种植方式对水稻产量及根系性状的影响

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郑华斌, 姚林, 刘建霞, 贺慧, 陈阳, 黄璜. 种植方式对水稻产量及根系性状的影响. 作物学报, 40(4): 667-677
ZHENG Hua-Bin, YAO Lin, LIU Jian-Xia, HE Hui, CHEN Yang, HUANG Huang. Effect of Ridge & Terraced Cultivation on Rice Yield and Root Trait. 作物学报, 40(4): 667-677 复制到剪切板

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作物学报编辑部

种植方式对水稻产量及根系性状的影响

郑华斌^1,², 姚林^2,³, 刘建霞^2,³, 贺慧^2,³, 陈阳^1,², 黄璜^1,^2,^*

¹湖南农业大学农学院, 湖南长沙 410128

²农业部华中地区作物栽培科学观测实验站, 湖南长沙 410128

³湖南农业大学生物科学与技术学院, 湖南长沙 410128

^* 通讯作者(Corresponding author): 黄璜, E-mail:hh863@126.com

收稿日期:2014-01-12

基金:本研究由国家水稻丰产科技工程项目“长江中游南部(湖南)水稻丰产节水节肥技术集成与示范” (2013BAD07B1 1)和国家“十二五”公益性行业(农业)项目“稻-渔”耦合养殖技术研究与示范(201203081)资助。

摘要

2011—2012年在湖南长沙以超级杂交稻Y两优1号、杂交稻汕优63和常规稻黄华占为材料的大田定位试验, 比较了垄作梯式栽培技术(两种垄规格)和垄厢栽培技术(3种厢规格)对水稻产量和根系性状的影响。与平作栽培(T0)相比, 窄垄作梯式栽培(T1)和垄厢栽培(T3)均可提高水稻产量, 其中以T1的产量最高, 比T0平均增产22.2% (17.1%~27.2%), 其次T3平均增产10.4% (5.8%~15.0%), 但随着垄宽或厢宽的增加, 产量增幅逐渐下降。较高的穗数和每穗粒数、良好的根系特性(根系氧化力、根表面吸收面积、根系孔隙度)以及齐穗后干物质积累量大是上述两种栽培技术增产的重要原因。同时, 根解剖结构表明垄作梯式栽培的根皮层减小、中柱和导管面积增大, 增强了水分吸收能力。

关键词: 种植方式; 栽培方式; 垄畦(厢)栽培; 垄宽; 厢宽

Effect of Ridge & Terraced Cultivation on Rice Yield and Root Trait

ZHENG Hua-Bin^1,², YAO Lin^2,³, LIU Jian-Xia^2,³, HE Hui^2,³, CHEN Yang^1,², HUANG Huang^1,^2,^*

¹College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

²Observation Station of Crop Cultivation Science in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410128, China

³College of Bio-science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

Fund:

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in Changsha city of Hunan Province in 2011 and 2012 to find out a cultivation technique of ridge & terraced cultivation (RTC) for improving rice yield and root trait. Super hybrid rice Yliangyou 1, hybrid rice Shanyou 63 and conventional rice Huanghuazhan were used in the mid-rice season. The cultivation patterns were designed as ridge & terranced cultivation (T1, ridge width 60 cm; T2, ridge width 120 cm), bed cultivation (T3, bed width 70 cm; T4, bed width 140 cm; T5, bed width 230 cm), and traditional cultivation (T0). The characteristics of grain yield formation and root character under different cultivation patterns were analyzed. Results showed that ridge & terraced cultivation (T1) and bed cultivation (T3) could increase grain yield compared with traditional cultivation (T0), T1 had the highest yield, which was 22.2% (17.1%-27.2%) higher than that of T0, the next was T3, with the yield 10.4% (5.8%-15.0%) higher than that of T0. However, increasing range of yield declined gradually with the increase of ridge width or bed width. The important reason for increasing yield by using the two cultivation techniques was higher effective panicles and spikelets per panicles, better root trait (root oxidation ability, root surface absorption area and soil porosity) and higher dry matter accumulation after full heading stage. Meanwhile, root anatomical structure showed that the thickness of root cortex was decreased and the size of root vascular cylinder and vessel areas was increased in RTC, so that the capacity of water absorption was enhanced.

Keyword: Planting pattern; Cultivation model; Bed cultivation; Ridge width; Bed width

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制约水稻产量的主要非生物因素就是缺氧^{[ 1, 2]}。高的生物积累量需要强大的根系提供足够的无机养分, 根系的构建又与土壤通气性有着密切的关系^{[ 3]}, 生产上采用“干湿交替”灌溉模式增加土壤通气性, 延缓齐穗后根系活力的下降。水稻旱作可以有效提高土壤通气性, 但其连作障碍较为严重。保证水稻生产过程中充足的用水量和良好的土壤通气性, 是实现丰产的基础。水稻垄畦(厢)栽培是将稻田起垄作畦, 将水稻种在畦面上的一种种植方式, 通过降低田间水层深度和减少淹水时间, 即在返青期和孕穗抽穗期保持畦面有水, 其他时期保持在控水状态, 以不出现水分亏缺为度, 灌水时仅沟内有水, 少灌或不灌水^{[ 4, 5]}, 进而达到提高土壤通气性的目的。水稻垄作梯式栽培模式是黄璜等^{[ 6]}总结前人旱地垄作^{[ 7, 8, 9]}和垄畦(厢)^{[ 4, 5]}研究的基础提出的利用垄沟蓄水, 垄上呈梯式种植水稻和湿润灌溉, 实现有效供水和提高土壤通气性的双重目标, 最终实现水稻的节水、高效生产。前者是通过改变土地的耕作方式并结合水分管理实现高产高效的目的, 而后者则通过改变土地耕作方式和水稻传统平作栽培方式, 并配合水分管理实现高产高效。两者的目标都是保障水稻生产过程中充足的用水量和良好的土壤通气性。本文对比研究两种栽培技术, 旨在阐明垄作梯式栽培下水稻的产量形成特点及其根系特性, 为南方双季稻区节水高产栽培提供一种新的节水栽培模式。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验地点

浏阳市北盛镇乌龙社区地处亚热带季风湿润气候, 年平均气温16~18℃, ≥10℃的活动积温5000~ 5500℃, 无霜期260~320 d, 年降雨量1200~1500 mm。土壤类型为第四纪红色黏土发育的红黄泥水稻土, 肥力均匀的稻田自然丘块上土壤含有机质35.51 g kg^-1, 全氮1.80 g kg^-1、全磷0.90 g kg^-1、全钾12.21 g kg^-1、速效氮150.02 mg kg^-1、速效磷30.48 mg kg^-1、速效钾137.72 mg kg^-1、中稻前为休闲田。

1.2 试验设计

供试水稻品种为Y两优1号(简称: Y)、汕优63 (简称: X)和黄华占(简称: H)。随机区组排列, 设6种种植方式。农民模式, 即平作栽培(简称: T0), 行距20.0 cm; 水稻垄作梯式栽培技术设2种起垄规格, 一为60 cm垄宽+5 cm沟(简称: T1), 行距15.0 cm (4株/垄); 二为120 cm垄宽+10 cm沟(简称: T2), 行距20.0 cm(6株/垄); 水稻垄厢栽培技术设3种厢面宽度, 一为70 cm厢宽+20 cm厢沟(简称: T3), 行距23.0 cm; 二为140 cm厢宽+25 cm厢沟(简称: T4), 行距20.0 cm; 三为230 cm厢宽+35 cm厢沟(简称: T5), 移栽: 行距20.0 cm (详见图1)。其中, 垄作梯式栽培技术采用起垄机起垄, 起垄过程中逐渐形成垄沟, 垄与垄间的垄底距离约为5 cm至10 cm。垄作梯式栽培技术沟深为20~30 cm, 垄厢栽培技术沟深为15~20 cm, 株距为23.0 cm, 3次重复, 小区面积90 m², 共计18个小区、1620 m²。

整个生育期施纯氮180 kg hm^-2, P₂O₅ 75 kg hm^-2, K₂O 144 kg hm^-2, 氮肥为尿素, 磷肥为过磷酸钙(含P₂O₅ 12%), 钾肥为氯化钾(含K₂O 60%)。磷肥和钾肥均以基肥的形式一次施入, 而氮肥按基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=5∶3∶2施用。试验地肥力一致、排水、灌水条件较好。平作栽培: 返青期和孕穗抽穗期田间保持水层, 以后间歇湿润灌溉, 收获前1周断水。垄作梯式栽培, 移栽后3~5 d保持水层高度在垄顶植株基部, 确保秧苗成活, 其他时期以蓄积自然降水为主, 基本保持不灌水。垄畦栽培, 移栽后在返青期和孕穗抽穗期保持畦面有水, 其他时期保持在控水状态, 以不出现水分亏缺为度, 少灌或不灌水。

2011年和2012年均5月20日播种, 6月15日移栽, 单本移栽, 10月1日收获。病虫害管理按照当地高产栽培管理模式进行。

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图1 3种栽培模式的水分运动及损失路径的示意图a: 平作栽培模式; b: 垄作梯式栽培模式; c: 垄畦(厢)栽培方式。①植物蒸腾的水分损失; ②水面和棵间蒸发的水分损失; ③水分侧渗运动路径; ④地下渗透的水分损失。Fig. 1 A sketch of water movement & losses path among three cultivation modelsa: traditional cultivation model; b: ridge & terrace cultivation model; c: bed cultivation model. ①water loss via plant transpiration; ②water loss via water surface and soil evaporation; ③movement path of water lateral infiltration; ④water loss via underground infiltration.

