测墒补灌条件下高产小麦品种水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配

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高春华, 于振文, 石玉, 张永丽, 赵俊晔. 测墒补灌条件下高产小麦品种水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配. 作物学报, 2013, 39(12): 2211-2219[GAO Chun-Hua, YU Zhen-Wen, SHI Yu, ZHANG Yong-Li, ZHAO Jun-Ye. Characteristics of Water Use and Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution in Different High-yielding Wheat Cultivars under Supplemental Irrigation Based on Soil Moisture. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2013, 39(12): 2211-2219] 复制到剪切板

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测墒补灌条件下高产小麦品种水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配

高春华^1,², 于振文¹, 石玉^1,^*, 张永丽¹, 赵俊晔³

¹ 山东农业大学农业部作物生理生态与栽培重点开放实验室, 山东泰安 271018

² 德州市农业科学研究院, 山东德州 253051

³ 中国农业科学院农业信息研究所, 北京 100081

^＊通讯作者(Corresponding author): 石玉, E-mail:shiyu@sdau.edu.cn, Tel: 0538-8241484

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:chunhuaaa009@163.com

收稿日期:2013-07-25

基金:本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(31171498), 山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2011CQ014), 高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金(新教师类) (20123702120014)和山东农业大学博士基金项目资助。

摘要

2007—2009年连续2个小麦生长季, 利用测墒补灌技术, 设置0~140 cm土壤相对含水量低(拔节期65%, 开花期55%~60%)、中(拔节期75%, 开花期65%~70%)、高(拔节期75%, 开花期75%) 3个处理, 比较了14个小麦生产品种的水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配的差异。以小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标的聚类分析, 将14个小麦品种分为3组, 分别是超高产高水分利用率组(I组)、超高产中水分利用率组(II组)和高产低水分利用率组(III组)。比较各组代表品种的耗水量、耗水模系数及日耗水量, 播种至拔节期山农15 (I组)显著低于济麦22 (II组)和烟农21 (III组), 拔节至开花期山农15显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 开花至成熟期品种间无显著差异。在中水分条件下, 山农15的土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 而在低和高水分条件下, 3个品种无显著差异。在中、高水分条件下, 山农15开花期的干物质积累量显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 成熟期与济麦22无显著差异, 但显著高于烟农21; 营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于济麦22和烟农21; 3个品种的经济系数以山农15最大, 济麦22次之, 烟农21最小。

关键词: 测墒补灌; 产量; 水分利用率; 干物质积累与分配

Characteristics of Water Use and Dry Matter Accumulation and Distribution in Different High-yielding Wheat Cultivars under Supplemental Irrigation Based on Soil Moisture

GAO Chun-Hua^1,², YU Zhen-Wen¹, SHI Yu^1,^*, ZHANG Yong-Li¹, ZHAO Jun-Ye³

¹ Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

² Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Dezhou City, Dezhou 253051, China

³ Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.

Abstract

Water shortage is a serious problem threatening sustainable agricultural development in the North China Plain, where winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the largest water-consuming crop. The objective of this study was to guide wheat production in this area by selecting high water efficient cultivar and improving irrigation regime. In a two-year field experiment from autumn of 2007 to summer of 2009, irrigation quantum was controlled based on testing soil moisture (SM) in 0-140 cm depth, which was designed in low (SM of 65% at jointing and 55%-60% at anthesis stage), medium (SM of 75% at jointing and 65%-70% at anthesis stage), and high (SM of 75% at jointing and 75% at anthesis stage) levels. Water use efficiency (WUE), dry matter accumulation and distribution in wheat plant, and grain yield were tested and compared among 14 commercial cultivars. Based on grain yield and WUE, the 14 cultivars were clustered into three groups, namely, super-high yield and high WUE group (I), super-high yield and medium WUE group (II), and high yield and low WUE group (III). One representative cultivar was selected from each group to compare the amount and proportion of water consumption during sowing-jointing, jointing-anthesis, and anthesis-maturity periods. Shannong 15 from group I had significantly lower water consumption from sowing to jointing than Jimai 22 from group II and Yannong 21 from group III, and significantly higher water consumption from jointing to anthesis. However, water consumption amount and proportion had no significant differences among the three cultivars from anthesis to maturity. Under medium SM condition, soil water consumption in Shannong 15 was significantly higher than that in Jimai 22 and Yannong 21, but such advantage in Shannong 15 disappeared under high SM condition. Under medium and high SM conditions, translocation amount and ratio of dry matter accumulated before anthesis and its contribution to grain were significantly higher in Shannong 15 than in Jimai 22 and Yannong 21. Among the three cultivars, harvest index was the highest in Shannong 15, the medium in Jimai 22, and the lowest in Yannong 21.

Keyword: Irrigation based on testing soil moisture; Yield; Water use efficiency; Dry matter accumulation and distribution

Show Figures

我国人均水资源拥有量为世界平均值的1/4, 是世界上13个严重缺水的国家之一^{[ 1]}。华北小麦主产区水资源的严重匮乏已经成为该地区小麦生产的主要限制因素, 如何合理利用有限的水资源、减少灌溉用水、提高水分利用率是小麦生产迫切需要解决的问题^{[ 2]}。研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^{[ 3, 4, 5]}、灌水时期^{[ 6, 7]}、灌水方法^{[ 8, 9]}形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的。

水高效生理和遗传机制在不同小麦品种间差异较大^{[ 10, 11]}, 小麦籽粒产量差异可达44.9%, 水分利用率差异为42.2%^{[ 12]}。多穗型小麦品种叶片对籽粒产量的贡献大于大穗型品种^{[ 13]}, 大穗型品种在灌浆中后期比多穗型品种具有更强的淀粉合成能力, 但对水分较为敏感^{[ 14]}。旱地品种一般在不灌溉条件下水分利用率较高; 水旱兼用型品种在灌溉较少(返青后灌水1次)条件下水分利用率最大; 而水地品种则一般在充分灌溉(返青后灌水2~3次)条件下, 水分利用率和产量协同达到最优^{[ 15]}。

节水灌溉是华北平原小麦高产栽培中推广的关键技术之一, 但是高产条件下不同水浇地品种在各生育阶段的耗水特性、水分利用率及干物质积累与分配的差异尚不清楚。本试验以生产中推广的14个小麦品种为材料, 采用测墒补灌的方法, 研究不同高产品种的水分利用特性及干物质积累与分配的差异, 为小麦生产中选择高产和水分利用率高的品种、完善高产节水栽培技术体系提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况

山东泰安山东农业大学试验农场地处暖温带大陆性半湿润季风气候, 年均气温13℃, 年均降水量675.3 mm。试验地为沙壤土, 小麦播种前0~20 cm土层含有机质1.36%、全氮0.85%、碱解氮79.40 mg kg^-1、速效磷38.20 mg kg^-1、速效钾80.00 mg kg^-1。0~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100、100~120、120~140、140~160、160~180和180~200 cm土层土壤田间持水量分别为25.92%、25.11%、24.35%、25.20%、24.56%、24.05%、24.98%、24.87%、25.01%和24.76%, 土壤容重分别为1.51、1.52、1.54、1.56、1.55、1.57、1.57、1.58、1.59和1.59 g cm^-3。

1.2 试验材料

2007—2008年度小麦生长季, 选用14个山东省选育的生产品种, 分别是良星99、烟农21、烟2415、烟5158、烟5286、山农15、洲元9369、济麦22、泰9818、临麦4号、汶农6号、潍麦8号、聊麦19和山农8355。以籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标, 对这14个品种作聚类分析, 将其分为3组。2008— 2009年度每组选择1个代表性品种(山农15、济麦22和烟农21)作进一步试验。

