西北绿洲灌区水氮耦合对燕麦品种陇燕3号耗水特性及产量的影响

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冯福学, 慕平, 赵桂琴, 柴继宽, 刘欢, 陈国栋. 西北绿洲灌区水氮耦合对燕麦品种陇燕3号耗水特性及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2017, 43(9): 1370-1380
FENG Fu-Xue, MU Ping, ZHAO Gui-Qin, CHAI Ji-Kuan, LIU Huan, CHEN Guo-Dong. Interaction of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Water Consumption Characteristics and Yield in Oat Variety Longyan 3 in Northwest Oasis Irrigation Area. ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA, 2017, 43(9): 1370-1380 复制到剪切板

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西北绿洲灌区水氮耦合对燕麦品种陇燕3号耗水特性及产量的影响

冯福学^1,², 慕平³, 赵桂琴^1,^*, 柴继宽¹, 刘欢¹, 陈国栋⁴

¹甘肃农业大学草业学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

²甘肃农业大学水利水电工程学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

³甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

⁴塔里木大学植物科学学院, 新疆阿拉尔 843300

^*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 赵桂琴, E mail:zhaogq@gsau.edu.cn

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:fengfuxue@163.com

收稿日期:2017-02-05 接受日期:2017-04-20 网络出版日期:2017-05-19

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-8-C1)和中国博士后科学基金项目(2014M552557XB)资助

摘要

灌水和施肥, 尤其是施氮肥, 是调控作物生长和增加产量的两大重要技术措施, 其互作是燕麦高产高效栽培中重要因素。2014—2015年连续2个生长季, 在甘肃河西绿洲灌区的田间试验设3个定额灌溉和3个施氮(纯氮)水平, 研究水氮耦合对陇燕3号农田0~150 cm土层耗水量、棵间蒸发、产量及水分利用效率的影响。3个灌溉处理的灌水量分别为270 mm (I₁)、337.5 mm (I₂)和405 mm (I₃), 3个施氮水平分别为90 kg hm^-2 (N₁)、120 kg hm^-2 (N₂)和150 kg hm^-2 (N₃)。从播种到成熟, 燕麦阶段耗水强度呈先增后减趋势, 抽穗至灌浆是最大耗水期, 且同一施氮水平下, 阶段耗水强度随灌水量增大而显著增加。在全生育期内, 棵间蒸发量(E)及土壤水分蒸发量占总蒸发量的比例(E/ET)表现先降后升趋势, 且相同施氮量下, 拔节至灌浆期随灌水量的增大而增大, 而灌浆至成熟期则随灌水量的增大而减小。相同施氮量下, 燕麦产量随灌水量增加而显著增加, 水分利用效率却随灌水量增加而降低。产量N₃I₃最高(5466.0~5727.5 kg hm^-2), N₃I₂次之(5428.5~5678.5 kg hm^-2), N₁I₁最低(4504.5~4804.3 kg hm^-2); 水分利用效率N₃I₂最大(12.11~12.82 kg mm^-1 hm^-2), N₃I₁次之(12.04~12.63 kg mm^-1 hm^-2), N₁I₃最小(9.79~10.58 kg mm^-1 hm^-2)。由此表明, 水氮耦合对燕麦水分利用及产量具有显著互作效应。施氮量150 kg hm^-2、灌溉定额337.5 mm是西北绿洲灌区燕麦种植较佳的节水、高产水氮管理模式。

关键词: 燕麦; 耗水特性; 水氮互作; 水分利用效率

Interaction of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Water Consumption Characteristics and Yield in Oat Variety Longyan 3 in Northwest Oasis Irrigation Area

FENG Fu-Xue^1,², MU Ping³, ZHAO Gui-Qin^1,^*, CHAI Ji-Kuan¹, LIU Huan¹, CHEN Guo-Dong⁴

¹College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

²College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

³College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China

⁴College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Ale’ar 843300, China

Fund:This study was supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-8-C1) and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M552557XB)

Abstract

Irrigation and fertilization, particularly nitrogen (N) fertilization, are principal field practices to stimulate crop growth and increase yield, and their interaction plays an important role in high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation of oat. In the 2014-2015 oat growing seasons, a field experiment was conducted with three irrigation amounts and three nitrogen application rates to study the effects of water-nitrogen interaction on 0-150 cm soil water consumption, soil evaporation, grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of oat variety “Longyan 3”. The three irrigation amounts were 270 (I₁), 337.5 (I₂), and 405 mm (I₃), and the three N application rates were 90 (N₁), 120 (N₂), and 150 kg ha^-1 (N₃). From sowing to maturity, the diurnal water consumption amount showed an increase-decrease trend, and the maximum consumption appeared at the duration of heading-filling. Under the same N application rate, the diurnal water consumption amount obviously increased with increasing irrigation amount. The soil evaporation (E) and the proportion of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration (E/ET) showed the decrease-increase tread in the whole growing period. Under the same N application rate, E and E/ET were enhanced with the increase of irrigation amount from jointing to filling stage, but declined from filling to harvest stage. The oat yield under a fixed N application rate had a positive relation to the irrigation amount, whereas, the WUE had the negative relation to the irrigation amount. For grain yield of oat, N₃I₃ ranked the top with yield of 5466.0-5727.5 kg ha^-1, followed by N₃I₂ with yield of 5428.5-5678.5 kg ha^-1, and N₁I₁ ranked the last with yield of 4504.5-4804.3 kg ha^-1. For WUE, N₃I₂ was the best treatment with WUE of 12.11-12.82 kg mm^-1 ha^-1, followed by N₃I₁ with WUE of 12.04-12.63 kg mm^-1 ha^-1, and N₁I₃ was the worst treatment with WUE of 9.79-10.58 kg mm^-1 ha^-1. Obviously, water-nitrogen interaction had significant effects on WUE and yield of oat. Our results suggest that N application at 150 kg ha^-1 coupling with irrigation amount of 337.5 mm is applicable in water-saving and high-yield production of oat in Northwest oasis area.

Keyword: Oat; Water consumption characteristic; Water-nitrogen interaction; Water use efficiency (WUE)

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燕麦是禾本科燕麦族燕麦属一年生草本植物, 包括裸燕麦(Avena muda)、皮燕麦(A. sativa)和野燕麦(A. fatva)等, 具有耐瘠、耐盐碱、耐寒、耐旱等特点。燕麦分布在全世界五大洲40多个国家, 年种植面积250万公顷^[1], 我国燕麦主要分布在华北、西北、东北和青藏高原的16个省(区)。燕麦含有丰富的粗蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物, 并富含钙、磷等矿物质和维生素, 是一种重要的粮饲兼用性作物^{[2, 3]}。

水分和氮素是与作物生产紧密相连的因子, 对作物协同发生作用的效应已被众多研究成果证实。研究表明, 籽粒灌浆前期土壤严重干旱会导致粒重降低^[4], 而增加施氮量能提高旗叶光合速率^[5], 促进同化物的形成及其向籽粒的转运, 提高粒重和籽粒产量^[6]; 同时, 增加灌水可以补偿因施氮量不足导致的籽粒产量降低, 反之亦然^{[5, 6, 7]}。但也有研究表明, 在开花后土壤缺水的条件下, 施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降^[8], 氮肥对灌水的补偿效应甚微^[9]。

目前, 关于燕麦栽培技术的研究发现, 水、氮各单项因子对其产量、品质、水分利用等方面的影响具有丰富的研究成果。表明水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均不利于燕麦生长, 在灌底墒水+拔节水+抽穗水条件下, 燕麦干草产量、籽粒产量、粗蛋白产量及水分利用效率均最高^[10]; 随着施氮量的增加, 裸燕麦的生育期有逐渐延长的趋势, 产量及其小穗数等产量构成因素以及籽实粗蛋白含量都有先增加后降低的趋势^[11]。但关于水氮两因子协同调控燕麦生产方面的研究鲜见报道, 已有的相关研究主要集中在阴湿寒旱区^{[12, 13]}。降雨是高寒山区燕麦赖以生产的主要水资源, 而其季节及年际间分配不均等因素直接导致燕麦在需水的关键期得不到充足水分, 使施氮肥效也不能充分发挥^[14]。本研究采用大田试验, 在西北干旱内陆河灌区进行不同灌溉量及施氮水平对燕麦农田耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率等方面的影响研究, 量化各处理燕麦农田水分消耗、水分利用效率及产量等差异, 并深入探讨水、氮因子间的相互关系, 分析这两单项增产因子集成在燕麦生产中的综合应用特性及其影响机制, 以期为内陆绿洲灌区燕麦丰产优质栽培水氮管理技术提供科学理论和实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试区概况

甘肃省武威市凉州区黄羊镇(37° 30′ N, 103° 5′ E)甘肃农业大学教学实验场位于甘肃河西走廊东端, 属冷温带干旱区, 日照充足, 春季多风沙, 夏季有干热风。降水年际变化不大, 但季节变化较大, 多年平均降水量160 mm, 主要集中在7月至9月, 冬春季干旱, 降水无法满足作物生长需要。蒸发量2400 mm, 干燥度5.85, 年平均气温7.2℃, 1月最低平均气温-27.7℃, 7月最高平均气温34.0℃。≥ 0℃积温为3513.4℃, ≥ 10℃积温为2985.4℃。全年无霜期156 d, 绝对无霜期118 d, 年日照时数2945 h。土壤以荒漠灌淤土为主, 粉沙壤质, 土层深厚。试验田土壤基础肥力和容重见表1。

表1 试验地土壤基本状况(2014) Table 1 Soil basic fertility and bulk density of experimental field (2014)

燕麦生育期(3月至7月)降水量, 2014、2015年及30年平均值分别为64.5、76.2和85.4 mm (图1), 2014年为干旱年, 2015年为平水年^[15]。

