半湿润偏旱区沟垄覆盖种植对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

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韩娟, 廖允成, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 丁瑞霞. 半湿润偏旱区沟垄覆盖种植对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响. 2014, 40(1): 101-109
HAN Juan, LIAO Yun-Cheng, JIA Zhi-Kuan, HAN Qing-Fang, DING Rui-Xia. Effects of Ridging with Mulching on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat in Semi-humid Drought-Prone Region in China. 2014, 40(1): 101-109 复制到剪切板

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半湿润偏旱区沟垄覆盖种植对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

韩娟^1,², 廖允成², 贾志宽^1,^2,^*, 韩清芳^1,², 丁瑞霞^1,²

¹西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院, 陕西杨凌 712100

²农业部黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室 / 西北农林科技大学农学院, 陕西杨凌 712100

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 贾志宽, E-mail:zhikuan@tom.com

第一作者联系方式: E-mail:hjepost@nwsuaf.edu.cn

收稿日期:2013-09-16

基金:本研究由国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD09B03, 2011BAD29B09), 国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)项目(2011AA100504)和陕西科技创新项目(2011NXC01-16)资助。

摘要

为探索半湿润偏旱区沟垄集雨种植模式下冬小麦田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果, 于2007—2010年连续3个小麦生长季在渭北旱塬旱农试验站, 研究了不同沟垄集雨种植模式对土壤水分、冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。设置3个沟垄集雨处理, 分别是垄上覆盖地膜+沟内不覆盖(P1)、沟内覆盖小麦秸秆(P2)、沟内覆盖液体地膜(P3)处理, 以传统平作(CK)为对照。P1、P2和P3处理显著提高冬小麦生育前期0~20 cm和20~100 cm的土壤贮水量, 其中以P2处理蓄水保墒效果最显著, P3处理由于液态地膜的降解, 仅在小麦生长前期有一定的蓄水保墒作用, 在小麦的生长后期与P1处理无显著差异; 各沟垄集雨处理100~200 cm土壤贮水量与CK无差异。P2处理对冬小麦平均株高和生物量影响最大, 3年平均株高和生物量分别较对照提高26.7%和60.3%。以P2处理增产效果最显著, 3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较CK对照提高39.3%和35.6%; 且P1和P3之间无显著差异。因此, 垄覆地膜、沟覆秸秆的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式能显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率, 适宜在半湿润偏旱区冬小麦生产中应用。

关键词: 旱作小麦; 节水栽培; 产量; 水分利用效率

Effects of Ridging with Mulching on Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat in Semi-humid Drought-Prone Region in China

HAN Juan^1,², LIAO Yun-Cheng², JIA Zhi-Kuan^1,^2,^*, HAN Qing-Fang^1,², DING Rui-Xia^1,²

¹Chinese Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

² Key Laboratory of Crop Physi-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture / College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of the ridge and mulch on soil moisture, grain yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in rainfall winter wheat growing region in Weibei Area. In a three-year field experiment from Sept. 2007 to June 2010, we compared three ridge (for collecting rainfall) and mulch treatments with traditional plat planting as the control (CK). The ridge was covered with common plastic film and the dent was bare (P1) or covered with either wheat straw (P2) or degradable film (P3). At the early growth stage of winter wheat, soil water storages in 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm layers were significantly higher in all ridge and mulch treatments than in CK, particularly in P2. At late growth stage, the effect of P3 was similar to that of P1 with no significant difference due to the degradation of the film in dent. However, compared to CK, treatments P1, P2, and P3 had no effect on soil water storage in 100-200 cm layer. Plant height and biomass of wheat were the largest in P2, which were 26.7% and 60.3% higher than that of CK, respectively. Moreover, P2 was also the best treatment for grain yield and WUE with 39.3% increased yield and 35.6% increased WUE over CK. Yield and WUE were similar between P3 and P1 with no significant difference. Therefore, P2 is recommended as an efficient planting pattern in semi-humid drought-prone wheat region.

Keyword: Rainfed wheat; Water-saving cultivation; Yield; Water use efficiency

Show Figures

冬小麦是我国半湿润偏旱区主要粮食作物, 耗水量约为290.8~338.7 mm。我国半湿润易旱区年均降水量仅550 mm左右, 且年度间变异大、时空分布不均, 主要集中于7月至9月, 恰与冬小麦生育季节相悖, 易造成冬小麦生育期水分亏缺^{[ 1, 2]}, 严重限制该区冬小麦产量^{[ 3, 4]}。因而, 提高自然降水的有效利用率是实现半湿润偏旱区冬小麦稳产高产的重要途径。

沟垄集雨种植技术是一种通过在田间修筑沟垄、垄面覆膜、沟内种植作物, 实现降水由垄面向沟内汇集的田间集水农业技术。该技术能有效改善作物水分供应状况, 促进作物生长, 提高产量和水分利用效率, 已成为提高旱区作物生产力的重要措施之一^{[ 5, 6, 7, 8]}。沟垄集雨种植春玉米, 0~100 cm土层土壤水分含量比平作增加7%~12%, 玉米株高和生物量分别较对照增加6.8%~33.5%和7.6%~86.6%^{[ 9]}。沟垄集雨种植模式下, 马铃薯产量较传统平作提高158.6%~ 175.0%, 水分利用效率提高23.4%~80.4%^{[ 10]}。

前人关于沟垄集雨种植蓄水增产研究多为垄面覆盖、沟内种植的一元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式, 而垄面覆盖和种植沟内覆盖相结合的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式对土壤水分、作物产量和水分利用效率的影响尚不清楚。本研究对这种二元种植模式下旱地小麦的产量和水分利用效率进行了探讨, 同时考虑到覆盖材料对土壤环境的影响, 选取普通地膜作为垄面覆盖材料, 将秸秆和液态地膜作为种植沟内覆盖材料, 连续3年定位试验, 旨在筛选渭北旱塬地区适宜的沟垄集雨种植模式, 为完善半湿润偏旱区沟垄集雨种植模式提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验区概况

2007年9月至2010年6月连续3个小麦生长季, 于渭北旱塬的陕西省合阳县甘井镇西北农林科技大学旱作试验站(34°10′ N, 106°20′ E, 海拔910 m)进行田间试验。试验地点属典型的黄土高原沟壑区, 年均气温11.5℃, 年日照时数2858.8 h, 年蒸发量1832.8 mm, 无霜期208 d, 年均降水量550 mm左右。供试土壤为红塿土, 中性偏碱, 2007年播前表层(0~20 cm)土壤基础养分为有机质11.36 g kg^-1、全氮0.69 g kg^-1、全磷0.66 g kg^-1、全钾9.34 g kg^-1、速效氮54.11 mg kg^-1、速效磷11.57 mg kg^-1、速效钾 113.79 mg kg^-1; 土壤平均容重为1.37 g cm^-3, pH 8.2。

2007—2008、2008—2009和2009—2010年冬小麦生育期降雨量分别为261、315和218 mm。3年逐月降雨量和30年平均月降雨量如图1。

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	图1 冬小麦生育期月降雨量和多年平均月降雨量Fig. 1 Monthly rainfall in growth stages of winter wheat and mean monthly rainfall in three years