1.3 试验设计

按0~140 cm土壤平均相对含水量设置低土壤含水量(LSM)、中土壤含水量(MSM)和高土壤含水量(HSM) 3个水分处理, 两年度自然降水和灌溉量见表1。用土钻取0~200 cm土层, 每20 cm为一层, 将样品立即装入铝盒, 称鲜质量; 然后110℃烘干至恒质量, 称干质量。土壤质量含水量(%) = (土壤鲜质量-土壤干质量)/土壤干质量×100; 土壤相对含水量(%) = 土壤质量含水量/田间持水量×100; 用环刀法^{[ 16]}测定田间持水量。灌水量(mm)由 m =10 × ρb× H× ( β_i - β_j)计算得出^{[ 17]}, 式中 m为灌水量(mm), H为该时段土壤计划湿润层的深度(本试验为140 cm), ρb为计划湿润层内土壤容重(g cm^-3), β_i为设计含水量(田间持水量乘以目标相对含水量), β_j为自然含水量, 即灌溉前土壤含水量。用水表计灌水量。

表1 2007-2008和2008-2009两年度自然降水量和灌溉量 Table 1 Precipitations and irrigation quantities in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 wheat growing seasons (mm)

生育阶段 Growing period		2007-2008	2008-2009
降水量 Precipitation
播种-越冬前 Sowing-before overwintering		28.3	14.8
越冬前-返青 Before overwintering-regreening		15.1	10.9
返青-拔节 Regreening-jointing		17.7	18.0
拔节-开花 Jointing-anthesis		68.2	54.0
开花-成熟 Anthesis-maturity		40.5	47.0
灌水量 Irrigation
LSM	拔节期 Jointing	0	0
	开花期 Anthesis	0	0
MSM	拔节期 Jointing	53.8-65.8^a)	66.6-70.3^c)
	开花期 Anthesis	0	0
HSM	拔节期 Jointing	53.8-65.8^a)	66.6-70.3^c)
	开花期 Anthesis	53.3-63.6^b)	27.1-40.0^d)

低(LSM)、中(MSM)、高土壤含水量(HSM)处理均为0~140 cm土壤平均相对含水量, 2007-2008年度依次为拔节期65%+开花期55%、拔节期75%+开花期65%和拔节期75%+开花期75%, 2008-2009年度依次为拔节期65%+开花期60%、拔节期75%+开花期70%和拔节期75%+开花期75%。2007-2008年度, MSM处理的开花期自然含水量已达到设计要求(65%), 所以开花期未补灌。2008-2009年度, MSM处理开花期土壤含水量高于上年度设计水平, 是由于该年度开花期前降雨导致开花期土壤相对含水量较高, 不补灌也达到70%。2007-2008年度, 14个品种(良星99、烟农21、烟2415、烟5158、烟5286、山农15、洲元9369、济麦22、泰9818、临麦4号、汶农6号、潍麦8号、聊麦19和山农8355)的实际灌水量分别为^a) 65.8、61.1、58.4、59.9、53.8、57.3、65.3、61.1、59.9、65.3、53.8、60.2、61.1和58.4 mm;^b) 56.8、56.8、55.6、55.6、57.7、57.5、58.9、63.6、53.3、57.7、57.5、56.8、56.8和57.6 mm。2008-2009年度, 3个品种(山农15、济麦22和烟农21)的实际灌水量分别为^c) 66.6、70.3和67.0 mm;^d) 40.0、31.7和27.1 mm。

Low (LSM), medium (MSM), and high soil moisture (HSM) treatments were designed according to the relative soil water content in 0-140 soil layers, with soil moisture (SM) at joining + anthesis of 65% + 55%, 75% + 65%, and 75% +75% in 2007-2008 growing season and 65% + 60%, 75% + 70%, and 75% + 75% in 2008-2009 growing season, respectively. In the 2007-2008 growing season, zero irrigation was conducted at anthesis stage in MSM treatment because natural SM had reached the designed level (65%). The designed SM at anthesis in 2008-2009 was higher than that in 2007-2008, because precipitation occurred before anthesis, which resulted in SM of 70% without supplementary irrigation. The actual amounts of irrigation for 14 cultivars (Liangxing 99, Yannong 21, Yan 2415, Yan 5158, Yan 5286, Shannong 15, Zhouyuan 9369, Jimai 22, Tai 9818, Linmai 4, Wennong 6, Weimai 8, Liaomai 19, and Shannong 8355) used in 2007-2008 were^a) 65.8, 61.1, 58.4, 59.9, 53.8, 57.3, 65.3, 61.1, 59.9, 65.3, 53.8, 60.2, 61.1, and 58.4 mm, respectively;^b) 56.8, 56.8, 55.6, 55.6, 57.7, 57.5, 58.9, 63.6, 53.3, 57.7, 57.5, 56.8, 56.8, and 57.6 mm, respectively. The actual amounts of irrigation for 3 cultivars (Shannong 15, Jimai 22, and Yannong 21) used in 2008-2009 were^c) 66.6, 70.3, and 67.0 mm, respectively;^d) 40.0, 31.7, and 27.1 mm, respectively.

表1 2007-2008和2008-2009两年度自然降水量和灌溉量 Table 1 Precipitations and irrigation quantities in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 wheat growing seasons (mm)

采用裂区设计, 主区为土壤相对含水量, 副区为品种, 小区间设1.0 m隔离区, 小区面积均为4 m × 4 m=16 m², 3次重复。2007年10月10日播种, 2008年6月10日收获; 2008年10月8日播种, 2009年6月10日收获。四叶期定苗至195株 m^-2。两年度均在播种前施纯氮105 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 112.5 kg hm^-2和K₂O 112.5 kg hm^-2, 拔节期开沟追施纯氮135 kg hm^-2。生长期按当地高产田进行田间管理。

1.4 耗水量计算方法

测定0~200 cm土层土壤水分含量变化, 根据SPAC理论用农田水分平衡法^{[ 18]}计算耗水量。

作物生育期耗水量:

ETα= P+ U- R- F+ ΔW + I (1)

式中, ΔW为土壤贮水消耗量; P为该时段降水量(mm); U为地下水通过毛管作用上移补给作物水量(mm); R为地表径流量(mm); F为补给地下水量(mm); I为灌水量(mm)。本试验地块地势平坦, 地下水埋深5 m以下, 降水入渗深度不超过2 m, 因此 U、 R、 F均为0; 本试验以20 cm为一个土壤层次。

(2)

式中, i为土层编号; n为总土层数; γ_i为第 i层土壤容重; H_i为第 i层土壤厚度; θ_i₁和 θ_i₂为第 i层土壤时段初和时段末的含水量, 以占干土重的百分数计; I为时段内的灌水量; P为该时段内的降水量。

1.5 干物质转运和水分利用率计算方法

开花期按叶、茎+叶鞘和穗取样, 成熟期按叶、茎+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳和籽粒取样, 3次重复, 75℃烘至恒重, 称干重, 计算同化物转运量和转运率^{[ 19]}。营养器官开花前贮藏同化物转运量=开花期干重-成熟期干重; 营养器官开花前贮藏同化物转运率(%) = (开花期干重-成熟期干重)/开花期干重×100; 开花后同化物输入籽粒量=成熟期籽粒干重-营养器官花前贮藏物质转运量; 对籽粒产量的贡献率(%) =开花前营养器官贮藏物质转运量/成熟期籽粒干重× 100。水分利用率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1) = 籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)/作物全生育期耗水量(mm)^{[ 20]}。

1.6 数据分析

用Microsoft Excel 2003处理数据和绘图, 用DPS7.5软件进行数据统计分析和差异显著性检验, 用DPS7.5数据分析软件进行数据标准化转化, 根据欧氏距离的大小, 运用最长距离法, 对供试品种作聚类分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同小麦品种籽粒产量及水分利用率的差异

以2007—2008年度生长季籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标, 通过聚类分析将14个品种分成3组(图1), 分别是超高产高水分利用率组(I)、超高产中水分利用率组(II)和高产低水分利用率组(III)。本文将单产超过9000 kg hm^-2的品种称为超高产品种^{[ 21]}, 单产7500~9000 kg hm^-2的称为高产品种。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图1 基于籽粒产量和水分利用率的品种聚类图I: 超高产高水分利用率组; II: 超高产中水分利用率组; III: 高产低水分利用率组。Fig. 1 Dendrogram of wheat cultivars based on grain yield and water use efficiencyI: super-high yield and high WUE group; II: super-high yield and medium WUE group; III: high yield and low WUE group.

