苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响

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李静静, 李从锋, 李连禄, 丁在松, 赵明. 苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2014, 40(10): 1787-1796[LI Jing-Jing, LI Cong-Feng, LI Lian-Lu, DING Zai-Song, ZHAO Ming. Effect of Straw Mulching on Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture and Spring Maize Yield under Seedling Strip Subsoiling. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(10): 1787-1796] 复制到剪切板

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苗带深松条件下秸秆覆盖对春玉米土壤水温及产量的影响

李静静^1,², 李从锋^2,^*, 李连禄¹, 丁在松², 赵明^2,^*

¹ 中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 北京100193

² 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京100081

^*通讯作者(Corresponding authors): 赵明, E-mail:zhaomingcau@163.net, Tel: 010-82108752; 李从锋, E-mail:licongfeng@caas.cn, Tel: 010-82106043

收稿日期:2014-07-06

基金:本研究由国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(NYCYTX-02)和国家粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B14)资助;

摘要

免耕秸秆覆盖是中国北方干旱半干旱区一种重要的保护性耕作模式。为明确宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植条件下覆盖带适宜的秸秆覆盖量和覆盖方式, 2012—2013年在河北省廊坊市进行了春玉米的田间试验。选用郑单958为试验材料, 采用80 cm+40 cm宽窄行种植, 宽行间覆盖秸秆, 窄行间进行苗带深松, 设置8.42 t hm^-2覆盖量下粉碎覆盖(100SC)、整秆覆盖(100SP)、4.21 t hm^-2覆盖量下粉碎覆盖(50SC)、整秆覆盖(50SP)和不覆盖(CK)处理, 测定土壤水分和温度、出苗状况、物质积累、产量及产量构成。结果表明, 秸秆覆盖与深松结合条件下, 4种覆盖处理与对照相比均提高了土壤含水量, 其中50SC处理在花前0~15 cm土壤降温幅度最小, 其他覆盖处理显著降低花前土壤温度。各覆盖处理明显提高了苗期整齐度, 秸秆覆盖对苗期的生育期天数略有推迟。与CK相比, 50SC提高了春玉米地上部生物量, 促进花后干物质积累, 千粒重和穗粒重分别提高10.9% (P<0.05)和6.5% (P<0.05), 产量提高4.78%, 达12 243 kg hm^-2。50SC条件下产量与全生育期干物质积累(DMA)、花后/花前DMA呈极显著正相关。说明宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植有利于缓和秸秆覆盖对出苗的物理阻碍, 其中秸秆以4.21 t hm^-2的覆盖量粉碎覆盖效果最好, 该处理可为玉米提供稳定有利的土壤水分和温度条件, 提高了生育后期的物质积累以及籽粒产量。

关键词: 玉米生长发育; 秸秆覆盖量; 秸秆覆盖方式; 土壤水温; 产量

Effect of Straw Mulching on Soil Temperature, Soil Moisture and Spring Maize Yield under Seedling Strip Subsoiling

LI Jing-Jing^1,², LI Cong-Feng^2,^*, LI Lian-Lu¹, DING Zai-Song², ZHAO Ming^2,^*

¹ College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

² Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China

Fund:

Abstract

No-tillage with straw mulching is widely adopted in arid and semi-arid regions of North China which effectively preserves the water content. But it decreases the soil temperature and results in seed germination delaying. We developed a new way of no-tillage with straw mulching. The straw mulching was conducted only in the wide inter-row, and subsoiling was conducted in the narrow inter-row. To determine the quantity and method of straw mulching in this new no-tillage way, we conducted field experiments in 2012 and 2013 in Langfang, Hebei province. The maize cultivar Zhengdan 958 was planted with 80 cm+40 cm inter-row planting spacing. The treatments of wide inter-row included mulching with 8.42 t ha^-1 of chopped straw (100SC) and prostrated straw (100SP), 4.21 t ha^-1 of chopped straw (50SC) and prostrated straw (50SP), with no straw mulching as CK. Soil temperature, soil moisture, emergence quality, days of growth period, dry matter accumulation, yield and its components were compared among these treatments. The results showed that the soil moisture were increased in all the four straw mulching treatments. The 50SC treatment had the least influence on decreasing soil temperature compared with CK. The emergence uniformity of all straw mulching treatments increased significantly. Straw mulching had less significant effects on duration from sowing to seedling. Above-ground biomass of 50SC was improved, and its dry matter accumulation was promoted at post-anthesis stage. Compared with CK, the yield of 50SC was increased by 4.78%, and 1000-kernel weight and kernel weight per ear by 10.9% and 6.5%, respectively. The yield of 50SC had very significant correlation with its whole period dry matter accumulation (DMA) and ratio of post-anthesis to pre-anthesis DMA. Therefore, the mulching technique in this study has less physical constraint to emergence, and in this new way of straw mulching 4.21 t ha^-1 of chopped straw mulching is better for maize. With this condition, the adverse effects of straw on emergence are alleviated and dry matter accumulation in later period and yield of maize are increased.

Keyword: Maize growth; Straw mulching quantity; Straw mulching method; Soil temperature and moisture; Yield

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免耕秸秆覆盖是中国北方干旱半干旱地区广泛采用的保护性耕作措施, 合理的覆盖量和秸秆处理方法, 可减少土壤水分无效蒸发, 提高土壤含水量, 影响玉米的生长发育和产量^{[ 1, 2, 3]}。目前, 研究认为秸秆覆盖与深松耕作相结合能够提高水分利用效率, 增加玉米产量, 但关于两者在空间上和效益上的结合方式及其合理的秸秆覆盖方式等, 在前人的研究中都没有明确的阐述^{[ 4, 5, 6]}, 因此, 进一步明确秸秆覆盖与深松结合条件下具体的种植方式和秸秆覆盖方式, 对春玉米单作条件下保护性耕作方式的改善和产量的稳定提高都具有重要意义。

国内外研究表明, 秸秆覆盖的免耕措施对作物有增产效应。Sharma等^{[ 7]}的研究认为作物秸秆覆盖由于后期的保墒作用, 对玉米的生长发育和产量都有显著的促进效应。张萌等^{[ 8]}研究表明长期免耕覆盖使玉米产量增加17.44%, 从产量和肥力上肯定了这种技术的利用效应。付国占等^{[ 9]}认为小麦秸秆覆盖与深松结合是一种保证两者效果良好发挥并提高产量的有效措施, 但并未探讨秸秆覆盖与深松的具体结合方式。王昕等^{[ 10]}和王晖等^{[ 11]}的研究认为高覆盖量和一倍的还田量有利于干物质积累, 增产幅度达17.6%和12.1%。

但秸秆过量覆盖和不合理的覆盖方式会对作物的出苗造成物理阻碍, 影响出苗质量甚至造成减产^{[ 12, 13]}。秸秆覆盖对中国北方春播作物的出苗造成不利影响, 还主要由于在气温较低的情况下, 秸秆覆盖降低土表温度2~6℃, 造成出苗时间延长而推迟各生育时期^{[ 14, 15]}; 在与深松结合的同时, 秸秆覆盖还存在一些负面效应; 刘超等^{[ 16]}和蔡太义等^{[ 17]}明确指出秸秆覆盖的增产效应限制在一定的覆盖量内, 过量和少量均不能达到增产的目的, 对于秸秆覆盖方式, Sharratt等^{[ 18]}的研究结果表明立秆留茬处理提高土壤温度, 有利于物质积累, 但关于春玉米单作条件下秸秆覆盖与深松耕作相结合的合理秸秆覆盖方式的研究还鲜见报道。因此, 本研究在秸秆条带覆盖和深松宽窄行交替的种植方式下, 明确粉碎和整秸秆两种覆盖方式和100%、50%两种覆盖量互作对土壤水温效应、春玉米生长发育及产量的影响, 以期为玉米免耕覆盖及新型保护性耕作措施的探索提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

试验于2012年和2013年在中国农业科学院国际农业高新技术产业园(河北廊坊)进行。两年春玉米生长季5月至9月期间日平均温度分别为23.7℃和23.8℃, 总降水量分别为516.6 mm和469.9 mm。采用郑单958为试验材料。春玉米单作种植, 行距为80 cm+40 cm宽窄行设置, 其苗带深松播种行和秸秆覆盖行配置见图1, 各处理的40 cm窄行采用条深旋—施肥—播种一体化机械进行条带深松和播种, 均无秸秆覆盖; 利用前一年秋季收获后的玉米秸秆还田, 将覆盖秸秆放置于80 cm宽行(CK除外), 并在播前处理, 覆盖条带和苗带深松条带交错设置。秸秆覆盖带处理包括: (1) 100%的覆盖量, 秸秆粉碎后覆盖(100SC); (2)100%的覆盖量, 整秸秆直接压倒覆盖(100SP); (3) 50%的覆盖量, 秸秆粉碎后覆盖(50SC); (4) 50%的覆盖量, 整秸秆直接压倒覆盖(50SP); (5) 0留茬, 无秸秆覆盖(CK), 3次重复。100%和50%的覆盖量(干重)分别为8.42 t hm^-2和4.21 t hm^-2。播种密度为8.25万株 hm^-2, 2012年试验于5月11日播种, 9月13日收获; 2013年试验于5月2日播种, 9月3日收获。试验地土壤为沙壤土, 含有机质13.8 g kg^-1、全氮1.1 g kg^-1、碱解氮75.0 mg kg^-1、速效磷40.8 mg kg^-1、速效钾140.6 mg kg^-1, pH 8.6。小区面积4.8 m×5.0 m, 每小区8行。播种时分别施纯氮225 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅173 kg hm^-2、K₂O 150 kg hm^-2, 在拔节期和大喇叭口期追施纯氮172.5 kg hm^-2。播种后喷洒除草剂异丙草•莠, 玉米生长期人工除草。

