扬州大学农学院实验农场进行,在稻麦两熟制条件下,选用长江中下游地区具代表性的8个常规超级粳稻为试验材料,同时以8个非超级粳稻为对照,在大田条件下设置7个氮肥水平0N(0kg/667m2)、10N(10kg/667m2)、12.5N (12.5kg/667m2),15N(15kg/667m2)、17.5N(17.5kg/667m2)、20N(20kg/667m2)、22.5N (22.5kg/667m2),模拟机插小苗(3.5叶)栽培方式。系统研究了不同施氮量条件下常规超级粳稻产量形成及氮磷钾元素含率、积累量和积累速率、后期各器官营养元素积累量和转运量及各营养元素的利用情况,同时分析了常规超级粳稻产量与植株营养元素吸收利用的相关关系,明确常规超级粳稻品种在产量及氮磷钾吸收利用等方面的优势,并就常规超级粳稻超高产及其营养元素吸收利用协同提高的栽培途径进行了相关探讨,以期为长江中下游地区常规超级粳稻品种高产栽培及品种选育改良提供理论与实践依据。主要研究结果： 1.随氮肥施用量增加,常规超级粳稻不同品种产量均呈先增后降的变化趋势,施氮量在19.43-22.37kg/667m2范围内超级粳稻产量分别最高,而对照在17.49-19.92kg/667m2范围内产量分别最高；超级粳稻两年最高产量的平均值较非超级粳稻高8.50%。与对照相比,超级粳稻各生育时期茎蘖数消长平稳,最终成穗率高(78%以上)；拔节前叶面积指数、光合势、物质生长率和净同化率均低,但差异不显著,而拔节后均较高,且差异显著或极显著；拔节前干物质积累量与对照相当,而拔节至抽穗、抽穗至成熟阶段干物质积累量较非超级粳稻高,分别高7.31%、6.55%,其对应两阶段干物质积累比例也相应较高。超级粳稻较非超级粳稻更“耐肥”,在高肥条件下物质生产积累优势明显,最终产量也较高。 2.与对照相比,拔节期植株含氮率和吸氮量均是超级粳稻低,但差异不显著；抽穗期和成熟期为超级粳稻显著或极显著高,含氮率分别高2.12%和3.16%,吸氮量分别高9.19%和9.26%。氮素吸收速率,拔节前为对照超级粳稻,差异不显著；而拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期为超级粳稻对照,分别高9.55%和37.04%,差异显著或极显著；拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期的氮素积累量为超级粳稻对照,差异均达显著或极显著水平；抽穗至成熟阶段叶片和茎鞘氮素积累与转运,超级粳稻较对照优势明显,穗部氮素积累量也较高,而茎叶对穗的氮素转运贡献率低。氮素吸收利用率,超级粳稻在20N处理下最高,为42.55%,且氮素吸收利用率平均值为超级粳稻对照,差异极显著。超级粳稻在20N条件下百千克籽粒需氮量为2.05kg,平均值为1.79(1.38-2.12)kg,与对照差异显著。机插条件下精确计算超级粳稻所需氮肥量,并依苗情适时调整基蘖肥比例,增加穗肥施用量的同时将穗肥施用时间提前对实现超级粳稻氮素高效吸收和利用具有重要意义。 3.拔节期超级粳稻植株含磷率较对照高,而吸磷量较低,但差异均不显著；抽穗期和成熟期植株含磷率和吸磷量为超级粳稻显著或极显著高于对照,含磷率分别高8.82%和7.14%,吸磷量较对照分别高9.43%和10.42%。磷素吸收速率,拔节前为对照超级粳稻,差异不显著；拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期为超级粳稻对照,分别高15.79%和20.41%,差异显著或极显著。拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期的磷素积累量为超级粳稻对照,差异均达显著或极显著水平。抽穗至成熟阶段叶片和茎鞘磷素积累与转运量,超级粳稻较对照优势明显,穗部磷素积累量也较高,而茎叶对穗的磷素转运贡献率低。磷素产谷利用率平均值为对照超级粳稻,且差异极显著。超级粳稻20N条件下百千克籽粒需磷量为0.706kg,平均值为0.502(0.346-0.706)kg,极显著高于对照。施用适量氮肥对实现超级粳稻磷素高效吸收和利用具有重要意义。 4.拔节期超级粳稻植株含钾率较对照高,而吸钾量低,两者差异不显著；抽穗期和成熟期植株含钾率和吸钾量均为超级粳稻高于对照,含钾率分别高5.24%和2.53%,差异不显著,吸钾量分别高4.41%和6.86%,差异显著或极显著。钾素吸收速率,拔节前为对照超级粳稻,差异不显著,但拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期为超级粳稻对照,分别高7.91%和50.00%,差异显著或极显著。拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期的钾素积累量为超级粳稻对照,差异均达显著或极显著水平。抽穗至成熟阶段叶片和茎鞘钾素积累与转运量,超级粳稻较对照优势明显,穗部钾素积累量也较高,而茎鞘和叶片对穗的钾素转运贡献率低。超级粳稻钾素产谷利用率平均值大于对照,差异不显著；超级粳稻20N条件下百千克籽粒需钾量为2.881kg,平均值为2.467(2.001-2.881)kg,平均值低于对照,但差异不显著。施用适量氮肥对实现超级粳稻钾素高效吸收和利用有重要意义。

... 葛梦婕^[26]的研究显示, 地上部植株含钾率越高水稻品种产量越高 ...