1.3 测定项目与方法

1.3.1 产量与产量构成于成熟期从每小区中心选取5 m²作为测产区, 从测产区选取长势均匀的10蔸考查穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重, 其余单打单收, 晒干, 测定稻谷重量和含水量, 再折算成含水量14%的实际产量。

1.3.2 干物质质量与叶面积指数测定在分蘖期(移栽后20 d)、幼穗分化期、齐穗期、齐穗期15 d和成熟期5个时期, 每小区取9蔸(约0.49 m²), 测定绿叶叶面积和植株干物重, 采用LI-COR 3100结合比叶重测定绿叶叶面积, 计算叶面积指数(leaf areas index, LAI); 按叶片、茎鞘、穗分别测定干物质重。

1.3.3 根系性状分别于分蘖中期、幼穗分化期和齐穗期从每小区取样2蔸测定总根长、最长根长、根数、根冠比、根直径和根体积。测量总根长时, 将单蔸根系仔细剪下, 用直尺分别测定其长度并记下根数, 且求得其总长度(根长小于2 cm的根忽略不计), 采用排水法测定根体积。于水稻分蘖中期、幼穗分化期和齐穗期, 从每小区取样2蔸测定根系活力, 其中采用α-奈胺法^{[ 10]}测定根系氧化力和甲稀兰法^{[ 9]}测定根系总吸附面积和活性吸附面积。参见Colmer^{[ 11]}的方法测定根系孔隙度, 即取新鲜根系1.0 g, 在滤纸上吸干水分后, 于分析天平称重( W_r), 比重瓶(10 mL)若干, 称量10 mL (水+瓶)重量( W_w), 把根小心转入比重瓶中并定容到10 mL刻度线称重( W_r+w), 取出根并将根系用碾钵压碾后转入比重瓶, 定容到10 mL, 并称重( W_h), 相对孔隙度 RP(%) = ( W_h- W_r+w)/( W_w+ W_r- W_r+w) × 100。

1.3.4 根解剖结构分析采用石蜡切片法^{[ 12]}制作切片。在水稻幼穗分化期和齐穗期分别取样, 清水洗净泥土后, 选取完整的5~8 cm的不定根部分, 从根尖处开始连续取3段, 每段约为1 cm, 每样品取3条长度近似的不定根, 3次重复, 经FAA液(50%酒精89 mL-福尔马林5 mL-冰醋酸6 mL)固定48 h以上, 然后用不同浓度酒精(50%、70%、80%、90%、95%和100%)梯度脱水, 二甲苯+纯酒精、二甲苯透明, 充分透腊后, 包埋于石蜡中, 用轮转式石蜡切片机(型号KD-202c, 浙江金华科迪仪器设备有限公司)横切包埋在腊块中的材料, 分别在距根尖15 mm左右, 25 mm左右连续切片, 厚度约为8~15 µm, 用番红-固绿对染后成片。

在光学显微镜(带测量拍照系统, 北京凯福科技有限公司)下分别观测距根尖15 mm、25 mm处的横切面直径、中柱直径和导管大小, 并用圆面积公式计算横截面积大小。若横截面为不规则的椭圆型, 则测出横截面的长短径( a, b), 用公式 S = π ab/4计算横截面积, 并拍照记录。同时还观测距根尖15 mm、25 mm处根表皮到中柱鞘的径向距离、表皮细胞壁厚度和排列情况, 并拍照。

1.4 数据处理与统计分析

在Microsoft Excel 2003软件平台上实现产量、干物质、根系性状和根结构解剖等均值; 基于Statistix8.0软件平台进行处理间差异的方差分析, 采用“最小显著差法(LSD)”进行显著性检验。

2 结果与分析

2.1 种植方式对水稻产量及产量构成的影响

表1表明, 与平作栽培(T0)相比, 2年的试验表明T1和T3均可提高水稻产量, 但随着垄宽或厢宽的增加, 产量增幅逐渐下降。其中以T1的产量最高, 比T0平均增产22.2% (17.1%~27.2%), 其次T3平均增产了10.4% (5.8%~15.0%), 最后是T2、T4和T5。进一步分析其产量构成因子可知, T1的优势主要体现在有效穗数上, 与平作栽培相比, 平均增加15.4% (9.7%~21.1%), 每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重差异不显著; T3 (2011年)的优势则主要体现在有效穗数和每穗粒数上, 与T0相比, 分别平均增加12.4%和3.4%。

垄作梯式栽培随着垄宽的增加(60 cm→120 cm), 平均产量由T1的9.16 t hm^-2(9.10~9.22 t hm^-2)下降到T2的7.93 t hm^-2 (7.62~8.25 t hm^-2), 进一步分析其产量构成因子可知, 主要表现在有效穗数上, T1的有效穗比T2高18.8% (16.9%~20.8%), 其他产量构成差异不明显。垄厢栽培也表现出同样的现象(厢宽70 cm→140 cm→230 cm), 平均产量由T3的 8.28 t hm^-2 (8.22~8.34 t hm^-2)下降到T4的7.66 t hm^-2 (7.62~7.69 t hm^-2)和T5的7.58 t hm^-2 (7.32~7.84 t hm^-2), 进一步分析其产量构成因子可知, 主要表现在有效穗数上, T3的有效穗比T4高6.4% (0.7%~12.2%)和比T5高10.4% (6.9%~14.0%), 其他产量构成差异不明显。

2011年Y两优1号的产量显著高于汕优63; Y两优1号的结实率和收获指数显著高于汕优63, 但千粒重显著低于汕优63。

2.2 种植方式对干物质和叶面积的影响

随着生育进程, 各种植方式的干物质积累量逐渐增大, 图2表明, 2年试验中以T1的干物质积累量最高, 成熟期平均为2068.7 g m^-2(1898.8~2238.6 g m^-2), 其次为T3的干物质积累量1701.4 g m^-2 (1625.6~1777.1 g m^-2)。进一步分析积累过程发现, 与T0相比, T1和T3生长前期(分蘖期至齐穗期)的干物质积累量占总干物质量比例分别低8.3% (3.2%~13.4%)和12.6% (4.0%~21.1%), 但生长后期(齐穗期至成熟期)则高8.3% (3.2%~13.4%)和12.6% (4.0%~21.1%)。垄作梯式栽培随着垄宽(60 cm→120 cm)

表1 种植模式对水稻产量及产量构成的影响 Table 1 Effect of cropping pattern on rice yield and yield components

处理 Treatment	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)	有效穗数 Effective panicles (m^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets per panicle	粒重 Grain weight (mg)	结实率 Grain filling (%)	收获指数 HI
2011
T0	7.25 d	232.90 c	163.79 a	29.91 a	70.75 a	0.48 a
T1	9.22 a	282.14 a	168.22 a	29.81 a	68.44a b	0.48 a
T2	8.25 bc	241.43 c	168.45 a	30.16 a	68.54a b	0.48 a
T3	8.34 ab	261.87 b	169.43 a	30.01 a	66.39 ab	0.48 a
T4	7.62 bcd	233.38 c	165.45 a	30.03 a	66.04 ab	0.48 a
T5	7.32 cd	229.76 c	178.74 a	29.95 a	65.26 b	0.49 a
LSD_0.05	0.962	20.082	15.515	0.427	5.112	0.0283
H	8.05 ab	245.16 a	171.49 a	28.88 b	67.41 ab	0.49 b
X	7.49 b	249.47 a	162.82 a	32.29 a	65.04 b	0.45 c
Y	8.46 a	246.10 a	172.73 a	28.76 b	70.26 a	0.51 a
LSD_0.05	0.680	14.200	10.971	0.302	3.615	0.020
2012
T0	7.77 bc	259.5 b	148.76 ab	28.37 b	77.40 a	0.45 b
T1	9.10 a	284.6 a	152.08 a	29.38 ab	79.33 a	0.48 a
T2	7.62 c	235.6 c	148.09 ab	29.57 ab	77.70 a	0.46 ab
T3	8.22 b	258.6 b	146.73 ab	28.56 b	79.11 a	0.48 a
T4	7.69 c	256.9 b	139.08 b	30.16 a	77.78 a	0.47 ab
T5	7.84b c	242.0b c	154.48 a	29.42 ab	76.89 a	0.46 ab
LSD_0.05	0.455	21.015	9.913	1.280	2.457	0.0294
H	8.00 a	276.6 a	151.61 a	26.29 c	80.67 a	0.49 a
X	8.04 a	237.9 c	142.29 b	31.77 a	80.17 a	0.45 b
Y	8.07 a	254.1 b	150.72 a	29.67 b	73.28 b	0.45 b
LSD_0.05	0.322	14.859	7.010	0.905	2.750	0.016
种植方式T	***	***	ns	ns	ns	ns
品种V	*	*	*	***	ns	***
种植方式×品种T×V	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

