夏玉米不同品种各阶段氮素效应综合评价方法

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王丽君, 李芸, 王存凯, 陶洪斌, 王璞, 廖树华. 夏玉米不同品种各阶段氮素效应综合评价方法. 作物学报, 2014, 40(10): 1808-1818[WANG Li-Jun, LI Yun, WANG Cun-Kai, TAO Hong-Bin, WANG Pu, LIAO Shu-Hua. Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Effects of Nitrogen on Summer Maize Varieties at Different Stages. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2014, 40(10): 1808-1818] 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

夏玉米不同品种各阶段氮素效应综合评价方法

王丽君, 李芸, 王存凯, 陶洪斌, 王璞, 廖树华^*

中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院, 北京 100193

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 廖树华, E-mail:sergzzl@cau.edu.cn

收稿日期:2014-07-06

基金:本研究由国家“十二五”粮食丰产科技工程项目(2011BAD16B10, 2012BAD04B02)和国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203031)资助;

摘要

了解作物养分效应机制是合理施肥的重要理论基础。本文以浚单20、农华101和中农大4号3个玉米栽培品种为材料, 综合品种遗传特征、光温及群体大小3个主要影响植株氮素效应的因素, 以BLUP方法为基础, 建立玉米品种间、不同器官在各生育阶段的氮素效应综合评价方法。结果表明, 氮素效应评价模型中, 各阶段日平均干物质积累量的理论值与实测值的相关性r值分别为0.988、0.881、0.973、0.929; 用独立试验样本对氮素效应评价模型检验, 其配对t检验的P值均大于0.05, 差异不显著; 不同生育阶段、不同玉米品种氮素效应参数值有较大差异; 氮素固定效应值在不同生育阶段、同一阶段的不同氮素构成中均表现出较大差异。综上, 利用本文改进后的BLUP方法进行氮素效应评价及特征分析可以深入阐释不同玉米品种在各生长阶段积累的氮素对干物质生产的作用及影响, 并进一步明确玉米氮素效应的共性特征、品种间的遗传差异、光温及群体影响机制等生物学规律。

关键词: 玉米; 氮素效应; 温度效应; 品种效应; 生育时期

Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Effects of Nitrogen on Summer Maize Varieties at Different Stages

WANG Li-Jun, LI Yun, WANG Cun-Kai, TAO Hong-Bin, WANG Pu, LIAO Shu-Hua^*

College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Fund:

Abstract

Understanding nitrogen effects at various maize growing stages will benefit to fertilization regime recommendation and thus improve grain yield. Three maize varieties, Xundan 20, Nonghua 101, and Zhongnongda 4, were cultivated with different combinations of plant density and fertilizer levels in the experiment. During the growth period, daily temperature was recorded and leaf, stem, bract, spike-stalk and grain were sampled for the analysis of nitrogen concentration. Considering the three main factors which are genetic characteristics, environment impacts (light and temperature) and population differences affecting nitrogen effect comprehensively, the modified BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method was used to evaluate and analyse the nitrogen effect on different maize varieties and different organs at various growing stages. The results showed that correlation coefficients (r) between simulated daily dry matter accumulation and observed data were ranged from 0.88 to 0.99. Comparing independent sample to test evaluation model, pairedt-test analysis showed no significant difference atP > 0.05. The fitting effect was good in this model. For different growth stages and different maize varieties, there were significant differences for the parameters of nitrogen effect. The fixed effect of nitrogen showed significant difference at various growth stages and in different nitrogen constituents at the same stage. In conclusion, modified BLUP method can be well used to evaluate and analyse characteristics of the nitrogen effect, which can explain the function and influence of nitrogen accumulation on dry matter production at each growth stage of different maize varieties. It can further illustrate the biological law in maize, such as the common characteristics of nitrogen effect, the genetic differences between the varieties and the influence mechanism of sunlight, temperature and population.

Keyword: Maize; Nitrogen effect; Temperature effect; Varieties effect; Growth stage

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植株的氮素利用与分配是玉米生产中的重要问题。氮肥农学效率是农业生产中最重要的经济指标之一^{[ 1]}。在世界范围内, 栽培过程大量使用动物粪便和化肥, 而作物的氮肥利用率仅约33%, 大部分氮肥损失并以硝态氮的形式残余在土壤中^{[ 2, 3]}。如何提高氮肥利用率, 优化农田施肥管理模式^{[ 4, 5]}, 减少土壤氮素流失^{[ 6]}, 经济有效地提高玉米产量^{[ 7]}是研究热点。植株氮素营养状况影响其光合速率及产量, 光照、温度与氮肥的交互作用影响作物对氮素的吸收利用、植株的物质生产、分配和碳氮代谢^{[ 8, 9]}。温度是玉米生产中重要的环境因素, 王贺等^{[ 10]}研究并建立了基于有效积温的夏玉米追肥时期决策模型, 提出精准决策玉米各时期的追肥量是提高肥料利用率、增加作物产量的重要技术措施。不同品种的玉米因根系形态不同, 其对氮素的敏感性不同^{[ 11, 12]}, 影响植株对氮素营养的吸收、分配^{[ 13]}, 不同品种的玉米对氮素的吸收、利用有显著差异^{[ 14, 15]}。因此在氮素效应评价模型的建立中需引入品种参数。Plénet等^{[ 16]}的研究表明氮素吸收与干物质积累量之间的关系可以作为玉米氮素状态的诊断工具。许多研究表明, 限制作物产量的主要影响因素是氮和磷, 而其中氮肥对玉米产量的影响最大^{[ 17]}。夏玉米各器官的氮素积累呈单峰曲线变化^{[ 18]}, 施氮量对叶片的氮素影响较大。前期施用氮肥有利于营养库的加大, 后期施肥有利于干物质积累及氮素向籽粒的转运^{[ 19]}, 因此平衡前后期氮肥的施用比例, 合理施肥, 才能有效地提高玉米产量。准确地对各时期玉米氮素营养状况做出判断是氮肥合理施用的基础^{[ 20]}。然而, 关于平衡前后期施肥的研究鲜有报道, 郑志芳等^{[ 21]}在此方面做了初步研究。本文在前人对玉米氮素吸收、利用、分配、诊断研究的基础上, 尝试用BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction)方法研究不同玉米品种在各生育阶段的干物质积累量与前后期氮素效应的关系, 为生产中协调玉米各阶段养分平衡及评价品种间养分效应差异提供理论分析手段。

BLUP法作为一种数理统计方法, 主要是进行

混合线性模型的优化, 应用中其参数组合比较灵活, 多年来广泛应用于畜禽种用价值的评定及动物育种。近年来, 该方法也被广泛应用于作物育种与品种区域试验^{[ 22, 23, 24]}。张群远等^{[ 25]}研究表明, BLUP方法在我国品种区域试验中有较高的应用价值, 并具有较高的预测精确度。本研究在郑志芳等^{[ 21]}养分评价方法基础上引入品种参数, 并对其模型进行部分改进, 建立氮素效应综合评价方法, 以进一步了解植株体内不同类型器官养分对物质积累的影响机制, 并阐释不同玉米品种各生育阶段积累的氮素在干物质积累中的作用。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地概况及试验设计

试验I开展于2013年6月至9月, 地点为中国农业大学吴桥试验站(37°18°N, 116°24°E)。种植玉米品种浚单20的试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质12.07 mg g^-1、全氮1.25 mg g^-1、有效磷11.35 mg kg^-1、速效钾114.96 mg kg^-1。种植玉米品种农华101的试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质6.90 mg g^-1、全氮1.18 mg g^-1、有效磷10.08 mg kg^-1、速效钾155.99 mg kg^-1。试验采用均匀设计方法, 设4个因素, 每因素6个水平, 共6个处理, 另有一个高产模式(表1), 3次重复, 小区面积42 m², 磷钾肥以基肥形式施入, 氮肥以基肥(三叶期)和追肥(大口期)按1∶2施入。

试验II开展于2012年6月至10月, 地点为中国农业大学吴桥试验站。试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质21.26 mg g^-1、全氮1.32 mg g^-1、有效磷25.47 mg kg^-1、速效钾118.07 mg kg^-1。选用玉米品种浚单20及均匀设计方法。设5个因素5个水平, 共12个处理(表2), 3次重复, 小区面积48 m², 磷、钾肥以基肥形式施入, 氮肥以基肥和追肥(十二叶展)形式按比例施入。

表1 试验I的试验处理 Table 1 Experimental treatment of test I

表2 试验II的试验处理 Table 2 Experimental treatment of test II

试验III开展于2011年6月至10月, 地点为中国农业大学吴桥试验站。试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质9.38 mg g^-1、全氮1.09 mg g^-1、有效磷11.73 mg kg^-1、速效钾124.57 mg kg^-1。选用玉米品种农华101及均匀设计方法。设5个因素5个水平, 共25个处理^{[ 21]}, 无重复。

试验IV开展于2011年5月至10月, 地点为中国农业大学吴桥试验站。试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质10.07 mg g^-1、全氮0.83 mg g^-1、有效磷10.33 mg kg^-1、速效钾133.43 mg kg^-1。选用玉米品种农华101, 于5月4日(B₁)、5月16日(B₂)、5月28日(B₃)、6月9日(B₄)、6月21日(B₅) 5个播期进行单因素试验, 完全随机设计, 3次重复^{[ 26]}。

试验V开展于2010年6月至10月, 地点为中国农业大学吴桥试验站。试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质11.78 mg g^-1、全氮1.13 mg g^-1、有效磷16.51 mg kg^-1、速效钾93.62 mg kg^-1。选用玉米品种中农大4号, 设置密度、肥料二因素试验, 采用随机区组设计, 设9个处理^{[ 27]}, 3次重复。

试验VI开展于2009年5月至9月, 地点为中国农业大学吴桥试验站。试验地0~20 cm基础养分为有机质8.25 mg g^-1、全氮0.83 mg g^-1、有效磷22.10 mg kg^-1、速效钾79.32 mg kg^-1。选用玉米品种中农大4号, 设置密度、水、氮磷钾配比三因素试验, 采用正交设计, 9个处理^{[ 27]}, 2次重复。