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	图1 试验站2014-2015年月降雨量及30年月平均降雨量分布Fig. 1 Distribution of monthly rainfall in 2014-2015 and average precipitation of 30 years in experiment station

1.2 试验设计

设灌水量和施氮(纯氮)量2个参试因子, 每个因子3个水平, 3次重复, 共27个小区, 田间随机排列。小区长8 m, 宽5 m, 小区间均设置50 cm通道。全生育期灌溉定额设270.0 mm (I₁)、337.5 mm (I₂)和405.0 mm (I₃) 3个水平, 在拔节、抽穗和灌浆期分3次等量灌水, 灌水时采用带有水表的管灌控制系统精量灌溉。施氮量为90 kg hm^-2 (N₁)、120 kg hm^-2 (N₂)和150 kg hm^-2 (N₃), 播期前、拔节初期和抽穗期按5:3:2比例施用。磷肥(纯P₂O₅)施用量为90 kg hm^-2, 全部作基肥一次性施入。

供试品种为皮燕麦陇燕3号, 2014年3月25日和2015年3月26日播种, 2014年7月15日和2015年7月10日收获。播种量为225 kg hm^-2, 行距15 cm, 播深6 cm。

1.3 测定指标及计算方法

1.3.1 土壤水分测定在播前和收获后分别用烘干法测定土壤水分, 测深为150 cm, 其中0~30 cm内每10 cm为一个层次, 30~90 cm内每20 cm为一个层次, 90~150 cm内每30 cm为一个层次。从燕麦苗期到成熟期每隔15 d测定一次, 浇水前后各加测一次。用烘干法测定0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土壤水分, 用503DR (Campbell Pacific Nuclear, Martinez, CA)型中子水分仪测定30 cm以下水分, 在每小区随机安装2个中子水分仪管。将其读数矫正为容积含水量, 再用土壤容积含水量换算为土壤贮水量。

$V=(\text{0}\text{.2969}\times \frac{R}{{{R}_{\text{0}}}}-\text{0}\text{.1555)}\times \text{100}$ (R²=0.9173)

$W=\text{10}\sum\limits_{i=\text{1}}^{n}{{{V}_{i}}{{d}_{i}}}$

式中, V为土壤容积含水量(%), R为中子仪实际读数, R₀为中子仪基本读数; W为土壤贮水量(mm), i为土层编号, n为总土层数, V_i为第i层土壤的容积含水量(%), d为某一土层的厚度(mm)。

1.3.2 农田耗水及水分利用效率计算

ET_1-2 = S_i+M+P₀+K

CD = ET_1-2/D

CP = ET_1-2/ET_a× 100

WUE = Y/ET_a

式中, ET_{1– 2}为阶段耗水量(mm); M为阶段内灌水量(mm); P₀为阶段内有效降水量(mm); K为阶段内地下水补给量(mm), 本试验中K=0, 因为地下水埋深在10 m以下, 而地下水埋深大于2.5 m时K值可以忽略不计; S_i为阶段土壤贮水消耗量, 即阶段初和阶段末土壤贮水量之差; CD为阶段耗水强度(mm d^-1); CP为阶段耗水模系数(%); D为该阶段持续天数(d); ET_a为全生育期总耗水量(mm); WUE为籽粒产量水分利用效率(kg mm^-1 hm^-2); Y为籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)。

1.3.3 棵间蒸发测定采用自置微型蒸渗仪(Micro-lysimeter)法测定棵间蒸发量。每小区均随机安置两套微型蒸渗仪。微型蒸渗仪用PVC管做成, 内径10 cm, 壁厚5 mm, 高15 cm。每次取土时将其垂直压入作物行间土壤内, 使其顶面与地面齐平, 取原状土, 然后用塑料胶带封底, 另用内径为12 cm PVC管做成外套, 固定于行间, 使其表面与附近土壤持平, 操作时不能破坏周围土体结构。用称重法测定土壤蒸发, 2次称量之间的重量差值为其蒸发量。为保证微型蒸渗仪内部的土壤水分剖面与周围土壤相一致, 作物生长早期需要每天更换微型蒸渗仪内的原状土, 叶面积指数增大后, 每3~5 d更换一次, 降雨和灌溉后立即更换土体。

1.3.4 产量测定成熟期按小区收获测产。

1.4 统计分析

将各小区取样点的数据平均, 计算各小区的农田耗水量、耗水强度、耗水模系数、产量及水分利用效率。采用SPSS10.0软件进行方差分析, 用Duncan’ s法进行处理间差异显著性检验(α = 0.05), 用Microsoft Excel 2003绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同水氮处理0~150 cm土壤水分的水平动态变化

随着燕麦生育时期的推进, 降水、蒸散、蒸腾、灌水等因素显著影响农田土壤水分, 变化剧烈(图2)。燕麦拔节期前, 植株小, 地面裸露面积大, 土壤耗水主要以土壤蒸发为主, 处理间差异不显著(P< 0.05)。拔节至灌浆期, 受降水、灌水及农田蒸腾蒸散的影响, 处理间差异逐渐变大, 两年变化趋势一致, 均表现为高灌水(I₃)> 中灌水(I₂)> 低灌水(I₁)处理, 而相同灌水梯度下, 3种氮肥处理间差异不显著(P< 0.05)。灌浆期后, 土壤水分变化主要受降水及作物蒸腾的影响, 由于水氮互作显著影响燕麦生长发育, 各处理地上冠层差异大, 处理间作物蒸腾变化大, 进而农田土壤贮水量变化显著。

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图2 不同处理0~150 cm土层土壤贮水量动态变化
N₁I₁; 施氮量90 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额270 mm; N₁I₂; 施氮量90 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额337.5 mm; N₁I₃; 施氮量90 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额405 mm; N₂I₁; 施氮量120 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额270 mm; N₂I₂; 施氮量120 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额337.5 mm; N₂I₃; 施氮量120 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额405 mm; N₃I₁; 施氮量150 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额270 mm; N₃I₂; 施氮量150 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额337.5 mm; N₃I₃; 施氮量150 kg hm^-2, 灌溉定额405 mm。Fig. 2 Changes of soil water storage in 0-150 cm soil layer in different treatments
N₁I₁: 90 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 270 mm for irrigation amount; N₁I₂: 90 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 337.5 mm for irrigation amount; N₁I₃: 90 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 405 mm for irrigation amount; N₂I₁: 120 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 270 mm for irrigation amount; N₂I₂: 120 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 337.5 mm for irrigation amount; N₂I₃: 120 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 405 mm for irrigation amount; N₃I₁: 150 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 270 mm for irrigation amount; N₃I₂: 150 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 337.5 mm for irrigation amount; N₃I₃: 150 kg hm^-2for N application rate, 405 mm for irrigation amount.

2.2 不同处理对燕麦总耗水量及不同来源水分占总耗水量比例的影响

灌水和施氮对燕麦总耗水量、灌水消耗量、降雨消耗量及土壤贮水消耗量均有显著影响, 且相同施氮水平下, 燕麦总耗水量与灌水消耗量随着灌溉量的增加而增大, 降雨消耗量及土壤贮水消耗量均随着灌溉量的增加而减小(表2)。在低施氮(N₁)水平下, 与低灌水处理(N₁I₁)相比, 中灌水(N₁I₂)与高灌水(N₁I₃)处理分别显著增加耗水量18.6%~20.8%和32.7%~33.4%, N₁I₃处理较N₁I₂处理显著增加9.9%~ 12.5%; 中施氮(N₂)水平下, N₂I₂与N₂I₃处理较N₂I₁处理分别显著增加16.1%~18.1%和27.1%~32.2%, N₂I₃处理较N₂I₂处理显著增加9.5%~11.9%; 高施氮(N₃)水平下, N₃I₂与N₃I₃处理较N₃I₁处理分别显著增加11.3%~11.5%和22.5%~25.5%, N₃I₃处理较N₃I₂处理显著增加9.8%~12.8%。同时, 由表2还可以看出, 在低灌量(I₁)下, 燕麦耗水量随着施氮量的增加而增加, 而在中(I₂)、高(I₃)灌量下, 土壤贮水消耗随着施氮量的增加而减小。低灌量(I₁)下, N₂I₁处理较N₁I₁处理显著提高土壤贮水消耗量与总耗水量比例37.91%~38.52%, N₃I₁较N₂I₁处理显著提高-3.06%~ 6.05%。由此表明, 一定施氮条件下增加灌水量并不利于燕麦对天然降雨及土壤贮水的利用, 一定程度的干旱和灌溉条件下, 施氮会促进土壤贮水的利用。

表2 不同处理农田耗水量的水分来源及其占总耗水量的比例 Table 2 Source of water consumed during oat growth and its proportion to total water consumption in different treatments

2.3 不同水氮处理对燕麦不同生育阶段0~150 cm土壤贮水消耗量的影响

燕麦全生育期的阶段耗水量及阶段耗水模系数均逐渐增大, 阶段耗水强度呈现先增后减趋势, 但特定生育时期阶段耗水量、阶段耗水强度及阶段耗水模系数处理间变化不一致(表3)。拔节前农田尚未灌水, 燕麦受土壤水分及施氮的影响较小, 同一施氮水平下处理间阶段耗水量及阶段耗水强度差异不显著, 而同一施氮水平下随着灌水梯度的增加耗水模系数逐渐显著减小, 而同一灌量下氮肥处理间耗水模系数差异不显著。随着燕麦生育进程, 灌水及施氮显著影响燕麦阶段耗水量、阶段耗水强度及阶段耗水模系数。拔节至抽穗, 阶段耗水量、阶段耗水强度及阶段耗水模系数均比拔节前增大, 且灌水及施氮对燕麦阶段耗水量及阶段耗水强度影响显著, 同一施氮水平下, 随着灌水量的增大而显著增大。抽穗至灌浆, 随着燕麦冠层的增大, 光合蒸腾生理耗水及农田土壤蒸发生态耗水显著增强, 各处理阶段耗水强度达最大值, 且随着灌水量的增大而显著增强。与I₁处理相比, I₂、I₃灌水处理在低氮水平下(N₁)分别显著提高阶段耗水强度5.9%~14.4%和27.9%~40.5%, 中氮水平下(N₂)分别显著提高8.7%~ 14.0%和18.4%~41.7%, 高氮水平下(N₃)分别显著提高13.9%~14.1%和28.4%~28.7%。灌浆至成熟, 各处理阶段耗水量及阶段耗水模系数达最大, 但阶段耗水强度却较抽穗至灌浆期减小。