T0: 平作栽培; T1、T2: 水稻垄作梯式栽培技术(依次为60 cm垄宽+5 cm沟、120 cm垄宽+10 cm沟); T3、T4、T5: 水稻垄厢栽培技术(依次为70 cm厢宽+20 cm厢沟; 140 cm厢宽+25 cm厢沟; 230 cm厢宽+35 cm厢沟)。H: 黄华占; X: 汕优63; Y: Y两优1号。数据后相同字母表示为差异不显著(LSD法)。***, *, ns分别表示差异在 P<0.001, P<0.05水平显著和不显著。

T0: traditional cultivation model; T1, T2: ridge & terrace cultivation model (T1: 60 cm ridge width + 5 cm ditch, T2: 120 cm ridge width + 10 cm ditch); T3, T4, T5: bed cultivation model (T3: 70 cm bed width + 20 cm ditch, T4: 140 cm bed width + 25 cm ditch, T5: 230 cm bed width + 35 cm ditch). H: Huanghuazhan; X: Shanyou 63; Y: Yliangyou 1. Data followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD_(0.05). ***, *, ns: significant at P<0.001, P<0.05, and not significant, respectively.

表1 种植模式对水稻产量及产量构成的影响 Table 1 Effect of cropping pattern on rice yield and yield components

的增加, 干物质积累量由T1的2068.7 g m^-2 (1898.8~2238.6 g m^-2)下降到T2的1550.2 g m^-2 (1521.7~1587.6 g m^-2), 垄厢栽培也表现出类似的趋势。两年结果表明齐穗期前汕优63的干物质积累量比Y两优1号和黄华占显著高23.6% (13.6%~36.7%), 但随着生育进程, 差异逐渐缩小, 成熟期汕优63、Y两优1号和黄华占的干物质积累量分别为1667.3、1722.05和1701.7 g m^-2, 差异不显著。

垄作栽培能提高水稻生育前期叶面积的扩展, 与传统平作相比, T1和T2的叶面积指数分别高77.7% (463.%~109.1%)和10.4% (3.4%~17.3%), 但随着其他处理分蘖的增加, 叶面积逐渐增大, 处理间差异逐渐减小甚至消失。垄厢栽培的叶面积变化规律基本与T0保持一致。品种方面, 从分蘖期至齐穗期汕优63的叶面积指数均显著高于Y两优1号和黄华占(图2)。

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图2 不同种植方式对水稻群体干物质和叶面积指数的变化MT: 分蘖期; PI: 幼穗分化期; FL: 齐穗期; FL+15: 齐穗后15 d; MA: 成熟期。其他缩写同表1。Fig. 2 Variation of dry matter and leaf area index (LAI) under different cultivation modelsMT: mid-tillering; PI: panicle initiation; FL: full heading; FL+15: 15 days after full heading; MA: maturity stage. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

2.3 种植方式对根系特征的影响

表2表明, 随着水稻生育进程, 总根长和根数不断增加, 但到达最大值的时期不同(2011年为幼穗分化期, 2012年为齐穗期)。垄作梯式栽培随着垄宽的增加(60 cm→120 cm), 总根长和根数分别由T1的1051.0 m m^-2(425.5~1610.1 m m^-2)、8894.6条 m^-2(4178.3~11 894.0条 m^-2)减少至T2的881.2 m m^-2 (291.2~1193.4 m m^-2)、7584.0条 m^-2 (3439.7~ 11 860.0条 m^-2)。而垄厢栽培随着厢宽的增加, 总根长和根数的变化规律不一。2年的最长根长变化不一, 各处理的根长基本保持在20 cm左右。垄作梯式栽培随着垄宽的增加(60 cm→120 cm), 根体积不断下降, 由T1的776.1 cm³ m^-2(314.0~1138.3 cm³ m^-2) 减少至T2的697.0 cm³ m^-2 (242.8~1060.0 cm³ m^-2)。垄厢栽培的根体积比T0低11.5% (10.1%~12.4%, 除2012年分蘖期外)。无论是采用何种栽培方式, 水稻的根冠比均以分蘖中期最高(2011年为0.133~0.200, 2012年为0.124~0.186), 并随着水稻生育期的推进呈逐渐下降的趋势。

2012年幼穗分化期和齐穗期汕优63的总根长、总根数和根冠比显著高于Y两优1号和黄华占, 其余根系指标差异均不显著(表2)。

2.4 种植方式对根系生理特性的影响

表3表明, 从幼穗分化期至齐穗期水稻根系活力呈逐渐降低的趋势, 齐穗期根系氧化力均表现为平作栽培低于垄作梯式栽培, 2年的平均降幅为21.9% (10.1%~33.7%)。垄厢栽培模式中的T3 (厢宽70 cm)的根系活力也比平作栽培高17.9% (0.01%~ 35.7%), 由此可见, 在垄作梯式栽培和垄厢栽培(厢宽70 cm)模式下, 水稻根系的衰老放缓, 有利于后

表3 种植方式对根系α-萘胺氧化强度的影响

Table 3 Effect of cultivation model on root α-NA oxidizing ability

处理Treatment	2011			2012
处理Treatment	分蘖期^a Mid-tillering^a	幼穗分化期 Panicle initiation	齐穗期 Full heading	分蘖期 Mid-tillering	幼穗分化期 Panicle initiation	齐穗期 Full heading
T0	17.3 a	30.2 ab	12.9 ab	—	19.8 a	7.2 bc
T1	16.6 a	32.6 ab	17.0 a	—	27.5 a	11.1 a
T2	16.9 a	31.4 b	11.4 ab	—	26.8 a	8.1 abc
T3	15.3 ab	50.9 a	17.5 a	—	28.8 a	7.2 bc
T4	13.0 b	36.0 ab	5.8 b	—	20.6 b	10.6 ab
T5	16.2 a	30.6 b	9.8 ab	—	—	10.6 ab
H	17.5 a	36.9 a	7.1 a	—	18.0 a	6.7 a
X	16.4 ab	28.4 a	16.5 a	—	12.0 a	10.2 a
Y	13.8 b	41.5 a	8.6 a	—	14.1 a	9.5 a

^a: 用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法测定。数据后相同字母表示为差异不显著(LSD法)。缩写同表1。^a: determined with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) method. Data followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD_(0.05). Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

Table 3 Effect of cultivation model on root α-NA oxidizing ability

处理Treatment	2011			2012
处理Treatment	分蘖期^a Mid-tillering^a	幼穗分化期 Panicle initiation	齐穗期 Full heading	分蘖期 Mid-tillering	幼穗分化期 Panicle initiation	齐穗期 Full heading
T0	17.3 a	30.2 ab	12.9 ab	—	19.8 a	7.2 bc
T1	16.6 a	32.6 ab	17.0 a	—	27.5 a	11.1 a
T2	16.9 a	31.4 b	11.4 ab	—	26.8 a	8.1 abc
T3	15.3 ab	50.9 a	17.5 a	—	28.8 a	7.2 bc
T4	13.0 b	36.0 ab	5.8 b	—	20.6 b	10.6 ab
T5	16.2 a	30.6 b	9.8 ab	—	—	10.6 ab
H	17.5 a	36.9 a	7.1 a	—	18.0 a	6.7 a
X	16.4 ab	28.4 a	16.5 a	—	12.0 a	10.2 a
Y	13.8 b	41.5 a	8.6 a	—	14.1 a	9.5 a

表4 种植方式对根表面吸附面积的影响 Table 4 Effect of different planting pattern on root surface absorption area