2012

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杨柳青. 不同氮水平下钾对水稻生长的影响. 西南大学博士学位论文, 重庆, 2012

Yang L

. Effects of Potassium on the Growth of Rice under Different Nitrogen Levels. PhD Dissertation of Southwest University, Chongqing, China, 2012 (in Chinese with English abstract)

水稻是我国乃至世界的主要粮食作物,我国水稻种植面积约占耕地面积的25%,稻谷产量占全国粮食总产量的38%,水稻产量高低直接关乎我国的粮食安全问题。施肥在提高水稻单产中发挥了重要作用,但是近年来随着氮肥用量的增加水稻产量却徘徊不前,这不仅降低了施肥的经济效益,还增加了氮素的环境污染风险。农户调查发现重氮轻钾的不合理施肥及栽培管理不到位可能是限制水稻高产的主要因素,大量的研究表明氮钾是水稻需求量最高的两个必需营养元素,杂交稻对氮钾的需求比例一般在1:1-1.5,适宜的氮钾比能提高水稻抗性、构建健康的高产群体、有利于光合产物从源...

... 抽穗后, 水稻茎鞘和叶片的钾素向籽粒转运^[27] ...

2011

0.0

姜照伟, 李小萍, 赵雅静, 李义珍. 杂交水稻氮钾素吸收积累特性及氮素营养诊断. 福建农业学报, 2011, 26: 852-857

Jiang Z

, LI X

, Zhao Y

, Li Y

. N/P absorption and accumulation and N nutrition of hybrid rice. Fujian J Agric Sci, 2011, 26: 852-859 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：以特优63为材料,研究了杂交水稻氮钾素吸收积累特性及氮素营养诊断。结果表明,N、K养分吸收积累总量与施肥量的平方根值呈线性相关。随施肥量提高,化肥养分吸收量增加,但当季吸收利用率降低。N素积累中心抽穗前为叶片和茎鞘,抽穗后为穗。抽穗后叶片有55%左右、茎鞘有40%左右的氮化物分解转运入穗,对籽粒充实的表观转变率达90%左右。K素积累中心为茎鞘,积累占全株70%左右的K素。抽穗后叶片有34%～40%的K素转运到穗部和茎鞘,表观转变率80%左右。在高产栽培条件下,每生产100kg稻谷最高施N、K肥量分别为2kg和2.72kg,经济施N、K肥量分别为1.75kg和1.25kg。杂交稻对N肥更敏感,而较耐低K和高K。生产上宜推荐最高施N肥和经济施K肥。各生育期的叶片干重随施N量的提高而增加。在分蘖期和苞分化期,茎鞘干重也随施N量的提高而增加,但从减数分裂期起,茎鞘重和穗重都与施N量呈抛物线型相关。

... 前人研究发现, 抽穗后钾素转运到茎鞘和穗部^[28] ...

2010

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孙永健, 孙园园, 李旭毅, 张荣萍, 郭翔, 马均. 水氮互作对水稻氮磷钾吸收、转运及分配的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 655-664

Sun Y

, Sun Y

, Li X

, Zhang R

, Guo

, Ma

. Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on absorption, translocation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 655-664 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Hybrid rice Gangyou 527 was used to i nvestigate the effects of three irrigation regimes (submerged irrigation, W 1 ; dry cultivation, W 3 ; and damp irrigation before booting stage plus shallow irrigation at booting stage plus wetting-drying alternation irrigation from heading stage to mature stage, W 2 ) and different amounts of nitrogen (N) application on absorption, transport and distribution of N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in rice, and study on correlations of N, P and K absorption characteristics and its relationship with grain yield. The results showed that there was an obvious interaction between irrigation regime and among of N application. Correlation analysis indicated that there existed significantly or highly significantly positive correlations between the amounts of N, P and K absorption , transfer, distribution, and between each of them and yield under water-nitrogen interaction at the mainly growth stages, and there existed highly significantly positive correlations between yield and the accumulations of N, P before heading stage and the amount of K absorption at tillering stage. Combining N, P and K absorption characteristics and its relationship with grain yield performance, W 2 with suitable N application amount (N 180 ) was the best model in this paper referred as the water-nitrogen coupling management model, optimum N application amount was 180 kg ha -1 for submerged irrigation , and 90–180 kg ha -1 for dry cultivation conditions.

以杂交稻冈优 527 为材料，设 “ 淹水灌溉 ”(W 1 ) 、 “ 前期湿润灌溉 + 孕穗期浅水灌溉 + 抽穗至成熟期干湿交替灌溉 ”(W 2 ) 和 “ 旱种 ”(W 3 ) 3 种灌水及不同的施氮量处理，研究对水稻氮、磷、钾吸收、转运及分配的影响，并探讨各养分间及其与产量间的关系。结果表明，水与氮对水稻主要生育期氮、磷、钾的累积、转运、分配及产量均存在显著的互作作用，水氮互作下各生育期氮、磷、钾吸收、转运及其与产量间均有显著或极显著的正相关，且抽穗前期氮、磷的累积以及分蘖盛期对钾的吸收状况与产量呈极显著正相关。结合产量与稻株氮、磷、钾吸收及转运关系间的表现， W 2 灌溉方式与施氮量为 180 kg hm -2 组合是本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹方式，淹灌条件下，施氮量以 180 kg hm -2 为宜，旱种条件下，施氮量可适当降至 90~180 kg hm -2 。

... 但转运量和转运率大并不代表最终的钾素贡献率就大^[29] ...