1.2 测定项目与方法

分别在拔节期、大口期、吐丝期及成熟期, 从各小区取3株能代表群体长势的植株, 将其分为叶、茎、苞叶、穗, 于105℃杀青30 min后, 控制在80℃烘干至恒重, 称样品干重, 粉样, 以凯氏定氮法测定其氮含量。

气象数据来源于试验点所在气象站。

1.3 不同生育阶段氮素效应评价模型及检验方法

参照郑志芳等^{[ 21]}的养分模型设计, 将玉米器官分为叶与非叶(包括茎秆、苞叶、穗)两部分, 根据它们对植株物质积累的贡献, 分时期用BLUP方法构建模型, 并在其基础上加以改进。用试验I、II、III、V、VI的数据建模, 试验IV的播期试验数据检验模型。

玉米生长发育的过程是干物质积累的过程。而不同的器官对干物质积累的贡献有所差异。氮素积累与转运对干物质积累的贡献率表现为叶片>茎>穗轴>苞叶^{[ 18]}。由于不同品种的玉米氮素积累效应有一定差异, 氮素利用效率随基因型的变化而变化^{[ 28]}, 并在不同品种间表现出较大的差异^{[ 29, 30, 31]}, 因此在原先模型的基础上引入了品种参数。

BLUP模型基本形式为

Y_i = FLⁱ^-1 _i + Δ FLⁱ_i + FSⁱ^-1 _i+ Δ FSⁱ_i + ε_i (1)

其中, Y_i为 i阶段单株玉米干物质日均积累量; FLⁱ^-1 _i、Δ FLⁱ_i分别为 i阶段单株玉米叶片前期积累氮素和当期积累氮素的日均效应; FSⁱ^-1 _i、Δ FSⁱ_i分别为 i阶段单株玉米非叶器官前期积累氮素和当期积累氮素的日均效应; ε_i为随机误差。

FLⁱ^-1 _i= XL_i_-1( ELⁱ^-1 _i× ETⁱ^-1 _i)× VL_i (2)

Δ FLⁱ_i=Δ XL_i( ELⁱ_i× ETⁱ_i× P_i)× VL_i (3)

FSⁱ^-1 _i= XS_i_-1( ESⁱ^-1 _i× ETⁱ^-1 _i)× VS_i (4)

Δ FSⁱ_i=Δ XS_i( ESⁱ_i× ETⁱ_i× P_i)× VS_i (5)

(2)式中, XL_i_-1为单株玉米叶片前期氮积累量; ELⁱ^-1 _i为玉米叶片前期积累氮的固定效应值; ETⁱ^-1 _i为前期积累氮的温、光效应值; VL_i为叶片品种效应值。

(3)式中, Δ XL_i为当期单株玉米叶片氮积累量; ELⁱ_i为当期玉米叶片积累氮的固定效应值; ETⁱ_i为当期积累氮的温、光效应值; P_i为当期品种校正系数。

(4)式中, XS_i_-1为单株玉米非叶器官前期氮积累量; ESⁱ^-1为玉米非叶器官前期积累氮的固定效应值; VS_i为非叶器官品种效应值。

(5)式中, Δ XS_i为当期单株玉米非叶器官氮积累量, ESⁱ_i为当期玉米非叶器官积累氮的固定效应值。

随着生育进程的推进, 群体结构对植株生长影响较大, 在大口期之后养分效应模型需考虑群体效应的影响, 模型的一般形式为

Y_i=( FLⁱ^-1 _i+Δ FLⁱ_i+ FSⁱ^-1 _i+Δ FSⁱ_i)× ED_i+ ε_i (6)

其中, ED_i为 i阶段玉米氮素积累的群体效应。

拔节至大口期, 影响该期群体结构的主要因素是玉米田间播种密度, 故

ED₃ =( DA₃/ DM₃) ^A (7)

大口至吐丝期, 叶片完全展开, 叶面积为影响该期群体结构的主要因素, 故

ED₄ =( LA₄/ LAM₄) ^A (8)

吐丝至成熟期, 考虑到叶片衰老对氮素积累的影响, 故

ED₅ =( LA₅/ LAM₅) ^A+(1+Δ XL⁵₅/ XL⁴₅) ^B (9)

(7)、(8)、(9)式中, DA₃为玉米种植密度(株 hm^-2)、 DM₃为玉米最大种植密度, 取上限值150 000株 hm^-2, LA₄、 LA₅为玉米大口期和吐丝期的叶面积指数, LAM₄、 LAM₅为玉米大口期和吐丝期的最大叶面积指数, 分别取上限值10、15, A、 B为群体效应弹性系数。

对每天的平均温度用日照时数进行加权,

TL_d=T_d_,max ×h_d/24 +T_d_,min ×(24 -h_d)/24 (10)

(10)式中, TL_d为第 d天的日照加权平均温度, T_d_,max为日最高气温, T_d_,min为日最低气温, h_d为第 d天的日照时数。

i生育阶段的平均温度 T_i=∑ TL_d/ N_i

各生育阶段加权平均日照温度

TA_i=∑( TL_d× d)/(1+2+3+…+ N_i) (11)

(11)式中, 1、2、3、……、 N_i为生育阶段的第1天、第2天、第3天、……、第 N_i天。与平均温度相比, 时间加权平均温度可以更好地反映生育阶段的光温对本阶段积累氮素效应的影响机制。

由于吐丝至成熟期茎、叶器官干物质积累呈下降趋势, 养分向籽粒转移, 该时期时间加权平均温度的计算公式为

TA_i=∑[ TL_d×( n-d+1)]/(1+2+3+…+ N_i) (12)

对温、光效应关系式改进为

(13)

(14)

(13)、(14)式中, T_i、TA_i、H_i、HA_i分别为 i阶段平均温度、时间加权平均温度、平均日照时数、加权平均日照时数, D_i为生长天数; T、H分别为 i阶段植株生长的平均温度、平均日照时数的理想参考值, D为生长天数的参照值, 它们用于无量纲化处理; α、β分别为温度、平均日照时数的效应影响系数, γ为生长天数效应校正参数。

吐丝至成熟期, 由于叶片衰老的影响, 对前期积累养分的温光效应关系式改进如下。

(15)

由于郑志芳等^{[ 21]}模型中2个温度效应表达式的形式差异较大, 不能很好地表达温度对养分积累的贡献。本文在此基础上做了改进, 能够清晰地表达氮素效应的光、温及群体的影响机制。

1.4 数据处理

利用Microsoft Excel 2007和SPSS 17.0软件处理分析数据。

2 结果与分析

2.1 环境因素分析

作物冠层温度指作物冠层茎、叶表面温度的平均值, 是研究农田生态平衡、作物与其环境物质和能量交换的重要参数。影响作物生长发育速率及光合速率的主要因素是冠层温度而非气温^{[ 32]}。冠层温度不仅受气温的影响, 还受相对湿度、光照及土壤水分等环境因素的影响, 且品种差异也会导致冠层温度有所不同^{[ 33, 34]}。冠层温度与各环境因素的关系复杂, 通过已有的回归分析研究表明, 用气温来预测冠层温度的估算精度较高^{[ 35]}。在实际应用中, 冠层温度的数据资料不易获得, 很难用冠层温度来对作物生长发育进行描述。通常采用气象资料代替冠层温度进行统计分析。

环境因素中温度、光照、水分等都影响作物的基本生长发育。玉米在各生育阶段所需的积温基本是固定的, 而日均温与生育天数反映该生育阶段的积温。对2009—2013年期间玉米各生育阶段的各环境因子总和作相关分析 (表3)。

表中, 积温、降水量及日照时数均表示三叶至拔节、拔节至大口、大口至吐丝、吐丝至成熟各个生育阶段的总和。由表3可知, 各环境因素之间显著相关, 即温度因子在一定程度上可以反映其他环境因子对作物生长的影响。降雨量空间变异大, 不能准确反映作物水分利用状况, 而温度、光照存在极显著相关, 因此, 本文选择温度、日照时数作为环境因子。

表3 环境因素相关性分析 Table 3 Correlation analysis between environment factors

2.2 品种因素分析

很多研究表明, 不同基因型玉米对氮素的利用效率存在显著差异^{[ 28, 36, 37]}。本研究采用3个玉米品种进行氮素效应评价分析, 浚单20在黄淮海区域夏播生育期约96~97 d, 年平均产量为9190.5 kg hm^-2; 农华101在黄淮海区域夏播生育期约100 d, 年平均产量为9792 kg hm^-2, 产量水平优于浚单20; 中农大4号属春播品种, 生育期平均120 d, 年平均产量为9432 kg hm^-2。对于不同基因型玉米而言, 氮素利用率是一个相对稳定的筛选氮效率的指标^{[ 38]}, 而针对本文选用的3个玉米品种的氮素利用效率具体差异研究较少, 因此根据2013年试验数据, 分析了农华101和浚单20的品种差异(表4)。

表4 不同玉米品种氮素利用效率的方差分析表 Table 4 ANOVA analysis of different maize varieties for nitrogen utilization efficiency

由表4可知, 不同玉米品种间的 P<0.001, 说明农华101和浚单20两个玉米品种对氮素利用效率存在极显著差异。因此在养分评价效应中引入品种参数具有重要意义。另外, 相同品种不同处理的 P<0.001, 说明不同处理对氮素利用效率也存在极显著差异, 且处理×品种二者的交互作用对氮素利用效率也有影响。由于中农大4号试验是在2009— 2010年进行的, 3个品种没有在同一年试验, 因此未对其进行品种方差分析。2009—2010年中农大4号的平均氮素利用效率分别为78%和101%, 而2013年试验中浚单20和农华101的氮素利用效率分别为44%和51%。

2.3 模型基本量参数的确定

在田间试验过程中, 由于人为因素, 不同试验间存在取样时间的差异, 使得各生育阶段生育天数不同, 并造成样本间一定的生理特征差异, 需要引进相应的校正量。在光温及群体效应评价中要对相关物理量进行无量纲处理, 需引进一些模型基本量。这些参数量的确定主要依据田间试验数据资料及玉米生育特点, 根据BLUP方法, 利用Excel中的“规划求解”功能进行数据综合分析并取整或四舍五入, 得到氮素效应评价模型中的基本量值(表5)。

