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Table of Content

    12 February 2007, Volume 33 Issue 02
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    • ORIGINAL PAPERS
      Effects of Nitrogen Application Regimes on Yield，Quality and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Super Japonica Hybrid Rice
      WAN Liang-Jun;ZHANG Hong-Cheng;HUO Zhong-Yang;LIN Zhong-Cheng;DAI Qi-Gen;XU Ke;ZHANG Jun
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  175-182. 
      Abstract ( 2396 )   PDF (624KB) ( 1484 )   Save
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      Effects of nitrogen application regimes, based on the proportion of base-tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer and leaf age of panicle fertilizer supply, were studied on yield，nitrogen use efficiency and quality in supper japonica hybrid rice, cv. Changyou 1, under the high grain yield at 225 kg ha-1 of N condition during a whole growth stage. The result indicated that the yield was influenced significantly by nitrogen application regimes. The regime for highest yield was that the ratio of base-tillering fertilizer to panicle fertilizer was 58.34:41.66, and the split panicle fertilizers were equally applicated at 4th and 2nd leaf age from top. There were highly significantly positive correlations between yield and total N uptake，agronomic N use efficiency, apparent N recovery efficiency，physiological N use efficiency, and significantly quadratic relationships between yield and N kg 100 kg-1 grain yield, N harvest index. With the decreasing of N rate of panicle fertilizer，head milled rice, protein content，chalky ratio and chalkiness were decreased; gel consistency and amylose content increased gradually. With postponing the time of N-applying leaf age, head milled rice and protein content were raised，and amylose content dropped. The gel consistency and apparent features were varied by different application proportions. On the whole，the proportion of N-application at 6:4 and the top dressing of panicle N-fertilizers with equal amount at 4th and 2nd leaf age from top might realize the coordination of supper high-yield，good quality and high N use efficiency.

      Quantitative Trait Locus for Photosynthesis and Its Related Physiological Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
      HU Mao-Long;ZHANG Yin-Xin;KONG Ling-Na;YANG Quan-Hai;WANG Chun-Ming;ZHAI Hu-Qu;WAN Jian-Min
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  183-188. 
      Abstract ( 2319 )   PDF (470KB) ( 1538 )   Save
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      In order to explore the genetic basis for photosynthesis and its related physiological traits, sixty-five chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs), derived from a cross between an indica cultivar IR24 and a japonica cultivar Asominori of rice (Oryza sativa L.), were utilized for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for photosynthetic and its related physiological traits. Net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf chlorophyll (CHL), and total leaf nitrogen content (TLN) in flag leaves were measured at heading stage. The CSSLs showed transgressive segregation for many of the traits, and significant correlations were observed for most of the traits. In total, ten QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 10 with a range of percentages of variance explained (PVE) from 9.5% to 46.5%. LOD scores of these QTLs ranged from 2.77 to 8.42. A consistent location was mapped for a QTL controlling stomatal conductance (qGs-8) and leaf chlorophyll concentration (qCHL-8) in the vicinity of R727 on chromosome 8 and for a QTL controlling stomatal conductance (qGs-10) and intercellular CO2 concentration (qCi-10) in the vicinity of C1166 on chromosome 10. No other overlapping loci associated with different traits were detected. These results indicated that the genetic mechanism of photosynthesis was complex in rice.

      Dynamic Simulation Model for Photosynthesis and Dry Matter Accumulation in Rapeseed
      TANG Liang;ZHU Yan;SUN Xiao-Fang;CAO Wei-Xing
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  189-195. 
      Abstract ( 2108 )   PDF (475KB) ( 1452 )   Save
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      Photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation are major determinants of the final yield in crop production. Based on eco-physiological processes, a simulation model for photosynthetic production and dry matter accumulation was established for rapeseed. The model used a ‘3 layer model’ for calculating the radiation interception by the layers of flowers, pods and leaves and light absorption by pods and leaves. Gaussian integration method was used to calculate the photosynthesis of pod and leaf layers, and the daily total canopy photosynthesis which was that of all layers of green organs. The effects of physiological age, temperature, nitrogen and water deficit factors on maximum photosynthesis rate were adequately quantified. The model calculated maintenance respiration and growth respiration which consume some photosynthate. Partition index of shoot was quantified by physiological development time (PDT) to calculate shoot dry matter from plant biomass. Then, plant biomass loss due to freezing was quantified by temperature effect. Testing of the model for dry matter accumulation with the field experiments of different genotypes, sowing dates, and nitrogen levels showed a good fit between the observed and simulated data. Thus, the present model appears to be favourable on mechanism explanation and reliable prediction.

      Classification of Male Sterile Cytoplasm of CMS-P in Maize (Zea mays everta)
      CHEN Wei;LIU Zhan-Xian;E Li-Zhu;YANG Hui;DAI Jing-Rui
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  196-200. 
      Abstract ( 2312 )   PDF (1103KB) ( 1106 )   Save
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      Application of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) materials makes an effective approach for utilization of heterosis, by which the seed pureness can be increased and the production cost can be reduced. A key problem for breeders is to identify unknown sterile cytoplasm and understand its characters. Using the combined methods of male fertility restoration testing, PCR of mtDNA and S1, S2 plasmid-like analysis, this study mainly dealt with classifying CMS-P selected from popcorn and finding the fertility diversity between CMS-P and others by pollen stain to understand the utilizing potential of CMS-P. The results indicated that CMS-P was classified to be the S-type CMS in maize. The PCR classifying method was quicker and exacter than others. And there was no difference between CMS-P and CMS-S in sequence of the special PCR fragment. The segregation proportion of pollen did not all accord with 1:1 by Chi-square test with pollen stain and CMS-P was much more fertile than CMS-Tangxu in restoring F1. Pollen stain was diverse among the different nuclear backgrounds with same cytoplasm, the different cytoplasms and environments. The interaction between cytoplasm and nuclear minor gene maybe was the main factor that affects the fertility stability. We also found that HZ32 was a full restoring material with high restoring ability, and its rates of stained pollen were 96.4%, 94.2%, and 55.58% for CMS-T, CMS-C, and CMS-Tangxu, respectively. Ben7884 was a restoring line for S-type cytoplasm, but its restoring ability performed a fertility in 4–5 classes for C-type.