随开花期土壤相对含水量增加, 水分利用率呈降低的趋势。I和III组品种的籽粒产量平均值在MSM和HSM处理间无显著差异, 均显著高于LSM处理; 而II组各品种籽粒产量则表现为HSM > MSM > LSM, 处理间有显著差异(表2)。表明不同组别获得超高产或高产的需水特性存在差异, I组在开花期土壤含水量较低条件下即能获得超高产, 而II组开花期要求的土壤相对含水量较高。

2008—2009年度, 对3个代表性品种的籽粒产量和水分利用率进行了测定, 其结果趋势与上年度相同(表3), 因此以这3个品种分别代表其所在组进行水分利用特性及干物质积累分配的分析。

表2 不同小麦品种籽粒产量和水分利用率(2007-2008) Table 2 Grain yield and water use efficiency of different wheat cultivars in 2007-2008

表3 不同小麦品种籽粒产量和水分利用率(2008-2009) Table 3 Grain yield and water use efficiency of different wheat cultivars in 2008-2009

2.2 不同小麦品种耗水量的水分来源及其占总耗水量的比例

随开花期土壤相对含水量增加, 3个品种均表现为总耗水量增加, 土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例降低, 灌溉水占总耗水量的比例增加(表4), 表明降低开花期土壤相对含水量有利于小麦利用降水和土壤贮水。

在LSM和HSM条件下, 3个品种的总耗水量及土壤水消耗量占总耗水量的比例均无显著差异; 在MSM条件下, 山农15的总耗水量、土壤水消耗量及占总耗水量的比例均显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 表明在MSM条件下, 山农15有较高的利用土壤贮水能力。

表4 不同小麦品种的耗水来源及其占总耗水量的比例(2008-2009) Table 4 Source of water consumed during wheat growth and its proportion to total water consumption in different cultivars in 2008-2009

2.3 不同小麦品种各生育阶段的耗水量、耗水模系数和日耗水量

不同处理播种至拔节期的耗水量和日耗水量无显著差异, 耗水模系数为LSM>MSM>HSM; 拔节至开花期, 耗水量、耗水模系数和日耗水量在MSM和HSM处理间无显著差异, 显著高于LSM处理; 开花至成熟期的耗水量、耗水模系数和日耗水量均为HSM处理最高(表5)。不同土壤相对含水量对3个品种的拔节至开花期和开花至成熟期耗水特性的调控效应不同, 可能是导致不同品种各处理的总耗水量不同的主要原因。

在同一处理中, 山农15播种至拔节期的耗水量、耗水模系数及日耗水量显著低于济麦22和烟农21, 拔节至开花期显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 开花至成熟期与济麦22和烟农21无显著差异(表5)。表明不同品种在各个生育阶段的耗水强度存在差异, 山农15拔节前耗水量少, 拔节至开花期通过高效吸收土壤贮水提高了耗水量, 有利于此阶段小花的成熟发育, 防止小花退化, 提高山农15的分蘖成穗率和穗粒数。

表5 不同品种小麦各生育阶段的耗水量、耗水模系数和日耗水量(2008-2009) Table 5 Water consumption amount, water consumption percentage and water consumption per day of different wheat cultivates in different growing periods in 2008-2009

2.4 不同小麦品种干物质积累及分配

3个品种开花期和成熟期干物质积累量均为MSM和HSM处理无显著差异, 显著高于LSM处理。山农15和烟农21的经济系数为LSM>MSM> HSM, 处理间差异显著; 济麦22为LSM显著高于MSM和HSM处理, MSM和HSM处理间无显著差异(表6)。表明灌溉降低了成熟期干物质积累量向籽粒的分配比例。随开花期土壤相对含水量提高, 营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率均显著降低, 表现为LSM> MSM>HSM, 开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率则相反。表明提高开花期土壤相对含水量促进了开花后干物质积累及向籽粒转运, 不利于开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运。

表6 不同品种小麦花后营养器官干物质积累量和干物质再分配量(2008-2009) Table 6 Dry matter accumulation and translocation amount of vegetative organ after anthesis in different wheat cultivars in 2008-2009

在LSM条件下, 山农15和济麦22开花期和成熟期干物质积累量均显著高于烟农21; MSM和HSM条件下, 山农15开花期干物质积累量显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 成熟期则表现为山农15和济麦22显著高于烟农21。LSM条件下, 经济系数为山农15>烟农21>济麦22, MSM和HSM条件下, 经济系数为山农15>济麦22>烟农21, 各品种差异显著(表6), 表明产量和水分利用率高的品种其经济系数亦较高。各水分处理下, 山农15营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率则相反。表明山农15开花期和成熟期均具有较高的干物质积累量, 经济系数较高, 且开花期前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运能力较强, 为其获得超高产奠定了物质基础。

综合分析耗水特性可见, 拔节至开花期耗水量较高的品种山农15, 开花期干物质积累量亦较高, 此类品种可通过提高开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和经济系数获得高产, 达到节水高产的目的。本试验条件下, 综合考虑籽粒的产量、水分利用率及灌水量, I组的品种为超高产节水品种, MSM处理是节水高产的最优处理。

3 讨论

已有很多试验探讨小麦节水高产的灌水量和灌水次数^{[ 12, 22, 23, 24, 25]}。研究表明, 在一定范围内增加灌水量具有增产效应, 但过多灌水导致籽粒产量和水分利用率显著降低^{[ 24, 25]}。表明在一定灌水量范围内, 产量和水分利用率有一个最佳值, 且不同品种获得最佳值时的灌水量和灌水次数不同^{[ 12]}。樊廷录等^{[ 26]}用12个旱地品种研究, 发现不同品种产量和水分利用率存在显著差异, 冯广龙和刘昌明^{[ 27]}指出根系的分布与发育显著影响小麦品种的水分利用率。水分利用率与产量呈正相关, 种植具有较高产量潜力的品种是提高水分利用率并达到节水效果的一种有效途径^{[ 28]}。在华北地区, 正常年(全生育期降水量140 mm)小麦全生育期灌溉60 mm、干旱年(全生育期降水量73.8 mm)灌溉150 mm、丰水年(全生育期降水量 200.8 mm)不灌水可获得较高的产量和水分利用率^{[ 29]}。本试验以14个水浇地小麦品种为试验材料, 在小麦全生育期降水量169.8 mm条件下, 利用测墒补灌的方法, 将其聚类分为3组, 其中超高产高水分利用率组(I组)山农15、临麦4号等在MSM条件下获得较高产量和水分利用率, 超高产中水分利用率组(II组)济麦22、汶农6号等在HSM条件下获得较高产量, 高产低水分利用率组(III组)烟农21、良星99等则在MSM条件下产量和水分利用率较高, 但显著低于I组和II组。本研究明确了I组在MSM条件下获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 为选用节水高产小麦品种及其获得节水高产的适宜土壤相对含水量的调控提供了依据。不同年际间小麦各生育时期降水量不同对小麦产量和水分利用效率也产生显著影响, 有待进一步研究。