表3 不同处理燕麦各生育阶段耗水量、耗水强度和耗水模系数 Table 3 Water consumption amount, diurnal water consumption amount, and water consumption percentage of oat at different growth stages under different treatments

处理 Treatment	播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing			拔节-抽穗 Jointing-heading			抽穗-灌浆 Heading-milk filling			灌浆-成熟 Milk filling-harvest
处理 Treatment	CA (mm)	CD (mm)	CP (%)	CA (mm)	CD (mm)	CP (%)	CA (mm)	CD (mm)	CP (%)	CA (mm)	CD (mm)	CP (%)
2014
N₁I₁	65.2 a	1.86 a	16.9 a	67.4 f	3.55 f	17.5 c	99.2 fg	5.84 fg	25.7 bcd	153.5 g	3.74 g	39.8 cd
N₁I₂	64.9 a	1.85 a	13.9 b	76.3 de	4.02 de	16.4 de	113.6 d	6.68 d	24.4 de	210.5 bc	5.13 bc	45.2 a
N₁I₃	65.7 a	1.88 a	12.8 c	87.5 bc	4.61 bc	17.1 cd	129.6 b	7.62 b	25.3 cde	228.6 a	5.58 a	44.7 a
N₂I₁	65.6 a	1.87 a	16.5 a	63.9 f	3.36 f	16.0 e	97.1 g	5.71 g	24.4 de	172.1 f	4.20 f	43.2 b
N₂I₂	65.1 a	1.86 a	14.1 b	79.5 d	4.18 d	17.2 cd	110.7 de	6.51 de	23.9 e	207.5 c	5.06 c	44.8 a
N₂I₃	64.6 a	1.85 a	12.7 c	88.5 b	4.66 b	17.5 c	137.5 a	8.09 a	27.1 ab	216.1 b	5.27 b	42.6 b
N₃I₁	65.5 a	1.87 a	16.3 a	74.1 e	3.90 e	18.5 b	105.3 ef	6.20 ef	26.3 abc	156.2 g	3.81 g	38.9 d
N₃I₂	63.5 a	1.81 a	14.2 b	84.2 c	4.43 c	18.8 b	120.1 c	7.06 c	26.8 ab	180.4 e	4.40 e	40.2 c
N₃I₃	64.1 a	1.83 a	13.0 c	100.5 a	5.29 a	20.4 a	135.6 ab	7.98 ab	27.5 a	192.1 d	4.69 d	39.0 d
处理 Treatment		播种-拔节 Sowing-jointing						拔节-抽穗 Jointing-heading					抽穗-灌浆 Heading-milk filling			灌浆-成熟 Milk filling-harvest
处理 Treatment		CA (mm)		CD (mm)		CP (%)		CA (mm)		CD (mm)		CP (%)	CA (mm)	CD (mm)	CP (%)	CA (mm)	CD (mm)	CP (%)
2015
N₁I₁		55.3 a		1.68 a		14.32 a		73.9 f		3.89 f		19.13 b	102.9 e	6.05 e	26.64 bc	154.2 f	4.06 f	39.92 f
N₁I₂		55.9 a		1.69 a		12.21 cd		75.9 ef		3.99 ef		16.57 e	109.0 d	6.41 d	23.80 e	217.2 c	5.72 c	47.42 a
N₁I₃		56.7 a		1.72 a		11.00 de		89.1 b		4.69 b		17.29 d	131.6 b	7.74 b	25.53 cd	238.0 b	6.26 b	46.18 bc
N₂I₁		56.8 a		1.72 a		14.21 ab		69.3 g		3.65 g		17.34 d	109.7 d	6.45 d	27.45 ab	163.9 e	4.31 e	41.01 e
N₂I₂		57.4 a		1.74 a		12.16 cd		80.8 d		4.25 cd		17.12 d	119.2 c	7.01 c	25.25 d	214.6 c	5.65 c	45.47 c
N₂I₃		56.1 a		1.70 a		10.62 e		95.6 a		5.03 a		18.10 c	129.9 b	7.64 b	24.59 de	246.7 a	6.49 a	46.70 a
N₃I₁		57.3 a		1.74 a		14.39 a		78.9 de		4.15 de		19.81 a	110.6 d	6.51 d	27.77 ab	151.4 f	3.98 f	38.02 g
N₃I₂		58.1 a		1.76 a		13.11 bc		84.2 c		4.43 c		19.00 b	126.2 b	7.42 b	28.48 a	174.6 d	4.59 d	39.40 f
N₃I₃		57.6 a		1.75 a		11.52 de		81.6 cd		4.29 cd		16.33 e	142.1 a	8.36 a	28.43 a	218.5 c	5.75 c	43.72 d

Data are the means of three replicates, value followed by different letters are significantly different among treatments (P< 0.05). CA: water consumption amount; CD: diurnal water consumption amount; CP: water consumption percentage.

数据为3次重复的平均值, 平均值后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P< 0.05)。CA: 耗水量; CD: 耗水强度; CP: 耗水模系数。

2.4 不同水氮处理对燕麦农田棵间蒸发及E/ET的影响

灌水与施氮显著影响燕麦各生育时期棵间蒸发量(E)及其在相应阶段总蒸散量(ET)中所占的比率(表4)。燕麦全生育期, 棵间蒸发量及E/ET变化的总趋势是先降后升, 特定生育阶段, 土壤水分蒸发处理间差异显著。播种到拔节期, 降水、气温等气象因子是影响土壤水分变化的主要因素, 土壤水分蒸发大, 各处理E/ET均达44.00%以上, 处理间差异不显著。拔节至抽穗, 同一施氮水平, 随着灌水梯度的增大, E及E/ET值增大, 而同一灌水水平下, 不同氮肥处理间差异不显著。与I₁处理相比, I₂、I₃灌水处理在低氮水平下(N₁)分别显著提高棵间蒸发7.4%~16.4%和32.1%~39.3%, 中氮水平下(N₂)分别显著提高20.3%~27.7%和45.2%~48.7%, 高氮水平下(N₃)分别显著提高9.1%~15.9%和17.0%~43.7%。抽穗至灌浆期E及E/ET值的变化趋势与拔节至抽穗期相似, 即同一施氮水平下, 随着灌水梯度的增大而显著增大, 但与拔节至抽穗期的变化趋势不一样的是, 同一灌水水平下, 随着施氮水平的增大, E及E/ET值均亦显著增大。灌浆至成熟, 各处理棵间蒸发均显著增大, 处理间差异显著, 但与前期不一样的是, 同一施氮水平下, 随着灌水梯度的增大, E/ET值均显著减小, 且低、高灌水处理差异显著, 而中灌水处理与低、高处理差异不显著。由此表明, 拔节前, 土壤水分消耗以土壤蒸发为主, 氮肥对农田水分蒸发影响不显著; 随着燕麦植株的发育, 地上冠层逐渐增大, 光合增强, 农田水分消耗逐渐由土壤蒸发耗水向作物蒸腾耗水转变; 至灌浆初期, 土壤棵间蒸发达最小, 且水氮互作效应使燕麦生态与生理需水处理间差异显著。从灌浆开始, 燕麦冠层蒸腾耗水逐渐减小, 土壤蒸散耗水逐渐增大。

表4 不同处理燕麦各生育时期农田蒸发及E/ET的变化 Table 4 Variation of soil evaporation and the proportion of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration of oat at different growing stages under different treatments

2.5 不同处理对燕麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

灌水与施肥显著影响燕麦籽粒产量及水分利用效率(表5)。同一施氮水平下, 燕麦产量随着灌水量的增大而显著增加。与I₁处理相比, 低氮(N₁)水平下I₂、I₃灌水处理分别显著提高籽粒产量8.39%~ 11.05%和11.13%~13.53%, 中氮(N₂)水平下分别显著提高12.19%~13.22%和13.59%~13.77%, 高氮(N₃)水平下分别显著提高12.22%~12.90%和13.00%~ 13.88%, 而不同施氮水平下I₃处理产量高于I₂处理, 但差异不显著。由表5还可以看出, 同一灌溉量下, 产量随施氮量的增加而增加, 但低灌量(I₁)下处理间差异不显著, 而中灌量(I₂)与高灌量(I₃)下中氮(N₂)与高氮(N₃)处理产量均显著高于低氮(N₁)处理, 而中氮(N₂)与高氮(N₃)处理间差异不显著。与N₁处理相比, N₂与N₃处理在中灌(I₂)水平下分别显著提高籽粒产量4.98%~8.75%和6.43%~11.17%, 高灌(I₃)水平下分别显著提高3.18%~7.38%和5.01%~9.19%。所有处理中N₃I₃籽粒产量最高(5466.0~5727.5 kg hm^-2), N₃I₂次之(5428.5~5678.5 kg hm^-2), N₁I₁最小, 仅为4504.5~4804.3 kg hm^-2。

表5 不同处理的燕麦产量和水分利用效率 Table 5 Grain yield and water use efficiency of different treatments in oat

