不同气候年型下耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24209

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 2806-2819.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24209

不同气候年型下耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

赵富贵(), 张龙, 李丹, 韩固, 王楠, 侯贤清()

宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏银川 750021

收稿日期:2022-09-13 接受日期:2023-02-10 出版日期:2023-10-12 网络出版日期:2023-02-28
通讯作者: 侯贤清, E-mail: houxianqing1981@126.com
作者简介:E-mail: ycugui@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(31860362);国家自然科学基金项目(32160515);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2020AAC03098);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2021AAC03003);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2022AAC03061)

Effects of tillage with mulching on soil water and temperature and potato yield on the dry farmland of Southern Ningxia under different climate year types

ZHAO Fu-Gui(), ZHANG Long, LI Dan, HAN Gu, WANG Nan, HOU Xian-Qing()

School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China

Received:2022-09-13 Accepted:2023-02-10 Published:2023-10-12 Published online:2023-02-28
Contact: E-mail: houxianqing1981@126.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860362);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160515);Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2020AAC03098);Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2021AAC03003);Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2022AAC03061)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨宁夏南部地区不同气候年型下耕作结合覆盖措施对旱作农田土壤水分、温度和马铃薯产量形成的影响, 于2014—2016年设置不同耕作(免耕、深松、翻耕)和覆盖(不覆盖、玉米秸秆、塑料地膜)双因素裂区定位试验。结果表明, 地膜覆盖对0~25 cm土壤温度有增温效应, 秸秆覆盖有降温效应; 2014年(正常年)免耕秸秆覆盖降低马铃薯苗期至块茎膨大期土壤温度效果最佳, 较翻耕不覆盖显著显著降低3.5℃。秸秆覆盖下0~200 cm层土壤贮水量最高; 深松、免耕土壤贮水量均高于翻耕; 深松秸秆覆盖增加苗期至块茎膨大期土壤贮水量效果最佳, 较翻耕不覆盖在正常年和高温年分别显著增加15.80%、20.77%。在正常年免耕地膜覆盖出苗率最高, 较翻耕不覆盖显著增加24.12%; 在高温年免耕秸秆覆盖出苗率最高, 较翻耕不覆盖显著增加19.32%。将马铃薯地上部生物量进行Logistic生长模拟后发现, 在正常年免耕秸秆覆盖快速生长持续期和干物质最大积累参数最高, 干物质最大积累速率较翻耕不覆盖显著增加15.80%, 在高温年深松秸秆覆盖快速生长持续期和干物质最大积累速率最高, 干物质最大积累速率较翻耕不覆盖显著增加24.28%。所有处理中, 在正常年免耕秸秆覆盖马铃薯产量最高, 较翻耕不覆盖显著增加51.82%, 在高温年深松秸秆覆盖产量最高, 较翻耕不覆盖显著增加62.08%。正常年块茎形成期的土壤水分、温度对马铃薯产量形成的影响最大, 而高温年现蕾期的土壤水分、温度对马铃薯产量形成的影响最大。可见, 深松或免耕结合秸秆覆盖能改善宁南旱区土壤水热环境, 促进马铃薯生长发育, 进而实现作物显著增产。

关键词: 耕作覆盖, 土壤水分, 土壤温度, 生长指标, 马铃薯产量

Abstract:

To clarify the effect of tillage with mulching on soil water and heat, and potato yield formation in dryland farmland under different climate years in southern of Ningxia, a two-factor split plot location experiment with different tillage methods (no-tillage, subsoiling, ploughing) and mulching material (no mulching, corn straw mulching, plastic mulching) was conducted during 2014-2016 period. The results showed that plastic film mulching had a warming effect and straw mulching had a cooling effect in 0-25 cm soil layer. In 2014 (normal temperature year), no-tillage with straw mulching had the best effect on reducing soil temperature from seedling stage to tuber expansion stage. No-tillage with straw mulching significantly reduced soil temperature by 3.5℃ compared with ploughing without mulching. Among the tillage systems, the highest soil water storage was straw mulching plots in 0-200 cm soil layer. Irrespective of the mulching materials, the water storage of subsoiling plots and no-tillage plots was higher than ploughing plots. Subsoiling with straw mulching had the best effect on increasing soil water storage during seedling stage and tuber expansion stage. The subsoiling with straw mulching increased soil water storage by 15.80% and 20.77% in normal temperature year and high temperature year, respectively. In normal temperature year, the seedling emergence rate was the highest under no-tillage with plastic film cover, which was significantly increased by 24.12% compared with ploughing without mulching. In high temperature years, the seedling emergence rate of no-tillage with straw mulching was the highest, which was significantly increased by 19.32% compared with ploughing without mulching. After Logistic growth simulation of potato aboveground biomass, it was found that the rapid growth duration and maximum dry matter accumulation parameters of no-tillage with straw mulching were the highest, and no-tillage with straw mulching significantly increased the maximum dry matter accumulation rate by 15.80% compared with ploughing without mulching in normal temperature years. The rapid growth duration and maximum dry matter accumulation parameters of subsoiling with straw mulching were the highest, and subsoiling with straw mulching significantly increased the maximum dry matter accumulation rate by 24.28% compared with ploughing without mulching in high temperature years. In all the treatments, the yield of no-tillage with straw mulching was the highest in normal temperature year and the yield of subsoiling with straw mulching was the highest in high temperature years, which significantly increased by 51.82% and 62.08% than ploughing without mulching, respectively. In normal temperature year, soil water, and temperature at tuber formation stage had the highest influence on potato yield formation. In high temperature years, soil water and temperature at budding stage had the highest influence on potato yield formation. In conclusion, the treatments of subsoiling or no-tillage with straw mulching could effectively improve the soil moisture and heat condition promote potato growth and achieve significant crop increase.

Key words: tillage with mulching, soil water, soil temperature, growth index, potato yield

赵富贵, 张龙, 李丹, 韩固, 王楠, 侯贤清. 不同气候年型下耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(10): 2806-2819.

ZHAO Fu-Gui, ZHANG Long, LI Dan, HAN Gu, WANG Nan, HOU Xian-Qing. Effects of tillage with mulching on soil water and temperature and potato yield on the dry farmland of Southern Ningxia under different climate year types[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(10): 2806-2819.

图/表 8

图1

表1

图2

表2

不同耕作覆盖下马铃薯各生育期0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量"

