长期定位施不同氮源有机肥替代部分含氮化肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

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张建军, 樊廷录, 赵刚, 党翼, 王磊, 李尚中. . 长期定位施不同氮源有机肥替代部分含氮化肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报, 2017, 43(7): 1077-1086
ZHANG Jian-Jun, FAN Ting-Lu, ZHAO Gang, DANG Yi, WANG Lei, LI Shang-Zhong. . Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Response to Long-Term Application of Organic Fertilizer from Different Nitrogen Resources Replacing Partial Chemical Nitrogen in Dry Land of Eastern Gansu Province. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2017, 43(7): 1077-1086 复制到剪切板

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长期定位施不同氮源有机肥替代部分含氮化肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

张建军^*, 樊廷录, 赵刚, 党翼, 王磊, 李尚中

甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730070

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张建军, E-mail: hnszhjj@163.com

收稿日期:2016-01-28 接受日期:2017-03-01 网络出版日期:2017-04-11

基金:本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B02-02, 2012BAD09B03)和西北旱作营养与施肥科学观测实验站基金资助

摘要

在陇东黄土旱塬覆盖黑垆土大田, 利用陇鉴301进行了连续10年的定位试验, 观测长期施用不同氮源有机肥(发酵有机肥、农家肥)或小麦秸秆还田各处理对冬小麦产量相关性状和水分利用效率的影响。结果显示, 小麦产量和水分利用效率年际间变化较大, 与降雨量有直接关系; 不同有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥处理对提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率具有明显作用。在干旱、平水和丰水年型, 较不施肥对照分别增产53.1%~103.7%、40.3%~79.3%和73.1%~94.8%, 较单施化肥对照分别增产6.6%~41.8%、7.0%~36.8%和-2.9%~9.3%。以发酵有机肥做替代物处理的产量和水分利用效率最高, 增产幅度最大, 10年平均产量较不施肥和单施化肥对照分别增加88.9%和25.4%, 水分利用效率和边际水分利用率也最高, 分别为10.8 kg mm^-1 hm^-2和1.03 kg m^-3; 并且产量构成因素和植株生理指标也优于其他处理。因此, 发酵有机肥是陇东半湿润偏旱雨养农业区(年降水量约550 mm)冬小麦生产上替代部分含氮化肥的首选有机氮源。

关键词: 黄土旱塬; 冬小麦连作; 定位施肥; 产量; 水分效率

Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter Wheat in Response to Long-Term Application of Organic Fertilizer from Different Nitrogen Resources Replacing Partial Chemical Nitrogen in Dry Land of Eastern Gansu Province

ZHANG Jian-Jun^*, FAN Ting-Lu, ZHAO Gang, DANG Yi, WANG Lei, LI Shang-Zhong

Institute of Dryland Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High Efficiency Water Utilization of Dry Land Farming, Lanzhou 730070, China

Abstract

The objective of this study was to find the possibility of organic fertilizers replacing partial chemical fertilizer continuous winter wheat cropping system through evaluating yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Using winter wheat variety “Longjian 301”, we carried out a ten-year field experiment in the Loess Plateau of eastern Gansu province with two controls (no-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer) and three treatments of organic fertilizer (fermented organic fertilizer, farm manure, and wheat straw) replacing partial chemical fertilizer. The yield and water use efficacy of winter wheat varied greatly across years, with a direct effect of precipitation amount on them. Organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer had positive effects on winter wheat yield and WUE, and the yield-increased rates were 53.1%-103.7%, 40.3%-79.3%, and 73.1%-94.8% over the no-fertilizer control and 6.6%-41.8%, 7.0%-36.8%, and -2.9% to 9.3% compared with chemical fertilizer control in dry, normal and wet year, respectively. Among all treatments, the fermented organic fertilizer treatment showed the highest yield and WUE, as well as the largest yield-increased rate. In this treatment, the average yield of 10 years increased by 88.9% and 25.4% compared with no-fertilizer and the chemical fertilizer controls, respectively, and WUE and marginal water use efficiency were 10.8 kg mm^-1 hm^-2 and 1.03 kg m^-3, respectively. Meanwhile, the yield components and plant physiological parameters in this treatment were also superior to those in other treatments. As a result, we suggest fermented organic fertilizer replacing partial chemical fertilizer in the semi-humid rain-fed area of eastern Gansu province, where annual precipitation is around 550 mm.

Keyword: Dry Loess Pleatu; Continuous cropping winter wheat; Long-term fixed fertilization; Yield; Soil water efficiency

Show Figures

20世纪80年代以来, 我国农田大量使用化肥, 对提高粮食总产、解决粮食安全问题做出了巨大贡献^[1]。在黄土旱塬区, 近几十年来过量施用化肥、不施或少施农家肥致使作物养分需求失衡, 降低了土壤和环境的养分供应能力, 还造成低资源利用率和高环境风险^{[2, 3, 4, 5]}, 成为区域农业可持续发展的关键科学问题, 倍受关注。2015年, 国家农业部关于《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》的通知, 提出了合理利用有机养分资源, 有机无机相结合, 部分替代化肥减量增效目标, 使有机氮源部分替代化肥的研究成为农业科技界关注的热点问题之一^[6]。如何在水分限制条件下, 通过合理有机无机配施提高作物产量和水分利用效率一直是国内外, 特别是我国北方黄土旱塬区可持续农业研究的重点。已有研究表明, 水分和养分是影响黄土旱塬农业生产的主要胁迫因子^[7], 水分能提高养分的有效性^[8], 养分反过来增加作物产量和水分利用效率^[9]。区域内相关的长期定位试验研究也表明, 有机肥在一定程度上能协调作物需水与土壤供水之间的矛盾, 有机肥和化肥配施对作物增产效果显著^{[10, 11]}。英国洛桑试验站100多年的小麦连作定位试验结果也证明了厩肥和化肥配施可显著增加小麦产量^[12]。但有机氮源部分替代化肥对陇东旱塬冬小麦生产及其产量影响的研究报道还很少见。因此, 本文基于本课题组在陇东黄土旱塬开展的连续10年(始于2005年)的定位试验的研究结果, 旨在探索不同类型有机氮源部分替代含氮化肥后冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的变化, 明确不同氮源有机肥对农田生产力可持续性的影响, 以及适合该地区替代化肥的有机氮源类型。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

甘肃省庆阳市镇原县(35º 29′ 42′ ′ N, 107º 29′ 36′ ′ E)农业部西北植物营养与施肥科学观测试验站, 土壤类型为发育良好的覆盖黑垆土。该区多年年均降雨量540 mm, 其中7月至9月份占60%, 年蒸发量1532 mm, 年均气温8.3 ℃, 无霜期170 d, 海拔1279 m, 为暖温带半湿润偏旱大陆性季风气候, 属典型的旱作雨养农业区。试验期内年均降雨量500.9 mm, 冬小麦生育期平均降雨量197.3 mm。10年试验期内, 干旱、平水和丰水年份分别是2、5和3年(表1)。