同一施氮水平下, 随着灌水量的增加燕麦水分利用效率逐渐降低, 且低氮(N₁)水平下处理间差异显著, 中(N₂)、高氮(N₃)水平下, 低(I₁)、中(I₂)灌水处理显著高于高灌(I₃)处理, 而低(I₁)、中(I₂)灌水处理间差异不显著。与I₁和I₂处理相比, I₃处理在低氮(N₁)水平下分别降低水分利用效率14.91%~16.27%和6.71%~9.16%, 中氮(N₂)水平下分别显著降低10.62%~13.93%和7.53%~10.23%, 高氮(N₃)水平下分别显著降低7.77%~9.27%和8.32%~10.58%。由表5还可以看出, 同一灌水水平下, 随着施氮量的增加燕麦水分利用效率亦逐渐增加, 但低灌量(I₁)下处理间差异不显著, 而中(I₂)、高(I₃)灌溉量下差异显著。与低氮(N₁)处理相比, 中氮(N₂)和高氮(N₃)处理在中灌量(I₂)下分别显著提高水分利用效率1.86%~9.33%和10.01%~15.41%, 高灌量(I₃)下分别显著提高0.66%~8.38%和8.28%~13.43%。所有处理中, N₃I₂的水分利用效率最高(12.11~12.82 kg mm^-1 hm^-2), N₃I₁次之(12.04~12.63 kg mm^-1 hm^-2), N₁I₃最小, 仅为9.79~10.58 kg mm^-1 hm^-2。

由此表明, 灌水与氮肥对燕麦产量和水分利用效率具有显著互作效应, N₃I₂处理既能获得高产, 又能显著提高其水分利用效率。

3 讨论

水分和氮素两者单因素效应及互作效应共同决定作物的生长^[16]。改变土壤水分状况会影响作物的氮素吸收、转运和利用^[17]; 适当增施氮肥可以补偿因土壤水分不足造成的部分生长负效应^[18]。本研究表明, 水氮互作显著影响燕麦的耗水特性、产量及水分利用效率。

节水栽培的核心是提高作物水分利用效率^[19], 关键是建立以高效利用土壤贮水为核心的灌水调控模式^{[20, 21]}。本研究表明, 燕麦农田土壤贮水量随着灌水量的增大而增大, 而同一灌水量下, 施氮水平对土壤贮水量的影响差异不显著, 这与赵连佳等在小麦上的研究结果相似^[22]。有研究表明, 随灌水量增加, 总耗水量增加, 灌水量占总耗水量比例提高, 降水量和土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量比例降低^{[23, 24]}。本研究也表明, 相同施氮水平下, 燕麦总耗水量与灌水消耗量随着灌水水平的增加而增加, 降雨消耗量及土壤贮水消耗量均随着灌水水平的增加而减小; 同时, 在低灌量(I₁)水平下, 燕麦耗水量随着施氮量的增加而增加, 而在中(I₂)、高(I₃)灌量水平下, 土壤贮水消耗随着施氮量的增加而减小。表明, 适宜的灌水量不仅受降水多少的影响, 而且与氮素施用量存在耦合效应; 一定施氮条件下增加灌水量并不利于燕麦对天然降雨及土壤贮水的利用, 一定程度的干旱和灌溉条件下, 适量施氮提高了燕麦对土壤贮水的利用能力, 减小对灌水及自然降水的依赖。这一研究结果与马兴华等^[18]、杨晓亚等^[25]在小麦上的研究结果基本相似。

灌水与施氮对燕麦不同生育期的耗水指标具有调控作用, 随着生育时期的推进, 燕麦阶段耗水量及阶段耗水模系数均逐渐增大, 但阶段耗水强度呈先增后减趋势, 这是灌水和增施氮肥后燕麦植株生长旺盛、需水量增大的缘故。有研究表明, 灌拔节水和灌浆水会提高开花至成熟期的耗水模系数, 有利于提高生育后期的水分利用效率, 为促进籽粒灌浆和提高产量奠定基础^[26]。

作物产量是一个系统管理水平与土壤生产力的综合反映, 也是农业持续发展的重要评价指标^[27]。本研究中, 同一施氮水平下, 燕麦产量随着灌水量的增大而增大, 高灌水与中灌水处理间差异不显著; 同一灌水量下, 产量随施氮量的增加而增加, 且低灌量(I₁)下处理间差异不显著, 而中灌量(I₂)与高灌量(I₃)下中氮(N₂)与高氮(N₃)处理产量均显著高于低氮(N₁)处理, 而中氮(N₂)与高氮(N₃)处理间差异不显著。说明, 在干旱内陆灌区水氮互作显著影响燕麦产量, 适量灌水与施肥有利于提高燕麦产量, 过量施氮或灌水导致作物增产幅度受到影响, 增施氮肥可补偿因灌水不足导致的籽粒产量降低, 与已有结果具有相似性^{[28, 29]}。

小麦水分利用效率随灌溉水量的增加而降低, 但当灌溉水平较低时, 水分利用效率随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势^[30]。本研究中, 同一施氮水平下, 随着灌水量增加燕麦水分利用效率逐渐降低; 同一灌水水平下, 随着施氮量的增加燕麦水分利用效率亦逐渐增加, 这一结果与在小麦上的研究结果^{[31, 32]}相似。本研究所有处理中, N₃I₃产量最高(5466.0~5727.5 kg hm^-2), N₃I₂次之(5428.5~5678.5 kg hm^-2), 而N₃I₂的水分利用效率最高(12.11~12.82 kg mm^-1 hm^-2), N₃I₁次之。N₃I₃处理是以消耗较大的水分为代价来获得高产, 而N₃I₁处理是以显著降低耗水与产量来提高水分利用效率, 两者均不切合生产实践。因此, 在灌水有限的绿洲灌区, 可通过适量增施氮肥来弥补水分不足造成的燕麦减产, N₃I₂是试区较佳的燕麦生产水氮管理模式。已有研究也表明, 适量水肥组合的效应大于高水高肥和低水低肥组合, 水肥互作效应最大的为氮与水的耦合^[33]。

本研究仅限于讨论不同水氮条件对燕麦耗水特性及产量的影响, 未对氮素利用进行研究, 而有研究报道, 作物水氮利用效率(率)峰值与作物产量峰值并非完全吻合^{[34, 35]}, 氮肥利用率随灌水量递增而提高, 随施氮量递增而降低^{[36, 37]}。可见, 高氮肥利用率和高水分利用效率, 同时满足作物高产和资源环境安全目标是有矛盾的, 有待进一步揭示水氮耦合效应及其机制, 寻求实现水氮资源、环境与产量可持续目标的协调和统一。

4 结论

水分和氮肥对燕麦水分利用及产量具有显著互作效应。灌水与施氮对燕麦不同生育期的耗水指标具有调控作用, 随生育时期的推进, 燕麦阶段耗水量及阶段耗水模系数均逐渐增大, 但阶段耗水强度呈先增后减趋势。适宜的灌水量不仅受降水多少的影响, 而且与氮素施用量存在耦合效应, 一定施氮条件下增加灌水量并不利于燕麦对天然降雨及土壤贮水的利用, 一定程度的干旱和灌溉条件下, 适量施氮可提高燕麦对土壤贮水的利用能力, 减小对灌水及自然降水的依赖。燕麦产量随灌水量及施氮量的增大而提高, 但高水与高氮条件下燕麦增产幅度受限, 而水分利用效率随灌水量的增大而减小, 随施氮量的增大而提高。在灌水有限的西北绿洲灌区, 可通过适量增施氮肥来弥补水分不足造成的燕麦减产。燕麦施氮量150 kg hm^-2、灌溉定额337.5 mm时既能获得高产, 又能显著提高水分利用效率, 是较佳的燕麦生产水氮管理模式。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

参考文献

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2016

0.0

柴继宽, 慕平, 赵桂琴. 8个燕麦品种在甘肃的产量稳定性及试点代表性研究. 草地学报, 2016, 24: 1100-1107

Chai J

, Mu

, Zhao G

Study on yield stability and test site representaiveness of eight oat varieties in Gansu province.

Acta Agrest Sin, 2016, 24: 1100-1107 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了客观、准确地评价燕麦品种的稳定性和适应性,本研究采用GGE双标图对2012年甘肃省燕麦(Avena sativa)种植区域5个试点中的8个燕麦品种试验数据进行分析.结果表明:在燕麦种植区的大环境下,品种与环境互作效应对产量变异的影响约为品种效应的4.02倍.‘陇燕2号’和‘陇燕3号’属于高产、稳产性好的品种;‘青引1号’具有特殊适应性,在局部地区有推广价值.5个燕麦区试点可划分为2个不同的类型区,其中在甘肃中部半干旱地区表现最好的品种是‘陇燕1号’,在甘肃高寒阴湿区表现最好的品种是‘陇燕3号’.从环境代表性和对品种鉴别能力两方面分析,5个试点中代表性最好的是通渭,鉴别力最好的是天祝.

... 燕麦分布在全世界五大洲40多个国家, 年种植面积250万公顷^[1], 我国燕麦主要分布在华北、西北、东北和青藏高原的16个省(区) ...

2004

0.0

... 燕麦含有丰富的粗蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物, 并富含钙、磷等矿物质和维生素, 是一种重要的粮饲兼用性作物^[2,3] ...

2011

0.0

... 燕麦含有丰富的粗蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物, 并富含钙、磷等矿物质和维生素, 是一种重要的粮饲兼用性作物^[2,3] ...

1996

0.0

... 研究表明, 籽粒灌浆前期土壤严重干旱会导致粒重降低^[4], 而增加施氮量能提高旗叶光合速率^[5], 促进同化物的形成及其向籽粒的转运, 提高粒重和籽粒产量^[6] ...

2009

0.0

王小燕, 郑成岩, 于振文, 许振柱. 水氮互作对小麦土壤水分利用和茎中果聚糖含量的影响. 应用生态学报, 2009, 20: 1876-1882

Wang X

, Zheng C

, Yu Z

, Xu Z

Effects of water-nitrogen interaction on soil water utilization by wheat and fructan content in wheat stem.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2009, 20: 1876-1882 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 同时, 增加灌水可以补偿因施氮量不足导致的籽粒产量降低, 反之亦然^[5,6,7] ...