年份 Year	耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖措施 Mulching measures	苗期 Seedling stage	现蕾期 Budding stage	块茎形成期 Tuber forming stage	块茎膨大期 Tuber expansion stage	收获期 Harvest stage
2014	NT	SM	440.15 a	380.64 a	363.26 a	344.31 a	485.98 a
		FM	424.26 b	372.48 b	333.12 b	323.25 b	465.20 b
		NM	387.57 c	345.58 c	303.26 c	300.79 c	471.48 ab
	ST	SM	450.98 a	431.78 a	382.92 a	360.90 a	485.24 a
		FM	435.20 b	404.92 b	353.21 b	332.08 b	467.92 b
		NM	401.26 b	368.24 c	325.80 c	302.28 c	469.14 b
	PT	SM	441.16 a	426.40 a	363.40 a	330.24 a	481.48 a
		FM	437.92 a	406.60 b	329.48 b	318.92 b	464.68 b
		NM	399.14 b	363.98 c	299.78 c	302.78 c	457.96 b
	F值 F-value	耕作Tillage	11.3^*	9.2^*	14.4^*	10.2^*	1.5
		覆盖Mulch	533.4^**	254.7^**	219.4^**	173.3^**	134.6^**
		Tillage×Mulch	4.2^*	23.4^**	4.5^**	7.6^**	4.8^*
2015	NT	SM	505.94 a	469.37 a	381.44 a	357.70 a	374.83 a
		FM	510.07 a	441.31 b	366.32 b	340.19 b	367.92 a
		NM	465.97 b	413.86 c	326.82 c	311.05 c	341.90 b
	ST	SM	512.48 a	466.99 a	369.93 a	344.89 a	356.02 b
		FM	506.52 a	451.30 b	352.54 b	336.49 b	385.02 a
		NM	472.14 b	430.11 c	328.34 c	312.22 c	339.76 c
	PT	SM	498.95 a	445.01 a	370.29 a	338.02 a	379.45 a
		FM	500.57 a	439.34 b	361.37 b	329.43 b	364.27 b
		NM	452.38 c	398.87 c	325.59 c	307.07 c	333.40 c
	F值 F-value	耕作 Tillage	7.48^*	13.3^*	11.7^*	9.2^*	0.9
		覆盖 Mulch	446.3^**	138.6^**	568.1^**	484.0^**	111.0^**
		Tillage×Mulch	3.8^*	6.0^**	7.0^**	8.6^**	4.4^*
2016	NT	SM	474.24 a	441.51 a	412.40 a	375.53 a	384.27 a
		FM	467.24 a	425.04 b	408.90 a	356.10 b	370.06 b
		NM	400.31 b	354.20 c	330.64 b	319.60 c	364.30 b
	ST	SM	486.12 a	425.04 a	437.26 a	395.96 a	378.50 a
		FM	460.79 b	409.31 b	409.93 b	365.42 b	366.87 b
		NM	395.51 c	361.34 c	334.14 c	320.01 c	354.53 c
	PT	SM	454.82 a	417.88 a	406.85 a	389.76 a	390.47 a
		FM	444.85 a	408.61 b	395.03 b	371.87 b	382.67 b
		NM	385.14 b	349.30 c	330.21 c	318.93 c	361.67 c
	F值 F-value	耕作Tillage	10.6^*	9.2^*	13.5^*	11.5^*	7.0
		覆盖Mulch	1137.7^**	379.9^**	514.0^**	595.7^**	135.6^**
		Tillage×Mulch	8.5^**	6.8^**	5.9^**	6.2^**	3.6^*

表2

图3

表3

不同耕作覆盖下马铃薯干物质积累特征参数"

年份 Year	耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖措施 Mulching measures	方程参数 Equation parameters				快速生长期特征值 Characteristic value of rapid growth period				干物质积累参数 Dry matter accumulation parameters
年份 Year	耕作方式 Tillage method	覆盖措施 Mulching measures	K_m (t hm^-2)	a	b	R²	T₁	T₂	T₀	Δt	W_max	G_max
2014	NT	SM	264.77	72.54	0.040	0.986^**	74.19	139.84	65.65	107.02	36.27	0.73
		FM	221.02	55.92	0.041	0.984^**	66.04	130.08	64.04	98.06	27.96	0.57
		NM	204.71	68.80	0.040	0.986^**	72.87	138.51	65.64	105.69	34.40	0.69
	ST	SM	250.21	71.01	0.040	0.986^**	73.66	139.30	65.64	106.48	35.51	0.71
		FM	237.95	44.86	0.043	0.971^**	57.84	118.90	61.06	88.37	22.43	0.48
		NM	164.47	65.38	0.040	0.986^**	71.60	137.24	65.64	104.42	32.69	0.65
	PT	SM	222.11	70.28	0.040	0.986^**	73.40	139.05	65.65	106.22	35.14	0.70
		FM	226.79	51.27	0.038	0.976^**	68.97	138.06	69.09	103.51	25.64	0.49
		NM	174.56	62.63	0.042	0.983^**	67.16	129.68	62.52	98.42	31.32	0.66
2015	NT	SM	142.80	80.49	0.048	0.990^**	63.99	118.70	54.71	91.35	40.25	0.97
		FM	148.14	72.78	0.047	0.989^**	63.21	119.08	55.87	91.15	36.39	0.86
		NM	124.93	73.60	0.049	0.989^**	60.86	114.45	53.59	87.66	36.80	0.90
	ST	SM	163.34	83.03	0.047	0.991^**	66.02	121.88	55.86	93.95	41.52	0.98
		FM	148.35	77.28	0.049	0.990^**	61.86	115.44	53.58	88.65	38.64	0.95
		NM	113.49	79.79	0.048	0.988^**	63.81	118.52	54.71	91.16	39.90	0.96
	PT	SM	134.39	65.73	0.050	0.991^**	57.38	109.90	52.52	83.64	32.87	0.82
		FM	143.57	60.53	0.047	0.987^**	59.29	115.16	55.87	87.23	30.27	0.71
		NM	127.81	63.79	0.048	0.985^**	59.15	113.85	54.70	86.50	31.90	0.77
2016	NT	SM	147.69	80.04	0.050	0.991^**	61.32	113.84	52.52	87.58	40.02	1.00
		FM	149.30	67.94	0.051	0.988^**	56.91	108.39	51.48	105.38	33.97	0.87
		NM	102.51	74.04	0.050	0.990^**	59.76	112.28	52.52	107.53	37.02	0.93
	ST	SM	156.27	82.16	0.050	0.991^**	61.85	114.36	52.51	88.10	41.08	1.03
		FM	134.10	63.87	0.048	0.989^**	59.18	113.88	54.70	103.83	31.94	0.77
		NM	120.39	71.08	0.049	0.988^**	60.15	113.74	53.59	106.51	35.54	0.87
	PT	SM	121.65	75.01	0.053	0.991^**	56.63	106.17	49.54	86.28	37.51	0.99
		FM	129.95	66.47	0.049	0.976^**	58.78	112.37	53.59	104.83	33.24	0.81
		NM	119.78	69.40	0.052	0.987^**	56.22	106.72	50.50	105.91	34.70	0.90