在高产条件下, 冬小麦的产量和耗水量之间呈非线性关系^{[ 30, 31]}, Li等^{[ 32]}认为在中等干旱条件下冬小麦耗水量大幅度下降, 而产量下降幅度较小, 有利于水分利用率的提高。不同小麦品种比较, 在灌水条件相同时品种间全生育期耗水量无显著差异, 产量和水分利用率差异显著^{[ 33]}; 另有研究指出, 即使全生育期的总耗水量相同, 各生长阶段的分配比例不同, 产量亦不相同^{[ 34]}, 节水抗旱型小麦耗水动态与喜肥型品种相似, 表现前期耗水少, 中后期耗水多的特点^{[ 35]}。本试验结果表明, 不同品种间的总耗水量及阶段耗水量均存在差异, 在相同灌水条件下, 山农15和济麦22的总耗水量显著高于烟农21; 山农15拔节前耗水少, 拔节至开花期耗水量较高, 开花至成熟期, 与济麦22和烟农21无显著差异, 表明山农15前期耗水少, 中后期耗水多, 有利于穗器官的发育和籽粒的充分灌浆, 是其获得节水高产的主要原因。山农15拔节至开花期耗水量较高主要是因为其利用了较多的土壤贮水, 这是否与此类品种的生长特性和根系分布有关, 有待进一步研究。

小麦在某些生育时期水分相对不足或有限亏缺, 有利于同化物向籽粒转运, 提高经济系数^{[ 36]}, 灌浆期水分亏缺可促进营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的再转运^{[ 22, 37]}。在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉条件下, 产量和水分利用率的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的净光合速率和光合功能持续期, 促进花前储存碳库的再转运, 显著提高了经济系数^{[ 38]}。例如, 与西风20相比, 抗旱品种石家庄8号能够在较强干旱胁迫下生产较高的干物质获得高产^{[ 29]}。本研究结果为, MSM和HSM条件下, 山农15的开花期干物质积累量显著高于济麦22和烟农21, 成熟期则表现为山农15和济麦22显著高于烟农21, 经济系数为山农15>济麦22>烟农21。表明山农15在开花期土壤相对含水量为65%~70%条件下, 开花期和成熟期较高的干物质积累量、较高经济系数和较高的营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率, 是其获得节水高产的主要原因。

4 结论

以小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标, 将14个小麦品种分为超高产高水分利用率组(I组)、超高产中水分利用率组(II组)和高产低水分利用率组(III组)。在MSM条件下, I组品种山农15的土壤贮水消耗量及占总耗水量的比例、拔节至开花期的耗水量、开花期干物质积累量、经济系数以及开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量均显著高于II组品种济麦22和III组品种烟农21。在本试验条件下, I组品种为超高产节水品种, MSM处理是节水高产的最优处理。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2006

0.0

1.4522

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 2006, 39(5):947 - 951

The Connotation and Extension of Agricultural Water Resources Security

农业水资源安全的定义及其内涵和外延

,,,

刘布春,梅旭荣,李玉中,杨有禄

土肥所

The objective of this paper is defining the term of agricultural water resources security, its connotation and extension. The definitions of water security, water resources security and water environment security were summarized, and their relations were differentiated and analyzed. Based on these, the elements of the conception of agricultural water resources security were hashed and the conception was defined. Agricultural water resources security should be that water resource provision ensures agriculture against threat, hazard, harm and losing. Moreover, the connotation and extension of agricultural water resources security were ascertained. In detail, the connotation of the definition has natural attributes, socioeconomic attributes and human cultural attributes. The extensions include broad and narrow sense, as well as, food security, agro-environmental security, agro-economic security, rural society security, etc due to agricultural water resources security. The definition will be the frame of reference for developing the researches, limiting the frame of the theory, and founding a appraising system for agricultural water resources security.

为了给农业水资源安全下一个比较明确的定义，同时给出这一定义的内涵和外延，本文在综述水安全、水资源安全、水环境安全3个概念不同的定义，辨析它们之间关系的基础上，推敲了农业水资源安全概念的组成要素，得出农业水资源安全应该是水资源的供应保障农业不受威胁，没有危险、危害和损失。这一定义的内涵包括农业水资源安全的自然属性、社会经济属性和人文属性3个方面。其外延涉及广义和狭义的农业水资源安全，以及由农业水资源安全引发的粮食安全、农业生态环境安全、农业经济安全、农村社会安全等。定义这一概念可以为开展农业水资源安全研究、确定农业水资源安全的理论框架、建立农业水资源安全评价体系提供一定的理论参考。

... 我国人均水资源拥有量为世界平均值的1/4, 是世界上13个严重缺水的国家之一^[1] ...

2004

1.429

1.1273

Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2004, (12):1 - 7

New ideas and development tendency of theory for water saving in modern agriculture and ecology

现代农业与生态节水的理论创新及研究重点

康绍忠^[1];胡笑涛^[2];蔡焕杰^[2];冯绍元^[3]

本文分析了现代农业与生态节水理论研究的发展态势和热点问题及我国农业与生态节水理论创新滞后而严重制约农业与生态节水工作正常开展的状况.提出了我国农业与生态节水理论创新的总体目标,分析了创新的技术难点,提出了重大研究课题.

... 华北小麦主产区水资源的严重匮乏已经成为该地区小麦生产的主要限制因素, 如何合理利用有限的水资源、减少灌溉用水、提高水分利用率是小麦生产迫切需要解决的问题^[2] ...

0.0

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

2009

2.474

0.0

. 2009, 114(2):263â271-null

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 63(1):37â56-null

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

2011

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2011, 22(10):2517 - 2523

Effects of different irrigation modes on winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency.

不同灌水模式对冬小麦籽粒产量和水、氮利用效率的影响

MEN Hong-wen, ZHANG Qiu, DAI Xing-long, CAO Qian, WANG Cheng-yu, ZHOU Xiao-hu, HE Ming-rong

门洪文,张秋,代兴龙,曹倩,王成雨,周晓虎,贺明荣**

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China

Taking the widely planted winter wheat cultivar Tainong 18 as test material, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different irrigation modes on the winter wheat grain yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency in drier year (2009-2010) in Tai’an City of Shandong Province, China. Five treatments were installed,i.e., irrigation before sowing (CK), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stage (W₁), irrigation before sowing and at jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage (W₂), irrigation before sowing and at jointing and flowering stages (optimized traditional irrigation mode, W₃), and irrigation before sowing and at over-wintering, jointing, and milking stages (traditional irrigation mode, W₄). The irrigation amount was 600 m³·hm^-2 one time. Under the condition of 119.7 mm precipitation in the winter wheat growth season, no significant difference was observed in the grain yield between treatments W₂ and W₄, but the water use efficiency was significantly higher in W₂ than in W₄. Comparing with treatment W₃, treatments W₂ and W₄ had obviously higher grain yield, but the water use efficiency had no significant difference. The partial factor productivity from N fertilization was the highest in W₂ and W₄, and the NO₃^--N accumulation amount in 0-100 cm soil layer at harvest was significantly higher in W₂ than in W₃ and W₄, suggesting that W₂ could reduce NO₃^--N leaching loss. Under the conditions of our experiment, irrigation before sowing and jointing stages and at over-wintering stage with alternative irrigation at milking stage was the optimal irrigation mode in considering both the grain yield and the water- and nitrogen use efficiency.

在田间试验条件下，以冬小麦品种泰农18为材料，设置灌底墒水(CK)、底墒水+拔节水(W₁)、底墒水+拔节水+越冬水与灌浆水交替灌溉(越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式, W₂)、底墒水+拔节水+开花水(优化传统灌溉模式, W₃)、底墒水+越冬水+拔节水+灌浆水(传统灌溉模式, W₄)5种灌溉模式，每处理每次灌水量均为600 m³·hm^-2，研究了山东泰安偏旱年份（2009—2010年）不同灌溉模式对小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明：在小麦全生育期119.7 mm降水量条件下，越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W₂)与传统灌溉模式(W₄)籽粒产量差异不显著，但水分利用效率显著高于传统灌溉模式，与灌水量相同的优化传统灌溉模式(W₃)相比，其小麦籽粒产量明显提高，水分利用效率无显著差异；越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式和传统灌溉模式的氮肥偏生产力最高，且籽粒收获后越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式在0～100 cm土层的硝态氮积累量显著高于传统灌溉模式和优化传统灌溉模式，降低了硝态氮的淋溶损失.在本试验条件下，越冬/灌浆水交替灌溉模式(W₂)是可以兼顾小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的最佳灌溉模式.