表1 试验年度的降水量及其类型划分 Table 1 Precipitations during the experiment and types of production years

1.2 试验设计

试验采用随机区组设计, 小区面积24 m² (4 m × 6 m), 3次重复。2005— 2015年连续10年设一个不施肥处理(CK1)和4个等量氮、磷养分处理(表2), 每年均施入化肥和不同氮源有机肥(发酵有机肥、普通农家肥、小麦秸秆)。化肥中氮肥为尿素(含N 46%), 基追比为7∶ 3, 追肥于返青期施入; 磷肥为过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 12%), 一次性基施, 不施钾肥; 发酵有机肥为酵素饼, 由菜籽饼发酵而成, 含纯N 5.0%、P₂O₅ 2.5%、有机质≥ 50%、有益生物活性菌≥ 2× 10⁸个 g^-1、腐殖酸≥ 10%; 普通农家肥为干土粪, 平均养分含量为有机质14.7%、纯N 0.27%、P₂O₅ 0.25%; 小麦秸秆(含纯N 0.93%, P₂O₅ 0.36%)于夏休闲期结合土壤耕翻施入。依据当地实际情况和经济因素确定农家肥施用量, 除小麦秸秆外, 其他有机氮源作为基肥播前一次性施入。

表2 不同处理无机和有机氮源种类及用量 Table 2 Chemical and organic fertilizer types and amounts used in different treatments (kg hm^-2)

为了有效控制因品种差异导致的试验结果误差, 本试验采用同一冬小麦品种“ 陇鉴301” 连作, 该品种具有耐连作、抗逆性强、丰产性好的特性, 是常用的指示作物品种。播量187.5 kg hm^-2, 播期为9月中下旬, 收获期为翌年6月下旬, 其他栽培管理措施相同。

1.3 观测指标及测定方法

1.3.1 水分利用效率(WUE)计算方法小麦播前和收获时分别用土钻取土烘干称重测定每个小区0~2 m土层的土壤含水量, 每20 cm为一个测定层。小麦生育期降雨量通过MM-950自动气象站记录仪获得。利用土壤水分平衡方程计算每个小区作物耗水量(ET)。ET = 播前土层土壤贮水量 - 收获后土层土壤贮水量 + 生育期降雨量; WUE = 小麦籽粒产量(kg hm^-2) / 耗水量(mm)。边际水分利用效率(kg m^-3)指单位耗水量的增加所引起的产量增量。

1.3.2 冠层温度 2014年于小麦灌浆中后期, 采用国产BAU-1型手持式红外测温仪测定冠层温度, 分辨率为0.1℃, 响应时间为2~3 s, 选择晴朗无云的天气测定各小区的CT值, 重复30次。

1.3.3 光合参数 2014年在冬小麦灌浆中后期, 采用地面遥感光谱仪Greenseeker (美国), 选择晴朗无雨的上午测定植被归一化指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)。在晴好天气下, 采用Li-6400光合测定仪(Li-Cor, 美国)测定旗叶的光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r), 每小区测定长势一致的3个植株标记旗叶的光合参数, 每片旗叶重复读取3个观测值, 取其平均值。

1.3.4 产量成熟期按小区实收计产, 于水泥晒场自然风干, 70℃烘干12 h, 然后折算成公顷产量。

1.4 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2010软件处理数据和绘图, 用DPS 7.05软件统计分析, 用最小显著极差法(LSD)进行多重比较。

2 结果与分析

2.1 长期定位施肥冬小麦产量和水分利用效率变化

冬小麦产量以T1处理最高, 不施肥的CK1处理最低; 各处理的产量随年限变化明显不同, 随施肥年限延长, T2和单施化肥的CK2产量趋于接近, 而T1和T3的增产效果越来越明显(表3)。从10年的平均产量看, 表现为T1> T3> T2> CK2> CK1, 其中T1的平均产量达3804.7 kg hm^-2, 较CK2和CK1分别增加25.4%和88.9%; 其次是T3, 平均产量为3495.0 kg hm^-2, 较CK2和CK1分别增加15.2%和73.6%; T2产量略高于CK2, 增加2.6%。

表3 长期施肥条件下旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的变化 Table 3 Yield and Water use efficiency (WUE) changes in dryland winter wheat under long-term fertilization

水分利用效率与产量变化趋势一致, 处理间排序也相同, 均以T1最高, CK1最低。水分利用效率的10年平均值, 以T1处理最高, 为10.8 kg mm^-1 hm^-2, 较CK2和CK1分别增加27.4%和77.5%; T3处理次之, 为9.7 kg mm^-1 hm^-2, 较CK2和CK1分别增加13.8%和58.5%。

可见, 长期实行化肥与有机肥配施对冬小麦增产、稳产及提高水分利用效率有明显效果, 仅靠秸秆还田(T2)作为有机氮、磷的补充, 与只施用化肥(CK2)相比, 产量无显著提高, 至第9和第10年时, T2的产量还略低于CK2。与此相反, 施用有机肥T1和T2处理的产量和水分利用效率在绝大多数年份显著高于CK2, 尤其是施用发酵有机肥的T1处理。

2.2 不同降水年型施肥对各处理产量的影响

10年试验期可分为干旱、平水和丰水年型, 不同降水年型各处理的产量表现不尽相同(表4)。在干旱年型, T1的平均产量显著高于其他处理, 与CK1和CK2相比, 增产率分别为103.7%和41.8%; T2和T3处理的平均产量接近, 增产率相当。在平水年型, T1、T2和T3的平均产量呈逐渐变化趋势(T1> T3> T2), 均显著高于CK1和CK2; 与CK1相比, T1和T3的增产率分别为79.3%和63.3%; 与CK2相比, T1和T3的增产率分别为36.8%和24.6%。在丰水年型, 除CK1外的各处理平均产量无显著差异, 但从产量绝对值看, 仍以T1最高, T3次之, 而T2略低于CK2; 与CK1相比, T1和T3的增产率分别为94.8%和92.9%; 与CK2相比, T1和T3的增产率分别为9.3%和8.3%。

表4 不同降水年型长期施肥对冬小麦产量的影响 Table 4 Yield of winter wheat with different precipitation in long-term fertilization