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	图1 玉米深松种植行和秸秆覆盖行设置Fig. 1 Field layout of rows for maize sowing, subsoiling and straw mulching

1.2 测定项目与方法

1.2.1 土壤含水量于苗期、拔节期、开花期、收获期, 在秸秆覆盖行用土钻取土烘干法测定土壤含水量, 每小区3次重复。苗期因根系分布浅, 取0~40 cm土壤, 其余时期取0~80 cm, 每20 cm为一层, 测定该层的平均土壤含水量。

1.2.2 土壤温度在播种后将金属地温计放置于各处理秸秆覆盖行中, 于播种、苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花期、花后20 d、收获期记录5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm土层8:00、12:00、14:00、20:00的温度, 计算其平均值, 每小区3次重复。

1.2.3 出苗质量苗期从各小区取3个点, 每点取5 m长的双行样段, 计数样段内的植株, 计算大田出苗率。在玉米三叶期, 从各小区取3个点, 每点连续测定10株玉米的株高。苗期株高整齐度计算公式为: 整齐度= 1/ CV_株高^{[ 19]}。

1.2.4 玉米生长在苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、开花期、花后20 d、收获期记录日期, 并从各小区取长势一致3棵植株, 将植株按照茎、叶、鞘、苞叶、穗, 在105℃下杀青30 min, 80℃下烘干至恒重, 并称重。

1.2.5 产量及产量构成收获前调查小区内的空秆率、双穗率、穗数, 从每小区收获30穗进行考种, 按籽粒含水量为14%折算籽粒产量。

1.3 数据处理与分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2010整理数据, SPSS 20.0进行方差分析和相关分析, 采用Sigmaplot 12.0作图。本文各数据为2012年和2013年的加权平均值。

2 结果与分析

2.1 秸秆覆盖对土壤水温效应的影响

2.1.1 秸秆覆盖对土壤含水量的影响由图2可知, 随着土层加深, 含水量有逐渐提高的趋势, 秸秆覆盖处理各层的土壤含水量均高于CK, 20~60 cm土层保墒效果更为明显, 在这4个时期中, 拔节期时各处理间的差异最为明显, 各处理从播种至开花期各层的土壤含水量均逐渐升高, 至收获期有所下降。100SC在0~80 cm各层含水量最高, 各时期均高于其他处理, 在拔节期、开花期及收获期土壤含水量均表现为100SC>100SP>50SC>50SP。

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图2 不同秸秆覆盖处理关键生育时期土壤含水量变化100SC: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 100SP: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; 50SC: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 50SP: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; CK: 无秸秆覆盖。Fig. 2 Soil moisture in different straw mulching treatments at main growth stages100SC: 100% chopped straw mulching; 100SP: 100% prostrated straw mulching; 50SC: 50% chopped straw mulching; 50SP: 50% prostrated straw mulching; CK: without any straw mulching.

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图3 不同秸秆覆盖在各生育时期不同土层的温度变化100SC: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 100SP: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; 50SC: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 50SP: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; CK: 无秸秆覆盖。I: 播种; II: 苗期; III: 拔节期; IV: 大喇叭口期; V: 开花期; VI: 花后20 d; VII: 收获期。Fig. 3 Soil temperature at different depths and growth stages in different straw mulching treatments100SC: 100% chopped straw mulching; 100SP: 100% prostrated straw mulching; 50SC: 50% chopped straw mulching; 50SP: 50% prostrated straw mulching; CK: without any straw mulching. I: sowing; II: seedling; III: jointing; IV: the 12th leaf; V: anthesis; VI: 20 d after anthesis; VII: harvesting.

2.1.2 秸秆覆盖对土壤温度的影响各处理不同深度的土壤温度动态变化见图3。与5 cm土层相比, 各处理10 cm温度均升高, 15 cm以下土层温度降低。各层温度在开花期趋于平稳或下降, 花后20 d时温度回升, 至收获期又下降, 呈近似“M”形的趋势, 且各处理在收获期随着覆盖秸秆长时间腐解而土壤温度趋于一致。秸秆覆盖降温效应从播种到拔节在5 cm、10 cm、15 cm土层较明显, 随着土层加深, 降温效应逐渐降低, 其中5 cm土层的降温效应在各层中最明显: 100SC平均降温2.41℃, 100SP平均降温4.52℃, 50SC平均降温2.14℃, 50SP平均降温3.18℃, 各层降温幅度最大的处理为100SP, 除拔节期5 cm土层外, 50SC在同层中降温幅度最小, 维持在0.32%~15.78%。

2.2 秸秆覆盖对玉米生长发育的影响

2.2.1 对出苗质量的影响由表1可知, 各覆盖处理的出苗率均有所降低, 比CK平均降低5.37%, 除50SP外, 其余覆盖处理均显著低于CK, 说明秸秆覆盖在一定程度上影响了出苗率, 使出苗率降低。从株高整齐度看, 各覆盖处理均提高, 其中100SC、100SP、50SC显著高于CK, 分别提高51.38%、54.84%、37.37%, 说明仅在宽行覆盖秸秆, 窄行的苗带深松而无秸秆覆盖虽然导致出苗率在一定程度上的降低, 但保证了出苗整齐度。

2.2.2 对生育时期和干物质积累的影响从图4可知, 秸秆覆盖处理与CK相比均延长了全生育期。覆盖处理100SC和100SP的苗期天数比CK推迟1 d, 50SC和50SP与CK一致, 开花期各处理比CK推迟1~2 d, 总天数比CK推迟3~6 d, 总体看来, 50%覆盖量的处理比100%覆盖量处理推迟的天数少。

图5中, 各处理干物质积累(DMA)随出苗后天数的增加呈近似S型增长的趋势。从0到60 d左右(开花期)各处理DMA差异不明显, 在81 d时, 各覆盖处理的DMA显著高于CK, 比CK提高11.85%~ 23.52%。在118 d (收获期) 100SC、50SC的干物质积累高于CK, 分别比CK提高了1.76%、16.92%。说明SC这种覆盖方式在100%和50%两个覆盖量下都能促进花后积累, 提高收获期地上部生物产量。

表1 不同秸秆覆盖处理的出苗质量 Table 1 Emergence quality of different straw mulching treatments

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图4 不同秸秆覆盖处理生育时期天数100SC: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 100SP: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; 50SC: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 50SP: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; CK: 无秸秆覆盖。Fig. 4 Durations of growth stage of different treatments100SC: 100% chopped straw mulching; 100SP: 100% prostrated straw mulching; 50SC: 50% chopped straw mulching; 50SP: 50% prostrated straw mulching; CK: without any straw mulching.

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图5 不同秸秆覆盖处理干物质积累随出苗后天数的动态变化100SC: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 100SP: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; 50SC: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 50SP: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; CK: 无秸秆覆盖。Fig. 5 Dynamic changes of dry matter accumulation in different straw mulching treatments with the increase of days after emergence100SC: 100% chopped straw mulching; 100SP: 100% prostrated straw mulching; 50SC: 50% chopped straw mulching; 50SP: 50% prostrated straw mulching; CK: without any straw mulching.

2.2.3 对各阶段干物质积累的影响各处理花前DMA差异不显著, 而差异主要表现在后期及全生育期(表2)。花后100SC和50SC的DMA均高于CK, 且50SC显著高于其他各处理, 比CK提高35.56%; 全生育期DMA与花后表现一致, SC的两覆盖量处理均高于CK, 其中50SC显著高于其他各处理, 比CK提高16.92%。100SC、100SP和50SC均提高了花后DMA占全生育期的比例, 且花后/花前DMA也高于CK, 说明这3个处理在花前DMA虽然没有优势, 但在花后弥补了干物质积累, 甚至高于CK, 其中50SC显著高于其他处理, 花后/花前DMA>2, 说明50SC在花后的干物质积累高于花前2倍以上, 即有利于干物质在花后阶段的积累。

2.3 秸秆覆盖对产量的影响

2.3.1 产量及产量构成表3表明, 各处理产量均达到10 000 kg hm^-2以上, 100%覆盖量处理的单位面积穗数较高, 而50%覆盖量处理的穗粒重较高, 各处理的穗粒数差异不大。其中50SC的千粒重、穗粒重、产量、收获指数均高于其他处理, 其中产量比CK提高了4.78%, 而其余处理的产量均低于CK, 且显著低于50SC。千粒重和穗粒重显著高于CK。50SP的千粒重和穗粒重虽然与50SC差异不显著, 但是其单位面积穗数显著低于其余处理, 比CK低4.17%, 所以其产量较低。

