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作物学报 ›› 2013, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (10): 1880-1890.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2013.01880

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响

王龙昌1,*,邹聪明1,2,张云兰1,3,张赛1,张晓雨1,周航飞1,罗海秀1   

  1. 1 西南大学农学与生物科技学院 / 三峡库区生态环境教育部重点实验室 / 南方山地农业教育部工程研究中心，重庆 400716；2 Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Kentucky 40503, USA；3广西财经学院经济与贸易学院，广西南宁530003
  • 收稿日期:2013-01-24 修回日期:2013-06-09 出版日期:2013-10-12 网络出版日期:2013-08-01
  • 通讯作者: 王龙昌, E-mail: wanglc2003@163.com, Tel: 023-68250285
  • 基金资助:

    本研究由国家自然科学基金项目(30871474, 31271673)和重庆市科技攻关项目(CSTC, 2008AB1001)资助。

Influences of Conservation Tillage Practices on Farmland Soil Ecological Factors and Productive Benefits in Dryland Region with Triple Cropping System in Southwest China

WANG Long-Chang1,*,ZOU Cong-Ming1,2,ZHANG Yun-Lan1,3,ZHANG Sai1,ZHANG Xiao-Yu1,ZHOU Hang-Fei1,LUO Hai-Xiu1   

  1. 1 College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University / Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education / Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400716, China; 2 Department of Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Kentucky 40503, USA; 3 College of Economics and Commerce, Guangxi University of Finance and Economics, Nanning 530003, China
  • Received:2013-01-24 Revised:2013-06-09 Published:2013-10-12 Published online:2013-08-01
  • Contact: 王龙昌, E-mail: wanglc2003@163.com, Tel: 023-68250285

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摘要：

针对我国西南地区旱作农田土层浅薄、水土流失严重、季节性干旱多发等问题，以常规平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、垄作+秸秆覆盖(RS)、平作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(TSD)、垄作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(RSD) 6种措施作为处理，连续2年进行大田对比试验，研究不同保护性耕作措施对西南“旱三熟”种植区农田土壤生态要素、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 保护性耕作措施可以有效地改善土壤有机质和养分状况，且对酸性土壤有一定的改良作用，其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮含量；可改善土壤水分状况，增强作物的抗旱节水能力，各处理0~80 cm土层2年平均贮水量排序为：RSD (258.82 mm) > TSD (252.40 mm) > RS (250.19 mm) > TS (246.66 mm) > R (239.19 mm) > T (235.87 mm)；可降低7月份表层土壤温度，缓解夏季高温对玉米后期生长发育造成的伤害，其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理对5 cm和10 cm土层温度有显著降低效应；可抑制杂草生长，具有良好的控草效应，其中TS、RS、TSD、RSD处理的杂草高度、密度和生物量均比T和R有极显著下降；可促进蚯蚓的繁殖和生长，使农田生态环境得到明显改善。总体来看，秸秆覆盖措施可以改善土壤肥力，并具有增加土壤贮水、调节土壤温度、控制农田杂草和促进蚯蚓生长的作用，垄作和腐熟剂在增加土壤贮水方面有明显效果。保护性耕作模式显著提高了作物的产量和水分利用效率，增加了经济收益。2年系统平均产量和水分利用效率排序为：RSD>RS>TSD>TS>R>T(CK)，总产值和纯收入排序为RS>RSD>TSD>R>TS>T(CK)。在各处理中以RSD、RS两种模式的综合效果最好，在西南“旱三熟”种植区具有很好的推广前景。

关键词: 保护性耕作, 旱三熟, 土壤生态效应, 产量水分利用效率

Abstract:

Aimed at the problems such as shallow soil profile, severe soil and water erosion, and frequent seasonal droughts that were faced by the dryland agriculture in southwest China, a field experiment was conducted for 2 years to evaluate the influence of different conservation tillage measures on the soil ecological factors, yield and water use efficiency of crops in triple cropping system in dryland. There were 6 treatment including traditional farming (T), ridge planting (R), straw mulching (TS), ridge planting + straw mulching (RS), straw mulching + decomposing agent (TSD) and ridge planting + straw mulching + decomposing agent (RSD). The results showed that the condition of soil organic matter and nutrients was improved effectively under the conservation tillage measures, in which the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total K and alkali-hydrolyzable N were significantly increased under the 4 treatments with straw mulching, and the pH of acidic soil was raised to some extent. The soil moisture condition was improved, and the drought-resistant and water-saving ability of crops was strengthened under the conservation tillage measures. As for the 2-year mean water storage in 0-80 cm soil layer, the treatments could be ordered as: RSD (258.82 mm) > TSD (252.40 mm) > RS (250.19 mm) > TS (246.66 mm) > R (239.19 mm) > T (235.87 mm). The surface soil temperature in July was lowered under the conservation tillage measures, in which the temperature in 5 cm and 10 cm depth was significantly reduced under the 4 treatments with straw mulching, thus easing the injury of high temperature on maize during late growth stage. The growth of weeds was inhibited effectively under the conservation tillage measures, and the average height, density and biomass of weeds under TS, RS, TSD and RSD was extremely significantly lower than those under T and R. The reproduction and growth of earthworms were also accelerated under the conservation tillage measures, thus the farmland eco-environment was obviously improved. In general, straw mulching was effective in improving the soil fertility, increasing soil water storage, adjusting soil temperature, controlling weeds and stimulating earthworm growth, while ridge planting and decomposing agent were effective in increasing soil water storage. Consequently, the conservation tillage measures significantly raised the yield and water use efficiency of crops, and increased the economic benefits. From the viewpoint of 2-year mean yield and water use efficiency, the treatments were ordered as: RSD>RS>TSD>TS>R>T(CK); while from the viewpoint of output value and net income, the treatments were ordered as: RS>RSD>TSD>R>TS>T(CK). Among all the treatments, RSD and RS were the two optimal patterns with high comprehensive effects and deserved to be widely promoted in the dryland region with triple cropping in southwest China.

Key words: Conservation tillage, Triple cropping in dryland, Soil ecological factor, Yield, Water use efficiency

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