2000

0.0

... 同时, 增加灌水可以补偿因施氮量不足导致的籽粒产量降低, 反之亦然^[5,6,7] ...

2004

0.0

郭天财, 冯伟, 赵会杰, 王化岑, 王永华, 夏国军, 马冬云. 水氮运筹对干旱年型冬小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的交互效应. 应用生态学报, 2004, 15: 453-457

Guo T

, Feng

, Zhao H

, Wang H

, Wang Y

, Xia G

, Ma D

Interactive effect of irrigation and nitrogen application on physiological characteristics of flag leaf and grain yield of winter wheat in dry years.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2004, 15: 453-457 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 同时, 增加灌水可以补偿因施氮量不足导致的籽粒产量降低, 反之亦然^[5,6,7] ...

2008

0.0

赵长星, 马东辉, 王月福, 林琪. 施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老及粒重的影响. 应用生态学报, 2008, 19: 2388-2393

Zhao C

, Ma D

, Wang Y

, Lin

Effects of nitrogen application rate and post-anthesis soil moisture content on the flag leaf senescence and kernel weight of wheat.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2008, 19: 2388-2393 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 但也有研究表明, 在开花后土壤缺水的条件下, 施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降^[8], 氮肥对灌水的补偿效应甚微^[9] ...

2006

0.0

... 但也有研究表明, 在开花后土壤缺水的条件下, 施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降^[8], 氮肥对灌水的补偿效应甚微^[9] ...

2007

0.0

赵宝平, 庞云, 曾昭海, 胡跃高, 李桂荣, 刘瑞芳. 有限灌溉对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2007, 25(1): 105-115

Zhao B

, Pang

, Zeng Z

, Hu Y

, Li G

, Liu R

Effect of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of oats.

Agric Res Arid Areas, 2007, 25(1): 105-115 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在防雨池栽培试验条件下,研究了有限灌溉对两个燕麦品种产量品质和水分利用效率的影响.试验为裂区设计,主区为7个灌溉处理,副区为品种(内农大莜1号,白燕7号).研究结果表明:水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均显著影响到燕麦干物质积累;内农大莜1号的干草产量、籽粒产量以及粗蛋白产量均为E处理(底墒水+拔节水+抽穗水)最高,而白燕7号的以上三种产量是以F处理最高;两个品种均是E处理具有最高的水分利用效率(WUE),过度干旱(处理A)或后期灌水过多(处理G)均显著影响燕麦土壤水分利用效率;内农大莜1号具有更强的抗旱性,而白燕7号则对水分更为敏感.

... 表明水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均不利于燕麦生长, 在灌底墒水+拔节水+抽穗水条件下, 燕麦干草产量、籽粒产量、粗蛋白产量及水分利用效率均最高^[10] ...

2015

0.0

张新军, 杨才, 曾昭海, 吕亚慈, 周海涛, 胡跃高. 不同施氮量对裸燕麦产量品质及叶面硒肥效率的影响. 中国农学通报, 2015, 31(33): 122-127

Zhang X

, Yang

, Zeng Z

, Lyu Y

, Zhou H

, Hu Y

Effect of different nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield, quality and Se foliar fertilizer efficiency of naked oat. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2015, 31(33): 122-127 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 随着施氮量的增加, 裸燕麦的生育期有逐渐延长的趋势, 产量及其小穗数等产量构成因素以及籽实粗蛋白含量都有先增加后降低的趋势^[11] ...

2013

0.0

... 但关于水氮两因子协同调控燕麦生产方面的研究鲜见报道, 已有的相关研究主要集中在阴湿寒旱区^[12,13] ...

2014

0.0

王秀英. 不同水氮条件对燕麦氮素吸收转运和积累的影响. 西南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 39(11): 101-107

Wang X

Effect of different water and nitrogen condition on nitrogen absorption, translocation and accumulation of oat.

J Southwest China Normal Univ (Nat Sci Edn), 2014, 39(11): 101-107 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：为寻求燕麦的氮水高效利用机制，以内蒙古主栽的2个燕麦品种白燕2号和白燕7号为试验材料，在灌溉和干旱条件下分别设3个不同氮素处理，考察燕麦在不同水肥条件下对氮素吸收运转和积累的影响。结果表明：施氮量对植株吸氮量、籽粒产量存在较大影响。相同施氮条件下，成熟期植株的氮素积累量在灌溉条件下明显多于干旱条件下；随施氮量增加，植株成熟期氮素积累量增多，各营养器官中氮素的积累量增加；而氮素转移效率、转运氮贡献率、氮素利用效率不随施氮量的增加而发生明显的变化，增施氮肥反而会对氮素转移、转运和利用产生抑制作用。由此得出只有适量施氮时才可能获得较高的氮素利用率。

... 但关于水氮两因子协同调控燕麦生产方面的研究鲜见报道, 已有的相关研究主要集中在阴湿寒旱区^[12,13] ...

2011

0.0

杨满红, 刘锁云, 李立军, 刘景辉. 水肥耦合对燕麦光合特性和产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2011, 26(6): 158-163

Yang M

, Liu S

, Li L

, Liu J

Influence of photosynthetic characteristics and yield in oats on coupling of fertilizer and irrigation.

Acta Agric Boreali Sin, 2011, 26(6): 158-163 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 降雨是高寒山区燕麦赖以生产的主要水资源, 而其季节及年际间分配不均等因素直接导致燕麦在需水的关键期得不到充足水分, 使施氮肥效也不能充分发挥^[14] ...

2006

0.0

黄高宝, 郭清毅, 张仁陟, 逄蕾, Li G

, Chan K

, 于爱忠. 保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应. 生态学报, 2006, 26: 1176-1185

Huang G

, Guo Q

, Zhang R

, Pang

, Li G

, Chan K

, Yu A

Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland .

Acta Ecol Sin, 2006, 26: 1176-1185 (in Chinese with English abstract)

保护性耕作(conservation tillage)能够减少水土流失、提高耕地产量,是一类具有生态保护意义的持续性农业耕作形式.2002年至2004年在定西旱地农业地区进行了保护性耕作条件下旱地农田春小麦-豌豆双序列轮作土壤水分动态及产量效应的试验研究,结果表明:保护性耕作能够显著改善0～200 cm土层土壤贮水量及含水量,随着降水量的增多土壤对降水的保蓄能力增强.在降水较少年份免耕秸秆覆盖的这种作用表现突出,而在降水充沛的年份免耕地膜覆盖则更具优势.耕层土壤水分因受降水等因素的影响而变化剧烈,耕层以下土壤水分变幅相对较小.播种期、五叶期及收获期土壤具有较高含水量,而开花期土壤含水量则较低.在两种轮作体系中,播种期春小麦和豌豆免耕秸秆覆盖处理0～50 cm土层含水量分别较常规耕作增加28%、26%和11%、23%,降水生产效率较常规耕作提高了17.79%～26.81%.在春小麦-豌豆轮作体系中免耕秸秆覆盖处理的作物产量(春小麦+豌豆)及水分利用效率分别为3 420 kg/hm2和8.11 kg/(hm2·mm),较常规耕作分别提高26.81%和25.39%.

... 4 mm (图1), 2014年为干旱年, 2015年为平水年^[15] ...

2007

0.0

... 3 讨论水分和氮素两者单因素效应及互作效应共同决定作物的生长^[16] ...

2008

0.0

杨世丽, 贾秀领, 张凤路, 马瑞昆, 孟祥法, 李爱华. 水氮耦合对小麦叶片硝酸还原酶活性、植株吸氮量及产量的影响. 华北农学报, 2008, 23(4): 124-129

Yang S

, Jia X

, Zhang F

, Ma R

, Meng X

, Li A

Effects of water and nitrogen coupling in winter wheat on leaves NRA, plant nitrogen absorption and yield.

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin, 2008, 23(4): 124-129 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 改变土壤水分状况会影响作物的氮素吸收、转运和利用^[17] ...

2010

0.0

马兴华, 王东, 于振文, 王西芝, 许振柱. 不同施氮量下灌水量对小麦耗水特性和氮素分配的影响. 生态学报, 2010, 30: 1995-1965

Ma X

, Wang

, Yu Z

, Wang X

, Xu Z

Effect of irrigation regimes on water consumption characteristics and nitrogen distribution in wheat at different nitrogen applications.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2010, 30: 1955-1965 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究了不同施氮量条件下灌水量对高产小麦耗水特性和氮素分配利用的影响。设置4个施氮水平:0kg·hm-2(N0)、120kg·hm-2(N1)、210kg·hm-2(N2)和300kg·hm-2(N3),在每个施氮水平下设置4个灌水量处理:不浇水(W0)、底墒水+拔节水(W1)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(W2)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W3),每次灌水量60mm。结果表明:(1)在N0水平下W0处理日耗水量以拔节至开花期最高,在N1水平下,拔节至开花期日耗水量与开花至成熟期的无显著差异。同一施氮水平下,小麦开花后总耗水量、耗水模系数和日耗水量随灌水量的增加而提高,但产量随灌水量的增加先升高后降低。(2)同一施氮水平下,成熟期W1处理20—140cm各土层土壤含水量低于W2和W3处理,140—200cm土层土壤含水量与W2处理无显著差异;W1处理0—40cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及植株氮素在籽粒中的分配比例高于W2和W3处理,100—140cm土层土壤硝态氮含量及植株氮素在营养器官中的分配量和分配比例低于W2和W3处理。表明灌溉底墒水和拔节水的W1处理,促进了小麦对20—140cm土层土壤水的吸收利用,减少了土壤硝态氮向100cm以下土层的淋溶,而且有利于营养器官中氮素向籽粒的再分配,水分和氮素利用效率较高。(3)在试验条件下,施纯氮210kg·hm-2、灌溉底墒水和拔节水的N2W1处理,籽粒产量最高,水分利用效率和氮素利用效率较高,可供生产中参考。

... 适当增施氮肥可以补偿因土壤水分不足造成的部分生长负效应^[18] ...