由表3可知, 覆盖量单一因素对产量的影响达到极显著水平, 覆盖量和覆盖方式互作对产量有极显著影响; 覆盖量分别对千粒重和穗粒重有极显著影响, 覆盖方式对千粒重有极显著影响, 对收获指数有显著影响, 覆盖量和覆盖方式互作对千粒重有极显著影响, 对收获指数有显著影响。因此秸秆覆盖对千粒重的效应最为明显。

表2 秸秆覆盖处理对不同阶段干物质积累(DMA)的影响 Table 2 Effects of straw mulching treatments on dry matter accumulation (DMA) during different stages

表3 秸秆覆盖处理对产量及产量构成的影响 Table 3 Effects of straw mulching treatments on yield and yield components

2.3.2 相关性分析由图6可知, 各处理的产量与全生育期DMA、花后/花前DMA呈正相关。其中100SC、50SC的全生育期DMA与产量呈极显著正相关( P<0.01), 各处理的花后/花前DMA与产量呈极显著正相关( P<0.01)。这进一步说明在该试验条件下各处理的干物质积累及花后干物质积累与花前之比均正向影响产量。

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图6 不同秸秆覆盖处理全生育期干物质积累及其花后/花前的比值与产量的相关性100SC: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 100SP: 覆盖量为100%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; 50SC: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆粉碎覆盖; 50SP: 覆盖量为50%, 秸秆直接压倒覆盖; CK: 无秸秆覆盖;^* P<0.05,^** P<0.01。Fig. 6 Relationship of whole period dry matter accumulation and their post-/pre-anthesis ratios with yields in different straw mulching treatments100SC: 100% chopped straw mulching; 100SP: 100% prostrated straw mulching; 50SC: 50% chopped straw mulching; 50SP: 50% prostrated straw mulching; CK: without any straw mulching.^* P<0.05,^** P<0.01.

3 讨论

免耕秸秆覆盖是中国北方玉米种植区有效的保墒增产措施, 不同秸秆覆盖方式直接影响作物的土壤水温环境。秸秆覆盖因其减少蒸发和增加入渗的效应, 使土壤含水量提高^{[ 20]}, 且随覆盖量的增加而有不断提高的趋势^{[ 21]}。在本研究条件下, 各秸秆覆盖处理均提高了各层土壤含水量, 在0~40 cm土层, 同种覆盖方式下, 都表现出高量覆盖的含水量高于低量覆盖。100%覆盖量下粉碎秸秆处理的各土层含水量均高于整秸秆处理, 因为玉米秸秆覆盖均匀度与保水效果成正比^{[ 22]}, 高覆盖量下粉碎处理较整秸秆处理的覆盖均匀度更高, 保水效果更好。在各时期中, 覆盖处理对拔节期土壤含水量的影响最大, 对于20~60 cm土层的含水量提高幅度最大, 因为拔节期宽覆盖行玉米冠层未封行, 裸地部分土壤无效水分蒸发量最大, 因此各秸秆覆盖处理此时的保水效果最明显, 蔡太义等^{[ 23]}的研究也表明玉米的拔节期秸秆覆盖处理与对照的水分差异在全生育期最大。对于土壤温度, 在秸秆覆盖条件下显著低于不覆盖处理, 且温度降幅随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加^{[ 24]}, 秸秆的这种降温效应主要表现在前期, 即在行内郁闭前, 秸秆因遮挡了近地面辐射而降低土壤温度^{[ 25]}。本研究中土壤温度降低也主要表现在从播种到拔节的5 cm、10 cm、15 cm土层, 降温效应在覆盖量处理的表现为50%处理<100%处理, 覆盖方式处理为SC处理[ 26], 因此50SC既能保证土壤含水量的提高又减小了秸秆覆盖的降温效应, 为玉米生长前期提供了良好的土壤水温环境。

秸秆覆盖在较高的覆盖量下降低出苗质量, 表现在出苗率和苗期株高整齐度2个方面。秸秆覆盖降低出苗率的主要原因是秸秆对出苗造成障碍, 即使出苗时真叶出土正常, 可能也存在无法冲破秸秆覆盖层的问题^{[ 27]}。不同的秸秆覆盖方式和覆盖量都会影响出苗, 无论玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖或立秆直播处理, 出苗率都比传统耕作方式降低10%以上^{[ 28]}。秸秆覆盖量与出苗率间的二次关系表现为覆盖量增大到一定程度后, 出苗率显著降低。本研究中宽行秸秆覆盖条件下各处理的出苗率仍有一定程度的降低, 但最低的处理仅降低6%, 因为苗带40 cm范围内均没有秸秆覆盖, 仅有宽行一侧覆盖对苗带有秸秆阻碍的影响。由于前期保水效果明显, 秸秆覆盖处理含水量的提高保证了玉米出苗时的水分需求, 提高了玉米出苗的整齐度, 其中因100SC、100SP和50SC的含水量较50SP高, 其对整齐度的促进作用更加明显。因此利用玉米秸秆覆盖与苗带深松耕作交错设置的方式, 因苗带一侧无秸秆影响出苗, 与前人的研究相比缓和了秸秆对玉米出苗的物理阻碍作用, 出苗质量受秸秆的影响降低, 保证了玉米前期的正常生长发育。

许多研究表明秸秆覆盖的低温效应使玉米苗期的生育期延缓^{[ 29]}, 导致出苗推迟或收获期推迟。秸秆覆盖由于低温和物理阻碍等因素, 影响玉米的生长发育, 甚至出现减产的效应^{[ 30]}。本研究中春玉米播种较迟, 出苗时日均温度在15℃以上(数据未列出), 因此除100SP外, 其余处理的苗期地温均与CK差异不显著。100%覆盖量下的两处理苗期天数与CK相差1 d, 在收获期相差3~6 d, 因此覆盖处理对玉米生育进程影响较小。已有研究表明秸秆覆盖能够增加玉米抽雄期后的叶面积指数, 促进植株生长发育^{[ 31]}。这与覆盖处理对土壤的水温效应有关, 玉米拔节前秸秆覆盖比不覆盖的土壤温度低, 生长发育较迟缓, 影响了前期的物质积累, 而拔节后秸秆覆盖提供了良好的土壤水温环境, 从而促进干物质积累向花后转化^{[ 17]}。本研究利用秸秆宽行间隔覆盖, 降低了秸秆对前期生长的物理阻碍影响, 50SC的低温效应在各覆盖处理中对玉米前期的影响最小, 且花后与CK土壤温度差异不显著, 在此基础上花后又具有明显的保墒效应, 因此虽然各处理在花前的干物质积累没有显著差异, 但50SC在花后保持较高的物质生产能力, 100SC因保墒优势最突出, 在花后的积累高于CK。粉碎覆盖处理花后干物质积累分别与全生育期、花前的比值都较高, 后期物质积累优势明显, 这也和Li等^{[ 32]}对秸秆覆盖应用于垄沟种植玉米的研究结果一致。各处理的全生育期DMA和花后/花前DMA均显著影响产量, 其中100SC和50SC对产量的影响达到极显著水平, 这也进一步说明花后良好的水温效应通过调节干物质的积累, 促进了产量的增加。从产量构成而言, 相比其他覆盖处理, 50SC有产量优势的主要原因是其产量构成中千粒重和穗粒重的提高, 即有利于收获指数的提高, 这也与其花后干物质积累的提高有关^{[ 33, 34]}。

关于玉米秸秆覆盖量对产量的影响, 在秸秆覆盖提高产量的基础上^{[ 35]}, 一些研究认为覆盖量与产量呈正比关系^{[ 36, 37]}。在本研究中, 同种覆盖方式下100SP和50SP之间产量没有差异, 甚至低于CK, 而50SC>100SC。因此只有适宜的覆盖量才能保证较高的粒重, 达到增产或稳产的目的, 过高的秸秆覆盖量与温度效应相互矛盾, 导致温度过低, 后期粒重较低, 反而低于无覆盖处理, 这与高飞等^{[ 38]}的研究结论一致。关于秸秆覆盖方式对产量影响, 李潮海等^{[ 39]}有关于小麦留茬方式对夏玉米生态影响的研究表明, 整秸秆立秆处理方式因其遮光效应不利于玉米前期的生长, 而粉碎秸秆处理则不存在遮光效应。本研究中100%覆盖量下的两处理之间产量无显著差异, 50%覆盖量下的产量为粉碎覆盖>整秸秆覆盖, 而且整秸秆覆盖处理的产量均低于对照, 这也是由于整秸秆覆盖方式的降温效应更大, 降低了单位面积穗数和粒重而影响产量的提高。与粉碎秸秆处理相比, 整秸秆覆盖的物理阻碍表现突出, 从而影响了前期的物质生产。因此, 高量覆盖虽对土壤保水更有利, 但半覆盖量粉碎秸秆在宽行间隔覆盖, 在保墒而不降温的基础上, 降低了对前期生长的物理机械阻碍, 并提高了物质生产在花后阶段的积累, 促进了产量的提高。关于该覆盖方式对土壤化学和微生物特性的影响有待进一步研究。