处理 Treatment	比表面积 Specific surface area (m² cm^-3)			活性吸附面积 Root active absorption area (m² cm^-3)			活性吸附面积比例 Percentage of root active absorption area (%)
处理 Treatment	分蘖期 MT	幼穗分化期 PI	齐穗期 FH	分蘖期 MT	幼穗分化期 PI	齐穗期 FH	分蘖期 MT	幼穗分化期 PI	齐穗期 FH
2011
T0	1.54 ab	1.54 a	1.58 ab	0.76 a	0.76 a	0.79 ab	49.31 a	49.56 ab	49.94 a
T1	1.52 ab	1.51 a	1.75 a	0.74 a	0.75 a	0.86 a	49.47 a	49.30 b	49.65 ab
T2	1.53 ab	1.52 a	1.70 ab	0.75 a	0.76 a	0.84 ab	49.64 a	49.39 ab	49.36 ab
T3	1.56 ab	1.52 a	1.53 b	0.75 a	0.77 a	0.76 b	49.49 a	49.22 b	49.31 ab
T4	1.50 a	1.56 a	1.54 ab	0.77 a	0.75 a	0.76 ab	49.59 a	49.22 b	49.28 ab
T5	1.57 a	1.53 a	1.55 ab	0.76 a	0.77 a	0.77ab	49.52 a	49.86 a	49.20 b
H	1.53 a	1.53 a	1.57 a	0.76 a	0.76 a	0.78 a	49.43 a	49.53 a	49.56 a
X	1.54 a	1.53 a	1.55 a	0.76 a	0.76 a	0.77 a	49.63 a	49.42 a	49.69 a
Y	1.54 a	1.54 a	1.66 a	0.76 a	0.76 a	0.82 a	49.42 a	49.37 a	49.14 a
2012
T0	1.69 a	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.84 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	49.74 ab	49.75 a	49.84 a
T1	1.59 a	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	0.80 a	49.57 b	49.73 a	49.72 a
T2	1.65 a	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.82 a	0.79 a	0.80 a	49.81 a	49.68 a	49.72 a
T3	1.69 a	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.84 a	0.79 a	0.78 a	49.60 ab	49.97 a	49.66 a
T4	1.58 a	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	49.81 a	49.77 a	49.74 a
T5	1.59 a	1.59 a	1.58 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	49.87 ab	49.81 a	49.62 a
H	1.58 b	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.79 b	0.79 a	0.79 a	49.69 a	49.72 a	49.71 a
X	1.72 a	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.79 b	0.79 a	0.78 a	49.78 a	49.77 a	49.80 a
Y	1.58 b	1.58 a	1.58 a	0.86 a	0.79 a	0.79 a	49.62 a	49.86 a	49.64 a

Table 3 Effect of cultivation model on root α-NA oxidizing ability

^a: 用氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)法测定。数据后相同字母表示为差异不显著(LSD法)。缩写同表1。

^a: determined with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) method. Data followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD_(0.05). Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

表4

种植方式对根表面吸附面积的影响

Table 4 Effect of different planting pattern on root surface absorption area

数据后相同字母表示为差异不显著(LSD法)。其他缩写同表1。

Data followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD_(0.05). MT: mid-tillering; PI: panicle initiation; FH: full heading. Other abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

表5 种植方式对根系孔隙度的影响(2011年) Table 5 Effect of planting pattern on soil porosity in 2011

期干物质积累和籽粒灌浆结实。

垄作梯式栽培模式下, 水稻根系衰老放缓, 表4表明, 与平作栽培相比, 比表面积和活性吸附面积分别高7.2 m² cm^-3(0~14.5 m² cm^-3)和0.4 m² cm^-3 (0.1~0.7 m² cm^-3)。而在齐穗期, 垄厢栽培模式中的T3(厢宽70 cm)的根系的总吸附面积和活性吸附面积则要低于平作栽培模式, 但差异不显著。

根系孔隙度一定程度上标志着通气组织的发育状况^{[ 13]}。表5表明, T1和T3的根系孔隙度均高于T0, 但随着垄宽和厢宽的增加, 根系孔隙度逐渐下降(除T5齐穗期外)。

Y两优1号分蘖期的活性吸附表面积(表4)和齐穗期的孔隙度(表5)均显著高于汕优63和黄华占, 其余时期的根系生理特性有一定差异, 但未达到5%的显著水平。

2.5 种植方式对根解剖结构的影响

表6表明, 齐穗期垄作梯式栽培的根横截面积比T0低15%~25%, 垄畦(厢)栽培则比T0高5%~ 12%, 但垄作梯式栽培的根大导管总面积和导管总面积都大于常规栽培和垄畦(厢)栽培, 说明垄作梯式栽培能提升根系输导水分和营养物质的能力。

图3和图4表明, 齐穗期垄作梯式栽培根皮层表皮厚壁细胞体积小, 且排列疏松, 细胞间隙大, 在表皮的某些部位出现破裂现象, 外层细胞的细胞壁栓化不明显, 且整个表皮厚度要小于常规栽培和平厢栽培, 而垄畦(厢)栽培和T0, 根表皮后壁细胞体积大, 排列紧密, 细胞间隙小, 细胞壁栓化增厚明显, 垄畦(厢)栽培与平作栽培间根表皮细胞排列情况无明显差异, 说明垄作梯式栽培下水分条件对根表皮形态影响较大, 细胞体积变小, 且表皮后壁细胞间隙变大, 皮层靠近表皮的细胞细胞壁栓化不明显, 使根通气组织的氧容易进入环境中, 同时对环境中有毒物质抵御作用减小, 有利于水分和营养物质的进入, 促进了根表皮对环境中水分的吸收能力。

中柱是指内皮层以内的中轴部分, 由中柱鞘、初生木质部和初生韧皮部等几部分组成, 中柱是根水分、矿质元素等的纵向输导系统, 并有支持巩固整条根结构的作用。中柱的大小决定着根吸收的水分向机体运输的效率高低和整条根结构的稳定性。齐穗期, 垄作梯式栽培和垄畦(厢)栽培都能使水稻根的中柱变大(图5), 与T0相比, 分别大25.0%~ 27.3%和4.8%~12.3%, 但垄作梯式栽培的效果更为明显, 根的中柱部分更发达, 根结构更稳定, 水分输送量更大。

表6 种植方式对根横截面积和导管直径及面积的影响(Y两优1号, 齐穗期, 2011年) Fig. 6 Effect of cultivation model on root cross sectional areas and vessel diameter and areas in 2011 (Yliangyou 1 at full heading stage)

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	图3 种植方式对水稻根表皮细胞排列的影响(Y两优1号, ×100, 齐穗期, 2011年)Fig. 3 Effect of cultivation mode on the arrangement rice root epidermal cells (Yliangyou 1, ×100, full heading stage, in 2011)

缩写同表1。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

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	图4 不同栽培方式对水稻根皮层的影响(Y两优1号, ×100, 齐穗期, 2011年)Fig. 4 Effect of cultivation mode on rice root cortex (Yliangyou 1, ×100, full heading stage, in 2011)

缩写同表1。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

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	图5 不同栽培方式对水稻中柱的影响(Y两优1号, ×100, 齐穗期, 2011年)Fig. 5 Effect of cultivation mode on rice root vascular cylinder (Yliangyou 1, ×100, full heading stage, in 2011)

缩写同表1。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 1.

3 讨论

为营造土壤良好的水分、温度和通气性等条件, 传统的栽培方式已发展出起垄栽培方式和垄畦(厢)栽培方式(图1-a, b, c)。相对于垄厢(窄厢)栽培技术而言, 梯式垄作(窄垄)栽培技术最大的的改进是, 向空间要面积, 实现高密度种植, 梯式移栽水稻秧苗, 错开叶面积在同一水平上分布, 优化了群体受光叶面积、增大了群体接受太阳辐射的面积, 有利于群体干物质积累, 为作物获得高产打下基础。种植方式的改变也使土壤水分的运动轨迹变化, 并带动肥、温、气运动规律变化。图1表明, 田间水分的分布由传统耕作方式的平铺式变为起垄栽培方式和垄畦(厢)栽培方式的局部集中。田间水分分布不均匀, 垄沟或厢沟与垄或畦(厢)间形成了水势差, 发生侧向渗透, 水稻才能吸收到水分, 但随着垄宽和厢宽的逐步增加, 水的渗透距离是有限的。结果表明产量(表1)随着垄宽或厢宽的增加而下降, 根系性状也表现出类似的趋势, 间接说明垄作梯式栽培模式下水的侧向渗透距离应小于30 cm, 若大于该距离, 水稻则不能获得足够的水分, 进而影响水稻生长发育和产量, 而垄畦(厢)栽培模式水的侧向渗透距离应小于35 cm, 若大于该距离, 垄畦(厢)栽培模式的优势则不能有效的发挥。

水稻产量可直接分解为群体颖花量、千粒重和结实率, 而单位面积群体颖花量又取决于单位面积的有效穗数和每穗粒数^{[ 14]}, 增加穗数, 或增加每穗粒数, 又或两者兼之, 都可以增加群体颖花量, 即扩大库容量^{[ 15]}。而前人研究表明单位面积有效穗数与每穗粒数呈负相关, 每穗粒数与结实率呈负相关^{[ 16, 17]}。因此, 要想获得高产或是更高产, 关键在于协调穗数与粒数、粒数与结实率间的矛盾。在本研究中, 垄作梯式栽培模式下T1 (垄宽60 cm)的产量高于垄畦(厢)栽培模式下的T3 (厢宽70 cm), 从产量构成方面可以看出, 主要表现在单位面积有效穗数的差异上, 同时在每穗粒数和结实率上T1又不显著低于T3。

根系是重要的吸收和代谢器官, 是土壤-植物系统的重要组分。水分不足和水分过多都会改变作物根系大小、数量及分布, 使根系生长异常或抑制根系的功能。本研究发现, 齐穗期后垄作梯式栽培提高了根系氧化力、根表面吸附面积及根系孔隙度, 同时, 根系解剖结构也表明垄作梯式栽培的根皮层减小、中柱和导管面积增大, 提高根系对水分的吸收能力, 为作物获得高产打下基础。不同种植方式的根系差异可能是起垄后土壤肥、温、气运动规律的变化造成的。