1.2 试验设计

采用沟垄集雨种植模式, 沟和垄的宽度均为 25 cm, 垄高15 cm, 播前起垄, 垄上覆膜, 沟内种植。共设4个处理, 分别是平作不覆盖(CK)、垄上覆地膜沟内不覆盖(P1)、垄上覆地膜沟内覆秸秆(P2)和垄上覆地膜沟内覆液膜(P3)。每个处理3次重复, 随机区组排列, 共12个小区, 小区面积为3.5 m × 4.0 m = 14.0 m², 每个小区4垄3沟, 每条种植沟内种植3行小麦, 行距25 cm, CK与沟垄覆盖种植处理行距相同。

播种前10 d整地、起垄、垄上覆膜。以纯氮 150 kg hm^-2、P₂O₅ 120 kg hm^-2、K₂O 90 kg hm^-2为基肥一次性施入种植沟内, 各处理施肥量一致。试验所用普通地膜由山西运城塑料厂生产, 液态地膜由浙江艾克泰投资有限公司生产, 于播后第2天按推荐用量1︰9兑水稀释, 用喷雾器均匀喷洒于沟内, 覆盖当地小麦秸秆, 覆盖量为4500 kg hm^-2, 播后第2天均匀覆盖于土壤表面, 整个生育期不灌水。

供试小麦品种为晋麦47, 播种期为2007年9月20日、2008年9月13日和2009年9月26日, 收获期为2008年6月20日、2009年6月8日和2010年6月26日。收获当季作物后, 不变动垄, 仅在种植沟翻耕, 第2年重新整地并在原垄上覆盖地膜, 沟中覆盖秸秆或液态地膜。

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 土壤水分在小麦播种期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期, 采用土钻烘干法取0~200 cm土样, 每20 cm为一个土层, 测定土壤含水量。沟垄种植区在沟中取样。

E=C× ρ× H×10 (1)

式中, E为贮水量(mm), C为土壤水分质量分数(%), ρ为土壤容重(g cm^-3), H为土层深度(cm)。因试验区地下水位较低, 多在几十米以下, 地下水供给忽略不计。

ET=P+Δ W (2)

式中, ET为阶段耗水量(mm), P为降水量(mm), Δ W为时段内土壤贮水量的变化(mm)。

WUE=Y/ET (3)

式中, WUE为水分利用效率(kg mm^-1 hm^-2), Y为小麦籽粒产量(kg hm^-2), ET为耗水量(mm)。

1.3.2 株高和地上部生物量分别在冬小麦分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期选取具有代表性的植株测定株高; 在冬小麦分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期测定地上部干物质重, 每个小区选取5株, 测定株高后将植株于120℃杀青2 h、80℃烘至恒重, 测其干重。

1.3.3 产量收获期去边行, 各小区收割1 m², 测定穗数、穗粒数和粒重, 计算产量。

1.4 节水增产效果计算方法

采用单位粮食生产节水量和单位耗水量增产进行处理间比较^{[ 12]}。

1.4.1 单位粮食生产下的节水量和节水率若常规栽培的耗水量为 W₁, 产量为 Y₁, 沟垄集雨种植模式的耗水量为 W₂, 产量为 Y₂, 则单位粮食生产下不同沟垄集雨种植比对照节水量(Δ W)近似为Δ W = W₁/ Y₁ - W₂/ Y₂; 单位粮食生产下不同沟垄集雨种植比对照节水率 β_W = Δ WY₁/ W₁ × 100%。

1.4.2 单位耗水量时的增产量和增产率假设同上, 则单位耗水量下不同沟垄集雨种植比对照增产量(Δ Y)近似为Δ Y = Y₂/ W₂ - Y₁/ W₁; 单位耗水量下不同沟垄集雨种植比对照增产率 β_y = Δ YW₁/ Y₁ × 100%。

1.5 统计分析

采用Microsoft Excel 2007和SAS 8.01统计软件处理和分析, 并用LSD法进行多重比较( P≤0.05)。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同处理对小麦不同生育期土壤水分的影响

各处理0~200 cm不同土层土壤水分变化呈现出相同的规律, 0~20 cm和20~100 cm土层波动剧烈, 100~200 cm土层变化平缓。受年际间降雨量大小和分布的影响, 年际间动态变化呈现出不同规律, 2007—2008年各处理0~20 cm和20~100 cm土层土壤水分含量在分蘖期达到最低值, 2008—2009年在拔节期达到最低值, 而2009—2010年在灌浆期达到最低值(图2)。这主要是由于2007年11月冬小麦分蘖期和2009年3月拔节期降雨量较少(1.6 mm和19.8 mm), 而2010年灌浆期冬小麦处于需水关键时期, 耗水量达到最大。

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图2 2007-2010年冬小麦生育期0~20 cm、20~100 cm、100~200 cm土层土壤水分动态变化误差线代表LSD ( P0.05)。S: 播种期; T: 分蘖期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; F: 灌浆期; M: 成熟期。P1: 垄上覆盖地膜+沟内不覆盖; P2: 沟内覆盖小麦秸秆; P3: 沟内覆盖液体地膜。Fig. 2 Dynamic changes of soil water storage in 0-20 cm, 20-100 cm, and 100-200 cm layers during different growth stages in 2007-2010Error bars are the LSD at P0.05. S: sowing stage; T: tillering stage; J: jointing stage; H: heading stage; F: filling stage; M: maturity stage. P1: the ridge was covered with common plastic film and the dent was bare; P2: the ridge and the dent was covered with wheat straw; P3: the ridge and the dent was covered with degradable film.

沟垄集雨处理能显著增加0~20 cm土层土壤贮水量, 其中以P2处理蓄水保墒效果最显著, 较P1和P3处理分别提高8.3%和6.7% (2007—2008)、5.9%和4.0% (2008—2009)及8.6%和5.1% (2009—2010)。播种至拔节期, 各沟垄集雨处理蓄水保墒效果显著, P1、P2和P3处理3年平均土壤贮水量分别较CK提高8.2%、12.7%和11.1%, 其中以P2和P3处理最高。受这一时期降雨量时间分布的影响, 2007—2008年P2和P3处理0~20 cm土壤贮水量分别较P1提高6.2%和3.9%, 而其他两年中P2和P3处理平均土壤贮水量较P1提高4.2%和2.7%。抽穗至灌浆期, 随着小麦生育进程, P3处理由于液态地膜的降解, 集雨保墒效果减弱, P2处理土壤平均贮水量显著高于其他各处理, 2007—2008年较P3处理高10.9%, 2008—2009年高6.5%, 2009—2010年高12.4%。P1和P3处理之间无显著差异。

播种至拔节期, 各沟垄集雨处理20~100 cm土壤贮水量均显著高于CK, 以P2最高, P3其次。P2处理20~100 cm土壤贮水量分别较P1和CK高4.5%、9.1% (2007—2008)和5.0%、13.0% (2008—2009), P2和P3差异不显著, 而2009—2010年P2处理20~ 100 cm土壤贮水量分别较P1、P3和CK高6.6%、3.8%和11.1%, P2和P3处理差异显著, 这主要是因为P3处理的液态地膜易在外界环境条件的影响下受损。