4 结论

宽行覆盖窄行深松交错种植模式下, 覆盖带秸秆以4.34 t hm^-2的覆盖量粉碎处理, 能降低秸秆覆盖对玉米苗期的物理阻碍和低温效应, 保证春玉米的出苗质量, 提高土壤含水量, 并通过调节物质生产向花后阶段分配, 提高收获指数和粒重, 与不覆盖相比产量提高4.78%。这种春玉米种植方式在保墒的基础上, 实现了与深松的有机结合, 是一种新型的保护性耕作方式。在中国北方干旱半干旱地区与深松相结合的条件下, 采用秸秆粉碎半量覆盖的免耕措施, 对宽行覆盖窄行深松交错玉米种植方式有较好的应用前景。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[20]	李爽, 孙占祥, 张莹, 杨宁, 冯良山, 刘洋, 白伟. 不同覆盖方式对春玉米土壤水分及生长发育的影响. 辽宁农业科学, 2010, (1): 1-4 Li S, Sun Z X, Zhang Y, Yang N, Feng L S, Liu Y, Bai W. Effect of different mulching methods on soil moisture and spring maize growth. Liaoning Agric Sci, 2010, (1): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.3962]
[21]	蔡太义, 贾志宽, 黄耀威, 黄会娟, 杨宝平, 张睿, 韩清芳, 聂俊峰. 中国旱作农区不同量秸秆覆盖综合效应研究进展: I. 不同量秸秆覆盖的农田生态环境效应. 干旱地区农业研究, 2011, (5): 63-68 Cai T Y, Jia Z K, Huang Y W, Huang H J, Yang B P, Zhang R, Han Q F, Nie J F. Research progress of comprehensive effect under different rates straw mulch on the rainfed farming areas, China: I. Effect of different rates of straw mulch on farmland eco-environment. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2011, (5): 63-68 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[22]	柏会子, 王洋, 石海, 陈笑莹. 秸秆不同还田方式对土壤蒸发特性影响. 土壤与作物, 2012, (4): 241-247 Bai H Z, Wang Y, Shi H, Chen X Y. Influence of different straw-returning approaches on soil evaporation characteristics. Soil Crop, 2012, (4): 241-247 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.222]
[23]	蔡太义, 贾志宽, 黄耀威, 黄会娟, 孟蕾, 杨宝平, 李涵. 不同秸秆覆盖量对春玉米田蓄水保墒及节水效益的影响. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(增刊-1): 238-243 Cai T Y, Jia Z K, Huang Y W, Huang H J, Meng L, Yang B P, Li H. Effects of different straw mulch rates on soil water conservation and water-saving benefits in spring maize field. Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(suppl-1): 238-243 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[24]	Cook H F, Valdes G S B, Lee H C. Mulch effects on rainfall interception, soil physical characteristics and temperature under Zea mays L. Soil Till Res, 2006, 91: 227-235 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[25]	Dekker L W, Ritsema C J. Effect of maize canopy and water repellency on moisture patterns in a Dutch black plaggen soil. Plant Soil, 1997, 195: 339-350 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.638]
[26]	Dahiya R, Ingwersen J, Streck T. The effect of mulching and tillage on the water and temperature regimes of a loess soil: Experimental findings and modeling. Soil Till Res, 2007, 96: 52-63 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.367]
[27]	陈素英, 张喜英, 孙宏勇, 邵立威. 华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因分析. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21: 519-525 Chen S Y, Zhang X Y, Sun H Y, Shao L W. Cause and mechanism of winter wheat yield reduction under straw mulch in the North China Plain. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2013, 21: 519-525 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.795]
[28]	李少昆, 王克如, 冯聚凯, 谢瑞芝, 高世菊. 玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式下影响小麦出苗的因素. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 463-465 Li S K, Wang K R, Feng J K, Xie R Z, Gao S J. Factors affecting seeding emergence in winter wheat under different tillage patterns with maize stalk mulching returned to the field. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 463-465 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[29]	蔡太义, 陈志超, 黄会娟, 黄耀威, 张合兵, 刘昌华, 贾志宽. 不同秸秆覆盖模式下农田土壤水温效应研究. 农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32: 1396-1404 Cai T Y, Chen Z C, Huang H J, Huang Y W, Zhang H B, Liu C H, Jia Z K. Effects of different modes of cropping systems using straw mulch on the soil temperature and soil water on the Weibei highland region of China. J Agro-Environ Sci, 2013, 32: 1396-1404 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.178]
[30]	高亚军, 李生秀. 旱地秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(7): 15-19 Gao Y J, Li X S. Cause and mechanism of crop yield reduction under straw mulch in dryland . Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(7): 15-19 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[31]	李迎, 刘小飞, 段爱旺, 高阳, 张俊鹏. 覆盖对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(15): 189-193 Li Y, Liu X F, Duan A W, Gao Y, Zhang J P. Effect on yield and WUE of summer maize under straw mulching. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2011, 27(15): 189-193 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[32]	Li R, Hou X Q, Jia Z K, Han Q F, Ren X L, Yang B P. Effects on soil temperature, moisture, and maize yield of cultivation with ridge and furrow mulching in the rainfed area of the Loess Plateau, China. Agric Water Manag, 2013, 116: 101-109 [本文引用:1]
[33]	籍增顺, 张乃生, 刘杰. 旱地玉米免耕整秸秆半覆盖技术体系及其评价. 干旱地区农业研究, 1995, 13(2): 14-19 Ji Z S, Zhang N S, Liu J. Research on the technical package of no-till and semi-mulching by whole stalks in rainfed cornfields. Agric Res Arid Areas, 1995, 13(2): 14-19 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[34]	籍增顺, 刘虎林, 洛希图, 武金芳, 张象俊. 免耕覆盖对旱地玉米生长发育的影响. 山西农业科学, 1994, 22(3): 22-27 Ji Z S, Liu H L, Luo X T, Wu J F, Zhang X J. Study on corn growth and development under no-tillage with stalk mulching in semi-arid regions. J Shanxi Agric Sci, 1994, 22(3): 22-27 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.8386]
[35]	卜玉山, 苗果园, 邵海林, 王建程. 对地膜和秸秆覆盖玉米生长发育与产量的分析. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 1090-1093 Bu Y S, Miao G Y, Shao H L, Wang J C. Analysis of growth and development and yield of corn mulched with plastic film and straw. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 1090-1093 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[36]	Sharma P, Abrol V, Sharma R K. Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics, energy requirement and crop performance in maize-wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols, India. Eur J Agron, 2011, 34: 46-51 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.8]
[37]	蔡太义, 贾志宽, 孟蕾, 郭芳倩, 杨宝平, 黄耀威, 任小龙. 渭北旱塬不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分和春玉米产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(3): 43-48 Cai T Y, Jia Z K, Meng L, Guo F Q, Yang B P, Huang Y W, Ren X L. Effects of different rates of straw mulch on soil moisture and yield of spring maize in Weibei highland area of China. Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(3): 43-48 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]
[38]	高飞, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 李永平, 杨宝平, 侯贤清, 路文涛. 秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分利用及春玉米产量的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2012, 30(1): 104-112 Gao F, Jia Z K, Han Q F, Li Y P, Yang B P, Hou X Q, Lu W T. Effects of straw quantity on soil water use and spring maize yield. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2012, 30(1): 104-112 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[39]	李潮海, 赵霞, 刘天学, 康伯铭. 麦茬处理方式对机播夏玉米的生态生理效应. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(1): 162-166 Li C H, Zhao X, Liu T X, Kang B M. Effects of different treatments of winter wheat residues on eco-physiological responses of mechanized sowing summer maize (Zea mays L. ). Trans CSAE, 2008, 24(1): 162-166 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.299]

1995

1.518

0.0

... 免耕秸秆覆盖是中国北方干旱半干旱地区广泛采用的保护性耕作措施, 合理的覆盖量和秸秆处理方法, 可减少土壤水分无效蒸发, 提高土壤含水量, 影响玉米的生长发育和产量^[1,2,3] ...

2009

2.367

0.0

2010

0.0

0.3962

文凤, 孙占祥, 白伟, 郑家明, 刘洋, 冯良山, 杨宁, 侯志研. 不同覆盖方式对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响. 辽宁农业科学, 2010, (5): 6-9

Wen

, Sun

Z X

, Bai

, Zheng

J M

, Liu

, Feng

L S

, Yang

, Hou

Z Y

. Effect of different mulching methods on maize yield and soil water use efficiency. Liaoning Agric Sci, 2010, (5): 6-9 (in Chinese with English abstract)

在渗水地膜覆盖、普通地膜覆盖、普通地膜和渗水地膜交替覆盖、秸秆覆盖和裸地种植五种处理方式条件下,探讨了不同覆盖方式对辽西风沙半干旱地区玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,不同覆盖处理均可以不同程度的增加玉米产量和水分利用效率,其中渗水地膜覆盖能使玉米产量增加32.66%,土壤水分利用效率提高41.9%,说明渗水地膜覆盖是辽西风沙半干旱区提高玉米产量和水分利用效率的最佳方式.