2.3 不同降水年型施肥对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

水分利用效率变化与产量变化基本一致, 发酵有机肥处理随降水量增加, 水分利用效率呈减小趋势, 且不同降水年型不同肥料处理以T1平均水分利用效率最高, 在干旱、平水、丰水年分别为12.4、11.2、9.1 kg mm^-1hm^-2; CK1最低, 分别为7.8、6.1、5.0 kg mm^-1 hm^-2, 其中干旱年、平水年、丰水年处理T1水分利用效率较CK1和CK2分别增加60.0%、84.5%、82.0%和31.9%、36.5%、8.3%, 处理T3较CK1和CK2分别增加21.9%、65.5%、80.0%和0.5%、22.4%、7.1%。处理T2在干旱年、平水年、丰水年较CK1分别增加21.3%、38.8%、60.0%, 而较CK2在干旱年持平, 平水年增加2.7%, 丰水年减少4.8% (表5)。

表5 不同降水年型长期施肥对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响 Table 5 Water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat with different precipitations in long-term fertilization

2.4 不同降水年型施肥对冬小麦产量构成的影响

随降水量增加, 不同处理的有效穗增加, 穗粒数和千粒重变化不规律。不同降水年型均以T1产量构成因素较高, CK1最低。其中不同降水年型T1处理有效穗平均为499.5× 10⁴株 hm^-2, 干旱年较平水年减少22.0%, 丰水年较平水年增加45.3%, 穗粒数平均为32粒, 干旱年较平水年减少0.3粒, 丰水年较平水年增加3.6粒, 千粒重平均为41.4 g, 干旱年较平水年增加5.1%, 丰水年较平水年增加13.6% (表6)。

表 6 Table 6

2.5 不同降水年型施肥对冬小麦灌浆期生理生态指标的影响

2014年测定了冬小麦植株和群体的生理参数。冠层温度和植被归一化指数(NDVI)在不同处理间差异显著, 均以T1处理最高, 其中冠层温度较CK1和CK2分别增加2℃和0.6℃, 而NDVI较CK1和CK2分别增加89.5%和56.5%; 光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率也显示T1高于其他处理, 较CK1分别高27.9%、63.6%和63.6%, 较CK2分别高65.9%、66.7%和56.3% (表7)。2013— 2014为丰水年型, 小麦群体较大, T1的有效穗数显著高于其他处理, 且处理间差异明显大于干旱和平水年型, 因此认为, T1的增产原因可能与发酵有机肥延缓植株衰老, 提高叶片光能利用率, 促进冬小麦生长发育有关。

表7 不同处理冬小麦灌浆中后期的生理指标(2014) Table 7 Physiological parameters at middle to late filling stage of winter wheat in different treatments (2014)

2.6 不同施肥处理冬小麦产量与耗水量的变化关系

不同降水年型各处理的产量与相应耗水量存在显著或极显著的线性相关关系(图1)。各处理的边际水分利用效率排序为T1 (1.03 kg m^-3) > T3 (0.95 kg m^-3) > CK2 (0.87 kg m^-3) > T2 (0.85 kg m^-3) > CK1 (0.59 kg m^-3), T1较CK2和CK1分别高18.4%和74.6%, 说明T1在提高单位水分利用效率中的作用最明显。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 旱地长期施肥小麦产量与耗水量的关系Fig. 1 Relationship between winter wheat yield and water consumption in dry land under long-term fertilization

3 讨论

3.1 有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥的增产效应

关于长期肥料试验的增产作用, 沈善敏^[11]在总结包括英国Rothamsted试验站、美国Morrow试验站在内的国内外众多长期定位试验后得出结论, 不论有机肥料还是化学肥料, 对所有作物均具有明显的增产效果, 作物增产幅度因有机肥和化肥的种类及其投入量而有差异。Fan等^[14]在类区黑垆土上实施的始于1979年的肥料长期定位试验结果显示, 长期施用化肥冬小麦产量随着试验年限的延续逐渐降低, 而化肥配合有机肥则使产量表现增长趋势^{[15, 16]}。在本研究中, 除个别丰水年型外, 3个有机氮源处理均比单施化肥的CK2增产, 增产幅度以总施氮量一致的施用发酵有机肥(T1)处理最大, 且与其他处理差异显著; T1的增产效应在干旱、平水和丰水年型表现一致, 较CK2的平均增产率达29.3%。增产的原因可能是发酵有机肥养分释放快, 及时替代了部分化肥氮, 保证了作物氮素养分的足量供给, 充分发挥了有机无机肥配施互促增效作用, 而非增加养分总投入。

3.2 有机氮源的适宜类型

秸秆还田、普通农家肥和发酵有机肥是目前陇东旱塬广泛应用的有机肥种类。秸秆还田的增产作用已经被证实^{[17, 18]}, 但也有导致小麦减产的报道^{[19, 20]}。秸秆还田必须补充氮肥, 否则会因土壤C/N比失衡而降低土壤供肥能力^[21]。秸秆还田的增产作用也因作物和种植制度不同而表现不同^{[22, 23]}, 并与播种质量、土壤墒情、土壤温度和养分等因素有关^[24]。其中, 水分条件是秸秆在土壤中腐解的决定性因素之一^[25]。本研究结果显示, 小麦秸秆作为替代有机氮源, 与施用等量氮磷化肥处理相比, 冬小麦产量在干旱年和平水年表现为增加的正向效应, 而在丰水年表现为略微减产的负向效应, 其原因可能是降水充沛年份, 光照减少, 温度降低, 再加上秸秆腐解消耗部分氮肥, 造成氮素不能满足冬小麦持续增产对氮素养分的需求, 导致小麦光合速率降低, 最终减产, 但需要进一步研究证实。本研究中秸秆还田的增产作用次于发酵有机肥和普通农家肥, 排第3位。

施用普通农家肥是陇东旱塬最古老传统的土壤培肥措施, 增产效果已众所周知^{[26, 27]}。本研究中施用普通农家肥40 000 kg hm^-2的处理(T3), 产量仅次于发酵有机肥, 位居第2。在多数年份与施用发酵有机肥处理(T1)产量无显著差异, 平均产量较CK1和CK2分别高73.5%和15.2%。

发酵有机肥与普通农家肥相比, 具有腐熟彻底, 养分含量损失少易释放, 无臭味, 且含有大量有益微生物, 肥效长, 施用更方便等优点^[28], 近年来应用越来越广泛。本研究表明, 发酵有机肥可作为有机氮替代源长期施用, 对冬小麦的增产、稳产作用明显, 在3种氮源有机肥中增产效果最显著, 平均较氮磷化肥对照(CK2)增产25.4%, 较不施肥对照(CK1)增产88.9%, 且产量构成因素和生理生态指标均较优, 进一步说明发酵有机肥配施化肥能增加冬小麦的稳产性和丰产性。本研究结果还表明, 采用不同有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥基本能满足冬小麦高产需要的养分供给, 具有明显的增产作用。但有机肥成分复杂, 本试验各处理只对总氮、总磷进行控制, 未考虑其他成分, 处理间产量差异是否与有机、无机肥的配施比例和养分平衡有关, 尚需进一步试验研究。