表3

图4

表4

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裂区试验设计 Split zone test design	覆盖措施 Mulching measures
裂区试验设计 Split zone test design	不覆盖No mulching (NM)	玉米秸秆Corn straw mulching (SM)	塑料地膜Plastic film mulching (FM)
免耕No-tillage (NT)	NT×NM	NT×SM	NT×FM
深松Subsoiling (ST)	ST×NM	ST×SM	ST×FM
翻耕Ploughing (PT)	PT×NM	PT×SM	PT×FM

年份 Year	生育时期 Growth period	土壤温度 Soil temperature	土壤贮水量 Soil water storage	出苗率 Emergence rate	地上部生物量 Aboveground biomass	地下部生物量 Underground biomass
2014	苗期 Seedling	-0.628^*	0.837^**	0.935^**	0.542^**	0.461^*
	现蕾期 Budding	-0.764^*	0.670^**	—	0.532^**	0.537^**
	块茎形成期 Tuber forming	-0.539^*	0.915^**		0.844^**	0.792^**
	块茎膨大期 Tuber expansion	-0.546^*	0.914^**		0.734^**	0.825^**
	收获期 Harvest	-0.615^*	0.860^**		0.583^**	0.813^**
2015	苗期 Seedling	-0.236	0.670^**	0.822^**	0.320	0.411
	现蕾 Budding	0.162	0.679^**	—	0.871^**	0.798^**
	块茎形成 Tuber forming	-0.068	0.513^**		0.646^**	0.914^**
	块茎膨大 Tuber expansion	-0.135	0.515^**		0.866^**	0.875^**
	收获期 Harvest	-0.135	0.392^*		0.788^**	0.693^**
2016	苗期 Seedling	-0.180	0.822^**	0.889^**	0.565^**	0.498^*
	现蕾 Budding	0.102	0.836^**	—	0.973^**	0.769^**
	块茎形成 Tuber forming	-0.077	0.760^**		0.899^**	0.895^**
	块茎膨大期 Tuber expansion	-0.256	0.651^**		0.924^**	0.803^**
	收获期 Harvest	-0.052	0.253		0.883^**	0.875^**

不同气候年型下耕作覆盖对宁南旱区土壤水热及马铃薯产量的影响

Effects of tillage with mulching on soil water and temperature and potato yield on the dry farmland of Southern Ningxia under different climate year types

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