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

2011

0.0

0.7823

Chin Agric Bull. 2011, (9):314 - 319

Influence of Limited Supplemental Irrigation at Different Periods (Stages) on Wheat Yield,Water Use Efficiency and Economic Efficiency

不同生育期(阶段)有限补灌对小麦产量、水分利用效率及经济效率的影响

ZhiHuming^[1];LiuJianhua^[2]

支虎明^[1];刘建华^[2]

为高效利用灌溉水资源,提高灌溉水水分利用效率和水分经济效率,在山西临汾采用随机区组设计方法研究了不同年型各生育期(阶段)有限补灌对产量、水分利用效率及经济效率的影响.结果表明:2个年型(正常和干旱)条件下:各生育阶段灌水处理的平均产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水水分经济效率均表现为冬前灌水＞春季灌水＞后期灌水;各生育时期灌水处理的平均产量和灌溉水水分经济效率均表现为冬水＞孕穗水＞拔节水＞扬花水＞返青水＞起身水＞灌浆水＞对照(不补灌),水分利用效率为冬水＞孕穗水＞扬花水＞返青水＞起身水＞拔节水＞灌浆水＞对照(不补灌).降雨正常年型各生育阶段灌水处理的平均产量、水分利用效率均高于干旱年型,而干旱年型灌溉水水分经济效率却高于正常年型.此项研究同时明确了各生育期灌水处理的土壤水分动态.该项研究为发展半旱地农业提供了理论和技术支撑.

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

1989

0.0

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

2010

0.0

2.0855

Acta Agric Boreali-Sin. 2010, (6):205 - 210

Drought-resistance Characteristics of Different Fertilizer and Water Types of Wheat under Water Stress

水分胁迫条件下不同肥水类型小麦抗旱特性的研究

MANGYa-qian;LINQi;JIANGWen;LIUYi-guo;LILing-yan

张雅倩;林琪;姜雯;刘义国;李玲燕

为了提高小麦抗旱性,本试验选用6个肥水类型不同的小麦品种,在聚乙二醇-6000(PEG-6000)水分胁迫条件下考察了不同小麦品种种子的萌发状况和小麦幼苗的生理生化变化,并在防雨旱棚池栽条件下对品种的抗早性进行了鉴定.结果表明,不同肥水类型小麦品种随着水分胁迫时间的延长胚芽鞘长度、相对发芽率和硝酸还原酶活性均降低,可溶性糖含量和丙二醛含量均升高,根系活力呈现先略微升高再下降的趋势.与水浇地品种相比,旱地品种青麦6号、济早5034和鲁麦21的胚芽鞘长度较长,相对发芽率、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力相对较高且下降缓慢,可溶性糖含量较高且随胁迫时间延长增加的幅度大,丙二醛含量积累的速度较为缓慢.其中,胚芽鞘长度、相对发芽率、硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力与抗旱性鉴定指标抗早指数存在极显著相关性,可以作为小麦抗旱性鉴定的早期指标.

... 研究表明, 通过调控灌水量^[3,4,5]、灌水时期^[6,7]、灌水方法^[8,9]形成适度水分胁迫, 小麦可获得较高的产量和水分利用率, 达到节水高产的目的 ...

2004

1.641

0.0

... 水高效生理和遗传机制在不同小麦品种间差异较大^[10,11], 小麦籽粒产量差异可达44 ...

2005

3.456

0.0

. , :null-null

... 水高效生理和遗传机制在不同小麦品种间差异较大^[10,11], 小麦籽粒产量差异可达44 ...

2007

0.0

1.7156

Trans CSAE. 2007, (9):27 - 33

Water use characteristics of different wheat varieties and their responses to different irrigation schedulings

小麦不同品种的水分利用特性及对灌溉制度的响应

DongBaodi^[1];ZhangZhengbin^[2];LiuMengyu^[2];ZhangYizhang^[3];LiQuanqi^[2];ShiLei^[1];ZhouYongtian^[1]

董宝娣^[1];张正斌^[2];刘孟雨^[2];张依章^[3];李全起^[2];石磊^[1];周永田^[1]

为了研究不同小麦品种的水分利用特性和对灌溉制度的响应,该文于2003～2004年在中国科学院栾城农业生态试验站对19个抗旱节水性不同小麦品种进行了不同灌溉处理下,其生长发育特性、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的比较研究,结果表明不同小麦品种的水分利用特性有显著差异.不同小麦品种产量相差最大达44.86%,水分利用效率相差可达42.18%.根据系统聚类分析,把19个小麦品种分为高产高WUE型、中产高WUE型、中产中WUE型和低产低WUE型4种类型.不同类型的小麦,对灌溉制度的响应不同.高产高WUE类型在本试验年灌溉60 mm,产量可达到7415 kg/hm2,水分利用效率可达15.91 kg/(mm·hm2).在华北平原适于种植石家庄8号等高产高WUE型小麦,其在不降低产量和水分利用效率的情况下,减少灌水60～120 mm,具有明显的节水增产效益.

... 2%^[12] ...

... 3 讨论已有很多试验探讨小麦节水高产的灌水量和灌水次数^{[12,22,23,24,25]} ...

... 表明在一定灌水量范围内, 产量和水分利用率有一个最佳值, 且不同品种获得最佳值时的灌水量和灌水次数不同^[12] ...

2007

0.0

... 多穗型小麦品种叶片对籽粒产量的贡献大于大穗型品种^[13], 大穗型品种在灌浆中后期比多穗型品种具有更强的淀粉合成能力, 但对水分较为敏感^[14] ...

2007

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(4):682 - 685

Characterization of Starch Accumulation and Activities of Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis in Grains of Wheat Cultivars Differing in Spike Types Field-Grown in Irrigation and Rainfed Conditions

两种供水条件下两穗型小麦品种籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化特征

DAI Zhong-Min¹²,WANG Zhen-Lin¹,GAO Feng-Ju²,LI Wen-Yang¹,YAN Su-Hui¹,CAI Rui-Guo¹,ZHANG Min¹,YIN Yan-Ping^1＊

戴忠民^1,2;王振林¹;高凤菊²;李文阳¹;闫素辉¹;蔡瑞国¹;张敏¹;尹燕枰^1,*

1 Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University /Key Laboratory of Wheat Cultivation Physiology and Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong; 2Agricultural Sciences Research Institute of Dezhou City, Dezhou 253500, Shandong, China

The study was carried out to characterize the starch accumulation and activities of some key enzymes in big-spike type cultivars, SN710331 and VM8, and poly-spike type cultivars, LM21 and JN17, under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Results showed that starch accumulation rate (SAR) and activities of SS, AGPase, SSS, GBSS, and SBE in big-spike type cultivars were significantly higher than those in poly-spike type cultivars. The soil water deficit led to the increases at early grain-filling period and decrease during late grain-filling, respectively, in SAR, accumulation duration and activities of the key enzymes above. Water deficit enhanced grain starch accumulation in poly-spike type cultivars. The simulation with Richards equation showed that starch accumulation duration and SAR determine the starch accumulation amount. The grains of big-spike type cultivars maintained longer filling duration, higher SAR and greater activities of related enzymes than those of poly-spike type cultivars during mid and late grain-filling.