3.3 有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

改善水分供应状况是旱作农业可持续发展的关键^[29]。施用有机肥可充分改善土壤理化性状、增加土壤水库库容, 抑制土壤水分无效蒸发、增加降水入渗、提高土壤有效水含量和作物水分利用率, 协调作物需水与土壤供水之间的矛盾, 对旱地农业持续增产具有重要意义^[30]。增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14, 24, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34]}。本研究结果显示, 无论何种降水年型, 发酵有机肥处理的水分利用效率和边际水分利用效率均最高, 分别为10.8 kg mm^-1 hm^-2和1.03 kg m^-3, 较CK1分别增加77.5%和74.6%, 较CK2分别增加27.4%和18.4%, 印证了上述结论。

4 结论

在550 mm降雨量的陇东半湿润偏旱雨养农业区, 不同氮源有机肥替代部分含氮化肥均对冬小麦稳产性具有积极作用, 主要通过增加作物养分供给, 促进作物生长, 使冬小麦有效穗数增加而增产。其中, 发酵有机肥部分替代无机氮, 平均产量和水分利用效率在3个有机氮源中最高, 较单施化肥处理分别提高25.4%和27.4%, 且在各种降水年型表现稳定; 普通农家肥替代处理的平均产量和水分利用效率次之, 较单施化肥处理分别提高15.2%和13.8%; 而小麦秸秆翻压还田替代处理平均产量最次, 较单施化肥处理提高2.6%, 水分利用效率相当, 但年际间变异较大。本研究结果表明, 有机氮源替代部分无机氮在陇东旱塬冬小麦丰产栽培中具有重要的推广应用价值, 可以认为是国家“ 一控(水)、两减(化肥和农药)、三基本(畜禽粪便、秸秆、地膜)” 绿色农业发展战略中“ 替代减量” 的重要措施。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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1984

0.0

... 20世纪80年代以来, 我国农田大量使用化肥, 对提高粮食总产、解决粮食安全问题做出了巨大贡献^[1] ...

1996

0.0

... 在黄土旱塬区, 近几十年来过量施用化肥、不施或少施农家肥致使作物养分需求失衡, 降低了土壤和环境的养分供应能力, 还造成低资源利用率和高环境风险^[2,3,4,5], 成为区域农业可持续发展的关键科学问题, 倍受关注 ...

2006

0.0

孙志梅, 武志杰, 陈利军, 刘永刚. 农业生产中的氮肥施用现状及其环境效应研究进展. 土壤通报, 2006, 37: 782-786

Sun Z

, Wu Z

, Chen L

, Liu Y

. Research advances in nitrogen fertilization and its environmental effects. Chin J Soil Sci, 2006, 37: 782-786 (in Chinese with English abstract)

氮肥的施用对促进现代农业生产的发展起到了举足轻重的作用,但同时也给人类赖以生存的环境以及食品安全构成了严重威胁.本文综述了目前我国农业生产中的氮肥施用及利用现状,对土壤环境、水环境、大气环境以及农产品产量与品质的影响,并提出了目前该领域研究中今后应努力发展的方向.

2005

0.0

马文奇, 张福锁, 张卫锋. 关乎我国资源、环境、粮食安全和可持续发展的化肥产业. 资源科学, 2005, 27(3): 33-40

Ma W

, Zhang F

, Zhang W

. Fertilizer production and consumption and the resources, environment, food security and sustainable development in China. Resour Sci, 2005, 27(3): 33-40 (in Chinese with English abstract)

本文根据多年研究结果,总结和分析了我国化肥生产消费与资源开发利用、环境保护及可持续发展的关系.指出我国已经成为世界化肥生产消费大国,到2002年,化肥生产量达到0.379×108t,化肥消费量为0.434×108t,分别占世界总量的25%和30.7%,并且化肥品种向高浓度化发展.化肥消费的增多,保证了我国粮食安全,减缓了土壤养分缺乏,但目前主要作物施肥量较高,与先进国家相比,养分效率偏低,有大量有机养分没有得到很好利用.化肥生产需要消耗磷硫钾氨资源,特别是磷矿资源浪费严重,隐藏危机.化肥产业的发展还带来一定的环境问题,包括重金属和氮磷排放等方面需要引起重视.化肥发展要适度规模,核心问题是提高养分资源利用效率.

2008

0.0

王激清, 马文奇, 张福锁, 江荣风. 养分资源综合管理与中国粮食安全. 资源科学, 2008, 30: 415-422

Wang J

, Ma W

, Zhang F

, Jiang R

. Integrated soil nutrients management and China’s food security. Resour Sci, 2008, 30: 415-422 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：粮食安全压力是当前全世界特别是中国面临的主要问题，解决粮食安全压力的基础是提高粮食总产，粮食总产是由粮食作物播种面积和粮食单产共同决定的，而在中国由于耕地面积的限制，粮食总产的增加只能依靠单产的提高。化肥养分资源是粮食中的粮食，化肥在粮食单产增加中的贡献占到了50％，但是近年来由于地区间、农户地块间和氮磷钾养分间投入的不平衡，化肥养分的整体投入水平过高，以及忽视化肥养分以外土壤养分的变化、有机养分的补充和环境养分的贡献极大地限制了化肥养分增产效应的发挥，从上世纪80年代到现在粮食作物的单位面积化肥用量从64．9kg／hm^2增加到274kg／hm^2，而化肥偏生产力（作物籽粒产量与单位面积化肥投入量的比值）从42．1kg/kg逐渐下降到16．9kg/kg。加强国家层次的养分资源宏观管理，重视养分资源综合管理技术的研究与应用。切实抓好养分资源综合管理技术推广和农化服务工作，通过政府、企业、科研机构和农户的密切配合，养分资源综合管理成为实现中国粮食安全的根本途径。

2011

0.0

陈芳, 肖同建, 朱震, 杨兴明, 冉炜, 沈其荣. 生物有机肥对甜瓜根结线虫病的田间防治效果研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 1262-1267

Chen

, Xiao T

, Zhu

, Yang X

, Ran

, Shen Q

. Effect of bio-organic fertilizers on root-knot nematode of muskmelon in field. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 1262-1267 (in Chinese with English abstract)

To evaluate the effect of bio-organic fertilizers on bio-controlling muskmelon root-knot nematode (RKN) in farming system, a field experiment was carried out in the root-knot nematode severely infected soil. The results were as follows: 1) The incidence of RKN was significantly reduced in the treatments of bio-organic fertilizers with a high control efficiency of 81.14%, whereas high incidence was observed in the chemical fertilizer control; 2) Compared with the chemical fertilizer control, application of the bio-organic fertilizer coupled with strain X5 increased the shoot fresh weight and decreased root fresh weight or amount of root-knots; 3) Application of bio-organic fertilizers effectively reduced the population of the second instar larvae of RKN in soil and egg mass of RKN in roots; 4) The DGGE patterns of nematodes from the soil treated with bio-organic fertilizers and common fertilizers belonged to two corresponding clusters, suggesting that application of bio-organic fertilizers contained the antistatic strains of RKN changed the structure of nematode community in soil. In conclusion, application of bio-organic fertilizers in field conditions could effectively control damages caused by RKN to muskmelon.