2008

0.527

0.4431

Qin

H L

, Gao

W S

, Ma

Y C

, Ma

, Yin

C M

, Chen

C L

. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage for two years. Agric Sci China, 2008, 7: 88-95

Abstract In order to improve the water use efficiency under conservation tillage, the effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage were studied. An experiment of 40 cm subsoiling in a field kept under no-tillage for 2 years was operated from 2005 to 2006. Based on the data of the soil moisture and crop yield, the physical basis of subsoiling for water conservation and yield increase was analyzed. The results showed that the soil water storage under subsoiling, from the soil surface to a depth of 100 cm was more than that under no-tillage for the growth season. In the 0–100 cm soil depth, the soil moisture in 50–100 cm depth under subsoiling was more compared with no-tillage, which increased when it's drought and decreased when it's rainy with the increase in soil depth. Compared with no-tillage, subsoiling could reduce the water consumption of oats in the 0–50 cm depth and increase the water consumption in the 50–100 cm depth. Also, subsoiling increased the yield by 18.29% and the water use efficiency by 16.8% in a two-year average. The effects of subsoiling on water conservation and yield increase were affected by precipitation, and a well-proportioned rainfall was better to increase yield and water use efficiency. Meanwhile, subsoiling decreased bulk density, which increased with the available precipitation. Subsoiling under no-tillage is the effective rotation tillage to contain more soil moisture and improve water use efficiency in ecotone of North China.

... 目前, 研究认为秸秆覆盖与深松耕作相结合能够提高水分利用效率, 增加玉米产量, 但关于两者在空间上和效益上的结合方式及其合理的秸秆覆盖方式等, 在前人的研究中都没有明确的阐述^[4,5,6], 因此, 进一步明确秸秆覆盖与深松结合条件下具体的种植方式和秸秆覆盖方式, 对春玉米单作条件下保护性耕作方式的改善和产量的稳定提高都具有重要意义 ...

2007

2.367

0.0

, Li

H W

, Wang

X Y

, McHugh

A D

, Li

W Y

, Gao

H W

, Kuhn

N J

. The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China. Soil Till Res, 2007, 94: 493-502

Abstract Soil compaction caused by random traffic or repetitive tillage has been shown to reduce water use efficiency, and thus crop yield due to reduced porosity, decreased water infiltration and availability of nutrients. Conservation tillage coupled with subsoiling in northern China is widely believed to reduce soil compaction, which was created after many years of no-till. However, limited research has been conducted on the most effective time interval for subsoiling, under conservation tillage. Data from conservation tillage demonstration sites operating for 10 years in northern China were used to conduct a comparative study of subsoiling interval under conservation tillage. Three modes of traditional tillage, subsoiling with soil cover and no-till with soil cover were compared using 10 years of soil bulk density, water content, yield and water use efficiency data. Cost benefit analysis was conducted on subsoiling time interval under conservation tillage. Yield and power consumption were assessed by based on the use of a single pass combine subsoiler and planter. Annual subsoiling was effective in reducing bulk density by only 4.9% compared with no-till treatments on the silty loam soils of the Loess plateau, but provided no extra benefit in terms of soil water loss, yield increase or water utilization. With the exception of bulk density, no-till and subsoiling with cover were vastly superior in increasing water use (+10.5%) efficiency and yield (+12.9%) compared to traditional tillage methods. Four years of no-till followed by one subsoiling reduced mechanical inputs by 62%, providing an economic benefit of 49% for maize and 209% for wheat production compared to traditional tillage. Annual subsoiling reduced inputs by 25% with an increased economic benefit of 23% for maize and 135% for wheat production. Yield and power consumption was improved by 5% and 20%, respectively, by combining subsoiling with the planting operation in one pass compared with multipass operations of subsoiling and planting. A key conclusion from this is that annual subsoiling in dryland areas of northern China is uneconomical and unwarranted. Four years of no-till operations followed by 1 year subsoiling provided some relief from accumulated soil compaction. However, minimum soil disturbance and maximum soil cover are key elements of no-till for saving water and improving yields. Improved yields and reduced farm power consumption could provide a significant base on which to promote combined planter and subsoiling operations throughout northern China. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the linkages between conservation tillage, soil quality and yield, aimed at designing most appropriate conservation tillage schemes.

2006

0.0

1.299

何进, 李洪文, 高焕文. 中国北方保护性耕作条件下深松效应与经济效益研究. 农业工程学报, 2006, 22(10): 62-67

, Li

H W

, Gao

H W

. Subsoiling effect and economic benefit under conservation tillage mode in Northern China. Trans CSAE, 2006, 22(10): 62-67 (in Chinese with English abstract)

保护性耕作技术是适应中国北方农业发展的一种新型耕作技术,它可以通过深松作业来消除因多年免耕出现的土壤变硬问题.目前对保护性耕作条件下深松的效应和经济效益缺乏深入的研究,在玉米深松过程中还出现的伤苗,功耗大和经济效益低等问题.该文试验研究了在中国北方保护性耕作示范基地上,从1993年开始,通过10多年的时间对保护性耕作条件下的深松效应,测定了传统耕作、深松覆盖和免耕覆盖3种不同耕作方式下的土壤容重、含水率,水分利用率和产量等数据,试验结果表明,在保护性耕作条件下,每4年对土壤深松一次可以解决土壤变硬问题,持续保持作物高的水分利用率和产量,并不需要年年深松.相对深松覆盖(年年深松),4年免耕覆盖+1年深松的耕作方式能提高25%左右的经济效益.同时,针对玉米深松过程中的问题,提出了玉米免耕播种和深松联合作业的方案,试验表明,玉米免耕播种和深松联合作业能有效解决玉米深松过程中出现的一系列问题,促进玉米生长,提高玉米产量,建议在中国北方玉米产区推广这一联合作业技术.

2010

1.416

0.0

Sharma

A R

, Singh

, Dhyani

S K

, Dube

R K

. Moisture conservation and nitrogen recycling through legume mulching in rainfed maize (Zea mays)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosys, 2010, 87: 187-197

Mulching with vegetative materials is a highly beneficial and widely-investigated agro-technique in rainfed areas but the adoption of this practice has been constrained due to non-availability of mulch biomass locally. Live mulching with fast-growing annual green manure legumes like sunnhemp ( Crotalaria juncea ) or prunings of Leucaena leucocephala grown as hedge rows can be done for moisture conservation as well as nutrient cycling in the maize–wheat cropping system, which is predominantly followed in the high rainfall sub-mountainous region of north-western India. A field experiment was conducted at Selakui, Dehradun during 2000–2004 to study the effect of legume mulching, viz. in situ grown sunnhemp and Leucaena prunings, along with varying N levels, viz. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha −1 (to maize), and 0, 40 and 80 kg N ha −1 (to wheat) on productivity, soil moisture conservation and soil physico-chemical properties. Intercropped sunnhemp added 0.75–1.45 t dry matter and 21.6–41.3 kg N ha −1 at 30–35 days, while Leucaena twigs added 1.89–4.15 t dry matter and 75.2–161.3 kg N ha −1 at 60–65 days of maize growth. Live mulching with sunnhemp or Leucaena biomass improved soil moisture content at maize harvest (+1.15–1.57%) and crop productivity by 6.8–8.8% over no mulching. Combined use of both the mulching materials was more effective in improving the soil moisture content (+2.08–2.29%) and grain yield (15.1%) over their single application. Response of maize to N fertilizer application was significant up to 90 kg N ha −1 , and it was relatively more pronounced under the mulching treatments. Residual effect of mulching on wheat showed an increase in yield of 10.2% with sunnhemp or Leucaena , and 27.9% with sunnhemp + Leucaena . There was an improvement in organic C and total N status of soil, and a decrease in bulk density associated with an increase in infiltration rate due to mulching at the end of 4 cropping cycles. It was concluded that legume mulching is a highly beneficial practice for enhanced moisture and nutrient conservation, leading to increased productivity and soil health of maize–wheat cropping system under Doon valley conditions of north-western India.

1.Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Agronomy New Delhi 110012 India 2.Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Dehradun Uttarakhand 248195 India 3.National Research Centre for Agroforestry Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 284003 India 4.Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Regional Centre Agra Uttar Pradesh 282006 India

... Sharma等^[7]的研究认为作物秸秆覆盖由于后期的保墒作用, 对玉米的生长发育和产量都有显著的促进效应 ...

2013

0.0

... 张萌等^[8]研究表明长期免耕覆盖使玉米产量增加17 ...

2005

0.0

付国占, 王俊忠, 李潮海, 曹鸿鸣, 王振林, 焦念元, 李春霞. 华北残茬覆盖不同土壤耕作方式夏玉米生长分析. 干旱地区农业研究, 2005, 23(4): 12-15

G Z

, Wang

J Z

, Li

C H

, Cao

H M

, Wang

Z L

, Jiao

N Y

, Li

C X

. Analysis of growth of summer maize with stubble mulch and different tillage methods in North China. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2005, 23(4): 12-15 (in Chinese with English abstract)

对华北小麦玉米一年两熟地区,小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种处理及其与免耕、翻耕和间隔深松三种土壤耕作方式结合条件下,夏玉米光合产物生产、积累、分配和籽粒产量进行了分析.结果表明,残茬覆盖结合深松耕作具有良好效果,其叶面积系数、叶片光合速率、干物质积累量及向籽粒的分配比例分别比不覆盖免耕高13.37%、 45.83%、 16.97%和3.09%,最终产量显著高于其它处理,比不覆盖免耕高15.9%.