抽穗期至灌浆期, 各沟垄集雨处理蓄水保墒效果显著高于CK, 其中P2 20~100 cm土壤贮水量较P1和P3分别高8.3%和6.7% (2007—2008)、5.9%和4.0% (2008—2009)及8.6%和5.1% (2009—2010); P1和P3处理间无显著差异。

播种至拔节期, 2007—2008年和2008—2009年各沟垄集雨处理100~200 cm土壤贮水量均高于CK, 其中P2处理2007—2008年分别较P1、P3高4.2%和1.3%, 2008—2009年高5.2%和2.1%; 2009—2010年, P1、P2和P3处理100~200 cm土壤贮水量较CK略有降低, 但差异不显著, 这可能是因为2009— 2010年这一阶段的降雨量较少(136.60 mm)。抽穗期至灌浆期, 各沟垄集雨处理土壤平均贮水量较CK略有降低, 但均无显著差异。

3年试验结果有相似趋势, 沟垄集雨种植能够显著提高小麦生育期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量, 以P2最高, P3和P1次之。P2的0~100 cm平均土壤贮水量较P1和P3高4.8%和2.8% (2007—2008)、5.4%和2.9% (2008—2009)、3.3%和4.6% (2009—2010)。

2.2 不同处理对小麦株高和生物量的影响

在分蘖期, 各沟垄集雨处理3年平均株高均显著高于CK, P2和P3之间无显著差异(图3)。2007—2008年和2008—2009年, P2株高分别较CK高29.4%和28.4%, 较P3分别高27.8%和31.6%; 2009—2010年, P2、P3的株高分别较CK高35.7%和40.8%。拔节至抽穗期, P1、P2和P3的株高均显著高于CK, 其中P2对株高影响最大, 2007—2008年分别较P1和P3高10.7%和11.5%, 2008—2009年高7.0%和5.8%, 2009—2010年高6.2%和4.8%; P1和P3间无显著差异。3年结果表明, 3个沟垄集雨处理株高均显著高于CK, 分别较CK高16.6%、26.7%和20.1%, 说明沟垄集雨种植能促进冬小麦生长。

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	图3 不同处理各生育期的株高Fig. 3 Plant height at various growth stages in different treatments

小麦单株生物量动态变化与株高相似, 3年的趋势相同(图4)。分蘖期, P2和P3的平均单株生物量显著高于P1和CK, 较P1高27.9%和15.8%, 较CK高90.0%和76.4%。拔节至成熟期, 各沟垄集雨处理单株生物量均显著高于CK, 以P2处理最高, 较P1和P3分别高15.6%和17.2% (2007—2008)、17.3%和17.5% (2008—2009)、22.0%和15.0% (2009—2010)。P3与P1效果相近。3年平均, P1、P2和P3处理单株生物量分别较CK高34.7%、60.3%和38.5%, 说明沟垄集雨种植能明显提高冬小麦单株生物量。

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	图4 不同处理各生育期的单株生物量S: 播种期; T: 分蘖期; J: 拔节期; H: 抽穗期; F: 灌浆期; M: 成熟期。Fig. 4 Biomass per plant at various growth stages in different treatmentsS: sowing stage; T: tillering stage; J: jointing stage; H: heading stage; F: filling stage; M: maturity stage.

2.3 不同处理对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

3年各沟垄集雨处理冬小麦产量较CK均有显著增加; 由于降雨量的不同, 年际间的各集雨处理较

CK增产效果表现为2008—2009  2009—2010  2007—2008 (表1)。P1、P2和P3处理分别较CK增产20.18%、39.3%和18.6%, P2增产效果最明显。与P1和P3相比, P2增产率2007—2008年为17.1%和15.9%, 2008—2009年为13.6%和17.5%, 2009—2010年为17.1%和18.9%。P1和P3的产量无显著差异。

表1 不同处理冬小麦2007-2010年的产量表现 Table 1 Yield of winter wheat in different treatments in 2007-2010

2007—2010年各沟垄集雨处理水分利用效率较CK显著提高(图5), P1、P2和P3平均水分利用效率处理分别较CK高19.8%、35.6%和16.5%, 其中以P2处理最高, 2007—2008年分别较P1和P3高15.3%和14.6%, 2008—2009年高9.4%和17.2%, 2009— 2010年高14.6%和17.7%。

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	图5 2007-2010年不同处理的水分利用效率Fig. 5 Water use efficiency in different treatments in 2007-2010

2.4 节水增产效果分析

3年试验结果表明, 各沟垄覆盖种植模式的节水增产效果均高于对照。P1、P2和P3处理3年平均单位粮食生产节水量分别为16.1%、25.1%和13.9%, 单位耗水量的增产量分别为19.5%、35.3%和15.8%, 其中以P2处理效果最为显著, 单位粮食生产节水量和单位耗水量的增产量分别达到 0.24 m³ kg^-1和0.21 kg m^-3 (表2)。

表2 不同处理的节水增产效果 Table 2 Effects of water-saving and yield promotion in different treatments

3 讨论

沟垄集雨种植模式能有效蓄存自然降水, 减少蒸发, 显著增加土壤含水量, 从而改善土壤水分状况, 提升作物对降水的利用效率^{[ 12, 13]}。本研究结果表明, 各沟垄集雨处理均能显著提高0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量, 其中P2处理的效果最显著, P1和P3处理之间差异不明显, 说明P2和P3处理虽然都是沟垄二元覆盖方式, 但是蓄水保墒效果由于沟内覆盖材料的不同而出现差异, 和沟覆液态地膜相比, 沟覆秸秆能在小麦全生育期通过增加降雨入渗、降低土壤温度和抑制棵间蒸发提高土壤含水量^{[ 14, 15]}, 但是沟覆液态地膜的蓄水保墒效果却并不明确。本研究

发现播种至拔节期P2、P3处理在0~20 cm和20~ 100 cm土层土壤贮水量均明显高于P1, 且二者蓄水效果相似, 这可能是因为在小麦生育前期, 作物植株小, 地表覆盖度较少, 与沟内不覆盖相比, 沟内覆盖秸秆和液态地膜能够显著抑制株间蒸发。但在抽穗期至成熟期, P2和P3处理0~20 cm和20~100 cm土层土壤贮水量之间出现明显差异, P2处理土壤贮水量显著高于P1、P3处理, 其原因可能是在这一阶段气温升高、降雨量逐渐增多, P3处理中的液体地膜受到外界环境条件的影响开始降解, 蓄水保墒能力下降^{[ 16]}, 同时小麦进入生殖生长阶段, 生长进入旺盛阶段, 耗水量不断增大。各沟垄集雨处理100~ 200 cm土层3年平均土壤贮水量在冬小麦播种至拔节期均高于CK, 但是在抽穗期至灌浆期较CK略有降低, 可能原因是, 小麦生长前期主要利用浅中层土壤水, 进入生殖生长阶段, 小麦生长旺盛, 耗水量增大, 主要利用了中层和深层土壤水, 而沟垄集雨处理增加了前期的深层土壤水, 到了后期, 深层土壤水分由于向浅中层输送而减少^{[ 17]}。