为研究生物有机肥对根结线虫的田间防治效果，在根结线虫发病严重的甜瓜田进行了田间试验。结果表明： 1）在仅施用无机肥的田块，根结线虫病发生严重，而在施用生物有机肥的田块，发病率降低，最高防治率达81.1%； 2）与对照相比，施用加入根结线虫拮抗菌X5的生物有机肥料使地上部鲜重增加，根系鲜重（根结量）减少； 3）施用生物有机肥可显著减少土壤中根结线虫二龄幼虫的密度和根中卵块的数量； 4）生物有机肥处理与常规肥料处理的土壤线虫DGGE图谱明显不同，分别归于两个聚簇，表明土壤线虫群落结构受到施用含根结线虫拮抗菌的生物有机肥影响。综上所述，施用生物有机肥能有效防治田间条件下根结线虫对甜瓜的危害。

... 2015年, 国家农业部关于《到2020年化肥使用量零增长行动方案》的通知, 提出了合理利用有机养分资源, 有机无机相结合, 部分替代化肥减量增效目标, 使有机氮源部分替代化肥的研究成为农业科技界关注的热点问题之一^[6] ...

1984

0.0

... 已有研究表明, 水分和养分是影响黄土旱塬农业生产的主要胁迫因子^[7], 水分能提高养分的有效性^[8], 养分反过来增加作物产量和水分利用效率^[9] ...

1996

0.0

张立新, 吕殿青, 王九军, 赵二龙, 徐福利, 李立科. 渭北旱塬不同水肥配比冬小麦根系效应的研究. 干旱地区农业研究, 1996, 14(4): 22-28

Zhang L

, Lyu D

, Wang J

, Zhao E

, Xu F

, Li L

. Research on responses of winter wheat root system to different soil water and fertilizer application on Weibei rainfed highland . Agric Res Arid Areas, 1996, 14(4): 22-28 (in Chinese with English abstract)

根据渭北旱原合阳旱棚箱栽试验的冬小麦根重结果，建立了根重与水肥的回归方程。通过回归方程的主因素分析得出各因素对冬小麦根重的影响顺序为土壤含水量＞Ｐ＞Ｎ，并对渭北旱原不同水肥配比冬小麦根系效应进行综合分析

1992

0.0

徐萌, 山仑. 不同水分条件下无机营养对春小麦水分状况和渗透调节的影响. 植物学报, 1992, 34: 596-602

, Shan

. Effects of mineral nutrition on water status and osmotic adjustment in spring wheat under different moisture conditions. Acta Bot Sin, 1992, 34: 596-602 (in Chinese with English abstract)

1994

0.0

... 区域内相关的长期定位试验研究也表明, 有机肥在一定程度上能协调作物需水与土壤供水之间的矛盾, 有机肥和化肥配施对作物增产效果显著^[10,11] ...

1995

0.0

... 区域内相关的长期定位试验研究也表明, 有机肥在一定程度上能协调作物需水与土壤供水之间的矛盾, 有机肥和化肥配施对作物增产效果显著^[10,11] ...

... 1 有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥的增产效应关于长期肥料试验的增产作用, 沈善敏^[11]在总结包括英国Rothamsted试验站、美国Morrow试验站在内的国内外众多长期定位试验后得出结论, 不论有机肥料还是化学肥料, 对所有作物均具有明显的增产效果, 作物增产幅度因有机肥和化肥的种类及其投入量而有差异 ...

1996

0.0

... 英国洛桑试验站100多年的小麦连作定位试验结果也证明了厩肥和化肥配施可显著增加小麦产量^[12] ...

2004

0.0

郝明德, 王旭刚, 党廷辉, 李丽霞, 高长青. 黄土高原旱地小麦多年定位施用化肥的产量效应分析. 作物学报, 2004, 30: 1108-1112

Hao M

, Wang X

, Dang T

, Li L

, Gao C

. Analysis of long-term fertilization effect on yield of wheat in dry-land on Loess Plateau. Acta Agron Sin, 2004, 30: 1108-1112 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2005

0.0

... Fan等^[14]在类区黑垆土上实施的始于1979年的肥料长期定位试验结果显示, 长期施用化肥冬小麦产量随着试验年限的延续逐渐降低, 而化肥配合有机肥则使产量表现增长趋势^[15,16] ...

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...

2000

0.0

2005

0.0

2012

0.0

... 秸秆还田的增产作用已经被证实^[17,18], 但也有导致小麦减产的报道^[19,20] ...

2013

0.0

刘义国, 刘永红, 刘洪军, 商健, 于淙超, 林琪. 秸秆还田量对土壤理化性状及小麦产量的影响. 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(3): 131-135

Liu Y

, Liu Y

, Liu H

, Shang

, Yu Z

, Lin

. Effects of straw returning amount on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of wheat. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2013, 29(3): 131-135 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to determine the appropriate amount of wheat straw returning, a field experiment was conducted to study different amount of straw returning treatment influence on soil physical and chemical properties and yield in the following season wheat fields. The results indicated that, straws increased soil moisture, the impact of humidity above the surface layer (60 cm) was the biggest. Meanwhile, straw mulch increased the soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus content .With the amount of coverage increasing the magnitude increased, straw mulch decreased the soil bulk density, increased the porosity, and better protect the soil physical structure. There was no significant difference among the treatments straw amount of 7500 kg/hm2 and 6000 kg/hm2 synergistic effect on soil. Straw mulch treatment increased wheat yield and factors of yield components, yield increased with straw amount increasing in different magnitude, the highest yield was 6000 kg/hm2 treatment. Based on the results in this experimental condition, 6000 kg/hm2 was the appropriate amount of wheat straw cover.