... 这一研究结果与马兴华等^[18]、杨晓亚等^[25]在小麦上的研究结果基本相似 ...

1991

0.0

山仑, 徐萌. 节水农业及其生理生态基础. 应用生态学报, 1991, 2: 70-76

Shan

, Xu

Water-saving agriculture and its physio-ecological bases.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 1991, 2: 70-76 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 节水栽培的核心是提高作物水分利用效率^[19], 关键是建立以高效利用土壤贮水为核心的灌水调控模式^[20,21] ...

2006

0.0

王志敏, 王璞, 李绪厚, 李建民, 鲁来清. 冬小麦节水省肥高产简化栽培理论与技术. 中国农业科技导报, 2006, 8(5): 38-44

Wang Z

, Wang

, Li X

, Li J

, Lu L

Principle and technology of water-saving, fertilizer-saving, high-yielding and simple cultivation in winter wheat.

Rev China Agric Sci Technol, 2006, 8(5): 38-44 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 节水栽培的核心是提高作物水分利用效率^[19], 关键是建立以高效利用土壤贮水为核心的灌水调控模式^[20,21] ...

2011

0.0

闫学梅, 于振文, 张永丽, 王东. 不同小麦品种耗水特性和籽粒产量的差异. 应用生态学报, 2011, 22: 694-700

Yan X

, Yu Z

, Zhang Y

, Wang

Differences in water consumption characteristics and grain yield of different wheat cultivars.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2011, 22: 694-700 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment with 10 wheat cultivars was conducted to study the water consumption characteristics at different growth stages and the differences in the grain yield of the cultivars. Three irrigation treatments were installed, i.e ., no irrigation (W 0 ), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stage (W 1 ), and irrigation before sowing and at jointing and anthesis stages (W 2 ), with irrigation amount 60 mm each time. Based on the cluster analysis with the parameters grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the three treatments, the test ten cultivars could be divided into three groups, i.e ., high yield and high WUE (Group I), high yield and medium WUE (Group Ⅱ), and medium yield and low WUE (Group Ⅲ). The average values of grain yield and WUE in each group were calculated to elucidate the water consumption characteristics of the three groups. In treatment W 0 , the total water consumption amount in the whole growth period, the water consumption amount from anthesis to maturing stages and its proportion to the total water consumption amount of Group I were lower than those of Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ, but the grain yield of Group I was the highest. In treatment W 1 , the water consumption amount from jointing to anthesis stages and its proportion to total water consumption amount of Group I were lower than those of Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ, but the water consumption amount from anthesis to maturing stages had no significant differences among Group I, Group Ⅱ, and Group Ⅲ. In treatment W 2 , the total soil water consumption amount, water consumption amount from jointing to anthesis stages and its proportion to total water consumption amount of Group I were lower than those of Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ, while the water consumption amount from anthesis to maturity stages and its proportion to total water consumption amount of both Group I and Group Ⅲ were lower than those of Group Ⅱ. In terms of high-yield and water-saving under the present experimental condition, it was implicated that the most appropriate cultivars might fall into the Group I with high yield and high WUE, and the most appropriate irrigation regime with high yield and low water consumption was treatment W 1 , i.e ., irrigated 60 mm each time before sowing and at jointing stage.

在田间试验条件下，采用10个小麦品种，设全生育期不灌水（W 0 ）、灌底墒水+拔节水（W 1 ）、灌底墒水+拔节水+开花水（W 2 ）3个处理，每次灌水量60 mm，研究不同小麦品种不同生育阶段的耗水特点和籽粒产量的差异. 结果表明：以W 0 、W 1 和W 2 处理的小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率（WUE）2因子为指标进行聚类分析，可将10个品种分为3组：高产高水分利用效率组（组Ⅰ）、高产中水分利用效率组（组Ⅱ）和中产低水分利用效率组（组Ⅲ）. 在W 0 处理下，组Ⅰ小麦品种的总耗水量、开花至成熟期的耗水量和耗水模系数均低于组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ，籽粒产量最高；在W 1 处理下，组Ⅰ小麦品种拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均低于组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ，开花至成熟期的耗水量和耗水模系数在组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ间无显著差异；在W 2 处理下，组Ⅰ小麦品种的土壤供水量、拔节至开花期的耗水量和耗水模系数均低于组Ⅱ和组Ⅲ，开花至成熟期的耗水量和耗水模系数为组Ⅰ和组Ⅲ低于组Ⅱ. 表明组Ⅰ高产高水分利用效率品种为最适宜品种，而底墒水和拔节水各灌60 mm的W 1 处理是兼顾高产与节水的最佳处理.

... 节水栽培的核心是提高作物水分利用效率^[19], 关键是建立以高效利用土壤贮水为核心的灌水调控模式^[20,21] ...

2016

0.0

赵连佳, 薛丽华, 孙乾坤, 章建新. 不同水氮处理对滴灌冬小麦田耗水特性及水氮利用效率的影响. 麦类作物学报, 2016, 36: 1050-1059

Zhao L

, Xue L

, Sun Q

, Zhang J

Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen application on water consumption characteristics and the water and nitrogen use efficiencies under drip irrigation in winter wheat.

J Triticeae Crops, 2016, 36: 1050-1059 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：为给滴灌超高产冬小麦的水氮运筹提供依据,采用水、氮两因素三水平的田间裂区试验（灌水量设1 125、2 250和2 700m3·hm^-2三个水平,分别用W1、W2和W3表示;施氮量设0、180和270kg·hm^-2三个水平,分别用N0、N1和N2表示）,研究了9个水氮处理对麦田0-140cm土层耗水量、冬小麦品种新冬41号群体叶面积指数、干物质和产量及水、氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,增加滴灌量直接提高了0-60cm土层含水量,间接减少了小麦对60-140cm土层储水的消耗量,增加了麦田总耗水量;施氮量对土壤含水量影响不显著。在相同水分条件下,增加施氮量提高了小麦产量;而仅在N2条件下,滴灌量显著影响产量,W2和W3的产量均显著高于W1,但W2和W3间差异不显著;加大滴灌量或施氮量均增加孕穗至成熟期间群体叶面积指数、光合势和干物质积累量,减少花前营养器官储存物质的转运量、转运效率和对籽粒产量的贡献率,增加花后物质生产对籽粒产量的贡献率和产量,降低灌溉水利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率;适宜水氮组合较单灌水或单施氮处理增产更显著,并同时提高水、氮利用效率,以W2N2、W3N2组合产量较高（9 051.9、9 189.6kg·hm^-2）。综合产量和成本,春季总滴灌量2 250 m^3·hm^-2（拔节期、孕穗期、开花期各750m3·hm^-2）、总施氮量270kg·hm^-2（拔节期90kg·hm^-2、孕穗期180kg·hm^-2）的水氮组合为北疆滴灌冬小麦超高产田水氮运筹的适宜模式。

... 本研究表明, 燕麦农田土壤贮水量随着灌水量的增大而增大, 而同一灌水量下, 施氮水平对土壤贮水量的影响差异不显著, 这与赵连佳等在小麦上的研究结果相似^[22] ...

2010

0.0

段文学, 于振文, 张永丽, 王东. 测墒补灌对不同穗型小麦品种耗水特性和干物质积累与分配的影响. 植物生态学报, 2010, 34: 1424-1432

Duan W

, Yu Z

, Zhang Y

, Wang

Effects of supplemental irrigation on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in different spike-type wheat cultivars based on testing soil moisture.

Chin J Plant Ecol, 2010, 34: 1424-1432 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Aims Our objective was to determine the effects of supplemental irrigation on water consumption characteristics and dry matter accumulation and distribution in different spike-type wheat cultivars under field conditions based on testing soil moisture. Methods We conducted a field experiment using medium-spike (‘Shannong 15’) and large-spike (‘Shannong 8355’) cultivars. Three irrigation treatments were designed based on the contents of relative soil moisture at jointing and anthesis stages: 65% and 60% (treatment W0), 70% and 70% (W1), and 70% and 70% (delaying irrigation 8 d after the designated stages mentioned above; W2). Important findings Grain yield in treatment W0 was the lowest in both cultivars. In ‘Shannong 15’, there was no significant difference between W1 and W2, whereas in ‘Shannong 8355’, W1 had higher grain yield than W2. Water use efficiency ( WUE ) and irrigation water use efficiency ( IWUE ) of W1 were significantly higher than those of W2 in both cultivars. Under W1, grain yield of ‘Shannong 15’ was lower than that of ‘Shannong 8355’, but IWUE was the opposite. There was no significant difference between ‘Shannong 15’ and ‘Shannong 8355’ in WUE . Under W2, grain yield, WUE and IWUE had no significant differences. The lowest total water consumption amount (TWCA) was obtained in W0 in both cultivars. In ‘Shannong 15’, W1 had lower TWCA than that of W2, while there was no significant difference in ‘Shannong 8355’ between the two treatments. Soil water consumption amount and its ratio to TWCA in W1 were significantly higher than those in W2 in both cultivars. Under W1 condition, TWCA and the ratio of irrigation amount to that in ‘Shannong 15’ were significantly lower than those in ‘Shannong 8355’, but the ratio of soil water consumption amount to TWCA was the opposite. Under W2, there was no significant difference between TWCA and the ratio of soil water consumption amount to it. Dry matter accumulation at maturity of W1 was significantly higher than that in other treatments in both cultivars, and it was significantly lower for W1 and W2 in ‘Shannong 15’ than in ‘Shannong 8355’. Treatment W1 increased dry matter accumulation amount after anthesis and its contribution to grains in ‘Shannong 8355’, but it did not change significantly in ‘Shannong 15’. Dry matter translocation after anthesis, its ratio and contribution to grains of W1 and W2 in ‘Shannong 15’ were significantly higher than those in ‘Shannong 8355’, while dry matter accumulation after anthesis and its contribution to grains were the opposite. In wheat production under conditions similar to this study, the optimal irrigation treatment in both cultivars was W1.