表5 模型中的基本量参数值及校正参数 Table 5 Fundamental quantity and correction parameters in model

2.4 模型中各生育阶段效应系数计算与分析

在表5基本量确定的基础上, 根据BLUP方法, 利用Excel中的“规划求解”功能, 计算出各生育阶段氮素效应评价方法中各参数值, 在模型拟合效果达到可接受程度后, 选取最优参数值, 使得拟合效果最佳。根据影响关系, 要估计的参数分3类, 即玉米氮素效应环境影响特征参数、品种影响特征参数和共性特征参数(表6)。

由于不同玉米品种对氮素的吸收、利用有显著差异, 同一品种在不同时期对氮素的吸收、分配、利用不同, 因此在氮素效应评价模型中引入品种效应值, 通过模型计算得到品种参数值(表7)。浚单20与农华101的品种校验系数值在各生育阶段的变化趋势一致。在模型计算中, 通过对各试验数据的综合分析处理, 得到玉米各阶段前后期综合氮素固定效应参数(表8)。

表6 温度、日照及群体对氮素效应环境影响参数 Table 6 Environment impact parameters of temperature, sunlight and group structure for nitrogen effects

表7 玉米各生育阶段的氮素效应品种影响参数值 Table 7 Varieties parameters for nitrogen effects in different growth stages

表8 玉米各生育阶段氮素效应共性参数值 Table 8 Generic parameters for nitrogen effects in different growth stages

2.5 各生育阶段氮素效应结果的评价

根据BLUP方法得到各参数值的同时, 也计算出了各生育阶段各处理干物质日均积累量的理论值, 它与实测值之间的1∶1关系图如图1。图1中, 各生育阶段氮素效应下日均干物质积累量的理论值与实测值相关系数 r分别为0.988、0.881、0.973和0.956, 在 P=0.01水平上均显著相关。进一步对各生育阶段的干物质日均积累量的理论值与实测值作配对 t检验, 其显著水平值 P分别为0.655、0620、0.708和0.653, 表明二者间差异不显著( P > 0.05)。

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图1 各生育阶段氮素效应下日均干物质积累量理论值与实测值的拟合分析a: 三叶至拔节期; b: 拔节至大口期; c: 大口至吐丝期; d: 吐丝至成熟期Fig. 1 Relationship between simulated and observed values of mean daily dry matter acquisition under the effect of nitrogen in different growth stagesa: from three leaves to jointing stage; b: from jointing to flare opening stage; c: from flare opening to silking stage; d: from silking to
maturation stage.

2.6 模型的独立试验样本检验

通过试验IV的播期试验数据来验证氮素效应综合评价模型的效果, 对模型计算中日均干物质积累量的理论值与实测值进行配对 t检验, 检验结果如表9, 各生育阶段配对 t检验显著水平 P值均大于0.05, 差异不显著。由表9可知, 三叶至拔节期与拔节至大口期的 P值较大, 因为前期影响因素较少, 主要受温度影响, 拟合效果较好。随着生育进程, 植株生长及养分吸收情况受群体结构影响较大, 影响因素增多且相互关系较复杂, 导致拟合效果下降, 但仍能反映氮素效应情况。

表9 模型检验理论值与实测值配对 t检验 Table 9 Result of paired-samples t-test between simulated and observed values for model test

表10 不同玉米品种各生育阶段氮素效应特征 Table 10 Nitrogen effect characteristic in different stages for different varieties of maize

2.7 不同品种各生育阶段氮素综合效应差异比较

利用上述方法可计算出各处理不同生育阶段4种氮素构成的效应值, 在此基础上进一步进行品种间的多重比较分析, 结果见表10。由表10可知, 不同玉米品种、相同器官在同一时期的氮素效应存在显著差异, 在拔节至大口期, 叶片氮素效应表现为当期大于前期, 大口至吐丝期, 叶片及非叶器官氮素效应均表现为当期大于前期, 吐丝至成熟期由于叶片衰老、氮素转移, 叶片及非叶器官氮素效应均表现为前期大于当期。通过对不同品种各生育阶段相同器官氮素效应的差异性分析可知, 在各时期各器官中3个品种间氮素效应均有较大差异。

3 讨论

BLUP模型在动物育种中已广泛应用, 并在作物遗传育种中得到广泛关注, 但在作物养分效应评价方面的研究鲜有报道。玉米植株在生长过程中, 生理生化过程相当复杂, 本文在郑志芳等^{[ 21]}关于养分效应评价研究的基础上, 对氮素效应评价做了进一步改进。(1)在原模型基础上引进了品种参数, 更加直观地反映出不同品种在氮素利用效率方面的差异性, 且在引入新品种后易于数据的进一步扩充; (2)修正了光温效应计算模型及平均温度的计算方法, 使得环境因素对模型的解释更适合植物生长发育过程; (3)提供了更详细的数据资料, 原模型中只用了一年数据进行模型构建及分析, 改进后的模型通过多年数据的模拟, 使得模型更加稳定可靠; (4)对所建立的模型通过独立试验验证, 拟合效果较好, 表明该模型具有较好的应用性; (5)通过估算所得幂函数的高次方项明显减少, 表明改进后的模型在参数估算方面表现出更好的稳定性; (6)通过与前人研究进行理论值与实测值的拟合误差的对比得到, 由于样本数据量的扩充, 在三叶至拔节和拔节至大口阶段拟合性降低, 但在大口至吐丝阶段其拟合性明显提高, 吐丝至成熟阶段结果相近, 表明改进后的模型在样本量增加的过程中仍具有较好的拟合性。

应用BLUP模型时, 需根据研究对象构建适合作物生长发育状况的模型结构^{[ 39]}, 并尽量使其简单化, 避免造成计算困难。此外, 模型估算的精确性取决于模型结构的合理性^{[ 40]}。本方法在作物养分效应评价的应用中引入品种效应具有以下特点: (1)易扩性, 玉米品种适应面广、更新快, 本文研究对此做了充分考虑, 只要补充新生态点气象数据、新品种资料, 利用本研究方法进行新品种参数估计和适当参数校正即可; (2)方法更为可靠, 所构建的方法对数据资料的容纳量没有限制, 可以容纳多年、多点、多品种的田间试验资料, 分析结果相对可靠; (3)理论基础相对成熟, 参数估计以非线性优化理论为基础; (4)降低试验成本, 由于充分利用田间试验历史资料, 对新品种、新生态点可以有效降低田间试验的处理数, 在本研究基础上, 理论上只需安排3个氮素试验处理进行氮素效应评价; (5)本方法虽然从玉米栽培生产的角度提出, 但也可应用于玉米遗传育种研究, 估计所得品种氮素效应参数更具有遗传育种参考价值。但由于试验条件的限制, 试验地点主要在吴桥, 品种数量有限, 应用中模型的参数值还需利用不同地区的资料进行校验。BLUP方法还可用于区域试验评价, 精度较高, 本文方法在氮素效应的不同区域评价上具有一定的应用价值, 尚需做进一步深入探讨。

4 结论

本文建立的氮素效应综合评价方法通过了统计检验, 可应用于氮素需求的理论分析; 根据本文模型分析结果, 光、温及群体对氮素效应的影响均呈非线性特征, 其影响参数值在不同生育阶段有较大差异, 这种差异反映了玉米在不同生育阶段氮素吸收利用对环境的响应机制不同; 品种间的氮素效应有较大差异, 反映了玉米不同品种对氮素的利用效率不同; 各生育阶段玉米不同器官的氮素效应共性参数差异反映了器官间对植株物质积累的贡献不同。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[27]	乔嘉, 朱金城, 赵姣, 郑志芳, 王璞, 廖树华. 基于Logistic模型的玉米干物质积累过程对产量影响研究. 中国农业大学学报, 2011, 16(5): 32-38 Qiao J, Zhu J C, Zhao J, Zheng Z F, Wang P, Liao S H. Study on the dry matter distribution model of maize leaf. J China Agric Univ, 2011, 16: 32-38 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2]
[28]	徐祥玉, 张敏敏, 翟丙年, 李生秀, 张兴昌, 王朝辉. 夏玉米氮效率基因型差异研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 495-499 Xu X Y, Zhang M M, Zhai B N, Li S X, Zhang X C, Wang C H. Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 495-499 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.883]
[29]	徐祥玉, 张敏敏, 翟丙年, 李世清, 李生秀. 不同夏玉米品种生育后期干物质及氮素积累分配的研究. 西北植物学报, 2006, 26: 772-777 Xu X Y, Zhang M M, Zhai B N, Li S Q, Li S X. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and partition of different summer corn varieties at the later growth stage. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2006, 26: 772-777 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.321]
[30]	张瑞珍, 张恩和, 孙长占. 不同基因型玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的研究. 吉林农业大学学报, 2003, 25: 183-186 Zhang R Z, Zhang E H, Sun C Z. Study different genotype maize variety on diversity of nitrogen nutrition efficiency. J Jilin Agric Univ, 2003, 25: 183-186 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.525]
[31]	黄高宝, 张恩和, 胡恒觉. 不同玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的生态生理机制. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2001, 7: 293-297 Huang G B, Zhang E H, Hu H J. Eco-physiological mechanism on nitrogen use efficiency different of corn varieties. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2001, 7: 293-297 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.883]
[32]	蔡焕杰, 张振华, 柴红敏. 冠层温度定量诊断覆膜作物水分状况试验研究. 灌溉排水, 2001, 20(1): 1-4 Cai H J, Zhang Z H, Chai H M. Crop Canopy Temperature as an index for assessing quantitatively water status of cotton and corn mulched with plastic film. Irrigation & Drainage, 2001, 20(1): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [JCR: 2.289]
[33]	苏荣瑞, 周守华, 耿一风, 万素琴, 黄永平, 朱建强. 江汉平原水稻关键生育期冠层温度环境响应模型研究. 湖北农业科学, 2010, 49: 2673-2677 Su R R, Zhou S H, Geng Y F, Wan S Q, Huang Y P, Zhu J Q. Relationship between canopy temperature of rice and meteorological factors at the at the flowering stage in Jianghan Plain. Hubei Agric Sci, 2010, 49: 2673-2677 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.5398]
[34]	邓强辉, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 作物冠层温度的研究进展. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28: 1162-1165 Deng Q H, Pan X H, Shi Q H. Research advances on crop canopy temperature. China J Ecol, 2009, 28: 1162-1165 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1]
[35]	段永红, 李本纲, 陶澍. 冬小麦田午时冠层温度与气温和地温的关系. 应用气象学报, 2003, 14: 356-362 Duan Y H, Li B G, Tao S. Relationship among wheat surface temperature, air temperature and surface ground temperature at noon in the fields. J Appl Meteorol Sci, 2003, 14: 356-362 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.379]
[36]	颜军, 杨德光. 4个玉米品种氮素利用效率的比较研究. 玉米科学, 2010, 18(2): 91-95 Yan J, Yang D G. Comparison on N utilization efficiency of four maize varieties. J Maize Sci, 2010, 18(2): 91-95 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.965]
[37]	李锦辉, 李潮海. 不同基因型玉米氮素利用的机理研究. 核农学报, 2007, 21: 173-176 Li J H, Li C H. Nitrogen utilization mechanism of different genotype maize. J Nucl Agric Sci, 2007, 21: 173-176 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.237]
[38]	王玲敏, 叶优良, 陈范骏, 尚云峰. 施氮对不同品种玉米产量、氮效率的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20: 529-535 Wang L M, Ye Y L, Chen F J, Shang Y F. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on maize yield and nitrogen efficiency of different maize varieties. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012, 20: 529-535 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.795]
[39]	黄冬维, 张元跃, 谭伟明. BLUP法在畜禽育种中的应用. 中国畜禽种业, 2008, 4(8): 66-68 Huang D W, Zhang Y Y, Tan W M. Application of the BLUP method in animal breeding. Chin Livestock Poultry Breed, 2008, 4(8): 66-68 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[40]	常英新, 王晓霞. 应用动物模型BLUP估计猪育种值的简介. 北京农学院学报, 2000, 15(1): 81-86 Chang Y X, Wang X X. An introduction on predicting breeding value of swine applying BLUP-animal model. J Beijing Agric Coll, 2000, 15(1): 81-86 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]