为了确定适宜的小麦秸秆还田量，通过设置不同的秸秆还田量处理，研究其对后茬麦田的土壤理化性状及产量的影响。结果表明，秸秆还田能增加土壤湿度，对表层(60 cm)以上湿度的影响最大。同时秸秆覆盖能使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量增加，随覆盖量的增加其增加幅度加大，秸秆覆盖使土壤容重降低，孔隙度加大，更好地保护了土壤的物理结构。秸秆还田量7500 kg/hm2处理与秸秆（麦秸）还田量6000 kg/hm2的处理对土壤的增效作用差别不大。秸秆覆盖处理提高了小麦产量及产量构成因素，随秸秆还田用量增加产量有不同幅度的增加，以6000 kg/hm2处理产量最高。综合研究结果在本试验条件下，以小麦秸秆覆盖6000 kg/hm2为比较适宜的秸秆覆盖还田量。

... 秸秆还田的增产作用已经被证实^[17,18], 但也有导致小麦减产的报道^[19,20] ...

2011

0.0

张锋, 李鹏, 张凤云, 李新华, 孙明柱, 高国强. 玉米秸秆还田对不同类型小麦产量和品质的影响. 山东农业科学, 2011, (3): 30-32

Zhang

, Li

, Zhang F

, Li X

, Sun M

, Gao G

. Effects of corn stalk returning on yield and quality of different types of wheat. Shand ong Agric Sci, 2011, (3): 30-32 (in Chinese with English abstract)

选用5个不同品质类型(强筋、中筋、弱筋)小麦品种,采用秸秆还田种植模式,以常规栽培方式为对照,研究其对小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田与传统耕作相比,对分蘖成穗率强的小麦品种产量影响不大,但显著降低了分蘖力弱的大穗型品种产量;秸秆还田能显著提高强筋小麦面粉的蛋白质含量,延长弱筋小麦的面团形成时间和稳定时间,对其加工品质有一定改善.

... 秸秆还田的增产作用已经被证实^[17,18], 但也有导致小麦减产的报道^[19,20] ...

2001

0.0

... 秸秆还田的增产作用已经被证实^[17,18], 但也有导致小麦减产的报道^[19,20] ...

2003

0.0

... 秸秆还田必须补充氮肥, 否则会因土壤C/N比失衡而降低土壤供肥能力^[21] ...

2012

0.0

王志勇, 白由路, 杨俐苹, 卢艳丽, 王磊, 王贺. 低土壤肥力下施钾和秸秆还田对作物产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2012, 18: 900-906

Wang Z

, Bai Y

, Yang L

, Lu Y

, Wang

. Effects of application of potassium fertilizer and straw returning on crop yields and soil potassium balance in low-yielding fields. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2012, 18: 900-906 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 秸秆还田的增产作用也因作物和种植制度不同而表现不同^[22,23], 并与播种质量、土壤墒情、土壤温度和养分等因素有关^[24] ...

2011

0.0

... 秸秆还田的增产作用也因作物和种植制度不同而表现不同^[22,23], 并与播种质量、土壤墒情、土壤温度和养分等因素有关^[24] ...

2000

0.0

曹靖, 胡恒觉. 不同肥料组合对冬小麦水分供需状况的研究. 应用生态学报, 2000, 11: 713-717

Cao

, Hu H

. Effect of different fertilizer combinations on water supply-demand status of winter wheat. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2000, 11: 713-717 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The soil water status during various growing stages of winter wheat and the effect of different fertilizer combinations on its yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were studied in a semihumid and slanting drought area by using the design of D-optimun saturation.According to water balance law,soil water supply was obviously different with different fertilizer combinations,reaching a peak when N and P fertilizers were combined applied with organic fertilizer,accounting for 27% of total water consumption. N fertilizer added alone took up 100% of total water consumption from rainfall.Water deficiency was most severe when N fertilizer was applied alone,but was the smallest when P fertilizer was applied with organic fertilizer.The combination of N,P and organic fertilizer could significantly improve winter wheat yield and its WUE.

采用D-饱和最优设计对半湿润易旱区冬小麦在各生育阶段土壤水分平衡状况以及不同肥料组合对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响进行了分析和研究.结果表明,根据水量平衡法计算不同施肥条件下土壤供水量明显不同,以N、P、有机肥组合土壤供水占的比例最大为27%,单施氮肥利用降水补给占的比例最高为100%.整个生育期,单施氮肥冬小麦水分亏缺最严重,而磷肥与有机肥组合水分亏缺程度最小.N、P、有机肥组合能显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,其次为氮磷肥配合施用.

... 秸秆还田的增产作用也因作物和种植制度不同而表现不同^[22,23], 并与播种质量、土壤墒情、土壤温度和养分等因素有关^[24] ...

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...

2000

0.0

... 其中, 水分条件是秸秆在土壤中腐解的决定性因素之一^[25] ...

2014

0.0

陶磊, 褚贵新, 刘涛, 唐诚, 李俊华, 梁永超. 有机肥替代部分化肥对长期连作棉田产量、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响. 生态学报, 2014, 34: 6137-6146

Tao

, Chu G

, Liu

, Tang

, Li J

, Liang Y

. Impacts of organic organic manure partial substitution for chemical fertilizer on cotton yield, soil microbial community and enzyme activities in mono-cropping system in drip irrigation condition. Acta Ecol Sin, 2014, 34: 6137-6146 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：施用有机物是作物增产、增加土壤有机质和改善土壤生物学性状的有效措施。在大田滴灌条件下,采用土壤酶学和微生物平板培养方法,研究了常规施肥（CF）减量20%—40%,配施3000、6000 kg/hm2有机类肥料对棉花产量、土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：降低CF用量20%—40%情况下,滴灌棉田配施3000、6000 kg/hm2的有机类肥料可获得与CF处理相持平的产量（4945—4978 kg/hm2）,有机肥和生物有机肥配施处理间的棉花产量差异不显著（P〈0.05）。细菌、放线菌和假单胞杆菌数量均随有机肥用量的增加而升高,不同类有机肥配施间表现为OF＋BF〉BF〉OF;真菌数量则随有机肥施量升高而降低,其中OF＋BF配施处理最为显著。有机无机肥配施显著提高了土壤酶活性,80%CF和60%CF与有机肥配施处理土壤碱性磷酸酶、荧光素二乙酸酯酶（FDA）、β-葡萄糖苷酶和脱氢酶的活性比CF处理分别升高了3.8%、17%、18%、55%和10.1%、19%、20%、60%,不同类型有机肥对土壤酶活性影响差异不显著。土壤细菌/真菌比、土壤放线菌/真菌和假单胞杆菌/真菌比均随有机肥施量的增加而升高,施用化肥或有机肥均显著降低了假单胞杆菌/细菌比。细菌、放线菌和假单胞杆菌数量与土壤脱氢酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、碱性磷酸酯酶和荧光素二乙酸酯酶活性均呈显著或极显著正相关,真菌数量与4种酶活性呈负相关。CF减量20%—40%配施以3000、6000 kg/hm2有机肥不仅不会导致棉花减产,而且对提高土壤酶活性、调节土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌群落组成结构,改善北疆绿洲滴灌棉田土壤生物学性状有显著作用。

... 施用普通农家肥是陇东旱塬最古老传统的土壤培肥措施, 增产效果已众所周知^[26,27] ...