杨青华等^{[ 18]}研究发现, 与不覆盖相比, 液体地膜覆盖棉田0~20 cm土层土壤含水量提高0.86%~ 1.76%。本研究中冬小麦全生育期, P3处理虽然在生长前期(播种至拔节期)有一定的蓄水保墒作用, 但是并不稳定, 生长中后期(抽穗期至成熟期)与P1处理土壤贮水量无差异, 这可能是由于液体地膜喷施的用量和喷施方法不同^{[ 19]}。

沟垄集雨系统能够通过改善土壤水分状况进而促进作物的生长发育^{[ 20]}。王晓凌等^{[ 21]}研究发现, 沟垄集雨种植玉米株高较对照增加6.5%~10.5%, 生物量增加14.0%~38.7%。本研究发现, 沟垄集雨模式下, 冬小麦的株高和单地上部生物量较对照均显著增加, 以P2处理的提高幅度最大, 3年平均株高和生物量较对照分别提高26.7%和60.3%, 其次是P3处理, 株高和生物量分别较CK提高20.1%和38.5%。这表明沟垄两元覆盖能有效改善土壤水分条件, 促进作物生长, 效果显著优于单元覆盖模式^{[ 22]}。同时, 本研究发现P2、P3处理对冬小麦生长前期(分蘖期)株高和生物量的促进作用高于生长后期(拔节期之后), 分析其原因, 一方面是生育前期降雨量较少, 与对照相比沟垄集雨处理能够明显改善冬小麦根部水分状况, 促进生长, 而生长后期, 随着降雨量的增多, 沟垄集雨种植的集雨优势逐渐降低, 另一方面是P3处理的液膜降解使蓄水保墒能力下降, 相应地, 对冬小麦株高和生物量的影响也逐渐减弱。

沟垄集雨种植模式能够有效改善土壤水分状况, 增加籽粒产量, 从而提高作物水分利用效率^{[ 23, 24]}。王俊鹏等^{[ 25]}在宁南旱区研究表明, 与平作相比, 沟垄集雨种植玉米产量提高67.9%~71.0%, 水分利用效率达到13.84~21.76 kg mm^-1 hm^-2。本研究获得相似结果, 在不同的降雨年型, 沟垄集雨种植均显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率, 其中以P2处理提升幅度最大, 产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高35.9%~43.9%和33.6%~35.8%, 这表明垄上覆盖地膜沟内覆秸秆二元覆盖方式能把蓄集的雨水最大限度地保存在作物根系分布最密集的区域, 使作物种植区的水分增加, 同时沟内秸秆覆盖通过抑制棵间蒸发促进了蒸腾, 改善了株间蒸发与叶面蒸腾耗水比例^{[ 26]}, 促进了土壤中的无效水分转化为有效水分, 因而提高了冬小麦产量和水分利用效率。在旱地夏玉米上采用液体地膜覆盖比不覆盖增产15.6%~ 57.0%^{[ 27]}。本研究在小麦上发现, P1和P3处理产量和水分利用效率并未表现出明显差异, 说明沟内覆盖液体地膜的增产效果不稳定, 这可能是由于液体地膜喷施的用量和喷施方法不同^{[ 28]}。

沟垄集雨种植模式的增产效应随着降雨量大小和分布变化而不同, 随着生育期降雨量的增加, 沟垄种植的增产效果降低^{[ 9]}。本研究中各集雨处理的增产效果在年度间亦有变化, 表现为2008—2009  2009—2010  2007—2008, 与小麦生育期内降雨量的分布有很大关系。

4 结论

沟垄集雨种植模式能显著改善农田土壤水分状况, 促进冬小麦的生长发育, 从而显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率, 其中垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理提高幅度最大, 3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较传统平作提高39.3%和35.6%。而且垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理节水增产效果最显著, 单位粮食生产节水量较传统平作提高了25.1%, 单位耗水量的增产量提高了35.3%。因此, 垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆模式作为旱地冬小麦节水增产栽培模式, 在半湿润偏旱区农业生产中具有重要的应用前景。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。

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2002

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1.7156

Trans CSAE. 2002, 18(3):11 - 14

Soil Moisture Dynamic Characteristics of Dryland Field in Northern China

中国北方旱农地区农田水分动态变化特征

严昌荣, 居辉, 彭世琪, 郁小川

The soil moisture characteristics of dry-land field in Northern China are affected by precipitation and evaportranspiration. The field evaportranspiration in semiarid and arid zone is the largest, that in semi humidity arid zone the middle, and that in semiarid zone the smallest. The average water deficit amount is about 517 mm in dry-semiarid zone, the maximum value 968 mm，the minimum value 162 mm; And in semiarid zone, the average value, the maximum value and the minimum value are 274, 688 and －34 mm, respectively; in semihumid arid zone, the 3 parameters are 157, 469 and －180 mm, respectively. Due to the temporal and spatial variation of precipitation， the deposited amount of soil water has their spatial, temporal variation too in 3 different zones, and their values in crop growth season are semihumid arid zone is the largest, that in semiarid zone the middle, and that in semiarid dry zone the smallest. The crop water use is from precipitation and soil water before sowing.

北方旱地区域农田水分特征的主要影响因子是自然降水和农田蒸散量。在区域尺度上，农田潜在蒸散量是半干旱偏旱区＞半湿润偏旱区＞半干旱区。半干旱偏旱区农田水分平均潜在亏缺量为517 mm，最大亏缺量为968 mm，最小亏缺量为162 mm。半干旱区旱地农田水分平均潜在亏缺、最大亏缺和最小亏缺量分别为274、688和－34 mm，半湿润偏旱区上述3个参数分别为157、469和－180 mm。由于降水的时空变化，不同类型地区农田土壤水分储存量也产生了区域分异，3种不同类型地区农田土壤水分在农作物不同发育期储存量的变化是半湿润偏旱区＞半干旱区＞半干旱偏旱区。旱地作物耗水主要来源于生育期间的有效降水和播种前的土壤蓄水。

... 我国半湿润易旱区年均降水量仅550 mm左右, 且年度间变异大、时空分布不均, 主要集中于7月至9月, 恰与冬小麦生育季节相悖, 易造成冬小麦生育期水分亏缺^[1,2], 严重限制该区冬小麦产量^[3,4] ...

2008

0.0

1.3821

Chin J Eco-Agric. 2008, 16(3):728 - 731

Potential productivity of rain-fed wheat in dry farmlands of North China

我国北方旱区雨养小麦生产潜力研究

居??,李三爱,严昌荣

由于水资源匮乏,我国北方旱区农业多以雨养为主.小麦是北方主要的粮食作物,为明确旱区雨养小麦生产潜力,对区域粮食生产水平做出客观评价,本文以整个北方旱农区为宏观尺度,利用CERES-wheat作物模型,模拟了北方旱区雨养小麦生产潜力水平,分析了潜力的时空分布规律.研究表明,我国北方旱区雨养小麦的生产潜力为半湿润区半湿润偏旱区半干旱区半干旱偏旱区干旱区,半湿润区雨养小麦生产潜力约为6300kg?hm-2,干旱区约为3000mg?hm-2,干旱区的年际间潜力变化较其他区域稳定.我国北方旱区雨养小麦生产潜力东部高于西部,南部高于北部,冬小麦的潜力高于春小麦.