2010

0.0

1.667

赵斌, 董树亭, 张吉旺, 刘鹏. 控释肥对夏玉米产量和氮素积累与分配的影响. 作物学报, 2010, 36: 1760-1768

Zhao

, Dong

S T

, Zhang

J W

, Liu

. Effects of controlled- release fertilizer on yield and nitrogen accumulation and distribution in summer maize. Acta Agron Sin, 2010, 36: 1760-1768 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of controlled-release fertilizers (including one kind of fertilizer enveloped by colophony, CRF, and the other kind of fertilizer enveloped by sulfur, SCF) on accumulation and distribution of photosynthate and nitrogen as well as yield after anthesis of summer maize. Results indicated that photosynthetic rate of the treatments with controlled-release fertilizers CRF and SCF kept in a higher level after anthesis. Under the same application rates of N, P, and K, applying CRF (1 428 kg ha -1 ) and SCF (1 668 kg ha -1 ) increased the accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen per plant significantly compared with applying the common compound fertilizer (CCF, 1 260 kg ha -1 ). When the applied amounts of the CRF and SCF were decreased by 25%, the increment was also significant, and the distribution proportion of the dry matter from plant to seeds was significantly higher than that of applying CCF. The accumulation of the nitrogen in seeds of the CRF and SCF treatments was significantly higher than that of CCF treatment at maturity stage, and was increased with increasing applied proportion of fertilizer, but these was no significant difference between treatments of CRF, SCF and 25%.of CRF and SCF. Appling CRF and SCF increased the maize grain yield by 13.15% and 14.15% respectively under the same application rates. When the applied amount of CRF and SCF was decreased by 25%, the yield increment was 9.69% and 10.04%, respectively, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen agronomy efficiency were significantly higher than those of applying CCF.

State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China

在大田条件下研究树脂包膜控释肥(CRF)和硫包膜控释肥(SCF)对夏玉米花后光合产物和氮素积累与分配及产量的影响。结果表明，花后控释肥处理的光合速率始终较高，在相同施肥量(N、P、K量相同)情况下，控释肥CRF (1 428 kg hm -2 )和SCF (1 668 kg hm -2 )及其减量25%处理的单株干物质和氮素积累量都显著高于等量普通复合肥(CCF，1 260 kg hm -2 )处理；控释肥减量25%时，干物质向籽粒中的分配比例显著高于CCF处理；成熟期籽粒的氮素积累，控释肥处理都显著高于CCF处理，并随着控释肥比例的增加而增加，全量与减量25%的处理无显著差异。控释肥能显著提高玉米产量，等量控释肥增产13.15%和14.15%；控释肥减量25%时，分别比CCF增产9.69%和10.04%；其氮肥利用率和农学效率也均显著高于普通肥处理。

... 氮肥农学效率是农业生产中最重要的经济指标之一^[1] ...

1999

1.518

0.0

... 在世界范围内, 栽培过程大量使用动物粪便和化肥, 而作物的氮肥利用率仅约33%, 大部分氮肥损失并以硝态氮的形式残余在土壤中^[2,3] ...

1992

2.151

0.0

... 在世界范围内, 栽培过程大量使用动物粪便和化肥, 而作物的氮肥利用率仅约33%, 大部分氮肥损失并以硝态氮的形式残余在土壤中^[2,3] ...

2011

0.0

1.299

王相平, 黄冠华, 于利鹏, 黄权中. 土壤水氮迁移转化与作物生长耦合模拟. 农业工程学报, 2011, 27(3): 19-25

Wang

X P

, Huang

G H

, Yu

L P

, Huang

Q Z

. Coupled simulation on soil-water-nitrogen transport and transformation and crop growth. Trans CSAE, 2011, 27(3): 19-25 (in Chinese with English abstract)

定量描述农田土壤-作物系统中水氮迁移转化规律,对水氮资源高效利用和水土环境保护具有重要的意义.以土壤水、热和溶质迁移转化动力过程为基础,综合考虑气象因素变化和土壤水氮动态变化及其对作物生长的影响,构建了土壤水、热、氮迁移转化与作物生长耦合模拟模型.并应用该模型对2007-2008年冬小麦生育期内的土壤水分、氮素转化运移以及冬小麦产量、生物量、腾发量(ET)进行模拟,模拟结果与实测数据均吻合良好.可应用该模型模拟不同作物种类、不同灌水施肥条件下土壤水分与氮素动态变化过程和作物生长状况,进而获得农田水肥优化管理模式.

... 如何提高氮肥利用率, 优化农田施肥管理模式^[4,5], 减少土壤氮素流失^[6], 经济有效地提高玉米产量^[7]是研究热点 ...

2007

0.0

1.299

王激清, 马文奇, 江荣风, 张福锁. 中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型的建立及其应用. 农业工程学报, 2007, 23(8): 210-215

Wang

J Q

, Ma

W Q

, Jiang

R F

, Zhang

F S

. Development and application of nitrogen balance model of agro-ecosystem in China. Trans CSAE, 2007, 23(8): 210-215 (in Chinese with English abstract)

借助物质流分析中"输入=输出+盈余"的物质守恒原理,以氮素养分为介质建立中国农田生态系统氮素平衡模型,然后用2004年中国农业统计资料和文献查询获取的参数,估算中国不同地区的氮养分输入输出以及养分盈余并分析养分产生的环境效应.模型计算结果表明,2004年农田生态系统通过挥发、反硝化、植株蒸腾、淋溶径流和侵蚀等途径损失的氮为1132.8万t,盈余在农田生态系统土壤中的氮为1301.2万t;通过损失途径进入环境中的氮养分和盈余在农田生态系统中的单位面积耕地氮养分负荷高风险地区均集中在中国的东南沿海和部分中部地区.优化化学氮肥用量,有机氮肥与化学氮肥配合施用是降低农田生态系统氮养分污染潜势的最基本措施,针对中国不同地区因地制宜地制定合理种植结构和推广农田精准化施肥也是十分必要的.

... 如何提高氮肥利用率, 优化农田施肥管理模式^[4,5], 减少土壤氮素流失^[6], 经济有效地提高玉米产量^[7]是研究热点 ...

2012

0.0

1.299

袁念念, 黄介生, 黄志强, 谢华, 吴谋松. 控制排水和施氮量对旱地土壤氮素运移转化的影响. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(13): 106-112

Yuan

N N

, Huang

J S

, Huang

Z Q

, Xie

, Wu

M S

. Effects of controlled drainage and nitrogen fertilizer application on nitrogen migration and transformation in dryland . Trans CSAE, 2012, 28(13): 106-112 (in Chinese with English abstract)

In order to study the effect of combination of controlled drainage and nitrogen application on nitrogen migration and transformation in dryland, a compared test-pit experiment was conducted in Yajiao Drainage and Irrigation Station in Hubei province. Nine treatments, named H30, H50, H100, C30, C50, C100, L30, L50 and L100 were studied with two factors, controlled drainage water table with three levels 30, 50 and 100 cm, and nitrogen application with three levels, high, conventional and low level. Nitrate and ammonia contents in the soil layers were measured. Results showed that under the conventional nitrogen application level, nitrate content was highest in the treatment C100, and lowest in the treatment C50. Under the low nitrogen application level, ammonia content was highest in the treatment L30. When the water table was same, ammonia content was lowest in the treatment H30, H50 and H100. When the nitrogen application level was same, ammonia content sorted by controlled water table was 30>50>100 cm. Under the same nitrogen application level, controlled drainage can improve the stability of the nitrogen. Under the controlled drainage condition, there was no need to increase or decrease the nitrogen application while the nitrogen stability was high. Under the conventional drainage condition, reducing the nitrogen application can promote the nitrogen stability.