4 结论

梯式窄垄(T1)栽培技术和窄厢(T3)栽培技术应用于水稻生产可显著提高产量。较高的穗数和每穗粒数、良好的根系特性(根系氧化力、根表面吸收面积、根系孔隙度)以及齐穗后干物质积累量大是上述两种栽培技术增产的重要原因。同时, 垄作梯式栽培的根皮层减小、中柱和导管面积增大, 增强了水分吸收能力。由于垄作梯式栽培技术中稻田起垄和梯式栽培均有别于平作栽培, 人工起垄和移栽的劳动强度较大, 而传统的农业机械尚不能很好地完成上述工序, 因此, 需完善和增强现有农业机械的起垄功能、增加和改进梯式插秧功能, 实现机械化生产。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

作者已声明无竞争性利益关系。The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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[3]	赵锋, 徐春梅, 张卫建, 章秀福, 程建平, 王丹英. 根际溶氧量与氮素形态对水稻根系特征及氮素积累的影响. 中国水稻科学, 2011, 25: 195-200 Zhao F, Xu C M, Zhang W J, Zhang X F, Cheng J P, Wang D Y. Effects of rhizosphere dissolved oxygen and nitrogen form on root characteristics and nitrogen accumulation of rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 2011, 25: 195-200 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.494]
[4]	章秀福, 王丹英, 屈衍艳, 李华. 垄畦栽培水稻的植株形态与生理特性研究. 作物学报, 2005, 31: 742-748 Zhang X F, Wang D Y, Qu Y Y, Li H. Morphological and physiological characteristics of raised bed-cultivated rice. Acta Agron Sin, 2005, 31: 742-748 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.667]
[5]	章秀福, 王丹英, 邵国胜. 垄畦栽培水稻的产量、品质效应及其生理生态基础. 中国水稻科学, 2003, 17: 343-348 Zhang X F, Wang D Y, Shao G S. Effects of rice ridge cultivation on grain yield and quality and its physiological and ecological mechanisms. Chin J Rice Sci, 2003, 17: 343-348 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.494]
[6]	黄璜, 郑华斌, 傅志强, 陈灿, 杨瑞芳, 朱华武, 廖晓兰, 沈建凯, 龙攀, 高文娟. 水稻梯式栽培方法: 湖南, CN101904285A. 2010-12-08 Huang H, Zheng H B, Fu Z Q, Chen C, Yang R F, Zhu H W, Liao X L, Shen J K, Long P, Gao W J. Rice Ridge & Terraced Cultivation Technology: Hunan, CN101904285A. 2010-12-08 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[7]	王法宏, 杨洪宾, 徐成忠, 李升东, 司纪升. 垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响. 作物学报, 2007, 33: 1038-1040 Wang F H, Yang H B, Xu C Z, Li S D, Si J S. Effect of raised bed planting on plant morphological characters and grain yield of winter wheat. Acta Agron Sin, 2007, 33: 1038-1040 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[8]	任小龙, 贾志宽, 陈小莉, 韩娟, 韩清芳, 丁瑞霞. 半干旱区沟垄集雨对玉米光合特性及产量的影响. 作物学报, 2008, 34: 838-845 Ren X L, Jia Z K, Chen X L, Han J, Han Q F, Ding R X. Effects of ridge and furrow planting for rainfall harvesting on photosynthetic characteristics and yield in corn in Semi-Arid Regions. Acta Agron Sin, 2008, 34: 838-845 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[9]	李儒, 崔荣美, 贾志宽, 韩清芳, 路文涛, 侯贤清. 不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响. 中国农业科学, 2011, 44: 3312-3322 Li R, Cui R M, Jia Z K, Han Q F, Lu W T, Hou X Q. Effects of different furrow-ridge mulching ways on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Sci Agric Sin, 2011, 44: 3312-3322 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:2] [CJCR: 1.889]
[10]	赵世杰, 史国安, 董新纯. 植物生理学实验指导. 北京: 中国农业与科技出版社, 2002 Zhao S J, Shi G A, Dong X C. Laboratory Guide for Plant Physiology. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2002 (in Chinese) [本文引用:1]
[11]	Colmer T D. Aerenchyma and an inducible barrier to radial oxygen loss facilitate root aeration in upland , paddy and deep-water rice (Oryza sativa L. ). Ann Bot, 2003, 91: 301-309 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 0.657]
[12]	Das D K, Jat R L. Influence of three soil water regimes on root porosity and growth of four rice varieties. Agron J, 1977, 69: 197-210 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.518]
[13]	Pezeshki S R, Delaune R D. Responses of Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens to rhizosphere oxygen deficiency. Acta Oecol, 1996, 17: 365-378 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 1.621]
[14]	敖和军, 王淑红, 邹应斌, 彭少兵, 唐启源, 方远祥, 肖安民, 陈玉梅, 熊昌明. 超级杂交稻干物质生产特点与产量稳定性研究. 中国农业科学, 2008, 41: 1927-1936 Ao H J, Wang S H, Zou Y B, Peng S B, Tang Q Y, Fang Y X, Xiao A M, Chen Y M, Xiong C M. Study on yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice. Sci Agric Sin, 2008, 41: 1927-1936 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.889]
[15]	杨建昌, 王朋, 刘立军, 王志琴, 朱庆森. 中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究. 作物学报, 2006, 32: 949-955 Yang J C, Wang P, Liu L J, Wang Z Q, Zhu Q S. Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars. Acta Agron Sin, 2006, 32: 949-955 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 1.667]
[16]	Mohapatra P K, Sahu S K. Heterogeneity of primary branch development and spikelet survival in rice in relation to assimilates of primary branches. J Exp Bot, 1991, 42: 871-879 [本文引用:1] [JCR: 5.242]
[17]	高良艳, 周鸿飞. 水稻产量构成因素与产量的分析. 辽宁农业科学, 2007, (1): 26-28 Gao L Y, Zhou H F. Relationship between yield component factors and yield in rice. Liaoning Agric Sci, 2007, (1): 26-28 (in Chinese with English abstract) [本文引用:1] [CJCR: 0.3962]

1985

6.736

0.0

... 制约水稻产量的主要非生物因素就是缺氧^[1,2] ...

2009

0.0

. 2009, 29:2520-2526

Effects of root zone oxygenation on growth and Cd accumulation in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.)

(根区通氧状况对水稻幼苗生长及吸收镉的影响) . (生态学报) , 2009 , 29 : 2520 - 2526 Deng D , Wu K W , Deng H . Effects of root zone oxygenation on growth and Cd accumulation in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Deng D

(邓丹) , (吴可为) , (邓泓) . (根区通氧状况对水稻幼苗生长及吸收镉的影响) . (生态学报) , 2009 , 29 : 2520 - 2526 Deng D

采用水培的方法研究了根区通氧状况对水稻根系结构、根系泌氧、根表铁膜生成以及水稻耐受、吸收Cd的影响.水培条件下,根区氧处理对水稻幼苗的生长产生了一定的影响,缺氧条件下的水稻根的伸长量降低,生物量增加,直径增粗,根系泌氧量增加,并降低幼苗对Cd的吸收.当培养溶液Cd2+浓度为1.0 mg/L时,缺氧处理相对于通氧处理,根表吸附的Cd降低了85 5%,地下部分吸收的Cd降低了35%,转运到地上部分的Cd降低了58%.根表铁膜对Cd的吸收和转运也有一定的抑制作用,但其作用因环境中Cd2+浓度和根区通氧状况而异.在根区通氧充分的培养条件下,水稻幼苗铁膜对较高浓度Cd2+(1.0 mg/L)的吸收和转运起着重要的作用,DCB-Cd占根系吸收Cd的50%,茎叶对Cd的吸收显著降低(p<0.05).研究表明在缺氧胁迫下,根系结构本身(如根表通透性降低)是影响水稻吸收Cd的重要因素.

... 制约水稻产量的主要非生物因素就是缺氧^[1,2] ...