在田间试验条件下, 以中穗型小麦( Triticum aestivum )品种‘山农15’和大穗型品种‘山农8355’为供试材料, 设置3个0–140 cm土层土壤相对含水量处理: W0 (拔节期65%, 开花期60%)、W1 (拔节期70%, 开花期70%)、W2 (拔节后8天70%, 开花后8天70%), 采用测墒补灌的方法补充土壤水分达到目标相对含水量, 对两个不同穗型小麦品种的耗水特性和干物质积累与分配进行了研究。结果表明: (1)两品种籽粒产量均以W0处理最低, ‘山农15’ W1和W2处理无显著差异, ‘山农8355’ W1处理显著高于W2处理; 两品种W1处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均显著高于W2处理。‘山农15’ W1处理的籽粒产量和灌溉水利用效率分别显著低于和高于‘山农8355’的W1处理, 水分利用效率无显著差异; 两品种W2处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均无显著差异。(2)两品种总耗水量以W0处理最低, ‘山农15’ W1处理显著低于W2处理, ‘山农8355’两处理无显著差异; 两品种W1处理的土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于W2处理。‘山农15’ W1处理的总耗水量和灌水量占总耗水量的比例显著低于‘山农8355’, 土壤供水量占总耗水量的比例显著高于‘山农8355’; 两品种W2处理总耗水量, 土壤供水量及其占总耗水量的比例无显著差异。(3)两品种W1处理成熟期干物质积累量显著高于其他处理, W1处理提高了‘山农8355’开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率, 对‘山农15’无显著影响。‘山农15’ W1和W2处理成熟期干物质积累量显著低于‘山农8355’, 开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率、对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于‘山农8355’, 开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率低于‘山农8355’。综合考虑干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率, W1处理是两品种节水高产的最佳土壤相对含水量处理。

... 有研究表明, 随灌水量增加, 总耗水量增加, 灌水量占总耗水量比例提高, 降水量和土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量比例降低^[23,24] ...

2009

0.0

张胜全, 方保停, 王志敏, 周顺利, 张英华. 春灌模式对晚播冬小麦水分利用及产量形成的影响. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 2035-2044

Zhang S

, Fang B

, Wang Z

, Zhou S

, Zhang Y

Influence of different spring irrigation treatments on water use and yield formation of late-sowing winter wheat.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 2035-2044 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦耗水规律及高产高效灌溉制度,在大田条件下设置不灌水(W0)、1水(W1,拔节水)、2水(W2,拔节水+开花水)、3水(W3,起身水+孕穗水+ 开花水)和4水(W4,起身水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水)等五种春季灌溉模式,研究了不同灌溉模式下晚播冬小麦水分利用特征及产量形成特点。结果表明,在晚播且免浇冬水条件下,春季每增加750m3/hm2的灌溉水量则减少土壤水消耗量约440m3/hm2,增加小麦总耗水量约230m3/hm2;从播种到拔节,小麦阶段耗水强度低,此生育阶段控制灌溉可显著降低总耗水量;春季第一水推迟至拔节期可提高土壤水消耗量占总耗水量比例至50%,土壤水利用率增加;开花前仅灌一次拔节水可基本满足拔节-开花期耗水需要,其群体库容量与开花前灌起身水+孕穗水模式无显著差异,且由于相对降低了开花期群体叶面积,显著增加了群体粒叶比;晚播密植条件下,单位面积穗数是群体库容形成的主要贡献因素,在保证大库容建成条件下,灌浆期灌水会降低开花前贮藏物质向籽粒再转运比例,而后期控水可显著提高开花前贮藏物质再转运比例和对库容填充的贡献率,且较高的群体库源比增强了库对源的反馈促进作用,使花后单位叶面积的物质生产能力提高,这可补偿后期水分亏缺对叶片光合生产的不利影响。连续两年试验结果显示,晚播密植条件下,春季灌拔节水和开花水可以实现高产与水分高效利用的统一。

... 有研究表明, 随灌水量增加, 总耗水量增加, 灌水量占总耗水量比例提高, 降水量和土壤贮水消耗量占总耗水量比例降低^[23,24] ...

2009

0.0

杨晓亚, 于振文, 许振柱. 灌水量和灌水时期对小麦耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响. 生态学报, 2009, 29: 864-853

Yang X

, Yu Z

, Xu Z

Effects of irrigation regimes on water consumption characteristics and nitrogen accumulation and allocation in wheat.

Acta Ecol Sin, 2009, 29: 864-853 (in Chinese with English abstract)

摘　要：在田间试验条件下,以小麦品种济麦20为材料,研究了不同灌水处理对小麦的耗水特性和氮素积累分配的影响。试验设置7个处理：不浇水（W0）;拔节期和开花期浇水,每次灌水量为30mm（W1）、60mm（W2）、90mm（W3）;拔节期、开花期和灌浆期浇水,每次灌水量为30mm（W4）、60mm（W5）、90mm（W6）。研究结果表明：（1）随灌水量的增加,总耗水量逐渐增加,土壤耗水量和降水量占总耗水量的比例降低。产量和水分利用率最高的W2和W4处理总耗水量分别为413.87,362.15mm;灌溉量、降水量、土壤耗水量分别占总耗水量的比例为29%、36.34%、34.66%,24.85%、41.53%、33.62%;两个处理比较,W4处理提高了对降水的利用比例,但降低了对灌溉水的利用比例。通过对全生育期0～200cm不同土层土壤耗水量的研究得出,W0和W1处理的深层土壤耗水量较低,W3、W5、W6处理的0～200cm每个土层土壤耗水量均较低,对W2和W4处理,小麦能够利用120～200cm的深层土壤水分,其土壤贮水消耗量显著增加。（2）W2处理的籽粒氮素积累量较高,W1、W4处理籽粒中的氮素分配比例显著高于其它处理,有灌浆水的处理,尤其是灌浆水高于30mm的处理,营养器官氮素转移率和贡献率显著降低;W4处理的籽粒蛋白质含量较高,W2和W4处理的籽粒蛋白质产量显著高于其它处理。（3）籽粒产量随着灌水量的增加先升高后降低,其中W2和W4处理显著高于其它处理;W4处理的产量水分利用效率和蛋白质产量水分利用率显著高于其它处理。结果表明,W4为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌水处理。

... 这一研究结果与马兴华等^[18]、杨晓亚等^[25]在小麦上的研究结果基本相似 ...

2012

0.0

栗丽, 洪坚平, 王宏庭, 谢英荷, 张璐. 水氮互作对冬小麦耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响. 水土保持学报, 2012, 26(6): 291-296

, Hong J

, Wang H

, Xie Y

, Zhang

Effects of nitrogen and irrigation interaction on water consumption characteristics and use efficiency in water wheat.

J Soil Water Conserv, 2012, 26(6): 291-296 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 有研究表明, 灌拔节水和灌浆水会提高开花至成熟期的耗水模系数, 有利于提高生育后期的水分利用效率, 为促进籽粒灌浆和提高产量奠定基础^[26] ...

1998

0.0

张志国, 徐琪. 长期秸杆覆盖免耕对土壤某些理化性质及玉米产量的影响. 土壤学报, 1998, 35: 384-391

Zhang Z

, Xu

Influences of long-term mulched no-tillage treatment on some soil physical and chemical properties and corn yields.

Acta Pedol Sin, 1998, 35: 384-391 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 作物产量是一个系统管理水平与土壤生产力的综合反映, 也是农业持续发展的重要评价指标^[27] ...

2004

0.0

郭天财, 姚战军, 王晨阳, 王书丽, 罗毅. 水肥运筹对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响. 西北植物学报, 2004, 24: 1786-1791

Guo T

, Yao Z

, Wang C

, Wang S

, Luo

Effects of irrigation and fertilizer application regimes on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves and yield traits of wheat.

Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2004, 24: 1786-1791 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 说明, 在干旱内陆灌区水氮互作显著影响燕麦产量, 适量灌水与施肥有利于提高燕麦产量, 过量施氮或灌水导致作物增产幅度受到影响, 增施氮肥可补偿因灌水不足导致的籽粒产量降低, 与已有结果具有相似性^[28,29] ...

2005

0.0

翟丙年, 李生秀. 冬小麦水氮配合关键期和亏缺敏感期的确定. 中国农业科学, 2005, 38: 1188-1195

Zhai B

, Li S

Study on the key and sensitives stage of winter wheat responses to water and nitrogen coordination.

Sci Agric Sin, 2005, 38: 1188-1195 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Pot experiments were carried out to study the effect of nitrogen application on winter wheat under different status of soil moisture, so that the key and sensitive stage of winter wheat responses to water and nitrogen coordination were decided. The results showed that the application of N fertilizer was more effective at early stage than at late stage, and at the lower N rates than at the higher N rates under non-irrigated conditions, N treatment had greet effect on spikelet bearing number and grain number per spike, but had no effect on 1 000-grain weight. Grain yield and yield component responses to N treatment were greater under irrigated conditions than under non-irrigated conditions. The jointing stage was the key and sensitive stage of winter wheat responses to water and nitrogen coordination. The grain yield, grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight increased when water and N fertilizer were applied at this stage. The mechanism is that the growth and development, absorption and application of nitrogen, and root activities of winter wheat increased when fertilizer and water were applied at this stage.