为了研究控制排水和氮肥共同作用对旱地土壤氮素运移转化的影响，在湖北荆州丫角排灌试验站进行微区对照试验，以控制水位水平（30、50、100 cm）和3个施氮水平（H:68.25/145.6 kg/hm2；C:52.5/112 kg/hm2，L:36.75/78.4 kg/hm2，前面数值是施磷酸二铵量，后面为施硫酸钾复合肥量）为试验变量，组合成H30、H50、H100、C30、C50、C100、L30、L50、L100等9个处理测定了土壤剖面分层NO3--N、NH4+-N含量。对观测结果进行分析表明，常规施氮水平下，自由排水处理各土层NO3--N含量最高、50处理各土层NO3--N含量最低；低施氮水平下30处理NH4+-N含量最高；同一水位处理高施氮水平NH4+-N含量最低。同一施氮水平下，控制水位30 cm的NH+4-N含量大于50 cm的NH+4-N含量大于100 cm的NH+4-N含量。同一施氮水平下实行控制排水可以增加氮素稳定性；实行控制水位处理时，不需增加或减少施氮量、常规施氮条件下氮素稳定性保持最高；而在自由排水时，减少施氮量，能够增加耕层土壤氮素稳定性。

... 如何提高氮肥利用率, 优化农田施肥管理模式^[4,5], 减少土壤氮素流失^[6], 经济有效地提高玉米产量^[7]是研究热点 ...

2011

0.0

1.883

李青军, 张炎, 胡伟, 孟凤轩, 冯广平, 胡国智, 刘新兰. 氮素运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2011, 17: 755-760

Q J

, Zhang

, Hu

, Meng

F X

, Feng

G P

, Hu

G Z

, Liu

X L

. Effect of nitrogen management on maize dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake and distribution and maize yield. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2011, 17: 755-760 (in Chinese with English abstract)

通过田间小区试验,研究了氮素运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响.结果表明,施氮和有机肥可以延长干物质积累的旺盛时期,使玉米干物质总量积累速率最大的时刻推后1～3 d,增加了玉米的干物质积累量.氮肥配施有机肥能延长氮素积累的旺盛时期,其中,施氮225 kg/hm2+有机肥30t/hm2(N2+M)处理氮素积累的旺盛时期Δt分别比不施氮(NO)、施氮112.5 kg/hm2(N1)、施氮225 kg/hm2(N2)、施氮281.25 kg/hm2(N3)和施氮307.5 kg/hm2(FP)处理延长了6、4、6、1和7 d,该时段吸氮量比FP处理增加0.25g/plant,比等氮量的N2处理增加0.24g/plant.播前施有机肥30t/hm2,在减N26.83%的情况下,玉米吸氮量比常规施肥(FP)提高6.52%,氮素利用率达54.31%,高于常规施肥的33.27%;玉米增产24.12%,比常规施肥增收2696元/hm2.

... 如何提高氮肥利用率, 优化农田施肥管理模式^[4,5], 减少土壤氮素流失^[6], 经济有效地提高玉米产量^[7]是研究热点 ...

2003

0.0

1.742

宇万太, 张璐, 马强, 殷秀岩, 沈善敏. 施肥进步在粮食增产中的贡献及其地理分异. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14: 1855-1858

W T

, Zhang

, Ma

, Yin

X Y

, Shen

S M

. Contribution of fertilization development to yield production and its geographic differentiation. Chin J Appl Ecol, 2003, 14: 1855-1858 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The results of long-term field experiments at three stations in different areas of China indicated that the contribution of fertilization to crop yield was significantly affected by the thermal condition of climate and the fertilization system. In the case of optimum fertilization, the largest contribution rate was 0.31 (average of fourteen years) at Hailun Station (in temperate zone), 0.39 (average of twelve years) at Shenyang Station (in warmer-temperate zone), and 0.42 (average of eleven years) at Taoyuan Station (in subtropical zone), which showed that the existence of geographic differentiation was caused by the thermal condition of local climate. Therefore, keeping the optimum fertilization systems, the largest contribution rate to crop yield could be estimated from 30% to 50%, depending on the local climate condition. The interaction of fertilization and thermal factor between Shenyang and Taoyuan was much bigger than that between Shenyang and Hailun. The interaction between organic manure and thermal condition of local climate was bigger than that between chemical fertilizer and thermal condition of local climate.

Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China

根据三个地点中长期田间试验联网研究发现,施肥在作物产量形成中的贡献受施肥制度和气候的热量因子所影响,在最佳施肥条件下,施肥在产量中的贡献率分别为海伦(温带)0.31,沈阳(暖温带)0.39和桃源(亚热带)0.42,存在明显的地理分异现象.由此可以得出,当其他技术条件不变时,施肥在产量中的贡献率最高可达30%～45%,随所在地区气候的热量条件而不同.通过对施肥与气候热量之间的交互影响研究还发现,沈阳与桃源间的交互影响远大于海伦与沈阳之间,有机肥与气候热量之间的交互影响大于化肥与热量之间的交互影响.

... 植株氮素营养状况影响其光合速率及产量, 光照、温度与氮肥的交互作用影响作物对氮素的吸收利用、植株的物质生产、分配和碳氮代谢^[8,9] ...

2000

0.0

1.667

关义新, 林葆, 凌碧莹. 光、氮及其互作对玉米幼苗叶片光合和碳、氮代谢的影响. 作物学报, 2000, 26: 806-812

Guan

Y X

, Lin

B Y

. The interactive effects of growth light condition and nitrogen supply on maize (Zea mays L. ) seedling photosynthetic traits and metabolism of carbon and nitrogen. Acta Agron Sin, 2000, 26: 806-812 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The interaction of growth light condition and nitrogen supply on maize (Zea ma ys L.) development and photosynthetic characteristic was studied in 1997～1999 . The seedling of maize hybrids 3119 was cultivated with sands under two kinds o f light condition (400 μmolm-2s-1 and 200 μmolm-2s -1) and

Institute of cop breeding and cultivation

以玉米杂交种3119为试材，研究了两种光照(400 μ molm-2s-1和200 μ molm-2s-1)和5种供氮水平(0、 7.5、 15、 22.5和30 m mol NO -13/L)对玉米光合和碳、氮代谢的影响。强光下植株具有较高的呼吸速率、较大的光合潜力和光合速率，物质生产能力较高，光合产物更多地分配到根系之中。同时强光下植株的硝酸还原酶活性

... 植株氮素营养状况影响其光合速率及产量, 光照、温度与氮肥的交互作用影响作物对氮素的吸收利用、植株的物质生产、分配和碳氮代谢^[8,9] ...

2012

0.0

0.795

王贺, 白由路, 杨俐苹, 卢艳丽, 王磊. 利用有效积温建立夏玉米追肥时期决策模型. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20: 408-413

Wang

, Bai

Y L

, Yang

L P

, Lu

Y L

, Wang

. A summer maize dressing decision-making model based on effective accumulated temperature. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012, 20: 408-413 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Sound judgments on crop dressing time are important technical measures?to improve the utilization efficiency of fertilizers and increase crop yield. Traditional methods of predicting crop dressing time take continuous stock of crop growth processes. These methods are, however, inaccurate and depend largely on observer experiences. Growth and nutrient accumulation processes of summer maize are closely related with accumulated temperature, light intensity, precipitation and other meteorological factors. It is therefore an effective method to build a meteorological model that precisely defines the dressing times of different crops. Field trials were conducted to study the response of crop growth and development processes to temperature, light and other meteorological factors. In this paper, effective accumulated temperature (a critical factor of crop growth and development processes) replaced growing day and was used as the step unit of Logistics model that described the levels of nutrients accumulation in summer maize. Based on the characteristics of Logistics model, three key times of summer maize nutrients accumulation were defined, which were beginning full period, full period and end full period. The decision point of dressing was then determined. The field experiments and analyses on nutrients showed that nutrient accumulation by summer maize was efficiently simulated with the established Logistics model. Comparisons suggested that the key times of beginning full period, full period and end full period of maize nutrients accumulation predicted by the accumulated temperature model was more accurate than those by the growth-day model. Validation analysis further suggested that the accumulated temperature model was innovative and practical. The growth-day model failed to sufficiently capture the full range of variability in dressing time due to regional and varietal differences. Due to difference in areas, crop variety, the established model according to a certain area was not universal. To meet this problem, the model was adjusted according to the characters, meaning of model parameters and farming practices. The modified accumulated temperature model with 11.9% n-RMSE was adaptable to any region of the world and any variety of crop to efficiently predict the optimal dressing time of farm crops. The results provided the scientific basis for rational fertilizer application with significant improvements in fertilizer utilization rates.

精准决策作物追肥时期是提高肥料利用效率、增加作物产量的重要技术措施。通过田间连续观测作物的发育进程预判追肥时期不仅费时费力, 并且确定的追肥时期是否合理与经验存在较大关系。夏玉米生长发育及养分累积进程与积温、光照、降雨等气象因子存在密切的关系, 本文以有效积温代替天数作为步长单位, 建立区域内基于有效积温的夏玉米养分累积Logistic模型, 根据模型特点确立夏玉米养分累积的始盛期、高峰期和盛末期, 从而确定最佳追肥时期决策点, 旨在为追肥时期的精准确定提供新思路、新方法。根据田间试验及养分测试结果对模型进行检验, 显示出以有效积温为步长单位的养分累积模型对玉米养分累积的始盛期、高峰期和盛末期的预测效果优于传统的以生长天数为步长的养分累积模型, 且可以用来预测玉米的最佳施肥时期, 进一步验证了该模型的创新性及实用性。由于不同区域、不同作物品种差异, 试验区域模型并不具有广泛的适应性。为此, 针对养分累积Logistic模型的性质及参数意义, 结合田间耕作实际, 建立追肥时期决策的普适模型, 对模型检验表明, 普适模型的n-RMSE为11.9%, 能够较好地预判最佳施肥时期, 具有较强的应用价值。

... 温度是玉米生产中重要的环境因素, 王贺等^[10]研究并建立了基于有效积温的夏玉米追肥时期决策模型, 提出精准决策玉米各时期的追肥量是提高肥料利用率、增加作物产量的重要技术措施 ...