... 付国占等^[9]认为小麦秸秆覆盖与深松结合是一种保证两者效果良好发挥并提高产量的有效措施, 但并未探讨秸秆覆盖与深松的具体结合方式 ...

2009

0.0

王昕, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 杨保平, 聂俊峰. 半干旱区秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分保蓄及作物水分利用效率的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2009, 27(4): 196-202

Wang

, Jia

Z K

, Han

Q F

, Yang

B P

, Nie

J F

. Effects of different straw mulching quantity on soil water and WUE in semiarid region. Agric Res Arid Areas, 2009, 27(4): 196-202 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2007～2008年在宁夏南部半干旱地区旱作春玉米播前设置了4种不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.45、0.9、1.35万kg/hm2)处理,分析了该区秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分保蓄及水分利用效率的影响.两年定点试验表明,不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤含水量影响存在季节性、层次性差异;0.9 kg/hm2覆盖量处理,在玉米大喇叭口期以前,对保持0～40 cm土层的土壤含水量有显著效果(P Abstract： The study on the effects of different straw mulchi ng quantity (0, 4 500, 9000 and 13 500 kg/hm2) on soil water and water use eff iciency of spring maize was conducted in semiarid area of Ningxia from 2007 to 2 008. The results showed that the effects of straw mulching treatments on soil wa ter varied in different crop growth stages and soil layers. Straw mulching treat ment of 9 000 kg/hm2 had significant effect on soil water content of 0～40 cm soil layer compared with CK (P<0.05), and the soil water content increased b y 14.2%. The treatment of 13 500 kg/hm2 raised soil water content insignifi cantly compared with treatment of 9 000 kg/hm2. 9 000～13 500 kg/hm2 treatme nts could increase the yield by 16.9% (P<0.01), water use efficiency of sp ring maize increased by 4.3～5.6 kg/(mm*hm2) compared with CK (P<0.01).

... 王昕等^[10]和王晖等^[11]的研究认为高覆盖量和一倍的还田量有利于干物质积累, 增产幅度达17 ...

2011

1.265

0.0

... 王昕等^[10]和王晖等^[11]的研究认为高覆盖量和一倍的还田量有利于干物质积累, 增产幅度达17 ...

2011

0.0

1.667

王敏, 王海霞, 韩清芳, 李荣, 张睿, 贾志宽, 杨宝平. 不同材料覆盖的土壤水温效应及对玉米生长的影响. 作物学报, 2011, 37: 1249-1258

Wang

, Wang

H X

, Han

Q F

, Li

, Zhang

, Jia

Z K

, Yang

B P

. Effects of different mulching materials on soil water, temperature, and corn growth. Acta Agron Sin, 2011, 37: 1249-1258 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The study, with randomized block design, measured the effects of different mulching materials which included biodegradable film (S), plastic film (D), corn straw (J), liquid film (Y) and bare land on soil water, temperature and corn growth in Weibei rainfed tableland, which would be as the basis of mulching cultivation in this area. The results showed that soil moisture in different mulchings showed different characteristics after Heading and filling stage of corn, soil average moisture (40–60 cm) of J mulching was evidently ( P <0.05) higher than that of control treatment and other mulchings; water deprivation of S and D mulchings was improved in the deeper soil layers (60–120 cm). ....

1 Chinese Research Institute of Water-saving Agriculture in Dry Area, Northwest A&F University / Key Laboratory of Crop Production and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100 China; 2 College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

在渭北旱塬区采用随机区组试验，对比研究了生物降解膜(S)、塑料地膜(D)、秸秆(J)、液态膜(Y)覆盖和裸地平作种植玉米的土壤水温效应及玉米生长状况。结果表明，玉米进入抽雄期和灌浆期后，不同覆盖材料间土壤水分出现较大差异，40~160 cm J覆盖土壤平均含水量显著( P P P P P P <0.05)和2.4%，J覆盖造成玉米减产10.5%。

... 但秸秆过量覆盖和不合理的覆盖方式会对作物的出苗造成物理阻碍, 影响出苗质量甚至造成减产^[12,13] ...

2007

0.0

1.299

韩宾, 李增嘉, 王芸, 宁堂原, 郑延海, 史忠强. 土壤耕作及秸秆还田对冬小麦生长状况及产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(2): 48-53

Han

, Li

Z J

, Wang

, Ning

T Y

, Zheng

Y H

, Shi

Z Q

. Effects of soil tillage and returning straw to soil on wheat growth status and yield. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(2): 48-53 (in Chinese with English abstract)

该文研究了土壤耕作、秸秆还田两项技术措施及其交互效应对冬小麦群体发育动态、冬小麦产量形成及其构成要素的影响.常规耕作、免耕、耙耕、深松4种土壤耕作技术与无秸秆还田、秸秆全量粉碎还田两种秸秆还田量构成8个处理,并对不同处理中冬小麦生长发育动态及产量形成进行调查、分析.结果表明不同耕作处理对冬小麦出苗率、群体动态、产量构成有显著影响,免耕小麦出苗率仅60.2%,群体过小,产量显著低于常规耕作;耙耕、深松在与常规耕作相同播量下能形成适宜的群体,且穗粒数、千粒重均高于常规耕作,分别比常规耕作增产8.15%和6.91%;经作用力分析,耕作措施是影响冬小麦群体结构与产量构成的最重要因素,作用力大于秸秆及秸秆×耕作交互效应.

... 但秸秆过量覆盖和不合理的覆盖方式会对作物的出苗造成物理阻碍, 影响出苗质量甚至造成减产^[12,13] ...

2012

2.474

0.0

... 秸秆覆盖对中国北方春播作物的出苗造成不利影响, 还主要由于在气温较低的情况下, 秸秆覆盖降低土表温度2~6℃, 造成出苗时间延长而推迟各生育时期^[14,15] ...

1994

0.0

2008

1.126

0.0

刘超, 汪有科, 湛景武, 杨直毅. 秸秆覆盖量对夏玉米产量影响的试验研究. 灌溉排水学报, 2008, 27(4): 64-66

Liu

, Wang

Y K

, Zhan

J W

, Yang

Z Y

. The influence of straw mulch amount to summer maize yield. J Irrig Drainag, 2008, 27(4): 64-66 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过对夏玉米在露天和干旱棚控水2种土壤水分状况下生长状况的观测,发现秸秆覆盖夏玉米有明显增产效应,作物水分利用效率均得到了不同程度提高.通过对0、3000、6000、9000、12000 kg/hm2五种处理下玉米状况的对比,得出6000 kg/hm2为渭河平原地区最适宜夏玉米田秸秆覆盖量.在6000 kg/hm2覆盖量下,露天小区夏玉米可增产5.61%.试验证明,渭河平原地区秸秆覆盖夏玉米,增产潜力大,是一种值得推广的玉米增产措施.

... 刘超等^[16]和蔡太义等^[17]明确指出秸秆覆盖的增产效应限制在一定的覆盖量内, 过量和少量均不能达到增产的目的, 对于秸秆覆盖方式, Sharratt等^[18]的研究结果表明立秆留茬处理提高土壤温度, 有利于物质积累, 但关于春玉米单作条件下秸秆覆盖与深松耕作相结合的合理秸秆覆盖方式的研究还鲜见报道 ...

2011

0.0

... 这与覆盖处理对土壤的水温效应有关, 玉米拔节前秸秆覆盖比不覆盖的土壤温度低, 生长发育较迟缓, 影响了前期的物质积累, 而拔节后秸秆覆盖提供了良好的土壤水温环境, 从而促进干物质积累向花后转化^[17] ...

1998

2.367

0.0

2005

0.0

... 苗期株高整齐度计算公式为: 整齐度= 1/CV_株高^[19] ...

2010

0.0

0.3962

李爽, 孙占祥, 张莹, 杨宁, 冯良山, 刘洋, 白伟. 不同覆盖方式对春玉米土壤水分及生长发育的影响. 辽宁农业科学, 2010, (1): 1-4

, Sun

Z X

, Zhang

, Yang

, Feng

L S

, Liu

, Bai

. Effect of different mulching methods on soil moisture and spring maize growth. Liaoning Agric Sci, 2010, (1): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用渗水地膜覆盖、地膜覆盖、地膜和渗水地膜交替覆盖、秸秆覆盖、裸地五种种植方式探讨了对辽西风沙半干旱地区春玉米土壤水分及生长发育的影响,结果表明:不同覆盖处理可以不同程度的增加耕层土壤含水量,其中渗水地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖效果最为明显;可以有效地促进了玉米的生长发育,使其生育进程合理,植株生长稳健,有效提高玉米产量,其中以渗水地膜覆盖效果最显著.

... 秸秆覆盖因其减少蒸发和增加入渗的效应, 使土壤含水量提高^[20], 且随覆盖量的增加而有不断提高的趋势^[21] ...