在灌溉和旱作2种栽培条件下，研究了大穗型（山农710331和潍麦8号）和多穗型（济南17和鲁麦21）小麦籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的变化特征。结果表明，淀粉积累速率（SAR）和蔗糖合成酶（SS）、ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）、淀粉合成酶（SSS和GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）等活性均存在明显的基因型差异。灌溉条件下大穗型品种籽粒淀粉合成相关酶的活性显著高于多穗型品种，旱作栽培条件下两穗型品种间差异变小。旱作栽培宜于增加灌浆前、中期AGPase、SS和SBE的活性，尤其对多穗型品种。大穗型品种在灌浆中后期比多穗型品种具有更强的淀粉合成能力，但对水分较为敏感。用 Richards方程模拟籽粒淀粉积累过程表明，大穗型品种籽粒淀粉积累时间长、速率高，是其淀粉积累量高的原因。

2011

0.0

1.3821

Chin J Eco-Agric. 2011, 19(5):1096 - 1103

Analysis of water use efficiency of different winter wheat cultivars under different irrigation schemes on the basis of yield

不同灌溉条件下不同类型冬小麦产量水分利用效率差异原因分析

董宝娣, 师长海, 乔匀周, 杨静, 翟红梅, 李东晓, 刘孟雨

Five drought tolerant winter wheat cultivars were used to evaluate the differences in the effects of harvest index (HI) and biomass water use efficiency (WUE_bm) on grain yield water use efficiency (WUE_y) under different irrigation schemes. The wheat cultivars included dryland cultivars of "Xifeng 20" and "Jinmai 47", dry/wetland cultivar of "Shijiazhuang 8", and wetland cultivars of "Shi 4185" and "Kenong 9204". The results showed significant differences inWUE_y and its changing trends among different drought tolerant wheat cultivars. Dryland cultivars had significantly lowerWUE_y than wetland and wet/dryland cultivars, with the highestWUE_y difference of 42.01%. Average water consumption of the drought tolerant wheat cultivars was 343~350 mm. No significant difference was noted in the amount of water consumption among different cultivars. This suggested that although dryland cultivars were drought tolerant, it did not limit the rate of water consumption. It also suggested that the main factor ofWUE_y wasWUE_bm andHI. Dryland cultivars had significantly lowerHI than wetland and wet/dryland cultivars, with the highestHI difference of 25.91%. Significant positive correlations were noted betweenHI andWUE_y, and betweenWUE_bm andWUE_y. The correlation between plant height andHI was negative (R² = 0.574). Under no irrigation, no obvious difference was noted inWUE_bm among different cultivars. Dryland cultivars had lowerHI than the other cultivars. The difference inWUE_y among different cultivars was driven by the differences inHI. Under supplemental irrigation conditions, however, wetland and wet/dryland cultivars had higherWUE_bm andHI than dryland cultivars. The differences inWUE_y came mainly from interactive effects ofHI andWUE_bm. The results suggested that different drought-tolerant wheat cultivars had responded differently to the same condition and therefore had different adaptation strategies to environmental conditions. Dryland cultivars enhancedWUE_bm which in turn led to higherWUE_y in extreme drought conditions. Wetland and wet/dryland cultivars, on the other hand, enhancedHI andWUE_bm to yield higherWUE_y under supplemental irrigation conditions.

以旱地品种"西峰20"和"晋麦47"、水旱兼用型品种"石家庄8 号"、高水肥地品种"石4185"和"科农9204"5 个冬小麦品种为材料, 通过田间不同灌溉处理试验研究了不同抗旱类型冬小麦品种收获指数和群体水分利用效率对产量水分利用效率的影响差异。结果表明: 不同抗旱类型的小麦在不同灌溉处理下, 产量水分利用效率(WUE_y)以及变化趋势存在显著差异。旱地冬小麦品种WUE_y 和收获指数(HI)显著低于水地品种和水旱兼用型品种。不同品种间WUE_y 最大相差42.01%,HI 相差25.91%。HI 和群体水分利用效率(WUE_bm)与WUE_y 呈显著正相关关系。株高与HI 呈显著负相关关系(R²=0.574)。在不灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 差异源自HI 的差异; 而在补充灌溉条件下, 品种间WUE_y 的差异源自WUE_bm 和HI 的共同作用。说明不同抗旱类型的小麦对不同灌溉处理的响应方式和适应策略不同。旱地品种在干旱胁迫条件下, 主要靠增加WUE_bm 来提高WUE_y; 而水地品种和水旱兼用型品种在补充灌溉中凭借较高的WUE_bm 和HI 共同作用提高WUE_y。

... 而水地品种则一般在充分灌溉(返青后灌水2~3次)条件下, 水分利用率和产量协同达到最优^[15] ...

1995

0.0

... 用环刀法^[16]测定田间持水量 ...

2004

0.0

... 灌水量(mm)由m =10 × ρb × H × (β_i - β_j)计算得出^[17], 式中m为灌水量(mm), H为该时段土壤计划湿润层的深度(本试验为140 cm), ρb为计划湿润层内土壤容重(g cm^-3), β_i为设计含水量(田间持水量乘以目标相对含水量), β_j为自然含水量, 即灌溉前土壤含水量 ...

1993

0.0

... 4 耗水量计算方法测定0~200 cm土层土壤水分含量变化, 根据SPAC理论用农田水分平衡法^[18]计算耗水量 ...

1991

1.794

0.0

... 5 干物质转运和水分利用率计算方法开花期按叶、茎+叶鞘和穗取样, 成熟期按叶、茎+叶鞘、穗轴+颖壳和籽粒取样, 3次重复, 75℃烘至恒重, 称干重, 计算同化物转运量和转运率^[19] ...

1995

0.0

. 1995, 27(2):143â153-null

... 水分利用率(kg hm^-2 mm^-1) = 籽粒产量(kg hm^-2)/作物全生育期耗水量(mm)^[20] ...

1998

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 1998, 24(6):908 - 915

Studies on Absorption,Distribution and Translocation of N,P and K of Super-high Yield Winter Wheat

超高产冬小麦氮磷钾吸收、分配与运转规律的研究

Han Yanlai;Jie Xiaolei;Tan Jinfang;Guo Tiancai;Zhu Yunji;Wang Chenyang;Xia guojun;Liu Zheng

韩燕来;介晓磊;谭金芳;郭天财;朱云集;王晨阳;夏国军;刘征

The National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Zhengzhou,450002

... 本文将单产超过9000 kg hm^-2的品种称为超高产品种^[21], 单产7500~9000 kg hm^-2的称为高产品种 ...

2000

1.641

0.0

... 3 讨论已有很多试验探讨小麦节水高产的灌水量和灌水次数^{[12,22,23,24,25]} ...

... 小麦在某些生育时期水分相对不足或有限亏缺, 有利于同化物向籽粒转运, 提高经济系数^[36], 灌浆期水分亏缺可促进营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的再转运^[22,37] ...

2003

0.0

. 2003, 63(1):37â56-null

... 3 讨论已有很多试验探讨小麦节水高产的灌水量和灌水次数^{[12,22,23,24,25]} ...

2008

1.635

0.0

... 3 讨论已有很多试验探讨小麦节水高产的灌水量和灌水次数^{[12,22,23,24,25]} ...

... 研究表明, 在一定范围内增加灌水量具有增产效应, 但过多灌水导致籽粒产量和水分利用率显著降低^[24,25] ...

2010

0.0

. 2010, 97(8):1139â1145-null

... 3 讨论已有很多试验探讨小麦节水高产的灌水量和灌水次数^{[12,22,23,24,25]} ...

... 研究表明, 在一定范围内增加灌水量具有增产效应, 但过多灌水导致籽粒产量和水分利用率显著降低^[24,25] ...

2010

0.0

... 樊廷录等^[26]用12个旱地品种研究, 发现不同品种产量和水分利用率存在显著差异, 冯广龙和刘昌明^[27]指出根系的分布与发育显著影响小麦品种的水分利用率 ...