2012

0.0

0.692

... 不同品种的玉米因根系形态不同, 其对氮素的敏感性不同^[11,12], 影响植株对氮素营养的吸收、分配^[13], 不同品种的玉米对氮素的吸收、利用有显著差异^[14,15] ...

2001

0.0

1.883

黄高宝, 张恩和, 胡恒觉. 不同玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的生态生理机制. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2001, 7: 293-297

Huang

G B

, Zhang

E H

, Hu

H J

. Eco-physiological mechanism on nitrogen use efficiency difference of corn varieties. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2001, 7: 293-297 (in Chinese with English abstract)

采用大田与盆栽试验相结合的方法, 对7个氮素营养效率不同的玉米杂交种在不同氮肥水平下的子粒日产量、吸氮效率、根系形态、叶片硝酸还原酶活力 (NRA)及冠层光合生理生态特性等进行了研究.结果表明,DK743、DK656、豫玉22、中单2号、户单1号等5 个品种N素营养效率较高;酒单2号和石玉905是低N素营养效率的品种.N素营养效率的高低与品种根重、根长、根表面积、叶片NRA、净光合速率、气孔导度等都有一定的相关性.适当供氮能提高净光合速率、气孔导度、叶片NRA含量、干物质积累量和子粒产量,提高幅度因品种而异.

2003

0.0

2002

1.175

0.0

1982

1.518

0.0

1999

2.638

0.0

... net等^[16]的研究表明氮素吸收与干物质积累量之间的关系可以作为玉米氮素状态的诊断工具 ...

2012

0.0

0.687

... 许多研究表明, 限制作物产量的主要影响因素是氮和磷, 而其中氮肥对玉米产量的影响最大^[17] ...

2013

0.0

1.667

张经廷, 刘云鹏, 李旭辉, 梁效贵, 周丽丽, 周顺利. 夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应. 作物学报, 2013, 39: 506-514

Zhang

J T

, Liu

Y P

, Li

X H

, Liang

X G

, Zhou

L L

, Zhou

S L

. Dynamic responses of nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in summer maize organs to nitrogen fertilizer. Acta Agron Sin, 2013, 39: 506-514 (in Chinese with English abstract)

A successive two years′ field experiment with five N application rates was conducted using hybrid Zhengdan 958. The results showed that the process of N accumulation in all organs except grain conformed to a unimodal curve in the whole life cycle. The N accumulation in blade, husk and cob reached the peak at around 12 days after silking, and that in stem and sheath at silking stage and then decreased gradually. The N accumulation in grain and the whole plant continuously increased, and the maximum value appeared at maturity. Compared with other organs, blade was more sensitive to N supply and N deficit stress made the N accumulation peak in advance, accelerated blade N remobilization and promoted senescence of blade. N supply significantly improved N accumulation amount and N accumulation rate in all organs at various stages, but did not change the trend of N accumulation. On the whole, the demands of maize organs for N could be met at the N application rate of 180 kg N ha -1 , and a higher grain yield also achieved. According to the maximum value of accumulated N in organs, the contribution of remobilized N from maize organs to grain showed a trend of: blade > stem and sheath > cob > bract, and the mean total contribution rate was 53.3%, of which cob and bract accounted for 12.3%, showing an essential part for grain N, too.

Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

为探明夏玉米各器官氮素积累与分配动态及其对氮肥的响应，以郑单 958 为材料，设置 5 个施氮水平进行了连续 2 年的大田定位研究。结果表明，除籽粒外各器官的氮素积累进程都呈单峰曲线，茎鞘在吐丝期达到峰值，而叶片、苞叶和穗轴则到吐丝后 12 d 左右达到峰值，之后逐渐下降；籽粒和整株的氮素积累随生育进程持续增加，成熟期最高。与其他器官相比，叶片对氮素供给更敏感，氮胁迫使叶片氮素积累高峰提前，促进氮素提前向外转运，导致其率先衰老。施氮能提高各器官在各生育时期的氮素积累量和积累速率，但不改变氮素积累变化趋势。总体上，施氮量 180 kg N hm -2 可满足夏玉米对氮素的需求，获得较高的产量。以各器官氮素积累最大值与成熟期的差值计算，各处理再转运氮素对籽粒的贡献率均表现为叶片 > 茎鞘 > 穗轴 > 苞叶，各器官再转运氮素对籽粒贡献率之和平均为 53.3% ，其中苞叶和穗轴占 12.3% ，也是籽粒中氮素来源的重要组成部分。

... 夏玉米各器官的氮素积累呈单峰曲线变化^[18], 施氮量对叶片的氮素影响较大 ...

... 氮素积累与转运对干物质积累的贡献率表现为叶片>茎>穗轴>苞叶^[18] ...

2004

0.0

0.965

... 前期施用氮肥有利于营养库的加大, 后期施肥有利于干物质积累及氮素向籽粒的转运^[19], 因此平衡前后期氮肥的施用比例, 合理施肥, 才能有效地提高玉米产量 ...

2010

0.0

1.299

周丽丽, 冯汉宇, 阎忠敏, 刘克, 周顺利. 玉米叶片氮含量的高光谱估算及其品种差异. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(8): 195-199

Zhou

L L

, Feng

H Y

, Yan

Z M

, Liu

, Zhou

S L

. Hyperspectral diagnosis of leaf N concentration of maize and variety difference. Trans CSAE, 2010, 26(8): 195-199 (in Chinese with English abstract)

准确、快速、及时地对玉米氮营养状况做出判断是氮肥合理施用的基础.该研究在水培条件下对3个玉米品种(组合)叶片氮含量(LNC)的高光谱敏感波段、估算模型及其品种差异进行了探讨.结果表明,LNC与不同波段叶片光谱反射率的相关性存存品种差异,但3个品种(组合)都在500～649 nm和691～730 nm表现极显著的负相关关系,并在同一波长获得最高的相关系数,说明可以利用统一的波段来预测不同品种的LNC.依品种建立了LNC与归一化差值光谱指数(NDSI)或比值光谱指数(RSI)的定量关系模型,NDSI(714,554)和RSI(714,554)所建模型的拟合度最好,直线和指数模型拟合度均达到极显著水平,可以用来估算玉米LNC.玉米LNC估算中,以该品种数据所建模型的估算偏差最低,利用综合模型或其他品种模型则加大了估算偏差,高估与低估的最高偏差分别为35.6%和32.7%.在利用高光谱技术进行玉米氮营养状况诊断的研究及应用中,应考虑品种间差异.

... 准确地对各时期玉米氮素营养状况做出判断是氮肥合理施用的基础^[20] ...

2013

0.0

0.795

郑志芳, 赵姣, 姜兴芳, 周顺利, 王璞, 廖树华. 玉米不同生育阶段养分效应评价方法研究. 中国生态农业学报, 2013, 21: 1064-1072

Zheng

Z F

, Zhao

, Jiang

X F

, Zhou

S L

, Wang

, Liao

S H

. Study on nutrient effect evaluation in different growth stages of maize. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2013, 21: 1064-1072 (in Chinese with English abstract)

It was imperative to research the mechanisms of nutrient effect at different growth stages so as to enhance plant nutrient assimilation efficiency. In this study, field experiments considering sowing date, density and fertilizer dose were conducted to evaluate this process in "Nonghua 101" maize cultivar. Daily mean temperature was recorded and leaf and other fractions sampled during maize growth period for chemical analysis and N, P and K concentrations. While population effect was introduced into the analysis on the basis of daily dry matter accumulation, thermo temperature effect was introduced in terms of environmental conditions. Then the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method was used to assess the evaluation methods of nutrient processes and efficiency during maize growth stages. Next, the accuracy of the adopted method was determined from main statistic parameters using the SAS software. Based on the results, the correlation coefficient (r) between expected daily dry matter accumulation and observed data was 0.72~0.99. Paired T-test analysis showed that the trends of the different growth stages were insignificant at P > 0.05. The variance between observed daily mean dry matter accumulation and expected value was also insignificant at P > 0.05. It was then obvious that the main parameters of effects of nutrients at different growth stages varied remarkably. The ranges of nutrient effect values of three leaf to jointing stage, jointing to flare opening stage, flare opening to silking stage, and silking to maturity stage were 0~0.58, 0.43~2.57, 0.45~4.58 and 0.86~4.71, respectively. The modified BLUP method was therefore potentially suitable for evaluating the effects of nutrients at different maize growth stages. The method was therefore recommended for field evaluation of the effects of nutrients on maize production.

了解作物养分效应机制是提高作物养分利用效率的重要基础。本文以玉米品种"农华101"为试验材料, 进行不同播期、密度、肥料试验, 记录了生育时期的日均温, 并对玉米不同生育时期叶片及其他器官中氮、磷、钾元素含量进行了测定, 然后基于改进后的BLUP方法, 在考虑植株干物质日均积累量与自身效应、环境效应关系的基础上, 引入群体效应和温度效应, 探讨并建立了玉米不同生育阶段养分效应评价方法。在此基础上, 进一步对养分效应评价效果进行分析。结果表明: 干物质日均积累量理论值与实际值的相关性r值为0.72~0.99; 各生育阶段配对t检验的α值均大于0.05, 各生育阶段的干物质日均积累量的理论值和实测值差异均不显著(P>0.05)。研究结果表明, 用建立的玉米不同生育阶段的养分效应评价方法得到的各养分特征效应值存在较大差异, 其中: 三叶期到拔节期各养分效应值为0~0.58, 拔节期到大口期为 0.43~2.57, 大口期到吐丝期为 0.45~4.58, 吐丝期到成熟期为 0.86~4.71。综上, 利用改进后的BLUP法提出的养分效应评价方法对玉米各阶段养分效应的评价结果具有一定的指导意义, 该方法可作为玉米养分效应评价的参考手段。

... 然而, 关于平衡前后期施肥的研究鲜有报道, 郑志芳等^[21]在此方面做了初步研究 ...