2003

0.0

唐小明. 有机肥的保水培肥效果及对冬小麦产量的影响. 水土保持研究, 2003, 10(1): 130-132

Tang X

. Effects of manure on soil water-conversation and fertilizer betterment winter wheat yield in loess plateau dryland . Res Soil Water Conserv, 2003, 10(1): 130-132 (in Chinese with English abstract)

黄土高原连续3年的定位试验结果表明:旱地施用有机肥具有明显的培肥作用和蓄水保墒效果;平均每1 hm2施有机肥112 500 kg,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、磷、钾含量试验后比试验前分别提高了36.4%、21.7%、49.7%、16.2%和44.2%,0～60 cm土壤含水量比对照增加5.5 mm;每1 mm降水多生产小麦1.83 kg,水分利用效率提高22%;小麦增产15.8%.施肥量与产量之间呈显著正相关.

... 施用普通农家肥是陇东旱塬最古老传统的土壤培肥措施, 增产效果已众所周知^[26,27] ...

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...

2013

0.0

... 发酵有机肥与普通农家肥相比, 具有腐熟彻底, 养分含量损失少易释放, 无臭味, 且含有大量有益微生物, 肥效长, 施用更方便等优点^[28], 近年来应用越来越广泛 ...

1999

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李凤民, 王静, 赵松林. 半干旱黄土高原集水旱地农业的发展. 生态学报, 1999, 19: 259-264

Li F

, Wang

, Zhao S

. The rainwater harvesting technology approach for dryland agriculture in semi-arid loess plateau of China. Acta Ecol Sin, 1999, 19: 259-264 (in Chinese with English abstract)

黄土高原半干旱区传统水土保持型农业的发展已有数十年的历程,已基本趋于成熟,但对水肥热的调控能力很低,难于发展高附加值作物生产,因此生产效益低下,难以走上良性发展的轨道,不能解决目前遇到的实际问题。通过近几年来的探索,认为,在传统水土保持农业的基础上,进一步发展雨养农业最有效的途径就是人工富集天然降水,将富集的降水用于农业生产,可以大大提高降水的利用效率和生产效益,这就是集水农业,是今后半干旱区雨养农业发展的一个重要方向。

... 3 有机氮源替代部分含氮化肥对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响改善水分供应状况是旱作农业可持续发展的关键^[29] ...

2007

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... 施用有机肥可充分改善土壤理化性状、增加土壤水库库容, 抑制土壤水分无效蒸发、增加降水入渗、提高土壤有效水含量和作物水分利用率, 协调作物需水与土壤供水之间的矛盾, 对旱地农业持续增产具有重要意义^[30] ...

2009

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苏秦, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 李永平, 王俊鹏, 杨宝平. 宁南旱区有机培肥对土壤水分和作物生产力影响的研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2009, 15: 1466-1469

, Jia Z

, Han Q

, Li Y

, Wang J

, Yang B

. Effects of organic fertilization on soil moisture and crop productivity in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2009, 15: 1466-1469 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过对宁南旱区连续两年的有机肥定位试验,研究了不同肥力梯度下有机培肥对土壤水分及作物生产力的影响.结果表明,施肥量为高、中、低处理下,第1年种胡麻,成熟期1-100 cm土层的贮水量分别比对照处理高13%、10%和0.9%,胡麻产量分别比对照处理高11%、10%和5%,土壤水分利用效率分别比对照处理高30%、29%和11%;在第2年种冬小麦,成熟期的贮水量在0-100 cm土层分别比对照处理高16%、14%和7%,冬小麦产量比对照处理高18%、25%和13%,土壤水分利用效率分别比对照处理高14%、15%和6%.由两年结果看出,施用有机肥可提高土壤含水量,利于土壤的扩蓄增容,且对提高作物产量和土壤水分利用效率有显著效果. Abstract： Effects of organic fertilization on soil moisture and crop productivity were studied using a two year field experiment in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. The results show that soil water storages at 0-100 cm layer for the high-fertilizer, middle-fertilizer and low-fertilizer treatments are about 13%, 10% and 0.9% higher than that of the CK at the maturity stage of oil flax, respectively, the oil flax yields of the three treatment are 11%, 10% and 5% higher than that of the CK, and the water use efficieneies are 30%, 29% and 11% higher than that of the CK in the first experiment year, 2007.For the 2008 crop year, the soil water storages are 16%, 14% and 7% than that of the CK at the maturity stage of winter wheat, the yields of winter wheat are 18%, 25% and 13% higher than that of the CK, and the water use efficiencies are 14%, 15% and 6% higher than that of the CK. The two-year study indicates that application of organic fertilizers can im-prove soil moisture, expand soil water storage capacity, and increase crop yield and soil water use efficiency significantly.

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...

2013

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李忠芳, 徐明岗, 张会民, 孙楠, 娄翼来. 长期施肥条件下我国南方双季稻产量的变化趋势. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 943-949

Li Z

, Xu M

, Zhang H

, Sun

, Lou Y

. Yield trends of double-cropping rice under long-term fertilizations in southern China. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 943-949 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Four long-term field experiments conducted in Baisha Fujian, Jinxian Jiangxi, Nanchang Jiangxi, and Wangcheng Hunan of Southern China, were selected to assess dynamic characteristics of double-rice grain yield under different nutrient strategies. For each experiment, there were five treatments of chemical fertilizer NPK (NPK), manure combined with chemical fertilizer NPK (NPKM) , chemical fertilizer NP (NP), chemical fertilizer NK (NK), and control (CK). The results showed that rice yield in the treatments of NPKM, NPK, NP, and NK increased by 84.3%, 68.1%, 42.9%, and 39.9%, respectively on average compared with the CK, and was remarkably higher in the NPKM than in the NPK treatment. Rice yield change as a whole showed increasing or stable trend for the NPKM and NPK treatments, especially for late-rice. Rice yield showed a decreasing trend in the NK treatment, but stable in other treatments. The early-rice was declined with lasting planting years than the late-rice. The significantly positive correlations were found between the yield trends and phosphorus application rate across the sites. There were a relative stable yield trend in Nanchang due to the higher phosphorus application (52 kg ha -1 yr -1 ), and the negative trends in Baisa due to the low phosphorus application (24 kg ha -1 yr -1 ). The deficiency of phosphorus fertilizer makes rice yield decreasing. The yield-declining trends were observed in rice especially in early-rice with no fertilizer or chemical fertilizers alone. The results suggest that manure application combined with chemical NPK fertilizers should be encouraged for increasing yield and sustainability . Phosphorus should be appropriately applied at 50.0– 63.9 kg ha -1 yr -1 , especially for early-rice.

