论两熟制棉花绿色化轻简化机械化栽培

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14090

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

传统两熟制下的棉花生产存在种植模式和棉花栽培技术复杂、棉花生产周期长、机械化程度低、用工多、化肥农药投入多、植棉效益低等突出问题。经过近10年的研究和实践, 我国建立并应用了两熟制棉花绿色化(减肥减药)、轻简化(简化管理)、机械化(机械代替人工)栽培技术。本文基于笔者的研究成果, 结合国内外相关研究进展, 对两熟制棉花绿色化轻简化机械化栽培的基本概念、技术路线、关键技术及其理论基础进行了总结和评述。其技术核心内容是, 通过一次性“机播” (机械免耕单粒精量播种代替棉苗移栽, 种肥同播, 不间苗, 不补苗), 全程“机管” (通过合理密植和全程株型和熟性调控, 免整枝、免人工打顶)和一次性机械收获(通过综合调控建立集中成熟的群体结构), 实现省工70%; 采用早中熟棉花品种, 合理增密, 一次性侧深施用专用控释肥、无人机喷施叶面溶肥等技术省肥50%; 通过利用抗虫棉品种的抗性, 适期晚播缩短棉花生长期, 采用食诱、性诱剂及生物农药、杀虫灯、无人机施药等防控病虫害, 实现省药40%。与传统技术比, 本技术大大减少了棉花生产用工, 农业机械对人工的替代率达60%, 化肥利用率提高11.2%以上, 经济效益提高30%, 减轻了因过量使用化肥和化学农药造成的面源污染, 为推进棉花生产方式的根本变革提供技术支撑。

关键词: 减肥减药, 机播机采, 绿色化栽培, 机械化栽培, 两熟制棉花

Abstract:

There are many prominent problems or challenges in the traditional cotton production under the cotton-based double cropping system, which include complex planting pattern and cumbersome cultivation technology, long growth period, low degree of mechanization, heavy inputs of labor, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the resulted low economic benefits. After nearly 10 years of researches and practice, China has established and applied the green and light-simplified and mechanized cultivation technology of cotton in a cotton-based double cropping system, namely the green production with reduced chemical fertilizers and pesticides, light and simplified field management, and mechanized production by using mechanics instead of labors. Based on the author's research and relevant research progress at home and abroad, this paper summarizes and reviews the basic concept, the technical route, the key technologies and theoretical basis of the green, light and mechanized cultivation of cotton under the cotton-based double cropping system. The core contents of the technology are one-time sowing by machinery (direct one seed precision sowing by machinery under no-tillage instead of cotton seedling transplanting, simultaneous sowing of seed and fertilizer, no thinning and no seedling replenishment), no pruning (avoid removal of vegetative branches and manual topping through close planting and chemical regulation to shape reasonable plant type and maturity), and one-time mechanical harvesting (establish a centralized fruiting population structure through comprehensive regulation and control) to save labor by 70%; Using cotton varieties with early maturity or mid-early maturity, reasonably higher plant density, one-off deep-soil application of controlled-release fertilizer and spraying fertilizer by UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) with water-soluble fertilizer for foliage, which can save fertilizer by 50%; and by making use of the resistance of insect-resistant cotton varieties, sowing late at an appropriate time to shorten cotton growth period, and control pests and diseases by using food or sex induced inducers, biological pesticides, insecticidal lamps, and UAV, which can save pesticide by 40%. Compared with traditional technologies, this technology has greatly reduced the labor inputs in cotton production, the substitution rate of agricultural machinery for labor has reached 60%, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer has increased by more than 11.2%, and the economic benefit has increased by 30%. It also alleviates the non-point source pollution caused by excessive use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, and provides technical support for promoting the fundamental reform of cotton production mode.

Key words: reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, mechanized seeding and harvesting, green cultivation, mechanization cultivation, cotton in a double cropping system

郑曙峰, 刘小玲, 王维, 徐道青, 阚画春, 陈敏, 李淑英. 论两熟制棉花绿色化轻简化机械化栽培[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(3): 541-552.

ZHENG Shu-Feng, LIU Xiao-Ling, WANG Wei, XU Dao-Qing, KAN Hua-Chun, CHEN Min, LI Shu-Ying. On the green and light-simplified and mechanized cultivation of cotton in a cotton-based double cropping system[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(3): 541-552.

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