2004

0.0

2009

0.0

1.7261

Chin J Appl Ecol. 2009, 20(5):1105 - 1111

Effects of mulching and fertilization on winter wheat field soil moisture in dry highland region of Loess Plateau.

不同覆盖施肥措施对黄土旱塬冬小麦土壤水分的影响

WANG Xiao-feng;TIAN Xiao-hong;CHEN Zi-hui;CHEN Hui-lin;WANG Zhao-hui

王晓峰;田霄鸿;陈自惠;陈辉林;王朝辉

College of Resource and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

A field experiment was conducted in a winter wheat field in Weibei dry highland region of Loess Plateau to study the effects of different mulching and fertilization treatments on soil moisture regime. The treatments were 1) no fertilization, 2) conventional fertilization, 3) recommended fertilization, 4) recommended fertilization + manure, 5) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges, 6) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows, and 7) recommended fertilization + straw mulch on entire plot. Soil moisture content was determined regularly with a neutron probe. Among the treatments, recommended fertilization plus plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows in dry season (spring) resulted in the greatest increase of soil water storage and maintained the storage to the critical stage crops needed, followed by recommended fertilization plus plastic mulch on soil ridges. These two treatments could store more precipitation in field, and would benefit the development of rainfed agriculture in dry highland region of Loess Plateau. As for recommended fertilization plus manure, it had the least increase of soil water storage, with a difference of 482 mm to the recommended fertilization plus plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows in dry season.

于2007年9月—2008年7月在位于黄土高原渭北旱塬的王东沟试验区进行冬小麦不同覆盖施肥措施（包括不施肥、农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+有机肥、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+全区覆草7个处理）田间试验，并采用水分中子仪定期观测土壤含水量，研究黄土高原旱塬区不同栽培措施下土壤水分的变化特征.结果表明：在干旱季节（春季），推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草措施有利于贮存更多的土壤水分，其土壤储水量约比最低值（推荐施肥+有机肥）高48.2 mm，并可将土壤水分保持到冬小麦需水的关键期，而且推荐施肥+垄上覆膜措施仅次于推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草，表明这两种措施能够在田间蓄积较多天然降水，有利于黄土高原旱区雨养农业的发展.

2001

1.998

0.0

Agr Water Manage. 2001, 50(3):173 - 183 DOI:10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00105-6

Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

Abstract

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.

... 该技术能有效改善作物水分供应状况, 促进作物生长, 提高产量和水分利用效率, 已成为提高旱区作物生产力的重要措施之一^[5,6,7,8] ...

2002

0.0

. 2002, 54(3):243â254-null

... 该技术能有效改善作物水分供应状况, 促进作物生长, 提高产量和水分利用效率, 已成为提高旱区作物生产力的重要措施之一^[5,6,7,8] ...

2003

2.474

0.0

. 2003, 84(3):385â391-null

... 该技术能有效改善作物水分供应状况, 促进作物生长, 提高产量和水分利用效率, 已成为提高旱区作物生产力的重要措施之一^[5,6,7,8] ...

2006

2.474

0.0

. , :null-null

... 该技术能有效改善作物水分供应状况, 促进作物生长, 提高产量和水分利用效率, 已成为提高旱区作物生产力的重要措施之一^[5,6,7,8] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 95(12):1293â1302-null

... 6%^[9] ...

... 沟垄集雨种植模式的增产效应随着降雨量大小和分布变化而不同, 随着生育期降雨量的增加, 沟垄种植的增产效果降低^[9] ...

2008

2.054

0.0

Water Resour Manag. 2008, 22(10):1431 - 1443 DOI:10.1007/s11269-007-9235-3

Runoff Efficiency and the Technique of Micro-water Harvesting with Ridges and Furrows, for Potato Production in Semi-arid Areas

Qi Wang(12) Enhe Zhang(2) Fengmin Li(34) Fengrui Li(1)

1.Cold and Arid Region Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 73000 China
2.Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730070, China
3.The Laboratory of Arid Agroecology, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Gansu Province, 730000 China
4.State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100 China

A field study was conducted to determine runoff efficiency and the effects of different ridge: furrow ratios and ridge-covering materials on tuber yield, soil moisture storage and water use efficiency (WUE) in the ridge and furrow micro-water harvesting system in a dry semi-arid region of China, during two consecutive years of 2002 and 2003. The average runoff efficiency of ridges with compacted soil (SR) was very low (24.6–28.8%) compared to that of ridges covered with plastic film (MR) (91.1–94.3%). The minimal rainfall necessary to produce runoff was 2.76–2.78 mm for SR, only 0.23–0.47 mm for MR. The field experiments using potato as an indicator crop showed that tuber yields in the MR system were significantly higher than that in the flat planting (control), with an average increase of 158.6–175.0% during 2 years. In the SR system, the average increase was valued of 14.9–28.4% during 2 years. Regression analysis between tuber yields and ridge widths indicated the optimum ridge: furrow ratio for MR was 39: 60 cm in 2002 and 48: 60 cm in 2003 respectively. The WUE values of potato in MR were 1.50 times greater than that of the controls in 2002 and 1.62 times greater than the controls in 2003. No differences were found in the WUE between the SR and the controls on average of 2 years. Due to the different runoff efficiency between two ridge-covering materials and absence of runoff occurrence in the controls, the soil water content in the MR was higher than that in the SR, both of which were greater than the controls. With the soil crust development, the distribution of soil water at the bottom of the furrow, at the side of the furrow and at the top of the ridge, is similar between the SR and the MR.

... 4%^[10] ...

2004

0.0

0.8386

2000

1.723

0.0

. 2000, 46(4):371â382-null

... 4 节水增产效果计算方法采用单位粮食生产节水量和单位耗水量增产进行处理间比较^[12] ...

... 3 讨论沟垄集雨种植模式能有效蓄存自然降水, 减少蒸发, 显著增加土壤含水量, 从而改善土壤水分状况, 提升作物对降水的利用效率^[12,13] ...

2005

0.0

. 2005, 78(3):181â194-null

... 3 讨论沟垄集雨种植模式能有效蓄存自然降水, 减少蒸发, 显著增加土壤含水量, 从而改善土壤水分状况, 提升作物对降水的利用效率^[12,13] ...