2011

0.0

1.494

. 2011, 25:195-200 DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7216.2011.02.012

Effects of rhizosphere dissolved oxygen and nitrogen form on root characteristics and nitrogen accumulation of rice

(根际溶氧量与氮素形态对水稻根系特征及氮素积累的影响) . (中国水稻科学) , 2011 , 25 : 195 - 200 Zhao F , Xu C M , Zhang W J , Zhang X F , Cheng J P , Wang D Y . Effects of rhizosphere dissolved oxygen and nitrogen form on root characteristics and nitrogen accumulation of rice

Zhao F

(赵锋) , (徐春梅) , (张卫建) , (章秀福) , (程建平) , (王丹英) . (根际溶氧量与氮素形态对水稻根系特征及氮素积累的影响) . (中国水稻科学) , 2011 , 25 : 195 - 200 Zhao F

(1 China National Rice Research Institute，Hangzhou 310006,China; 2 Institute of Applied Ecology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; 3 Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; #These authors contributed equally to this paper; *Corresponding author, E-mail: zhangxf169@sohu.com)

Dissolved oxygen and N forms have important effects on rice root growth and N availability. Indica hybrid rice Guodao 1 and conventional japonica rice Xiushui 09 were cultured for six weeks in hypoxic nutrient solution with NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4 as nitrogen source; Four weeks later, Guodao 1 was transferred to the split-root system at different dissolved oxygen contents (DOTs). The biomass, root morphological traits and nitrogen accumulation were investigated. Under lower rhizosphere oxygen (DOT 0 to 1.0 mg/L), NH4NO3 -N significantly increased the plant biomass in comparison with sole NH4+ -N, about 69% in Guodao 1 and 41% in Xiushui 09. In addition, the root number, the longest root length, the root dry weight and the root activity for Guodao 1 and Xiushui 09 were also increased under NH4NO3-N nutrition. NH4NO3-N enhanced the N accumulation in roots and shoots of Guodao 1 by 60% and 52%, in roots and shoots of Xiushui 09 by 41% and 33%, respectively. In the split-root system, because of increased rhizosphere oxygen (DOT 8.0 to 9.0 mg/L), the root biomass was increased by 21.6%, the root number by 27%, the longest root length by 14% and the root volume by 10%. The N accumulation in roots was enhanced by 11% under higher rhizosphere oxygen. In conclusion, improvement of dissolved oxygen and ammonium-nitrate N source have positive effect on the root growth and N accumulation of rice plants.

为研究根际溶氧量和氮素形态对水稻根系生长及对氮素利用的影响，设计了两个试验：1)分别以铵硝混合营养（NH4NO3）和全铵营养[(NH4)2SO4]为氮源，在营养液中将杂交籼稻国稻1号和常规粳稻秀水09培养6周，在第4周和第6周时取样测定植株的生物量和氮素含量；2) 将上述铵硝混合营养下培养4周的国稻1号水稻植株，以分根培养的方式进行不同溶氧量处理，测定水稻生物量、根系形态和氮积累量的差异。结果表明: 1）根际溶氧量较低时(溶氧量0~1.0 mg/L)，铵硝混合营养比单一的铵态氮营养显著提高植株的生物量，国稻1号生物量增加69%，秀水09增加41%；铵硝混合营养显著提高了水稻的根系数量、最长根长、根干质量和根系活力以及植株的氮积累量，国稻1号的地下部和地上部氮积累量分别提高60%和52%，秀水09则分别提高了41%和33%。2) 分根实验中，铵硝混合培养的国稻1号，其增氧(溶氧量8.0~9.0 mg/L)处理的根系生物量增加21.6%，根系数量、最长根长和根体积分别增加27%、14%和10%，而氮积累量提高了11%。增氧和铵硝混合营养均对促进水稻根系生长和氮素积累具有正互作效应。

... 高的生物积累量需要强大的根系提供足够的无机养分, 根系的构建又与土壤通气性有着密切的关系^[3], 生产上采用#cod#x0201c ...

2005

0.0

1.667

. 2005, 31:742-748

Morphological and physiological characteristics of raised bed-cultivated rice

(垄畦栽培水稻的植株形态与生理特性研究) . (作物学报) , 2005 , 31 : 742 - 748 Zhang X F , Wang D Y , Qu Y Y , Li H . Morphological and physiological characteristics of raised bed-cultivated rice

Zhang X F

(章秀福) , (王丹英) , (屈衍艳) , (李华) . (垄畦栽培水稻的植株形态与生理特性研究) . (作物学报) , 2005 , 31 : 742 - 748 Zhang X F

China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, Zhejiang

Indica cultivar Xieyou 9308 and japonica cultivar Xiushui 110 were used to study the morphological and physiological characteristics related to high yield and quality under raised bed cultivation. The results were as follows: (1) As compared to conventional cultivated rice, the bottom internode leng

以杂交稻协优9308和常规粳稻秀水110为材料，从水稻植株形态和生理特性方面研究了垄畦栽培高产、优质的农学基础。结果表明，（1）在植株形态上，与常规栽培相比，垄畦栽培后株高变矮、茎基部节间的直径和密度增加，单茎鞘重增加，植株抗倒性增强；生长前期叶面积扩展迅速，生长早期叶片薄，中、后期叶片厚而挺，群体光合生态

... 水稻垄畦(厢)栽培是将稻田起垄作畦, 将水稻种在畦面上的一种种植方式, 通过降低田间水层深度和减少淹水时间, 即在返青期和孕穗抽穗期保持畦面有水, 其他时期保持在控水状态, 以不出现水分亏缺为度, 灌水时仅沟内有水, 少灌或不灌水^[4,5], 进而达到提高土壤通气性的目的 ...

... 水稻垄作梯式栽培模式是黄璜等^[6]总结前人旱地垄作^[7,8,9]和垄畦(厢)^[4,5]研究的基础提出的利用垄沟蓄水, 垄上呈梯式种植水稻和湿润灌溉, 实现有效供水和提高土壤通气性的双重目标, 最终实现水稻的节水、高效生产 ...

2003

0.0

1.494

. 2003, 17:343-348

Effects of rice ridge cultivation on grain yield and quality and its physiological and ecological mechanisms

(垄畦栽培水稻的产量、品质效应及其生理生态基础) . (中国水稻科学) , 2003 , 17 : 343 - 348 Zhang X F , Wang D Y , Shao G S . Effects of rice ridge cultivation on grain yield and quality and its physiological and ecological mechanisms

Zhang X F

(章秀福) , (王丹英) , (邵国胜) . (垄畦栽培水稻的产量、品质效应及其生理生态基础) . (中国水稻科学) , 2003 , 17 : 343 - 348 Zhang X F

（China National Rice Research Institute; Hangzhou 310006, China）

With the indica hybrid rice combination Xieyou 9308 and japonica cultivar Bing 98110 as material, the physiological and ecological mechanisms of ridge-cultivated rice were studied. Daily temperature difference (especially at 5-10 cm soil depth) and oxidation-reduction electric potential(5 cm soil depth) were higher under ridge-cultivated condition compared with conventional cultivated condition (rice grew in submerged field). Ridge cultiv ation hastened rice tillering, increased leaf area index, accumulated more dry matter, and produced larger amount of roots in upper soil at filling stage. The plant length, panicle length, percentage of active tillers of ridge cultivated rice were lower than those of conventional cultivated rice, and the panicles per area, seed setting rate, 1000-grain weight conversely. There was no significant difference between the two cultivated methods in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate at tillering or full heading stage, SOD and MDA content at late grain filling stages. Yield between ridge cultivated and conventional cultivated rice was significant for Xieyou 9308 but not significant for Bing 98110. The milling, appearance traits of grain were improved under ridge cultivation condition.

以杂交稻协优9308和粳稻丙98110为材料，初步研究了垄畦栽培水稻产量、品质效应及其生理生态基础。与常规栽培相比，垄畦栽培时日温差(尤其是5～10 cm土层)、5 cm深处土层的氧化还原电位大于常规栽培。垄畦栽培水稻的加工品质、外观品质好, 水稻分蘖发生快，叶面积指数大，干物质积累多，上层根量大；其株高、穗长、分蘖成穗率小于常规栽培水稻，单位面积穗数、结实率、千粒重则高于常规栽培水稻。垄畦栽培水稻的抽穗期和齐穗期的叶绿素含量和光合速率、灌浆后期叶片中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）的含量与常规栽培水稻无显著差异。垄畦栽培水稻的产量，协优9308显著高于常规栽培水稻，丙98110则无显著差异。

0.0

. , :-

Rice Ridge & Terraced Cultivation Technology: Hunan, CN101904285A

(水稻梯式栽培方法: 湖南, CN101904285A) . 2010-12-08 Huang H , Zheng H B , Fu Z Q , Chen C , Yang R F , Zhu H W , Liao X L , Shen J K , Long P , Gao W J . Rice Ridge & Terraced Cultivation Technology: Hunan, CN101904285A

Huang H

(黄璜) , (郑华斌) , (傅志强) , (陈灿) , (杨瑞芳) , (朱华武) , (廖晓兰) , (沈建凯) , (龙攀) , (高文娟) . (水稻梯式栽培方法: 湖南, CN101904285A) . 2010-12-08 Huang H

大垄双行栽培技术能有效地解决水稻株行距较小,导致封垄早,后期通风透光不良,底部叶枯死较早,造成水稻早衰、干物质积累受阻等问题,从而提高水稻光能利用率,充分发挥边际效应.经过两年研究结果表明,大垄双行栽培在许多方面都强于常规栽培,如穗长,大垄双行比常规栽培长0.006 m左右;每穴有效穗多1.2～1个;穴粒数多174.6～157粒;结实率高1.5～2.0个百分点;实收粒数多4 164～4 347个/m2.空秕率方面大垄双行比常规低约1.5%,增产幅度一般在11%～13%(见下表).