2011

0.0

... 秸秆覆盖因其减少蒸发和增加入渗的效应, 使土壤含水量提高^[20], 且随覆盖量的增加而有不断提高的趋势^[21] ...

2012

0.222

0.0

... 100%覆盖量下粉碎秸秆处理的各土层含水量均高于整秸秆处理, 因为玉米秸秆覆盖均匀度与保水效果成正比^[22], 高覆盖量下粉碎处理较整秸秆处理的覆盖均匀度更高, 保水效果更好 ...

2011

0.0

1.299

... 在各时期中, 覆盖处理对拔节期土壤含水量的影响最大, 对于20~60 cm土层的含水量提高幅度最大, 因为拔节期宽覆盖行玉米冠层未封行, 裸地部分土壤无效水分蒸发量最大, 因此各秸秆覆盖处理此时的保水效果最明显, 蔡太义等^[23]的研究也表明玉米的拔节期秸秆覆盖处理与对照的水分差异在全生育期最大 ...

2006

2.367

0.0

... 对于土壤温度, 在秸秆覆盖条件下显著低于不覆盖处理, 且温度降幅随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加^[24], 秸秆的这种降温效应主要表现在前期, 即在行内郁闭前, 秸秆因遮挡了近地面辐射而降低土壤温度^[25] ...

1997

2.638

0.0

2007

2.367

0.0

... 本研究中土壤温度降低也主要表现在从播种到拔节的5 cm、10 cm、15 cm土层, 降温效应在覆盖量处理的表现为50%处理[26], 因此50SC既能保证土壤含水量的提高又减小了秸秆覆盖的降温效应, 为玉米生长前期提供了良好的土壤水温环境 ...

2013

0.0

0.795

陈素英, 张喜英, 孙宏勇, 邵立威. 华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因分析. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21: 519-525

Chen

S Y

, Zhang

X Y

, Sun

H Y

, Shao

L W

. Cause and mechanism of winter wheat yield reduction under straw mulch in the North China Plain. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2013, 21: 519-525 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In the North China Plain (NCP), winter wheat and summer maize double cropping consumed 800~850 mm of water annually. About 25%~30% of the water loss was due to soil evaporation. Reducing soil water evaporation was an effective water-saving measure in this seriously water-scarce region. Straw mulch has been proved to be one of the effective methods used to reduce soil evaporation. Double cropping of winter wheat and summer maize in the NCP was effective in producing abundant straw for mulching. With the mechanization of winter wheat harvest, winter wheat straw has been successfully used to mulch maize; significantly reducing crop water use. However, summer maize straw mulch on the soil surface has created unfavorable winter wheat growth conditions resulting in yield reduction. Because straw mulch reduced winter wheat yield, its practical application was limited. Decrease in spike number was main reason for the yield reduction of winter, and the 1000-grain weight decrease was the second reason. Soil surface straw mulch reduced maximum root zone temperature during daytime and increased minimum temperature during nighttime, thereby reducing daily temperature range. Changes in root zone temperature under straw mulch delay growth period and reduced yield. This paper summarized the causes and mechanisms of winter wheat yield reduction under straw mulch in the NCP. The results were vital in finding technical solutions to the negative effects of straw mulch on winter wheat. This enhanced the practical application of straw mulch to save irrigation water in the NCP.

秸秆覆盖是减少农田棵间蒸发和提高水分利用效率的措施之一。冬小麦/夏玉米一年两作种植中, 秸秆资源非常丰富, 随着机械化作业的发展, 小麦秸秆覆盖夏玉米技术在同类地区得到成功应用和推广。但夏玉米秸秆覆盖冬小麦后对冬小麦的生长发育产生了一些不利影响, 造成了冬小麦不增产或减产, 限制了该项技术的推广。秸秆覆盖造成冬小麦穗数的降低是冬小麦产量降低的主要原因, 其次是千粒重的降低。大部分研究表明秸秆覆盖小麦地表后, 使根区土壤温度白天最高温度低于不覆盖处理, 夜间的最低温度高于不覆盖处理, 土壤温度的日较差减小。秸秆覆盖下根区温度的变化可能是引起小麦生长发育滞后和产量降低的主导因素。本文综述了华北平原秸秆覆盖冬小麦减产原因, 为实现两熟区冬小麦秸秆覆盖提供理论依据。

... 秸秆覆盖降低出苗率的主要原因是秸秆对出苗造成障碍, 即使出苗时真叶出土正常, 可能也存在无法冲破秸秆覆盖层的问题^[27] ...

2006

0.0

1.667

李少昆, 王克如, 冯聚凯, 谢瑞芝, 高世菊. 玉米秸秆还田与不同耕作方式下影响小麦出苗的因素. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 463-465

S K

, Wang

K R

, Feng

J K

, Xie

R Z

, Gao

S J

. Factors affecting seeding emergence in winter wheat under different tillage patterns with maize stalk mulching returned to the field. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 463-465 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The present study was to make clear the reasons affecting the emergence of winter wheat seedling in maize stalk mulching fields in North China Plain. The results indicated that the wheat seedling rates under all treatments of stalk return field declined compared with the traditional tillage pattern (ploughed before sowing, but no stalk mulching). The main five reasons are sorted as sowing too shallow, sowing to deep, physical obstacles by maize stalks, seed moldiness and deficiency or unevenness of soil water, and their priority orders in different tillage patterns were different. The relationships between weight of maize stalk return field (y) and number of wheat seedling (x) could be simulated by power functions y= 4.206x －7192 (mulched with whole stalks and un-ploughed and y= 509.4x －0597 (mulched with crushed stalks and un-ploughed).

Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081

在华北平原小麦-玉米一年两熟条件下，玉米秸秆还田后小麦出苗率下降的原因可归纳为播种过浅、播种过深、秸秆或根茬物理阻碍、种子霉烂及土壤水分不足或干湿不均等5方面。影响出苗的关键因素在传统翻耕方式下（对照）依次是土壤水分不足、播种过浅、根茬阻碍；在秸秆粉碎还田后翻耕播种方式下为土壤水分不足、秸秆阻碍、播种过浅；在秸秆粉碎还田旋耕播种方式下为秸秆阻碍、土壤水分不足、播种过浅；在秸秆粉碎还田直播方式下为秸秆阻碍、播种过深、种子霉烂、播种过浅、土壤水分不足；在秸秆立秆直播方式下为秸秆阻碍、种子霉烂、播种过浅、土壤水分不足、播种过深。在后两2种种植方式下秸秆还田量与小麦出苗率可分别用y =402.67x －0.7192 和 y =509.4x －1.0597 表示。

... 不同的秸秆覆盖方式和覆盖量都会影响出苗, 无论玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖或立秆直播处理, 出苗率都比传统耕作方式降低10%以上^[28] ...

2013

0.0

1.178

... 许多研究表明秸秆覆盖的低温效应使玉米苗期的生育期延缓^[29], 导致出苗推迟或收获期推迟 ...

2005

0.0

1.299

高亚军, 李生秀. 旱地秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析. 农业工程学报, 2005, 21(7): 15-19

Gao

Y J

, Li

X S

. Cause and mechanism of crop yield reduction under straw mulch in dryland . Trans CSAE, 2005, 21(7): 15-19 (in Chinese with English abstract)

On the basis of field experiments conducted by authors for a few years, the methods, effect, reduction of crop yield and its reasons for straw mulch in dryland were summarized and analyzed. It was showed that the reduction of crop yield under straw mulch should be paid more attention to although the most of the data showed the remarkable improvement of soil water condition and crop yield under straw mulch. The reasons for yield reduction probably due to the changes of soil water content, soil temperature, fertility and other factors resulted from straw mulch. Further researches are needed. Some suggestions were given for further researches.

结合多年的田间试验研究，对中国旱地秸秆覆盖的方法、效果、减产现象及其原因进行了总结和分析，结果表明：虽然绝大多数资料显示秸秆覆盖能明显改善土壤水分状况、提高作物产量，但覆盖条件下作物不增产甚至减产的现象不容忽视，其原因可能与覆盖导致土壤水分、温度和供肥状况等因素的变化有关，作用机理尚需深入探讨，并提出了进一步研究的思路。

... 秸秆覆盖由于低温和物理阻碍等因素, 影响玉米的生长发育, 甚至出现减产的效应^[30] ...

2011

0.0

李迎, 刘小飞, 段爱旺, 高阳, 张俊鹏. 覆盖对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响. 中国农学通报, 2011, 27(15): 189-193

, Liu

X F

, Duan

A W

, Gao

, Zhang

J P

. Effect on yield and WUE of summer maize under straw mulching. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 2011, 27(15): 189-193 (in Chinese with English abstract)

研究不同土壤水分状况下秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长发育指标、产量和水分利用效率的影响.试验在防雨棚下的测坑中进行,设计了秸秆覆盖和土壤水分控制下限(占田间持水率的75%,65%和55%)两个因素,分析夏玉米生长指标、产量及水分利用效率的变化规律.结果表明,秸秆覆盖对夏玉米生长发育有促进作用,在不同的水分状况下,覆盖处理的夏玉米叶面积指数、产量和水分利用效率均优于不覆盖处理.中水分条件覆盖处理下的夏玉米产量较对照条件下的高水分夏玉米产量无显著降低,而且其水分利用效率最高.建议在夏玉米覆盖生产方式中采用中水分灌溉方式,可以达到节水高产的目的.