2010

1.792

0.0

Nutr Cycl Agroecosys. 2010, 87(2):187 - 197 DOI:10.1007/s10705-009-9327-y

Moisture conservation and nitrogen recycling through legume mulching in rainfed maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system

A. R. Sharma(1) Ratan Singh(2) S. K. Dhyani(3) R. K. Dube(4)

1.Indian Agricultural Research Institute Division of Agronomy New Delhi 110012 India
2.Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Dehradun Uttarakhand 248195 India
3.National Research Centre for Agroforestry Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 284003 India
4.Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute Regional Centre Agra Uttar Pradesh 282006 India

Mulching with vegetative materials is a highly beneficial and widely-investigated agro-technique in rainfed areas but the adoption of this practice has been constrained due to non-availability of mulch biomass locally. Live mulching with fast-growing annual green manure legumes like sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) or prunings ofLeucaena leucocephala grown as hedge rows can be done for moisture conservation as well as nutrient cycling in the maize–wheat cropping system, which is predominantly followed in the high rainfall sub-mountainous region of north-western India. A field experiment was conducted at Selakui, Dehradun during 2000–2004 to study the effect of legume mulching, viz. in situ grown sunnhemp andLeucaena prunings, along with varying N levels, viz. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha⁻¹ (to maize), and 0, 40 and 80 kg N ha⁻¹ (to wheat) on productivity, soil moisture conservation and soil physico-chemical properties. Intercropped sunnhemp added 0.75–1.45 t dry matter and 21.6–41.3 kg N ha⁻¹ at 30–35 days, whileLeucaena twigs added 1.89–4.15 t dry matter and 75.2–161.3 kg N ha⁻¹ at 60–65 days of maize growth. Live mulching with sunnhemp orLeucaena biomass improved soil moisture content at maize harvest (+1.15–1.57%) and crop productivity by 6.8–8.8% over no mulching. Combined use of both the mulching materials was more effective in improving the soil moisture content (+2.08–2.29%) and grain yield (15.1%) over their single application. Response of maize to N fertilizer application was significant up to 90 kg N ha⁻¹, and it was relatively more pronounced under the mulching treatments. Residual effect of mulching on wheat showed an increase in yield of 10.2% with sunnhemp orLeucaena, and 27.9% with sunnhemp + Leucaena. There was an improvement in organic C and total N status of soil, and a decrease in bulk density associated with an increase in infiltration rate due to mulching at the end of 4 cropping cycles. It was concluded that legume mulching is a highly beneficial practice for enhanced moisture and nutrient conservation, leading to increased productivity and soil health of maize–wheat cropping system under Doon valley conditions of north-western India.

... 本研究结果表明, 各沟垄集雨处理均能显著提高0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量, 其中P2处理的效果最显著, P1和P3处理之间差异不明显, 说明P2和P3处理虽然都是沟垄二元覆盖方式, 但是蓄水保墒效果由于沟内覆盖材料的不同而出现差异, 和沟覆液态地膜相比, 沟覆秸秆能在小麦全生育期通过增加降雨入渗、降低土壤温度和抑制棵间蒸发提高土壤含水量^[14,15], 但是沟覆液态地膜的蓄水保墒效果却并不明确 ...

2006

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2006, 32(2):306 - 309

Micro-climate of Winter Wheat Field under the Conditions of Irrigation and Straw Mulching

灌溉与秸秆覆盖条件下冬小麦农田小气候特征

LI Quan-Qi; CHEN Yu-Hai; YU Shun-Zhang; WU Wei; ZHOU Xun-Bo; DONG Qing-Yu and YU Song-Lie

李全起;陈雨海;于舜章;吴巍;周勋波;董庆裕;余松烈

Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China

After Feb. 2003, soil temperature at 14:00 p.m. of mulching treatments was much lower than that of un-mulching treatment. The air humidity of 5 cm above the ground under the condition of irrigation was decreased and the air temperature of 5 cm above the ground increased by straw mulching. The turbulent coefficient and turbulent flux was decreased and straw mulching increased the latent heat flux by irrigation and vice versa. Mulching, leading to the higher soil moisture content could enhance the penetrating ability of irrigation water. The yield and WUE of winter wheat were obviously reduced by straw mulching.

采用四种灌溉方式和有无秸秆覆盖的组合处理，研究了灌溉与秸秆覆盖结合条件下冬小麦农田的小气候特征。结果表明，从2月份开始，覆盖处理在14:00时的土壤温度明显低于不覆盖处理。秸秆覆盖能够降低近地面空气湿度和提高近地面空气温度，在灌溉条件下表现尤为明显。灌溉能够降低近地面的湍流交换系数和湍流热通量，提高潜热通量，而秸秆覆盖的作用相反。秸秆覆盖具有增强灌溉水入渗能力的作用。秸秆覆盖显著降低冬小麦的产量和水分利用效率(WUE)。

2008

0.0

0.6673

Water Sav Irrig. 2008, (4):8 - 10

Effect of Liquid Film Mulching on Water & Temperature Condition of Soil in Tobacco Field and Growth of Fluecured Tobacco

液膜覆盖对烟田土壤水热状况和烤烟生长发育的影响

WANGXiao-dong^[1];XUZi-cheng^[2];LIUZhan-qing^[3];YANGYi-le^[3]

王小东^[1];许自成^[2];刘占卿^[3];杨伊乐^[3]

通过对烤烟大田三种不同覆盖方式的覆盖效应比较表明:液体地膜在改善烟田土壤水热状况和促进烤烟生长方面有积极作用,液体地膜具一定的增温保湿效应,0～20 cm耕层较对照土壤温度平均增幅为0.9℃,土壤含水量平均提高1.2%.液体地膜覆盖能够在一定范围内克服普通塑料地膜覆盖的负面效应,而且省工省时,有利于土壤生态环境的改善.

... 但在抽穗期至成熟期, P2和P3处理0~20 cm和20~100 cm土层土壤贮水量之间出现明显差异, P2处理土壤贮水量显著高于P1、P3处理, 其原因可能是在这一阶段气温升高、降雨量逐渐增多, P3处理中的液体地膜受到外界环境条件的影响开始降解, 蓄水保墒能力下降^[16], 同时小麦进入生殖生长阶段, 生长进入旺盛阶段, 耗水量不断增大 ...

2011

0.0

... 各沟垄集雨处理100~ 200 cm土层3年平均土壤贮水量在冬小麦播种至拔节期均高于CK, 但是在抽穗期至灌浆期较CK略有降低, 可能原因是, 小麦生长前期主要利用浅中层土壤水, 进入生殖生长阶段, 小麦生长旺盛, 耗水量增大, 主要利用了中层和深层土壤水, 而沟垄集雨处理增加了前期的深层土壤水, 到了后期, 深层土壤水分由于向浅中层输送而减少^[17] ...

2005

0.0

1.7156

Trans CSAE. 2005, 21(5):123 - 126

Effect of liquid film mulching on cotton yield and soil environment

液体地膜覆盖对棉花产量与土壤环境的影响

杨青华, 贺德先, 刘华山

Based on the theory of sustainable development of cotton field, the effects of liquid film mulching on cotton yield and soil physical properties were studied. The results indicated that application of reasonable amount of liquid film (112.5 kg/hm²) mulching averagely increased lint yield by 21.7%. Covering with liquid film mulching raised soil temperature and moisture, decreased soil bulk density, and had no adverse impacts on the soil environment. Therefore, it is a feasible technique to utilize the liquid mulching film in cotton field.