2007

0.0

1.667

. 2007, 33:1038-1040

Effect of raised bed planting on plant morphological characters and grain yield of winter wheat

(垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响) . (作物学报) , 2007 , 33 : 1038 - 1040 Wang F H , Yang H B , Xu C Z , Li S D , Si J S . Effect of raised bed planting on plant morphological characters and grain yield of winter wheat

Wang F H

(王法宏) , (杨洪宾) , (徐成忠) , (李升东) , (司纪升) . (垄作栽培对小麦植株形态和产量性状的影响) . (作物学报) , 2007 , 33 : 1038 - 1040 Wang F H

1 Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, Shandong; 2 Jining Agricultural Technique Extension Station, Jining 272037, Shandong, China

Compared with conventional flat planting, plant morphological characters related to grain yield of winter wheat changed greatly by the raised bed planting model. The basal internodes and plant height were shorten, the areas of flag leaf and the second leaf from the top were smaller and the fifth leaves from the top larger being conductive to build up ideal pageda-shape plant, the dry weight of green leaves in canopy was heavier and grain yield increased.

与传统平作相比，垄作栽培使小麦植株的基部节间缩短，株高显著降低；旗叶和倒2叶叶面积变小，而倒5叶叶面积变大，有利于构建“松塔型”理想株型；株型构成指数改善，有利于优化叶片的空间分布；冠层绿叶干重明显增加；穗粒数增加、千粒重提高，显著增产。

2008

0.0

1.667

. 2008, 34:838-845 DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2008.00838

Effects of ridge and furrow planting for rainfall harvesting on photosynthetic characteristics and yield in corn in Semi-Arid Regions

(半干旱区沟垄集雨对玉米光合特性及产量的影响) . (作物学报) , 2008 , 34 : 838 - 845 Ren X L , Jia Z K , Chen X L , Han J , Han Q F , Ding R X . Effects of ridge and furrow planting for rainfall harvesting on photosynthetic characteristics and yield in corn in Semi-Arid Regions

Ren X L

(任小龙) , (贾志宽) , (陈小莉) , (韩娟) , (韩清芳) , (丁瑞霞) . (半干旱区沟垄集雨对玉米光合特性及产量的影响) . (作物学报) , 2008 , 34 : 838 - 845 Ren X L

1 Research Center of Agriculture in the Arid and Semi-arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi; 2 Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China

Ridge and furrow planting of rainfall harvesting (RFPRH) is a cultivation technique by covering ridges with plastic films and planting crops in furrows. RFPRH has been extending in the semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau in Northwest China because it can alleviate drought stress by collecting rainfalls from the ridges and promote water use efficiency (WUE) and crop yield. To investigate the optimal quantity of rainfall in RFPRH system, we studied the effects of RFPRH, taking traditional cultivation as the control, on soil water storage, photosynthetic indexes, fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) in functional leaves, and grain yield of summer corn (Zea mays L.) under three simulated rainfall treatments. The rainfall was given 12 times (at 5–15 d interval) in corn growth duration with the total amount of 230, 340, and 440 mm, respectively. In the RFPRH system, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F_m, F_v, F_v/F_m, F_v/F, and qP) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those in control, and the SPAD value increased by 17.7% and 13.9% in 230 and 340 mm rainfall treatments, respectively. Compared to the control, the instantaneous WUE in leaves increased by 26.9% and 10.1%, and the grain yield by 75.4% and 36.7% under 230 and 340 mm rainfall treatments, respectively. The F_m, F_v/F_m, F_v/F_o, qP, and SPAD value at jointing stage and G_s at heading stage increased significantly (P<0.05), but P_n decreased sharply at heading and booting stages under 440 mm rainfall treatment in RFPRH system. The WUE of the whole growth duration of RFPRH was lower by 13.2% than that of control. The results indicate that the RFPRH system can promote Pn and leaf WUE of corn in arid years, and 440 mm may be the upper limit of rainfall during the whole growth period in the RFPRH system.

在中国西北黄土高原半干旱区, 沟垄集雨种植(RFPRH)系统被逐步推行, 以改善农田水分状况, 提高作物水分利用效率(WUE), 达到高产稳产的目的。为了探索该种植方式的适宜降雨量, 在人工模拟不同降雨量下, 以传统平作为对照, 研究了沟垄集雨种植对夏玉米土壤水分含量、功能叶片的光合参数、荧光参数和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)以及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明, 在230 mm和340 mm降雨量下, 集雨处理的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大荧光(F_m)、可变荧光(F_v)、PS II最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、PS II的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)均较对照显著增加; 叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)分别提高17.7%和13.9%, 叶片瞬时水分利用效率提高26.9%和10.1%, 籽粒产量增加75.4%和36.7%。在440 mm降雨量条件下, 集雨处理的F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、qP和SPAD值在拔节期显著增加, G_s在抽雄期显著增加, P_n在抽雄期和孕穗期显著下降, 水分利用效率在全生育期比对照平均低13.2%, 其他各生育时期光合生理特性及籽粒产量与对照相比差异不明显。说明沟垄集雨种植在偏旱的年份, 可显著提高玉米光合效率和叶片水分利用效率, 其全生育期适宜雨量上限可能是440 mm。

2011

0.0

1.889

. 2011, 44:3312-3322 DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.16.003

Effects of different furrow-ridge mulching ways on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat

(不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2011 , 44 : 3312 - 3322 Li R , Cui R M , Jia Z K , Han Q F , Lu W T , Hou X Q . Effects of different furrow-ridge mulching ways on soil moisture and water use efficiency of winter wheat

Li R

(李儒) , (崔荣美) , (贾志宽) , (韩清芳) , (路文涛) , (侯贤清) . (不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响) . (中国农业科学) , 2011 , 44 : 3312 - 3322 Li R

1.西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院<br />2. 西北农林科技大学农学院/农业部旱地作物生产与生态重点开放实验室

【Objective】The objective of the experiment was to explore the effect of soil water conservation, grain yield and income increments of winter wheat under different furrow-ridge mulching cultivation conditions in semi-humid area . 【Method】 Different cultivation patterns of furrow-ridge mulching were designed using ordinary film, liquid film and straw and soil moisture, yield, water use efficiency and economic benefits of winter wheat were analyzed for three years.【Result】When treated with ordinary film and straw dual-mulching, it had obvious effect of keeping moisture during the whole growth period of winter wheat, which could effectively improve the soil water utilization. In three years, the ordinary film and straw dual-mulching was the highest yield treatment among all treatments, followed by liquid film and straw dual-mulching treatment, the average of yield in three wheat production seasons, increased by 39.3%(P＜0.05) and 29.4% (P＜0.05) compared to conventional flat practice(CK1) respectively, and by 35.6%(P＜0.05) and 25.9%(P＜0.05) compared to the furrow-ridge no-mulching(CK2), respectively. The average of water use efficiency (WUE) of the two increased by 39.6%(P＜0.05) and 30.3%(P＜0.05) compared with CK1, respectively, and by 33.4%(P＜0.05) and 24.5%(P＜0.05) compared with CK2, respectively. The ordinary film and straw dual-mulching gained the highest economic benefit among all treatments and reached up to 4951.4 yuan/hm2 on average in three years, 1452.1 yuan/hm2 higher than CK1, and 1416.5 yuan/hm2 higher than CK2, and was followed by the liquid film and straw dual-mulching, which compared to CK1 and CK2, both showed significant difference（P＜0.05). 【Conclusion】 Under furrow-ridge mulching cultivation conditions, the ordinary plastic film and straw dual-mulching and the liquid film and straw dual-mulching are efficient cultivation patterns for wheat in semi-humid area.

【目的】探索半湿润区沟垄覆盖栽培条件下冬小麦田的蓄水保墒效果和增产增收效应。【方法】采用普通地膜、液体地膜和秸秆设置不同沟垄覆盖栽培模式，连续3年对冬小麦土壤水分、产量、水分利用效率和经济效益进行分析研究。【结果】在冬小麦全生育期，垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆的蓄水保墒作用最为明显，能有效改善土壤的水分利用状况。垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆和垄覆液膜沟覆秸秆的产量最高，3年平均产量分别较平作不覆（CK1）提高39.3%（P＜0.05）和29.4%（P＜0.05），较垄不覆沟不覆（CK2）提高35.6%（P＜0.05）和25.9%（P＜0.05），WUE平均分别较CK1提高39.6%（P＜0.05）和30.3%（P＜0.05），较CK2提高33.4%（P＜0.05）和24.5%（P＜0.05）。以垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆的经济效益最高，3年平均达4 951.4元/hm2，较CK1增收1 452.1元/hm2，较CK2增收1 416.5元/hm2，其次为垄覆液膜沟覆秸秆，与CK1和CK2相比均呈显著性差异（P＜0.05）。【结论】在沟垄覆盖栽培条件下，垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆、垄覆液膜沟覆秸秆是半湿润区小麦旱作的高效栽培模式。

... -奈胺法^[10]测定根系氧化力和甲稀兰法^[9]测定根系总吸附面积和活性吸附面积 ...

2002

0.0

... -奈胺法^[10]测定根系氧化力和甲稀兰法^[9]测定根系总吸附面积和活性吸附面积 ...