1998

0.0

1.5835

J Nat Resour. 1998, 13(3):234 - 241 DOI:10.11849/zrzyxb.1998.03.007

ANALYSIS OF ROOT SYSTEM GROWTH IN RELATION TO SOIL WATER EXTRACTION PATTERN BY WINTER WHEAT UNDER WATER LIMITING CONDITIONS

冬小麦根系生长与土壤水分利用方式相互关系分析

FENG Guanglong, LIU Changming

冯广龙, 刘昌明

Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101

An experiment was conducted under continuous drying conditions in the field to examine root system growth in relation to water extraction pattern by winter wheat from 1995-1996 at Luancheng Experimental Station of Agricultural Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences which is located in the North China Plain. A model for analyzing the relationship between soil water extraction and root growth was put forward and verified. Extraction was analysed in terms of two components: (a) the time when the extraction front reaches a particular depth is defined as the moment when soil water content(θ) begins to decline exponentially with time, and (b) the decline of θ with time occurs at each depth after the extraction front arrives.Root length density declined gradually with depth, the period of fastest growth of root occurred after early head before anthesis and root length in each layer reached a maximum during flowering stage. The effect of soil water on root growth was little after anthesis, which implies that the depth and volume of soil water extraction by winter wheat mainly rely on the root length accumulation and downward penetraction during vegetative phase. The root front penetrated down to 100cm deep before jointing, thereafter the extraction and growth of root fronts descended together. Once the root front arrived at a given depth, root proliferation continued until about 40%-20% of extractable water in the layer remained. Although the maximal depth of root front penetration was up to 180cm, the ability of water uptake by root was strong and the amount of soil water available to winter wheat was much more in the lower layers, yet as the distribution amount of root system was too less that the extraction front could only arrive at 120cm, and most amount of water required by winter wheat come from 0-60cm layer.Under soil continuous drying condition, the deficiency of soil water was one of the important factors which restricted the ability of water extraction by root. The peak of extraction rate per unit root length (q) occurred near the beginning of extraction each layer. As soil dried, q declined substantially in approximate linear relationship with the fraction of extractable water (FEW) as FEW was more than 0.8.

１９９５～１９９６年在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统联合站布置了冬小麦水分试验，在土壤连续干旱条件下考察了冬小麦返青至成熟阶段根系生长和土壤水分利用方式。给出并验证了可用于分析二者相互关系的定量模型。根据以下两点分析了作物利用土壤水分特征：①将土壤含水量开始降低时间视为吸水峰到达某一深度时间；②吸水峰下达到某一土层后，土壤含水量即随生育进程以指数形式逐渐降低。愈接近地表的土层，根系分布量愈大，根系日增长率在抽穗期最大，至扬花期根量及根深达最大值，根系吸水范围和深度基本取决于营养阶段根系生长发育状况。返青时，根系已下扎到１ｍ，根系生长峰与吸水峰基本同步下移，根系下扎到某一土层后继续生长发育，直至土壤有效含水量只剩４０％～２０％时为止。根系下扎虽深达１８０ｃｍ，而且下层根系吸水功能较强，有效水量较大，但终因根系分布量太少，致使作物利用水分的土层深度只达１２０ｃｍ，吸收的水量大多来自０～６０ｃｍ土层。在土壤连续干旱条件下，土壤水分不足亦是制约根系吸水功能的一个重要因素。在作物利用土壤水分初期，根系吸水速率最大，随着土壤含水量逐渐减少，根系吸水速率随之降低。土壤中有效含水量比例在０８以上，根系吸水速率大致以线性关系大

2010

0.0

. 2010, 97(8):1117â1125-null

... 水分利用率与产量呈正相关, 种植具有较高产量潜力的品种是提高水分利用率并达到节水效果的一种有效途径^[28] ...

2011

0.0

. 2011, 99(1):103â110-null

... 8 mm)不灌水可获得较高的产量和水分利用率^[29] ...

... 例如, 与西风20相比, 抗旱品种石家庄8号能够在较强干旱胁迫下生产较高的干物质获得高产^[29] ...

2010

0.0

1.4752

Plant Nutr Fert Sci. 2010, (4):852 - 858

Effects of water-saving irrigation on water consumption and photosynthetic characteristics of winter wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai area of China

节水灌溉对黄淮海地区冬小麦水分消耗与光合特性的影响

NINGDong-feng^[1];LIZhi-jie^[2];SUNWen-yan^[2];MAWei-ping^[2];HUANGShao-Wen^[1];ZHAOBing-qiang^[3]

宁东峰^[1];李志杰^[2];孙文彦^[2];马卫萍^[2];黄绍文^[1];赵秉强^[3]

2008～2009年在大田试验条件下研究了节水灌溉对冬小麦耗水特性、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,小麦播种至拔节期,以消耗0-40 cm土层水分为主,在此期间42 mm降水条件下,不灌冻水处理在拔节前0-40 cm土层达到重度水分亏缺,灌冻水处理只为轻度水分亏缺.前期重度水分亏缺对后期根系吸收深层水分和旗叶光合速率起到显著影响.轻度水分亏缺条件下,气孔导度下降,蒸腾速率随之降低;而光合速率可得以维持,单叶水分利用效率提高.随灌水次数增加,总耗水量加大,土壤水和降水的消耗比例显著降低.产量、WUE与耗水量均呈二次曲线关系,但变化趋势不一致,两曲线在耗水量360 mm处相交,为两者理论上最佳结合点.本试验中,冻水+拔节水处理产量最高,达到7753 kg/hm2,比不灌水处理(WO)提高了40.2%,WUE值为1.9 ks/m3,与WO处理差异不显著,为本试验的最优节水高产灌溉方案.

... 在高产条件下, 冬小麦的产量和耗水量之间呈非线性关系^[30,31], Li等^[32]认为在中等干旱条件下冬小麦耗水量大幅度下降, 而产量下降幅度较小, 有利于水分利用率的提高 ...

2009

0.0

1.7477

Acta Ecol Sin. 2009, (4):2035 - 2044

Influence of different spring irrigation treatments on water use and yield formation of late-sowing winter wheat

春灌模式对晚播冬小麦水分利用及产量形成的影响

ZHANGSheng-Quan^[1];FANGBao-Ting^[2];WANGZhi-Min^[1];ZHOUShun-Li^[1];ZHANGYing-Hua^[1]

张胜全^[1];方保停^[2];王志敏^[1];周顺利^[1];张英华^[1]

为了明确华北严重缺水区晚播冬小麦耗水规律及高产高效灌溉制度,在大田条件下设置不灌水(W0)、1水(W1,拔节水)、2水(W2,拔节水+开花水)、3水(W3,起身水+孕穗水+开花水)和4水(W4,起身水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水)等五种春季灌溉模式,研究了不同灌溉模式下晚播冬小麦水分利用特征及产量形成特点.结果表明,在晚播且免浇冬水条件下,春季每增加750m3/hm2的灌溉水量则减少土壤水消耗量约440 m3/hm2,增加小麦总耗水量约230m3/hm2;从播种到拔节,小麦阶段耗水强度低,此生育阶段控制灌溉可显著降低总耗水量;春季第一水推迟至拔节期可提高土壤水消耗量占总耗水量比例至50%,土壤水利用率增加;开花前仅灌一次拔节水可基本满足拔节-开花期耗水需要,其群体库容量与开花前灌起身水+孕穗水模式无显著差异,且由于相对降低了开花期群体叶面积,显著增加了群体粒叶比; 晚播密植条件下,单位面积穗数是群体库容形成的主要贡献因素,在保证大库容建成条件下,灌浆期灌水会降低开花前贮藏物质向籽粒再转运比例,而后期控水可显著提高开花前贮藏物质再转运比例和对库容填充的贡献率,且较高的群体库源比增强了库对源的反馈促进作用,使花后单位叶面积的物质生产能力提高,这可补偿后期水分亏缺对叶片光合生产的不利影响.连续两年试验结果显示,晚播密植条件下,春季灌拔节水和开花水可以实现高产与水分高效利用的统一.