通过盆栽试验研究了干旱胁迫和正常供水条件下施氮对冬小麦的效应，以期确定出其水氮配合的关键期和亏缺敏感期。结果表明，干旱胁迫条件下，氮肥早施比晚施好，低量氮肥比高量氮好。而且不同施氮处理对有效穗数和穗粒数的影响差异显著，但对千粒重无明显影响。水氮配合条件下，氮素的作用得到充分发挥，产量大幅度提高，而且对有效穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重都产生显著的影响。拔节期是冬小麦对水氮配合效应的关键期和亏缺敏感期。拔节期供水供肥可以显著地提高产量，同时增加穗粒数和千粒重。分析其机制发现拔节期供水供肥可以促进作物地上部的迅速生长和发育，增强作物吸收和利用氮素的能力，同时还可延缓根系衰老，保持后期旺盛的根系活力。

2013

0.0

栗丽, 洪坚平, 王宏庭, 谢英荷, 张璐. 水氮处理对冬小麦生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响. 应用生态学报, 2013, 24: 1367-1373

, Hong J

, Wang H

, Xie Y

, Zhang

Effects of watering and nitrogen fertilization on the growth, grain yield, and water- and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat.

Chin J Appl Ecol, 2013, 24: 1367-1373 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A field experiment with splitplot design was conducted to study the effects of watering, nitrogen fertilization, and their interactions on the growth, grain yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. Four watering levels (0, 900, 1200, and 1500 m 3 ·hm -2 ) in main plots and five nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 90, 150, 210, and 270 kg N·hm -2 ) in subplots were designed. The results showed that the grain yield, nitrogen absorption, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen productive efficiency of winter wheat increased with increasing level of watering, but the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen productive efficiency decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization level. The grain yield, nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen harvest index were increased with increasing nitrogen fertilization level when the nitrogen application rate was 0-150 kg N·hm -2 , but not further increased significantly when the nitrogen application rate exceeded 150 kg·hm -2 . With the increasing level of watering, the water consumption amount (WCA) and the total water use efficiency increased, while the proportion of precipitation and soil water supply to WCA as well as the irrigation water use efficiency decreased. With the increasing level of nitrogen fertilization, the proportion of precipitation and watering amount to WCA increased, that of soil water supply to WCA decreased, and the total water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency decreased after an initial increase, with no significant differences among the treatments of 150, 210, and 270 kg N·hm -2 . It was considered that under our experimental condition, 1500 m 3 ·hm -2 of watering amount plus 150 kg·hm -2  of nitrogen fertilization could be the optimal combination for the high yielding and high efficiency.

采用完全随机裂区设计，研究不同灌水(0、900、1200、1500 m 3 ·hm -2 )和施氮(0、90、150、210、270 kg·hm -2 )处理对田间冬小麦生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响.结果表明：冬小麦籽粒产量、氮素吸收量、氮肥利用效率和氮肥生产效率均随灌水量的增加而增加；氮肥利用效率和生产效率均随施氮量的增加而降低；施氮量在0~150 kg·hm -2 时，冬小麦籽粒产量、氮吸收量和氮收获指数随施氮量增加而增加，超过150 kg·hm -2 时不再显著增加；随灌水量的增加，冬小麦耗水量和整体水分利用效率增加，降水和土壤供水量占耗水量的比例及灌溉水利用效率降低；随施氮量的增加，降水和灌水量占耗水量的比例降低，土壤供水占耗水量的比例增加，整体水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率先增加后降低，且均在施氮150、210和270 kg·hm -2 处理间无显著差异.综合考虑各因素，本试验条件下，生育期灌水1500 m 3 ·hm -2 、施氮150 kg·hm -2 的处理为产量和效益兼优的最佳水氮组合.

... 小麦水分利用效率随灌溉水量的增加而降低, 但当灌溉水平较低时, 水分利用效率随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势^[30] ...

2010

0.0

宁东峰, 李志杰, 孙文彦, 马卫萍, 黄绍文, 赵秉强. 节水灌溉对黄淮海地区冬小麦水分消耗与光合特性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16: 852-858

Ning D

, Li Z

, Sun W

, Ma W

, Huang S

, Zhao B

Effects of water-saving irrigation on water consumption and photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat in Huan-Huai-Hai area of China.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2010, 16: 852-858 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2009. The objective of the research was to find effects of water-saving irrigation on water consumption, photosynthetic characteristic, grain yield and water use efficiency(WUE) of winter wheat. The results showed that, during sowing to jointing stages, under 42 mm precipitation condition, available water content of 0-40 cm soil layer decreased significantly, 0-40 cm soil layer of all treatments(except wintering and jointing treatment）was under serious water stress, while wintering and jointing treatment only under light water stress. Serious water stress before jointing stages remarkably affected root to absorb water in deep soil layer and photosynthetic rate of wheat in late stages. With increase of irrigation times, total water consumption increased, but the percentage of soil-water consumption and precipitation consumption decreased. Under light water stress condition, stomatal-conductivity decreased, consequently reduced transpiration rate, but preserved the net photosynthetic rate, so WUE of leaves increased. There was a conic relationship between grain yield, WUE and water consumption, but the two conics did not have the same variation tendency. A point of intersection at 360 mm water consumption was found which indicated the best combining site of grain yield and WUE. Grain yield of wintering and jointing treatment was 7753 kg/ha, which increased 40.2% compared to no irrigation treatment(W0). WUE of wintering and jointing treatment was 1.9 kg/m 3 , which did not differ with W0. To this effect, wintering and jointing treatment was the best water-saving and high yielding treatment under experimental conditions.

2008～2009年在大田试验条件下研究了节水灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明，小麦播种至拔节期，以消耗0—40 cm土层水分为主，在此期间42 mm降水条件下，不灌冻水处理在拔节前0—40 cm土层达到重度水分亏缺，灌冻水处理只为轻度水分亏缺。前期重度水分亏缺对后期根系吸收深层水分和旗叶光合速率起到显著影响。轻度水分亏缺条件下，气孔导度下降，蒸腾速率随之降低; 而光合速率可得以维持，单叶水分利用效率提高。随灌水次数增加，总耗水量加大，土壤水和降水的消耗比例显著降低。产量、WUE与耗水量均呈二次曲线关系，但变化趋势不一致，两曲线在耗水量360 mm处相交，为两者理论上最佳结合点。本试验中，冻水+拔节水处理产量最高，达到7753 kg/hm 2 ，比不灌水处理（W0）提高了40.2%，WUE值为1.9 kg/m 3 ，与W0处理差异不显著，为本试验的最优节水高产灌溉方案。

... 同一灌水水平下, 随着施氮量的增加燕麦水分利用效率亦逐渐增加, 这一结果与在小麦上的研究结果^[31,32]相似 ...

2006

0.0

... 同一灌水水平下, 随着施氮量的增加燕麦水分利用效率亦逐渐增加, 这一结果与在小麦上的研究结果^[31,32]相似 ...

2005

0.0

尹光华, 刘作新, 李桂芳, 梁海军, 蔡崇光. 辽西半干旱区春小麦氮磷水耦合产量效应研究. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(1): 41-45

Yin G

, Liu Z

, Li G

, Liang H

, Cai C

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and water coupling on spring wheat yield in semi-arid areas of western Liaoning province.

Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(1): 41-45 (in Chinese with English abstract)

... 已有研究也表明, 适量水肥组合的效应大于高水高肥和低水低肥组合, 水肥互作效应最大的为氮与水的耦合^[33] ...

2004

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... 本研究仅限于讨论不同水氮条件对燕麦耗水特性及产量的影响, 未对氮素利用进行研究, 而有研究报道, 作物水氮利用效率(率)峰值与作物产量峰值并非完全吻合^[34,35], 氮肥利用率随灌水量递增而提高, 随施氮量递增而降低^[36,37] ...

2004

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2011

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谢志良, 田长彦. 膜下滴灌水氮耦合对棉花干物质积累和氮素吸收及水氮利用效率的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 160-165

Xie Z

, Tian C

Coupling effects of water and nitrogen on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and water-nitrogen use efficiency of cotton under mulched drip irrigation.

Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 160-165 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Field trials were conducted to study the coupling effects of water and nitrogen on nitrogen uptake and dry matter accumulation of cotton at different growth stages, lint yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency. Cottons were grown under three nitrogen application levels and two irrigation levels making six combination treatments. The results show that during the flowering and boll-setting stage, water and nitrogen supply can promote root and shoot growth of cotton. At the boll opening stage, nitrogen supply has no effects on above-ground biomass, while root dry weight is maximum at the 276 kg/ha nitrogen application level under water stress. Root dry weight is reduced with the nitrogen supply, and the above-ground dry weight and nutrient uptake are maximum at the 276 kg/ha nitrogen level under sufficient water supply. From the flowering and boll setting stage to the boll opening stage, too much nitrogen supply can inhibit root and shoot dry matter accumulation. The highest points of lint yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency are different. The lint yield and nitrogen use efficiency are increased, water use efficiency is decreased under the increase of irrigation amount. Under water stress, nitrogen supply has no effects on lint yield, but nitrogen use efficiency is decreased and water use efficiency is increased when the nitrogen level is increased. Under sufficient water supply, the lint yield is maximum at the 276 kg/ha nitrogen level. The water-nitrogen coupling N 276 W 600 obtains maximum lint yield, and relatively high water-nitrogen use efficiency.

在膜下滴灌条件下，设3个氮素水平和2个水分水平，研究了水氮耦合对棉花干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量、水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明，增加水分或氮素供应，花铃期根冠生物量和氮素吸收增加; 增加灌水量，吐絮期地上部干物质和氮素积累量增加，根干物质积累量在低氮或高氮下增加，中氮降低; 产量和氮素利用效率增加，水分利用效率下降。水分胁迫条件下，增加氮素的供应吐絮期地上部干物质、氮素积累量、产量差异不大，根干物质积累量以N 276 处理最高，氮素利用率下降，水分利用率增加。水分充分条件下，增加氮素的供应吐絮期根干物质下降，地上部干物质、氮素积累、产量和水氮利用效率以N 276 处理最高。水分不足或高氮限制了干物质在花铃期至吐絮期的积累、导致棉花提早衰退，引起产量下降。

2006

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