系统分析我国南方双季典型稻区福建省白沙、江西省进贤、江西省南昌及湖南省望城 4 个水稻长期施肥试验资料，研究化肥 N 、 P 、 K ( 氮、磷、钾 ) 的不同组合 (NP, NK, NPK) 、化肥配施有机肥 (NPKM) 及不施肥 (CK) 各处理水稻的产量差异、变化趋势。结果显示，不同施肥条件下各试验点上水稻产量差异大，试验期内各施肥处理较 CK 的总增产率分别为 NPKM 84.3% 、 NPK 68.1% 、 NP 42.9% 和 NK 39.9% ，其中 NPKM 总体上显著高于 NPK 。长期配施 NPK 或 NPKM 肥产量较稳定或呈上升趋势，尤其是晚稻，而仅施 NK 均呈下降或极显著下降趋势 ( 周年变化幅度为 - 103 ~ - 201 kg hm -2 yr -1 ) ，其他施肥处理晚稻产量相对稳定。不同试验点间施磷量较高 (52 kg hm -2 yr -1 ) 的南昌点产量相对稳定，而施磷量较低 (24 kg hm -2 yr -1 ) 的白沙点各处理均呈显著下降趋势。本试验条件下，施肥投入不足又特别是施磷肥量低或不施磷为早稻产量下降的主要驱动因素。合理施用 NPK 肥，配合有机肥，为推荐的施肥模式，为了使试验点双季稻产量稳定且不呈下降趋势，需年施纯磷 50.0 ~63.9 kg hm -2 , 且适当偏重于早稻季。

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...

2006

0.0

李秀英, 李燕婷, 赵秉强, 李小平, 王丽霞, 张振山. 褐潮土长期定位不同施肥制度土壤生产功能演化研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 683-689

Li X

, Li Y

, Zhao B

, Li X

, Wang L

, Zhang Z

. The dynamic of crop yield under different fertilization systems in drab fluvo-aquic soil. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 683-689 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The study on dynamics of crop yields, sustainable yield index (SYI) and agronomic efficiency of fertilizer under different fertilization systems including the treatment of N, NP, NK, PK, NPK, NPK+M (manure), NPK+S (crop straw) and CK (no fertilizer) were carried out based on 14 years’ long term fertilizer experiment in Drab Fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing. The results showed that N and P were two crucial limited nutrients of crop yield in Drab Fluvo-aquic Soil. In NPK treatment yield of wheat was increased by 459%, 386%, 280%, 205%, and corn by 154%, 108%, 87%, 78%, respectively, compared with these in CK, N, NK, PK treatments. The yield of NPK+M treatment was more 12% than that of NPK treatment. However, the yield of NPK+S was similar to that of the NPK treatment. The sustainable yield indexes of NPK, NPK+M and NPK+S treatments were greater than those of other treatments. The output of yields per unit fertilizer (i.e. agronomic efficiency of fertilizer, AEF) was varied considerably with different crops and combinations of fertilizers applied. The AEF of N for wheat and corn by single use of N fertilizer was reduced, while that of NPK treatment was 16 kg/kg N for wheat and 14 kg/kg N for corn and had an increase tendency during the experiment period. The AEF of P in wheat was greater than that in corn, further more, the AEF of P was 4.5–7.0 times higher than that at the beginning of the experiment 10 years ago. The AEF of K was negative in NK treatment, while increased rapidly in NPK treatment after 10-year crop cultivation; K was also one of critical limited nutrients for crop yield. The AEF of farmyard manure (FYM) in NPK +M treatment was 21 kg/t of wheat and 25 kg/t for corn, while the AEF of crop straw in NPK+S treatment was negative for wheat and 37 kg/t for corn. Soil O.M, total N, P and available N, P, K content were increased in NPK treatment. The accumulations of soil O.M and N, P, K nutrients were accelerated in NPK+M and NPK+S treatments. On the contrary, total N, total P were exhausted in the treatments without N, P fertilizer. Available P, K had the same variation trend in the treatments without P, K fertilizer.

通过14年长期定位试验研究了褐潮土不同施肥制度对土壤生产功能、产量可持续性指数及农学效率的影响。结果表明，N、P为褐潮土作物高产的主要限制因子，14年产量平均，NPK比CK、N、NK、PK分别增产459%、386%、280%、205%（小麦）和154%、108%、87%、78%（玉米）；NPK+M(NPK配施厩肥)比NPK平均增产12%，NPK+S(NPK加秸秆)与NPK产量相当。NPK及NPK配施有机肥（包括厩肥和秸秆）处理的小麦、玉米产量可持续性指数高于N、P不均衡施用处理。化肥肥效因作物种类、施肥组合而不同，N肥单施时小麦和玉米N的农学效率降低，而NPK配施时N的农学效率有上升趋势，平均分别为16 kg/kg N（小麦）和14 kg/kg N（玉米）；磷肥肥效具有短期的叠加效应，P的农学效率小麦大于玉米，种植10年后P的农学效率最高可达最初的4.5～7倍；K的农学效率在试验进行十年后NK处理平均为负值，同期NPK处理中小麦K的农学效率却急剧增加，K成为作物高产的限制因素；有机肥对小麦和玉米的农学效率分别为21 kg/t和25 kg/t，秸秆对小麦和玉米的农学效率分别为负值和37 kg/t。NPK均衡施肥能提高土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P等肥力指标；NPK配施有机肥能加快土壤有机质和N、P、K养分的积累；NPK不均衡施肥导致土壤中此种营养元素的耗竭。

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...

2012

0.0

王晓娟, 贾志宽, 梁连友, 韩清芳, 杨保平, 丁瑞霞, 崔荣美, 卫婷. 旱地施有机肥对土壤水分和玉米经济效益影响. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(6): 144-149

Wang X

, Jia Z

, Liang L

, Han Q

, Yang B

, Ding R

, Cui R

, Wei

. Effects of organic fertilizer application on soil moisture and economic returns of maize in dryland farming. Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(6): 144-149 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 增施有机肥能显著提高冬小麦的水分利用效率^{[14,24,27,31,32,33,34]} ...