2001

0.0

. 2001, 49(3):163â171-null

2009

0.0

1.0272

Agric Res Arid Areas. 2009, (2):69 - 73

Selection of wheat varieties with high WUE and study on laws of their water consumption

小麦高WUE品种筛选和田间耗水规律研究

WANGKe-wu^[1];WANGZhi-ping^[1];ZHENGYa-lian^[2];ZHANGNa^[2];ZHUQing-yan^[2]

王克武^[1];王志平^[1];郑雅莲^[2];张娜^[2];朱青艳^[2]

以京冬8号为对照,连续两年对生产中常用的7个小麦品种的田间耗水规律、生物学性状、产量和水分利用效率等指标进行了观测分析,结果表明:小麦拔节期是需水关键期,耗水强度为3.4～4.0 mm/d.京9428和中旱110产量和水分利用效率较高,并表现稳定.京郊小麦在全生育期降水量69～124 mm的条件下灌三水可保证较高产量.

... 不同小麦品种比较, 在灌水条件相同时品种间全生育期耗水量无显著差异, 产量和水分利用率差异显著^[33] ...

1993

0.0

... 另有研究指出, 即使全生育期的总耗水量相同, 各生长阶段的分配比例不同, 产量亦不相同^[34], 节水抗旱型小麦耗水动态与喜肥型品种相似, 表现前期耗水少, 中后期耗水多的特点^[35] ...

2005

0.0

1.0272

Agric Res Arid Areas. 2005, (4):26 - 31

Comparison of soil water consumption characteristics between drought-resistant and water-liking wheat varieties

节水抗旱与喜水肥型小麦品种土壤水分消耗特性的比较研究

SuiPeng;ZHANGHai-Lin;XUCui;GAOWang-sheng

隋鹏;张海林;许翠;高旺盛

分别以节水抗旱型小麦品种邯5316和喜水肥型品种邯3475为供试材料,进行了不同品种类型冬小麦土壤水分消耗特性及根系生长规律的比较研究.结果表明:节水抗旱型小麦根系发达,灌浆后期,在只浇春季1水的情况下,抗旱型品种50～200 cm土壤层根长密度占0～200 cm总根长密度的56.3%,单株总根重0.33 g,其中50～200 cm根重占总根重的22%,而喜高水肥型品种在春季只浇1水的情形下各值分别为52.1%, 0.25 g, 19.4%.根系发育与分布的结果是抗旱型小麦品种对土壤水分的利用率更高,是相同灌水处理喜高水肥品种的115%,是本品种春季灌3水处理的190%,其对土壤水分利用效率高可体现在0～200 cm土体的各个层次上,特别是对100 cm以下土壤层的水分利用率也较高.但结果同时表明,抗旱型小麦对土壤水分的充分利用在小麦、玉米两熟种植制度下,对夏玉米前期生长有一定的影响,应该注意对夏玉米前期的水分管理.

2002

0.0

. 2002, 55(3):203â216-null

2008

2.477

0.0

Eur J Agron. 2008, 28(2):138 - 147 DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2007.06.002

Post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply and soil water availability

Abstract

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is commonly grown in dryland conditions, where environmental stress during grain filling can limit productivity and increase the dependency on stored assimilate. We investigated current assimilation and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen during grain filling in N fertilized and unfertilized durum wheat subjected to different levels of water deficit during grain filling. Two durum wheat varieties, Appio and Creso, were grown in open-air containers with three rates of nitrogen fertilizer (not applied, N0; normal amount, NN; high amount, NH) and four water regimes during grain filling (fully irrigated treatment, FI; low, LWS, moderate, MWS and high water stress, HWS) across 2 years. Grain yield and dry matter and N accumulation and remobilization were positively affected by N availability and negatively by water stress during grain filling. The reduction of grain yield by severe post-anthesis water stress amounted to 27 and 37% for N0 and NN, respectively, and was associated with a decrease in kernel weight. There was also a small negative effect on the number of kernels per spike. Conversely, the duration of grain filling was not modified either by water stress or by nitrogen treatments. Severe water stress also reduced dry matter accumulation and remobilization by 36 and 14% in N0 plants and by 48 and 25% in NH plants. Similarly, N accumulation and N remobilization was reduced by 43% and by 16% in N0 plants and by 51% and by 15% in NH plants. Conversely, low and moderate water stress did not substantially modify the patterns of dry matter and nitrogen deposition in grain. Although remobilization of dry matter and N was less affected by water stress than accumulation, it was not able to counterbalance the reduction of assimilation and consequently it was not able to stabilize grain yield under drought.

2007

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(11):1884 - 1891

Relationship of Water Use Efficiency with Photoassimilate Accumulation and Transport in Wheat under Deficit Irrigation

亏缺灌溉下小麦水分利用效率与光合产物积累运转的相关研究

HU Meng-Yun¹²,ZHANG Zheng-Bin^1*,XU Ping¹,DONG Bao-Di¹,LI Wei-Qiang¹²,LI Jing-Juan¹²

胡梦芸^1,2;张正斌^1,*;徐萍¹;董宝娣¹;李魏强^1,2;李景娟^1,2

1 Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei; 2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Deficit irrigation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has been practiced in the areas with limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (i) investigate the effect of different deficit irrigations on yield and water use efficiency (WUE); and (ii) understand the physiological mechanisms of drought resistance, water saving and high yield under deficit irrigation in wheat. A field experiment was conducted using four wheat (Jinmai 47 and Xifeng 20 in dryland, Shijiazhuang 8 and 4185 in dry-wet land) with the treatments of rainfed (T0), watering once at jointing (T1) and watering twice at jointing and anthesis (T2). The amount of irrigation is 60 mm each time. The physiological parameters measured included net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and partitioning, root distribution, yield components and water consumption, as well as the corelation betweenWUE and yield components. Non-irrigation before jointing and deficit irrigation from jointing to anthesis could significantly improve dry matter production and deep root development, and significantly save irrigation water. Both grain yield and WUE were conically related with water consumption. Non-irrigation significantly decreased dry matter accumulation and number of spikes. Low available soil water from booting to late grain filling resulted in the lowest biomass, grain yield, harvest index and WUE in T0 treatment. The increased yield in T1 and T2 was mainly contributed by the increased number of spikes, and seeds per spike. The increasedWUE was mainly contributed by increased HI. Water stress during grain filling reduced Pn and G_s, and accelerated photosynthetic leaf senescence. However, the water stress during grain filling induced remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves to grains, significantly contributing the increased grain yield and HI. It is concluded that deficit irrigation between jointing and anthesis can change the root spread and develop deep root system, and significantly increase soil water use efficiency. Increasing both photosynthesis and photosynthetic duration, as well as increasing the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves and HI must increase wheat yield and WUE.

在大田栽培条件下，以小麦旱地品种晋麦47和西峰20、水旱兼用型品种石家庄8号和水地品种4185为材料，分别进行0水（T0）、一水（T1）和二水灌溉（T2）处理（每次灌水量60 mm），研究了光合速率、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配、根系分布、耗水量、产量因子与水分利用效率（WUE）的关系。结果表明，在拔节前不灌溉，拔节到开花期亏缺灌溉，促进干物质积累和深根发育。随着灌溉水的增加，耗水量显著增加，产量和WUE与耗水量呈二次曲线关系。T0处理显著减少了干物质积累和成穗数，产量、经济系数（HI）和WUE最低。T1和T2产量的提高主要是增加了穗数和穗粒数。灌浆期水分亏缺降低了光合速率（P_n）和气孔导度（G_s），加速了功能叶片的衰老，但诱导了花前储存碳库的再转运，显著提高了HI和产量。因此，在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉促进根系生长，提高了土壤水分的利用效率。而产量和产量WUE的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的P_n和光合功能持续期，促进花前储存碳库的再转运，显著提高了HI。

... 在拔节和开花期亏缺灌溉条件下, 产量和水分利用率的提高主要是由于增加了灌浆期叶片的净光合速率和光合功能持续期, 促进花前储存碳库的再转运, 显著提高了经济系数^[38] ...