基于棉田可持续发展的思想，研究了液体地膜覆盖对棉花产量与土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明，适量液体地膜(112.5 kg/hm²)覆盖棉花增产显著，平均增产皮棉21.7%。液体地膜覆盖棉田提高土壤温度和含水量，降低土壤容重。表明液体地膜覆盖棉田对土壤环境无不良影响，利用液体地膜覆盖棉田是一项可行的技术。

... 杨青华等^[18]研究发现, 与不覆盖相比, 液体地膜覆盖棉田0~20 cm土层土壤含水量提高0 ...

2008

0.0

1.4522

Sci Agric Sin. 2008, 41(8):2520 - 2527

液体地膜覆盖棉花高产机理研究

河南农业大学农学院

【目的】针对塑料地膜“白色污染”日益严重的现实，探讨液体地膜取代塑料地膜覆盖棉田的理论依据。【方法】试验采取液体地膜75.0 kg•ha-1（T1）、112.5 kg•ha-1（T2）、150.0 kg•ha-1（T3）、187.5 kg•ha-1（T4），塑料地膜（PF）及不覆盖（CK）3种覆盖方式，测定对土壤物理性状、棉花生理特性与产量及其构成因素的效应，并进行比较分析。【结果】液体地膜覆盖对土壤物理性状和棉花产量影响明显。与露地对照相比，覆盖棉花产量差异达到极显著水平。其中，塑料地膜覆盖棉花产量最高，增产率为34.0%；液体地膜处理（112.5 kg•ha-1）次之，增产率为21.7%。液体地膜覆盖提高土壤温度和含水量，降低土壤容重；增强根系活力；改善叶片光化学特性；提高棉铃蔗糖转化酶活性；成铃时空分布合理，优质铃数增加，铃重提高。【结论】在棉花生产中，采用液体地膜覆盖栽培是一项可行的技术。

... 本研究中冬小麦全生育期, P3处理虽然在生长前期(播种至拔节期)有一定的蓄水保墒作用, 但是并不稳定, 生长中后期(抽穗期至成熟期)与P1处理土壤贮水量无差异, 这可能是由于液体地膜喷施的用量和喷施方法不同^[19] ...

2008

0.0

. 2008, 95(5):539â544-null

... 沟垄集雨系统能够通过改善土壤水分状况进而促进作物的生长发育^[20] ...

2009

0.0

1.7156

Trans CSAE. 2009, 25(8):40 - 47

Effects of ridge width and planting density on corn yields in rainwater-harvesting system with plastic film mulching on ridge

垄沟覆膜集雨系统垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量的影响

王晓凌, 陈明灿, 易现峰, 付国占

Field experiment was carried out to study effects of ridge width and planting density on corn yields and water use efficiency in a plastic film mulching on ridge for rainwater-harvesting system. The system was designed by two widths of ridges of 30 cm and 60 cm that had three planting densities of high, middle and low. The results showed that soil water content and microbial biomass carbon content were increasing in the system. Corn height and biomass per plant decreased gradually but biomass per unit area increased gradually in the system with the increase of corn density under the same wide ridges. The rainwater- harvesting system with the ridge width of 60 cm could significantly increase chlorophyll content during a period of less precipitation, but significantly decreased the chlorophyll content in high corn density. The rainwater-harvesting system with the 30 cm wide ridge would make grain yield decrease due to the decreasing proportion of organic matter allocation to grain caused by intensive intraspecific competition. The rainwater- harvesting system with the ridge width of 60 cm and the high planting density had the highest yields and water use efficiency among the treatments.

通过大田试验研究了垄沟覆膜集雨系统中，垄宽和密度效应对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响。垄沟覆膜集雨系统有30、60 cm 2种垄宽，低、中、高3种玉米种植密度。结果表明，垄沟覆膜集雨能提高土壤含水率和土壤微生物量碳质量分数。随着玉米密度的增加，同一垄宽的垄沟集雨系统中，玉米株高和单株生物量逐渐下降，玉米单位面积生物量逐渐增加。降雨量较少的情况下，60 cm垄宽的垄沟覆膜集雨能显著提高玉米的叶绿素质量分数，但其在高密度条件下却显著降低玉米叶绿素质量分数。高密度条件下，30 cm垄宽的垄沟覆膜集雨处理，由于玉米种内竞争较激烈而导致有机物质向籽粒输入减少，从而引起产量降低。在所有的处理中，高密度、60 cm垄宽的垄沟覆膜集雨种植的玉米产量和水分利用效率最高。

... 王晓凌等^[21]研究发现, 沟垄集雨种植玉米株高较对照增加6 ...

2006

0.0

1.7156

Trans CSAE. 2006, 22(2):46 - 49

Water-saving benefits of different mulching cultivation mode for winter wheat in Weibei Highland

渭北旱原冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的节水效益

方日尧, 赵惠青, 方娟

Water utilization efficiency, water saving and yield increasing effect, input and output of different mulching cultivation modules of winter wheat were analyzed systematically through field experiment in Weibei Highland, Shaanxi Province. And the mechanism of the yield increasing and the water saving of different mulching cultivation modules also was studied. The result shows that different mulching cultivation modules are better than convention cultivation modules for winter wheat in Weibei Highland, and the ridge mulched plastic film and furrow mulched straw cultivation module is best. The ridge mulched plastic film and furrow mulched straw cultivation module can increase water utilhzation efficiency to 11.59 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2, and water saving of unit grain produce is 37.21%～39.85%, yield increasing of unit water consumption reaches 58.68%～66.25%, output and input proportion is 1.34∶1, which are higher than those of other mulching cultivation modules. Ridge mulched plastic film and furrow mulched straw cultivation modules is one of the efficient methods to improve winter wheat yield of highland and economic benefits.

在陕西渭北旱原区，通过田间试验对冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式的水分利用效率、节水增产效果和投入产出进行详细的分析，并对不同覆盖栽培模式的节水增产机理进行了探讨。研究结果表明：渭北旱原区冬小麦不同覆盖栽培模式均优于常规栽培，垄覆膜沟覆秸秆更为突出。垄覆膜沟覆秸秆栽培模式提高水分利用效率到11.59 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2，单位粮食生产节水量达到37.21%～39.85%，单位耗水量增产达到58.68%～66.25%，产投比为1.34∶1，均高于其它覆盖栽培模式。垄覆膜沟覆秸秆模式栽培技术是提高旱地冬小麦产量和经济效益的有效途径之一。

... 这表明沟垄两元覆盖能有效改善土壤水分条件, 促进作物生长, 效果显著优于单元覆盖模式^[22] ...

2004

0.0

1.4522

Sci Agric Sin. 2004, 37(2):208 - 208

沟垄覆膜集雨栽培对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响

@王彩绒$西北农林科技大学资源环境学院!杨凌712100 @田霄鸿$西北农林科技大学资源环境学院!杨凌712100 @李生秀$西北农林科技大学资源环境学院!杨凌712100

在半湿润易旱地区的关中红油土上, 研究了垄上覆膜集雨保墒和沟内种植栽培方法对冬小麦(Triticumaestivum )水分利用效率及产量影响。结果表明,冬小麦返青时各处理100～200 cm深土层的水分与播前相比无变化。0～100 cm土层覆膜较未覆膜多保蓄水6.5 mm,有一定集水保水作用。收获时各土层的水分都明显减少。在低氮(75 kg·ha-1)、低密(230万株·ha-1)和高氮(225 kg·ha-1)、高密(280万株·ha-1)2种条件下,覆膜较未覆膜处理平均多耗水34.8 mm,表明小麦明

... 沟垄集雨种植模式能够有效改善土壤水分状况, 增加籽粒产量, 从而提高作物水分利用效率^[23,24] ...