... 已有研究表明秸秆覆盖能够增加玉米抽雄期后的叶面积指数, 促进植株生长发育^[31] ...

2013

0.0

... 粉碎覆盖处理花后干物质积累分别与全生育期、花前的比值都较高, 后期物质积累优势明显, 这也和Li等^[32]对秸秆覆盖应用于垄沟种植玉米的研究结果一致 ...

1995

0.0

... 从产量构成而言, 相比其他覆盖处理, 50SC有产量优势的主要原因是其产量构成中千粒重和穗粒重的提高, 即有利于收获指数的提高, 这也与其花后干物质积累的提高有关^[33,34] ...

1994

0.0

0.8386

2006

0.0

1.667

卜玉山, 苗果园, 邵海林, 王建程. 对地膜和秸秆覆盖玉米生长发育与产量的分析. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 1090-1093

Y S

, Miao

G Y

, Shao

H L

, Wang

J C

. Analysis of growth and development and yield of corn mulched with plastic film and straw. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 1090-1093 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The effects of straw mulching (SM) and plastic film mulching (PM) on corn growth and yield were studied by pot and field experiments in two years. The results showed that plant height, stem diameter, net photosynthetic rate, and accumulation of dry matter in root and shoot of corn were increased by SM and PM. The promotion effect of PM treatment on corn growth and development was bigger at the earlier stage of corn growth, while that of SM treatment mainly at the middle and later stages of corn growth. The reason of increasing corn yields by SM and PM was mainly due to the increases of ear length and grains per ear, indicating the effects of SM and PM on corn yields were performed at jointing to heading stages when female ear differentiated and developed, while not at seed-filling period under the experimental condition.

1College of Resource and Environmental Science；2College of Agronomy，Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, Shanxi ,China

两年盆栽和大田玉米覆盖试验结果表明，秸秆和地膜覆盖都不同程度地增加了玉米株高、茎粗、净光合速率和单株干物质积累量等；地膜覆盖的促进作用在玉米生育前期较大，而秸秆覆盖的作用则主要表现在玉米生育中后期。秸秆和地膜覆盖增产的主要原因均为玉米穗长和穗粒数的增加，在本试验条件下，秸秆和地膜覆盖的增产效应主要表现在拔节至抽雄及雌穗分化发育阶段，而对后期粒重形成影响不大。

... 关于玉米秸秆覆盖量对产量的影响, 在秸秆覆盖提高产量的基础上^[35], 一些研究认为覆盖量与产量呈正比关系^[36,37] ...

2011

2.8

0.0

Sharma

, Abrol

, Sharma

R K

. Impact of tillage and mulch management on economics, energy requirement and crop performance in maize-wheat rotation in rainfed subhumid inceptisols, India. Eur J Agron, 2011, 34: 46-51

Abstract Different tillage systems (conventional, minimum, raised bed and no tillage) and four mulch levels (control, polythene, straw and soil) were compared in maize (Z ea mays ) and wheat (T riticum aestivum ) production for three years on an experimental field (sandy loam) located at Dry Land Research Sub Station, Dhiansar, Jammu. Each treatment was replicated four times in split plot design. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of tillage and mulch practices on economics, energy requirement, soil physical properties and performance of maize and wheat. Tillage methods significantly affected the soil physical properties as change in soil moisture contents and infiltration rate of soil was recorded. The soil moisture contents in minimum tillage (MT) were maximum (12.4%, 16.6%) in surface soil as compared to conventional tillage (CT) in maize and wheat crops, respectively. Comparing to the CT infiltration rate was (1.16times, 1.21times and 1.11times) higher in minimum tillage (MT), no tillage (NT) and raised bed (RB), respectively in kharif season. Similar results were also found in rabi season. The greatest maize yield of 1865 kg ha −1 was achieved with CT system while not significantly lower yield was achieved with MT system (1837 kg ha −1 ). However, wheat yield was recorded higher in MT as compare to the CT system. Comparing to the energy requirement of different operations, MT required 34.3% less, NT 31.1% less and RB 46.0% less than the CT system. MT system saved 2.5 times energy in tillage operation compared to the CT system. The economic analysis also revealed that the maximum benefits could be obtained from MT (EUR 202.4 ha −1 ) followed by RB (EUR 164.2 ha −1 ) and NT (EUR 158.3 ha −1 ) and lowest in CT (EUR 149.5 ha −1 ). Benefit-cost ratio was highest in MT (0.71) and lowest in CT (0.44). Results revealed that mulch significantly affected the soil physical properties and growth of maize. The maximum soil moisture content, infiltration rate and grain yield of maize and wheat recorded higher in mulching practices over no mulch treatment. Polythene mulch and straw mulch were almost equally valuable in maize and wheat sequence. Tillage (minimum) and mulch (polythene and straw) have pronounced effect on soil physical properties (improved infiltration rate and conserve soil water), energy requirement, economics and growth of maize and wheat. Research highlights ? The maximum soil moisture content, infiltration rate and grain yield of maize and wheat recorded higher in mulching practices over no mulch treatment. ? Polythene mulch and straw mulch were almost equally valuable in maize and wheat sequence. ? Tillage (minimum) and mulch (polythene and straw) have pronounced effect on soil physical properties (improved infiltration rate and conserve soil water), energy requirement, economics and growth of maize and wheat.

... 关于玉米秸秆覆盖量对产量的影响, 在秸秆覆盖提高产量的基础上^[35], 一些研究认为覆盖量与产量呈正比关系^[36,37] ...

2011

0.0

1.299

蔡太义, 贾志宽, 孟蕾, 郭芳倩, 杨宝平, 黄耀威, 任小龙. 渭北旱塬不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分和春玉米产量的影响. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(3): 43-48

Cai

T Y

, Jia

Z K

, Meng

, Guo

F Q

, Yang

B P

, Huang

Y W

, Ren

X L

. Effects of different rates of straw mulch on soil moisture and yield of spring maize in Weibei highland area of China. Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(3): 43-48 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为了探明不同秸秆覆盖量对渭北旱塬土壤水分及春玉米产量的影响,于2008-2009年在陕西合阳县旱农试验站进行了3个水平的秸秆覆盖量(4500、9000和13500 kg/hm2)试验,以不覆盖为对照(CK).2 a结果表明,3个处理0～200 cm土层平均土壤贮水量较CK均显著提高,分别增加16.52、25.52和34.04mm(P＜0.05);播后0～60 d,农田蒸散量较CK分别减少4.43、8.23(P＜0.05)和6.96 mm(P＜0.05);9000 kg/hm2处理2年平均籽粒产量及水分利用效率表现最优,较CK分别提高11.03%(P＜0.05)和9.25%(P＜0.05),13500kg/hm2处理次之,4500kg/hm2处理最差.本研究表明,渭北早塬春玉米生育期降水量低于390mm时,不同秸秆覆盖量处理蓄水保墒及增产效应明显,且以9000 kg/hm2覆盖量为宜.

... 关于玉米秸秆覆盖量对产量的影响, 在秸秆覆盖提高产量的基础上^[35], 一些研究认为覆盖量与产量呈正比关系^[36,37] ...

2012

0.0

... 因此只有适宜的覆盖量才能保证较高的粒重, 达到增产或稳产的目的, 过高的秸秆覆盖量与温度效应相互矛盾, 导致温度过低, 后期粒重较低, 反而低于无覆盖处理, 这与高飞等^[38]的研究结论一致 ...

2008

0.0

1.299

李潮海, 赵霞, 刘天学, 康伯铭. 麦茬处理方式对机播夏玉米的生态生理效应. 农业工程学报, 2008, 24(1): 162-166

C H

, Zhao

, Liu

T X

, Kang

B M

. Effects of different treatments of winter wheat residues on eco-physiological responses of mechanized sowing summer maize (Zea mays L. ). Trans CSAE, 2008, 24(1): 162-166 (in Chinese with English abstract)

为探求适合黄淮海平原机播夏玉米的最佳麦茬处理方式,采用大田试验,研究了麦茬处理方式(平茬、立茬、除茬)对机播夏玉米的生态生理效应.结果表明,平茬有利于提高土壤含水率、平衡和改善耕层土壤温度,较好地满足玉米生长对土壤温度和水分的需求.3展叶时,玉米叶面积、干物质重等指标都以除茬处理最好;6展叶时,平茬处理玉米的株高、单株干重、叶面积、光合速率均表现最优,产量也最高.所以平茬处理为机播夏玉米的生长提供了较好的生态条件,促进了夏玉米的生长发育和产量的提高,有很大的推广价值.

... 关于秸秆覆盖方式对产量影响, 李潮海等^[39]有关于小麦留茬方式对夏玉米生态影响的研究表明, 整秸秆立秆处理方式因其遮光效应不利于玉米前期的生长, 而粉碎秸秆处理则不存在遮光效应 ...