... 本研究在郑志芳等^[21]养分评价方法基础上引入品种参数, 并对其模型进行部分改进, 建立氮素效应综合评价方法, 以进一步了解植株体内不同类型器官养分对物质积累的影响机制, 并阐释不同玉米品种各生育阶段积累的氮素在干物质积累中的作用 ...

... 设5个因素5个水平, 共25个处理^[21], 无重复 ...

... 3 不同生育阶段氮素效应评价模型及检验方法参照郑志芳等^[21]的养分模型设计, 将玉米器官分为叶与非叶(包括茎秆、苞叶、穗)两部分, 根据它们对植株物质积累的贡献, 分时期用BLUP方法构建模型, 并在其基础上加以改进 ...

... 由于郑志芳等^[21]模型中2个温度效应表达式的形式差异较大, 不能很好地表达温度对养分积累的贡献 ...

... 玉米植株在生长过程中, 生理生化过程相当复杂, 本文在郑志芳等^[21]关于养分效应评价研究的基础上, 对氮素效应评价做了进一步改进 ...

2012

3.658

0.0

... 近年来, 该方法也被广泛应用于作物育种与品种区域试验^[22,23,24] ...

2012

0.0

... 近年来, 该方法也被广泛应用于作物育种与品种区域试验^[22,23,24] ...

2010

1.175

0.0

... 近年来, 该方法也被广泛应用于作物育种与品种区域试验^[22,23,24] ...

2001

0.0

... 张群远等^[25]研究表明, BLUP方法在我国品种区域试验中有较高的应用价值, 并具有较高的预测精确度 ...

2013

0.0

0.965

... 选用玉米品种农华101, 于5月4日(B₁)、5月16日(B₂)、5月28日(B₃)、6月9日(B₄)、6月21日(B₅) 5个播期进行单因素试验, 完全随机设计, 3次重复^[26] ...

2011

0.0

... 选用玉米品种中农大4号, 设置密度、肥料二因素试验, 采用随机区组设计, 设9个处理^[27], 3次重复 ...

... 选用玉米品种中农大4号, 设置密度、水、氮磷钾配比三因素试验, 采用正交设计, 9个处理^[27], 2次重复 ...

2006

0.0

1.883

徐祥玉, 张敏敏, 翟丙年, 李生秀, 张兴昌, 王朝辉. 夏玉米氮效率基因型差异研究. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2006, 12: 495-499

X Y

, Zhang

M M

, Zhai

B N

, Li

S X

, Zhang

X C

, Wang

C H

. Genotypic variation in nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2006, 12: 495-499 (in Chinese with English abstract)

利用田间小区试验,通过测定作物产量、收获指数、氮效率和氮响应度等指标,研究了陕西关中农业生产中常用的10个夏玉米杂交种的氮效率基因型差异.结果表明,无论施氮与否,10个夏玉米品种的子粒产量和生物学产量均表现出显著的基因型差异;其收获指数、氮效率和氮响应度,也存在显著的基因型差异.根据氮效率和氮响应度可将10个不同基因型分为四种类型:H-H型包括户单4号、陕资1号、掖单19;L-L型包括中单2号、豫玉22;H-L型包括陕单16、陕单902和户单2000;L-H型包括陕单9号和农大108.综合考虑氮效率类型和响应度,选择有代表性的基因型(户单4号、豫玉22和户单2000)测定氮累积量,计算氮利用效率和氮收获指数,结果表明,氮累积量不能反映氮效率类型,氮利用效率对氮效率的贡献与施氮水平有关;不论施氮与否,氮收获指数均能较好地反映氮效率类型.

... 由于不同品种的玉米氮素积累效应有一定差异, 氮素利用效率随基因型的变化而变化^[28], 并在不同品种间表现出较大的差异^[29,30,31], 因此在原先模型的基础上引入了品种参数 ...

... 2 品种因素分析很多研究表明, 不同基因型玉米对氮素的利用效率存在显著差异^[28,36,37] ...

2006

0.0

1.321

徐祥玉, 张敏敏, 翟丙年, 李世清, 李生秀. 不同夏玉米品种生育后期干物质及氮素积累分配的研究. 西北植物学报, 2006, 26: 772-777

X Y

, Zhang

M M

, Zhai

B N

, Li

S Q

, Li

S X

. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and partition of different summer corn varieties at the later growth stage. Acta Bot Boreali-Occident Sin, 2006, 26: 772-777 (in Chinese with English abstract)

选择陕西关中地区推广的10个玉米杂交种,在施氮和不施氮处理下对其产量、不同器官对籽粒氮转移量的差异进行比较分析.对10个杂交种进行分类并选择有代表性的3个品种,对各器官干物质和养分累积动态变化进行比较.结果显示,同一施氮量处理下,在玉米生育后期,不同品种各个器官的干物质和养分转移有很大差异,对H-H型'户单4'来说,灌浆期开始后除籽粒外的所有器官都是"源",且植株还有较高的吸收氮素的能力,而L-L型'豫玉22'和H-L型'户单2000'在灌浆开始后有一段时间茎仍然作为"库"存在,且植株吸收氮素的能力下降.

2003

0.0

0.525

2001

0.0

1.883

黄高宝, 张恩和, 胡恒觉. 不同玉米品种氮素营养效率差异的生态生理机制. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2001, 7: 293-297

Huang

G B

, Zhang

E H

, Hu

H J

. Eco-physiological mechanism on nitrogen use efficiency different of corn varieties. Plant Nutr Fert Sci, 2001, 7: 293-297 (in Chinese with English abstract)

2001

2.289

0.0

蔡焕杰, 张振华, 柴红敏. 冠层温度定量诊断覆膜作物水分状况试验研究. 灌溉排水, 2001, 20(1): 1-4

Cai

H J

, Zhang

Z H

, Chai

H M

. Crop Canopy Temperature as an index for assessing quantitatively water status of cotton and corn mulched with plastic film. Irrigation & Drainage, 2001, 20(1): 1-4 (in Chinese with English abstract)

作物缺水指标CWSI(Crop Water Strese Index)和冠层-空气温差(Tc-Ta)是利用冠层温度评价作物水分状况的重要方法。1998和1999年在新疆乌兰乌苏农业气象站试验田内开展了对覆膜棉花和玉米的研究。结果表明：CWSI能够指示作物根系层的水分状况，而(Tc-Ta)受到环境因素(太阳辐射、空气饱和差)的较大影响。另外，对用标准化的冠层-空气温差法NDT(Normalized Difference of Temperature)定量诊断作物水分状况的可行性进行了研究。结果表明该方法在很大程度上能消除环境因素的影响，直接指示作物根系层的水分状况，并提出了覆膜棉花和玉米各生育阶段需灌溉的临界CWSI及NDT值。 Abstract： CWSI and canopy-air temperature difference(Tc-Ta)are two important indexes, related with crop canopy temperature, for assessing crop water status. A field experiment was conducted to determine suitable CWSI and(Tc-Ta)values for assessing water status of cotton and corn mulched with plastic film in 1998 and 1999. The results showed that CWSI was a good indicator of moisture in root zone, and(Tc-Ta)was influenced by many environment factors,such as solar radiation, and vapor pressure deficit. Moreover, the utilization of NDT(Normalized Difference of Temperature)for assessing quantitatively water status of cotton and corn mulched with plastic film also was studied.Research results showed that influences of environment factors can be minimized significantly with adapting NDA as index, and NDA is a good index for assessing water status in root zone soil.The critical values of CWSI and NDT for assessing water status at each growth stage of cotton and corn mulched with plastic film also were determined with experiment data.

... 影响作物生长发育速率及光合速率的主要因素是冠层温度而非气温^[32] ...

2010

0.0

0.5398

苏荣瑞, 周守华, 耿一风, 万素琴, 黄永平, 朱建强. 江汉平原水稻关键生育期冠层温度环境响应模型研究. 湖北农业科学, 2010, 49: 2673-2677

R R

, Zhou

S H

, Geng

Y F

, Wan

S Q

, Huang

Y P

, Zhu

J Q

. Relationship between canopy temperature of rice and meteorological factors at the at the flowering stage in Jianghan Plain. Hubei Agric Sci, 2010, 49: 2673-2677 (in Chinese with English abstract)

基于大田环境下红外测温仪长期连续自动监测的水稻冠层温度,研究了水稻关键生育期冠层温度与光照、气温、空气相对湿度、风、天气现象等现有地面气象观测要素之间的相关关系,并建立了在晴朗天气模式下以气温、大气湿度、作物蒸腾速率、总辐射辐照度为因子的水稻冠层温度模拟模型,回归模型和各回归系数经统计检验迭1%极显著水平.旨在为通过气象监测预测水稻高温热害发生的机率、客观评价热害程度、制定生态或农艺避(抗)热措施提供理论依据.

... 冠层温度不仅受气温的影响, 还受相对湿度、光照及土壤水分等环境因素的影响, 且品种差异也会导致冠层温度有所不同^[33,34] ...

2009

0.0

邓强辉, 潘晓华, 石庆华. 作物冠层温度的研究进展. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28: 1162-1165

Deng

Q H

, Pan

X H

, Shi

Q H

. Research advances on crop canopy temperature. China J Ecol, 2009, 28: 1162-1165 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Crop canopy temperature is the outcome of the interactions of crop’s g enetic characteristics and environmental conditions, which not only affects leaf functional period, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic capacity, but also af fects grain protein content and starch synthesis. Crop yield is strongly affecte d by the canopy temperature after flowering, especially at mid-late grain-fill in g stage. This paper reviewed the research advances on the effects of canopy temp erature on crop yield, related mechanisms, and the factors affecting canopy temp erature, and pointed out that to breed superior genotypes and to implement reasonable agronomic practices should be the effective ways for improving crop yields and reducing canopy temperature.

Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China

作物冠层温度是作物遗传特性和环境条件共同作用的结果,它不仅影响叶片的功能期、蒸腾速率和光合能力,也影响籽粒蛋白质含量和淀粉合成。作物花后特别是灌浆中后期的冠层温度对产量具有较大影响。本文概述了冠层温度对作物产量的影响机理和影响因素的研究进展,并指出优良基因型的选育和合理的栽培管理措施是降低冠层温度、提高产量的有效途径。

... 冠层温度不仅受气温的影响, 还受相对湿度、光照及土壤水分等环境因素的影响, 且品种差异也会导致冠层温度有所不同^[33,34] ...