2003

0.657

0.0

... 参见Colmer ^[11]的方法测定根系孔隙度, 即取新鲜根系1 ...

1977

1.518

0.0

... 4 根解剖结构分析采用石蜡切片法^[12]制作切片 ...

1996

1.621

0.0

... 根系孔隙度一定程度上标志着通气组织的发育状况^[13] ...

2008

0.0

1.889

. 2008, 41:1927-1936

Study on yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice

(超级杂交稻干物质生产特点与产量稳定性研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2008 , 41 : 1927 - 1936 Ao H J , Wang S H , Zou Y B , Peng S B , Tang Q Y , Fang Y X , Xiao A M , Chen Y M , Xiong C M . Study on yield stability and dry matter characteristics of super hybrid rice

Ao H J

(敖和军) , (王淑红) , (邹应斌) , (彭少兵) , (唐启源) , (方远祥) , (肖安民) , (陈玉梅) , (熊昌明) . (超级杂交稻干物质生产特点与产量稳定性研究) . (中国农业科学) , 2008 , 41 : 1927 - 1936 Ao H J

湖南农业大学农学院

[Objective] The yield performance, the growth characteristics and the ecological adaptability of super hybrid rice were ascertained under different fertilizer application conditions in different tested sites. [Method] Field experiments with three fertilizer rate treatments (135, 180, 225 kg N/hm2) and two combinations (Zhunliangyou-527 and Liangyou-293) were conducted in ChangSha, GuiDong, HengYang, NanXian and YongZhou of Hunan province in 2004 and 2005. [Results] The significant differences of the dry matter accumulation, the harvest yield and its components were founded among the five tested sites and between two years, but no significant differences were founded among three fertilizer rate treatments. The yield components of super hybrid rice performed multifarious properties, of which the harvest yield showed the significantly positive correlations with the productive panicles, the grain filling percentage and 1000 grains weight, and the significantly negative correlation with grain number per panicle and no correlation with spikelet number per unit area. [Conclusion] The harvest yield of super hybrid rice was mainly influenced by the temperature and sunshine conditions of the tested sites and years. The fertilizer rate in the range from 135 kg N/hm2 to 225 kg N/hm2 was not the factor of harvest yield limited. And to increase panicle number was the possible path to increase harvest yield.

【目的】探明超级杂交稻在不同种植地点和不同施肥量条件下的产量表现及干物质生产特点。【方法】于2004～2005年在湖南省桂东、长沙、衡阳、南县和永州5个地点进行大田试验，按照N﹕P2O5﹕K2O为1﹕0.5﹕1的比例，设置3种施肥量处理（135、180、225 kg N•ha-1），田间采用随机区组排列，4次重复，以超级杂交稻组合准两优527和两优293为试验材料。【结果】超级杂交稻收获产量以桂东点产量最高，地点间差异显著，其中准两优527平均为7 492.3～12 209.2 kg•ha-1，两优293为6 984.0～11 679.5 kg•ha-1。产量构成因子和干物质生产量的地点间变化与收获产量一致，但在同一地点的不同施肥量处理间收获产量和干物质生产量差异均不显著。收获产量与单位面积穗数、结实率和千粒重表现为正相关，而与每穗粒数表现为负相关。【结论】超级杂交稻存在适宜的种植区域，且在施肥量为135～225 kg N•ha-1的范围内，施肥量不是超高产栽培的限制因子。超级杂交稻的库容量大，提高结实率和粒重是获得超高产的可能途径。

... 水稻产量可直接分解为群体颖花量、千粒重和结实率, 而单位面积群体颖花量又取决于单位面积的有效穗数和每穗粒数^[14], 增加穗数, 或增加每穗粒数, 又或两者兼之, 都可以增加群体颖花量, 即扩大库容量^[15] ...

2006

0.0

1.667

. 2006, 32:949-955

Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars

(中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2006 , 32 : 949 - 955 Yang J C , Wang P , Liu L J , Wang Z Q , Zhu Q S . Evolution characteristics of grain yield and plant type for mid-season indica rice cultivars

Yang J C

(杨建昌) , (王朋) , (刘立军) , (王志琴) , (朱庆森) . (中籼水稻品种产量与株型演进特征研究) . (作物学报) , 2006 , 32 : 949 - 955 Yang J C

<P>Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China</P>

Rice is a most important food crop in China and its grain yield per hectare has been over 6 ton in recent years, which is 65% higher than that of the world, on average. Improvement in rice cultivars plays an important role in the increase of the grain yield. However, little is known about physiological and agronomical features responsible for the improvement. In this study, 16 typical mid-season indica rice cultivars (including hybrid combinations) applied in the production in Jiangsu Province during the last 60 years were used, and classified into six types of early tall (ET), improved tall (IT), dwarf cultivars (DC), semi-dwarf cultivars (SDC), semi-dwarf hybrid (SDH), and super rice (SR), according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. All the tested cultivars were grown in the field and the evolution characteristics of grain yield and its components, source-sink relationships and plant types were investigated. Results showed that grain yield was progressively increased with the evolution of the cultivars. Increase in grain yield was attributed mainly to the increase in total number of spikelets, which resulted mainly from large panicles. DC had the greatest, whereas SR had the least, percentage of filled grains. There was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight among the six types of cultivars. From ET to DC, plant height was reduced and biomass and harvest index were simultaneously increased, especially the harvest index increased more. From DC to SR, plant height was a little increased, and biomass dramatically increased, especially after heading, and harvest index a little changed. Improvement of rice cultivars significantly reduced the leaf angle of the top three leaves on stems and increased leaf area at heading. Increase in spikelets, however, was more than that in leaf area, which resulted in the increase of grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of total spikelet number to leaf area at heading). With the improvement of rice cultivars, root dry weight and the ratio of root to shoot were increased, but the amount of root bleeding sap was reduced. The speed of reduction in the concentration of zeatin and zeatin riboside in root bleeding sap and leaves from heading to maturity was SR>SDH>SDC. The results suggest that enlargement of sink resulted from large panicles, increase in biomass especially from heading to maturity and improvement of plant type contribute to the increase of grain yield for modern rice cultivars. Low root activity may account for the low percentage of filled grains for SR. Approaches to further increase in grain yield of rice were discussed based on the evolution characteristics of the cultivars.

以江苏省近60年生产上应用的16个代表性中籼品种(含杂交稻组合)为材料，依品种应用时期结合株型和基因型，将供试品种分为早期高秆（ET）、改良高秆（IT）、矮秆（DC）、半矮秆常规品种（SDC）、半矮秆杂交稻（SDH）和超级稻（SR）6个类型，研究其产量、源库关系和株型变化特性。结果表明，随着品种改良，籽粒产量逐步提高。这主要是由于总颖花量的增加，其关键在于每穗粒数的增多；结实率以DC最高，SR最低，千粒重变化不大。由ET到DC，植株高度降低，生物产量与收获指数同步提高，收获指数的提高更为明显。由DC到SR，植株高度略有增加，生物产量明显提高，抽穗后增加的量尤为显著，收获指数变化较小。品种改良明显减小了顶部3叶的着生角度，增加了抽穗期的叶面积，但颖花量的增加超过叶面积的增加，导致粒叶比（颖花数与叶面积之比）提高。随品种的演进，抽穗期根重以及根冠比提高，但根系伤流液量减少。抽穗至成熟根系伤流液和叶片中玉米素＋玉米素核苷浓度下降的速度表现为SR>SDH>SDC。依据品种演进特征，对进一步提高产量的途径进行了讨论。

1991

5.242

0.0

... 而前人研究表明单位面积有效穗数与每穗粒数呈负相关, 每穗粒数与结实率呈负相关^[16,17] ...

2007

0.0

0.3962

. 2007, (1):26-28

Relationship between yield component factors and yield in rice

(水稻产量构成因素与产量的分析) . (辽宁农业科学) , 2007 , ( 1 ): 26 - 28 Gao L Y , Zhou H F . Relationship between yield component factors and yield in rice

Gao L Y

(高良艳) , (周鸿飞) . (水稻产量构成因素与产量的分析) . (辽宁农业科学) , 2007 , ( 1 ): 26 - 28 Gao L Y

通过对辽宁省14个水稻栽培品种的产量与产量构成因素进行相关分析、通径分析和多元回归分析.结果表明:.每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重与产量均呈正相关, 而穴穗数与产量成负相关.除穴穗数以外,其它任何性状的提高都将不同程度地促进产量增加;4个因素与产量的偏相关系数均为正值.通径分析表明:四个产量构成因素与产量的直接通径系数均为正值,其中穗粒数对产量的直接效应最大(2.2387),其次是穴穗数(1.4853).但穴穗数通过穗粒数对产量的间接负向效应较大.所以通径分析能够较客观的反映各因素对产量影响的大小.因此在今后的高产水稻新品种的选育中,应注重穗粒数的选择,同时保证一定的结实率和千粒重,穴穗数可以适当放宽.

... 而前人研究表明单位面积有效穗数与每穗粒数呈负相关, 每穗粒数与结实率呈负相关^[16,17] ...