2008

0.0

1.8267

Acta Agron Sin. 2008, 34(5):838 - 845 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00838

Effects of Ridge and Furrow Planting for Rainfall Harvesting on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Corn in Semi-Arid Regions

半干旱区沟垄集雨对玉米光合特性及产量的影响

REN Xiao-Long¹,JIA Zhi-Kuan^1*,CHEN Xiao-Li²,HAN Juan¹,HAN Qing-Fang¹,DING Rui-Xia¹

任小龙¹;贾志宽^1,*;陈小莉²;韩娟¹;韩清芳¹;丁瑞霞¹

1 Research Center of Agriculture in the Arid and Semi-arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi; 2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Ridge and furrow planting of rainfall harvesting (RFPRH) is a cultivation technique by covering ridges with plastic films and planting crops in furrows. RFPRH has been extending in the semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau in Northwest China because it can alleviate drought stress by collecting rainfalls from the ridges and promote water use efficiency (WUE) and crop yield. To investigate the optimal quantity of rainfall in RFPRH system, we studied the effects of RFPRH, taking traditional cultivation as the control, on soil water storage, photosynthetic indexes, fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) in functional leaves, and grain yield of summer corn (Zea mays L.) under three simulated rainfall treatments. The rainfall was given 12 times (at 5–15 d interval) in corn growth duration with the total amount of 230, 340, and 440 mm, respectively. In the RFPRH system, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F_m, F_v, F_v/F_m, F_v/F, and qP) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in control, and the SPAD value increased by 17.7% and 13.9% in 230 and 340 mm rainfall treatments, respectively. Compared to the control, the instantaneous WUE in leaves increased by 26.9% and 10.1%, and the grain yield by 75.4% and 36.7% under 230 and 340 mm rainfall treatments, respectively. The F_m, F_v/F_m, F_v/F_o, qP, and SPAD value at jointing stage and G_s at heading stage increased significantly (P<0.05), but P_n decreased sharply at heading and booting stages under 440 mm rainfall treatment in RFPRH system. The WUE of the whole growth duration of RFPRH was lower by 13.2% than that of control. The results indicate that the RFPRH system can promote Pn and leaf WUE of corn in arid years, and 440 mm may be the upper limit of rainfall during the whole growth period in the RFPRH system.

在中国西北黄土高原半干旱区, 沟垄集雨种植(RFPRH)系统被逐步推行, 以改善农田水分状况, 提高作物水分利用效率(WUE), 达到高产稳产的目的。为了探索该种植方式的适宜降雨量, 在人工模拟不同降雨量下, 以传统平作为对照, 研究了沟垄集雨种植对夏玉米土壤水分含量、功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)以及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明, 在230 mm和340 mm降雨量下, 集雨处理的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、PS II最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、PS II的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均较对照显著增加; 叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)分别提高17.7%和13.9%, 叶片瞬时水分利用效率提高26.9%和10.1%, 籽粒产量增加75.4%和36.7%。在440 mm降雨量条件下, 集雨处理的F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、qP和SPAD值在拔节期显著增加, G_s在抽雄期显著增加, P_n在抽雄期和孕穗期显著下降, 水分利用效率在全生育期比对照平均低13.2%, 其他各生育时期光合生理特性及籽粒产量与对照相比差异不明显。说明沟垄集雨种植在偏旱的年份, 可显著提高玉米光合效率和叶片水分利用效率, 其全生育期适宜雨量上限可能是440 mm。

... 沟垄集雨种植模式能够有效改善土壤水分状况, 增加籽粒产量, 从而提高作物水分利用效率^[23,24] ...

1999

0.0

... 王俊鹏等^[25]在宁南旱区研究表明, 与平作相比, 沟垄集雨种植玉米产量提高67 ...

2007

0.0

1.7156

... 8%, 这表明垄上覆盖地膜沟内覆秸秆二元覆盖方式能把蓄集的雨水最大限度地保存在作物根系分布最密集的区域, 使作物种植区的水分增加, 同时沟内秸秆覆盖通过抑制棵间蒸发促进了蒸腾, 改善了株间蒸发与叶面蒸腾耗水比例^[26], 促进了土壤中的无效水分转化为有效水分, 因而提高了冬小麦产量和水分利用效率 ...

2010

0.0

1.7156

Trans CSAE. 2010, 26(1):54 - 60

Effect of liquid film mulching on growth and yield of summer maize under different soil moisture conditions

不同水分处理下液膜覆盖对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

强小嫚, 周新国, 李彩霞, 郭冬冬, 刘祖贵, 张俊鹏

Aiming at decreasing agricultural pollution caused by plastic mulching, impacts of liquid film mulching (LF) on crop growth and grain yield of summer maize were studied, which results were compared to the control treatment (CK). Results indicated that plant height and stem diameter of LF were greater than that of CK, and the difference was the most significant under lower soil moisture condition. Under lower soil moisture condition, leaf area index (LAI) of LF was greater than that of CK in the earlier growing stage, while smaller in the later growing stage. Under medium and higher soil moisture conditions, however, LAI of LF was higher than that of CK in the whole growing period. LF increased the photosynthetic and transpiration rate significantly. Under lower soil moisture condition, the grain yield of LF increased by 56.97%, and the ratio of output to input was 1.695. Under higher soil moisture condition, the grain yield of LF only increased by 15.57%, and the ratio of output to input of LF was smaller than that of CK. The study indicates that liquid film mulching is effective for drought-resistance, saving irrigation water amount and improving yield.

针对塑料地膜对农业生产造成的严重污染问题，运用对照处理方法，探讨了液体地膜覆盖对夏玉米生长发育及产量等方面的影响。结果表明，液膜覆盖使夏玉米株高和茎粗均比对照偏大，其中，低水分处理下差异最为显著。夏玉米叶面积指数低水分处理时液膜覆盖在生育前期较对照偏大，生育后期偏小；而中、高水分下液膜覆盖叶面积指数在整个生育期内均比对照偏大。液膜覆盖使夏玉米光合速率和蒸腾速率显著增大，有利于光合产物的形成。低水分处理下液膜覆盖增产效果最好，增产率达到56.97%，产投比为1.695，高水分下液膜覆盖增产效果最差，增产率仅为15.57%，液膜覆盖产投比小于对照。研究认为，夏玉米液膜覆盖能有效抵抗干旱逆境从而达到节水增产的显著效果。

... 0%^[27] ...

2003

0.0

... 本研究在小麦上发现, P1和P3处理产量和水分利用效率并未表现出明显差异, 说明沟内覆盖液体地膜的增产效果不稳定, 这可能是由于液体地膜喷施的用量和喷施方法不同^[28] ...