2003

0.0

1.379

... 冠层温度与各环境因素的关系复杂, 通过已有的回归分析研究表明, 用气温来预测冠层温度的估算精度较高^[35] ...

2010

0.0

0.965

颜军, 杨德光. 4个玉米品种氮素利用效率的比较研究. 玉米科学, 2010, 18(2): 91-95

Yan

, Yang

D G

. Comparison on N utilization efficiency of four maize varieties. J Maize Sci, 2010, 18(2): 91-95 (in Chinese with English abstract)

以郑单958、农大108、京单28、京科308为试验材料,研究了不同玉米品种产量、干物重、氮含量、氮利用效率的差异.结果表明:4个玉米品种产量、总吸氮量存在一定程度的差异,氮利用效率差异均不显著.植株干重、子粒氮含量、总吸氮量与产量显著相关,子粒氮含量对产量的直接影响最大.植株干重与子粒氮含量显著相关,植株干重越大子粒氮含量越高;子粒氮含量与植株干重对产量的影响不同品种之间存在差异;氮收获指数与产量呈负相关. Abstract： The difference in the yield, biomass, N content and N use efficiency of four maize hybrids (Zheng-dan958, Nongda108, Jingdan28 and Jingke308) were studied.The experiment was suggested that there were differ-ence in the yield and plant total amount of N absorption among four maize hybrids, but the N utilization efficiency was just the opposite.There were obvious mutuality in the plant dry matter weight, grain N content and total amount of N absorption with yield, grain N content had maximal immediate effect to yield.There were obvious positive correlation in the plant biomass and grain N content.The difference were observed the effect of plant dry matter weight and grain N content to yield among hybrids.

... 2 品种因素分析很多研究表明, 不同基因型玉米对氮素的利用效率存在显著差异^[28,36,37] ...

2007

0.0

1.237

李锦辉, 李潮海. 不同基因型玉米氮素利用的机理研究. 核农学报, 2007, 21: 173-176

J H

, Li

C H

. Nitrogen utilization mechanism of different genotype maize. J Nucl Agric Sci, 2007, 21: 173-176 (in Chinese with English abstract)

The difference of nitrogen utilization efficiency of different genotype maize was studied by()~(15)N labeled fertilizer.The changes of protein content, nitrate reductase(NRase) and glutamine synthetase(GS) in the grain and protein quality in single grain were analyzed.The results showed that nitrogen utilization efficiency of high protein maize variety(Yudan2002) was 7.79% higher than that of low protein maize variety(Yudan136);The change tendency of NRase in both varietes was similar.NRase activity in Yudan2002 was higher than that in Yudan136 from the 30~(th) day to the 45~(th) day after pollination NRase activity in Yudan2002 was 32.77μg NO~-_2/(g FW·h) higher than that in Yudan136 on the 45~(th) day after pollination.The pattern of GS activity was the same as "∽" in both Yudan2002 and Yudan136 during the filling stage,but GS activity in Yudan2002 was higher than that in Yudan136.High activity is benefit to protein formation.This paper provides more theoretical evidence to the mechanis of high protein production of maize.

利用15N标记研究了不同基因型玉米氮素利用效率的差别;分析了不同基因型玉米豫单2002(高蛋白)和豫单136(低蛋白)籽粒中蛋白质含量及单粒蛋白质含量在灌浆期的动态变化;测定了籽粒中硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性的变化动态,结果表明蛋白质含量高的玉米品种氮素利用率较高,豫单2002比豫单136高7.79%;二者的硝酸还原酶活性在灌浆期内变化趋势相近,授粉0~30d,也相差不大,授粉后30d至收获,豫单2002的硝酸还原酶活性始终高于豫单136,授粉后第45天时,豫单2002比豫单136高出32.77μg NO2-/(g FW.h);豫单2002与豫单136籽粒的谷氨酰胺合成酶活性在籽粒灌浆期的变化动态均呈“∽”型,且豫单2002一直高于豫单136;高的酶活性促进了蛋白质的形成。本研究为高蛋白玉米的蛋白质形成基础提供了理论依据。

... 2 品种因素分析很多研究表明, 不同基因型玉米对氮素的利用效率存在显著差异^[28,36,37] ...

2012

0.0

0.795

王玲敏, 叶优良, 陈范骏, 尚云峰. 施氮对不同品种玉米产量、氮效率的影响. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20: 529-535

Wang

L M

, Ye

Y L

, Chen

F J

, Shang

Y F

. Effect of nitrogen fertilization on maize yield and nitrogen efficiency of different maize varieties. Chin J Eco-Agric, 2012, 20: 529-535 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Efficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is essential for increased economic returns of maize and minimum potential nega-tive effects of N on water and soil. Efforts at improving yield potential have focused on maize varieties with high N use efficiency (NUE). The effects of N fertilizer on yield and NUE were determined in a conducted field experiment in Xuchang County of Henan Province, China. A total of about 15 common maize varieties in China were used under 3 N doses (0 kg・hm ?2 , 120 kg・hm ?2 and 240 kg・hm ?2 ). The results showed that “Zhengdan958”, “32D22”, “Huayu14”, “Yufeng335”, “Xindan29”, “Zhongke11” and “Luodan9” had the highest grain yield at 120 kg・hm ?2 N dose. Also “Xianyu335”, “Xundan18”, “Liyu13”, “Xundan20”, “Nongda108”, “NE8”, “Yuhe988” and “Luoyu4” had the highest yield at 240 kg・hm?2N treatment. Based on yield difference, 15 maize varieties were classified as high-yield varieties, medium-yield varieties and low-yield varieties. At the three N doses, “Liyu13” was identified as a high-yieldvariety, “Xianyu335” as a medium-yield variety, and “Yufeng335” and “Yuhe988” as low-yield varieties. Based on nitrogen efficiency (NE), 15 maize varieties were classified into 4 NE grades under medium and high nitrogen treatments. “Zhengdan958”, “Xundan20”, “Liyu13”, “Xundan18” and “Luodan9” were classified as double high-efficient type; and “Nongda108”, “NE8”, “Yuhe988”, “Yufeng335” and “Luoyu4” as double low-efficient type. Cluster analysis on yield and N efficiency showed that “Liyu13” and “Xundan20” were high-yield and high-NE varieties under medium and high N application dose; “Zhengdan958” and “Luodan9” were high-yield and high-NE varieties under medium N application dose; “Yufeng335”, “Yuhe988”, “NE8” and “Luoyu4” werelow-yield and low-NE varieties under both medium and high N application doses; “Nongda108” was low-yield and low-NE variety under high N application dose. Correlation analysis for grain yield and N content showed that N uptake efficiency little influenced yield. While NUE inhibited straw N accumulation, it synergized N harvest index. Path analysis indicated that yield was determinedmainly by NUE and that for all the treatments, N uptake efficiency little influenced yield. NUE and grain N uptake significantly in-fluenced yield under low N conditions, but it was true form NUE under high N conditions.

随着人们对农田氮肥过量施用导致肥料利用率下降和农田地下水硝酸盐污染等问题认识的逐渐加深, 不同品种玉米氮素营养效率的研究得到普遍重视。本文选择在我国主要应用的 15 个玉米品种, 在 0、 120 kg?hm ?2 、240 kg?hm ?2 氮水平下, 通过田间试验研究了施氮对不同品种玉米产量和氮效率的影响。结果表明: “郑单 958”、“32D22”、“滑玉 14”、“豫丰 335”、 “新单 29”、“中科 11”和“漯单 9 号”在施氮量为 120 kg?hm ?2 时产量最高; “先玉 335”、“浚单 18”、“蠡玉 13”、“浚单 20”、“农大 108”、“NE8”、“豫禾 988”和“洛玉 4 号”在施氮量为 240 kg?hm ?2 时产量最高。以产量差异的显著性关系为标准进行聚类分析, 可将 15 个玉米品种分为高产、中产、低产 3 个类型。在 3 个氮水平下, “蠡玉 13”都表现为高产品种, “先玉 335”都表现为中产品种,“豫丰 335”和“豫禾 988”都表现为低产品种。根据玉米在中氮和高氮水平下的氮效率, 可以将其划分为 4 个类型, “郑单 958”、“浚单 20”、“蠡玉 13”、“浚单 18”和“漯单 9 号”为双高效型, “农大 108”、“NE8”、“豫禾 988”、“豫丰 335”和“洛玉 4 号”为双低效型。根据产量和氮效率的聚类分析结果, “蠡玉 13”和“浚单 20”在中氮和高氮时都是高产又高氮效率的品种; “郑单 958”和“漯单 9”在中氮时是高产高氮效率的品种; 而“豫丰 335”、“豫禾 988”、“NE8”和“洛玉 4 号”在中氮和高氮时都是低产又低氮效率的品种; “农大 108”在高氮时是低产又低氮效率的品种。玉米产量与氮营养性状的相关性分析结果表明, 氮吸收效率对产量的影响较小, 氮素利用效率与秸秆吸氮量之间存在抑制作用, 氮素利用效率与氮收获指数间有很好的协同作用。通径分析结果表明, 在3 个施氮水平下, 玉米氮素利用效率对产量有较大的作用, 而氮素吸收效率对产量的作用很小。在低氮水平下, 氮素利用效率和籽粒吸氮量对产量起决定性作用; 在高氮水平下, 氮素利用效率起主要作用。

... 对于不同基因型玉米而言, 氮素利用率是一个相对稳定的筛选氮效率的指标^[38], 而针对本文选用的3个玉米品种的氮素利用效率具体差异研究较少, 因此根据2013年试验数据, 分析了农华101和浚单20的品种差异(表4) ...

2008

0.0

... 应用BLUP模型时, 需根据研究对象构建适合作物生长发育状况的模型结构^[39], 并尽量使其简单化, 避免造成计算困难 ...

2000

0.0

... 此外, 模型估算的精确性取决于模型结构的合理性^[40] ...