      Isolation and Expression Analysis of Small GTP-Binding Protein Gene TaRab2 in Wheat
      GUO Zhi-Ai;ZANG Qing-Wei;JING Rui-Lian;ZHAO Jun;CHANG Xiao-Ping;LI Run-Zhi;ZHAO Zhi-Li
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  201-207. 
      Abstract ( 2045 )   PDF (1299KB) ( 1080 )   Save
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      Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop in the world. However, drought greatly affects its yield in many areas. Discovering and cloning genes related to drought tolerance are the foundation for improving the drought tolerance in crops with genetic modification, which also plays a crucial role in understanding the genetic mechanism of drought tolerance in crops. The small GTP binding protein Rab plays an important role in vesicular transport in eukaryotic cells. The transportation of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex and to secretory vesicles involves the movement of carrier vesicles. By the reverse Northern screening, some candidate ESTs were isolated from the cDNA libraries which were constructed from the 2-leaf seedlings of Hanxuan 10，a wheat cultivar with strong drought tolerance，treated with 24 h and 48 h water stress. One of them was highly identified with small GTP binding protein Rab2. The EST was extended using CAP3 software in the lab local net. Based on the extended sequence, a pair of primer was designed in the two side regions of its predicted ORF. Using RT-PCR method, an 824 bp cDNA was isolated from Hanxuan 10, which contains a complete 633 bp ORF and encodes a putative protein composed of 210 amino acids. The full length cDNA was named as TaRab2 (Accession No. AY851657). TaRab2 contains conserved structure of small GTPase including four conserved domains for guanine nucleotide binding and an effector domain. Multiple alignment analysis on the putative protein indicated that TaRab2 was more than 90% homologous to the small GTP-binding proteins Rab2 in maize, rice, Arabidopsis and Sporobolus stapfianus. Northern blots showed that TaRab2 was an up-regulated gene induced by water stress in wheat, but the expression levels were different in the different time points. The highest expression level was induced by the 6 h water stress. The longer the stress duration, the lower the expression level. The expression level of TaRab2 returned to original quantity by the 72 h water stress. Therefore, TaRab2 was inferred to possibly play a certain role in drought tolerance of plants.

      Characteristics of Nutrient Absorption in Super-High-Yielding Mid-Season and Late-Maturity Japonica Rice
      DU Yong;LIU Hui;YANG Cheng;WANG Zhi-Qin;YANG Jian-Chang
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  208-215. 
      Abstract ( 1905 )   PDF (595KB) ( 1055 )   Save
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      Rice is one of the most important food crops in China. Elucidation of nutrient requirement and absorption has great significance in the realization of high-yielding, good quality and high efficiency in rice. The objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics of nutrient absorption in super-high-yielding cultivation (SHYC, grain yield >11 t ha-1) and in high-yielding cultivation as the control (grain yield > 7.5 t ha-1) using two mid-season and late-maturity japonica rice cultivars, Huaidao 68 and Zhendao 88. The absorption and accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the plants were analyzed. The results showed that plants in SHYC absorbed and accumulated less N before the critical stage of productive tillers and more N after the jointing stage, when compared with the those in control. The amount of P absorbed in SHYC was more than that in the control at each growth stage, especially at later growth stages. There was no significant difference in K absorption and accumulation between the SHYC and the control before the critical stage of productive tillers, whereas the plants in SHYC absorbed more K than in the control from jointing to maturity. Input of N balanced the output in SHYC, but the control showed more input than output in N. There were more outputs than inputs in P and K for both SHYC and high-yielding cultivation, especially the former. The amount absorbed of N, P, K for the production of 1 000 kg grains was 21.6–21.9 kg, 6.7–7.2 kg, and 24.8–25.6 kg, respectively in SHYC, and 23.8–24.3 kg, 6.8–7.3 kg, and 27.4–29.0 kg, respectively, in the control. The results indicated that the mid-season japonica rice with SHYC absorbed nutrients less at early growth stages whereas more during the later growth period, and increased the internal nutrient efficiency. The characteristics of nutrient absorption and optimized nutrient management for mid-season japonica rice with SHYC were discussed.

      Effects of Shading in Field on Photosynthetic Characteristics in Summer Corn
      ZHANG Ji-Wang;DONG Shu-Ting;WANG Kong-Jun;HU Chang-Hao;LIU Peng
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  216-222. 
      Abstract ( 2118 )   PDF (576KB) ( 1579 )   Save
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      The summer corn (Zea mays L.) in Huanghuaihai region of China grows under high temperature and low light in the season of the year, and there is a large area of corn intercropping with winter wheat in Shandong Province. With the change of ecological factors and productive conditions, corn is shaded by winter wheat at the seedling stage, and grow under high temperature and low light at grain forming stage, which decreased grain yield. However, there are few reports on the effects of shading on photosynthesis of corn. This research attempted to study the photosynthetic foundation for the effects of shading on grain yield of corn, and provide theoretical evidence to improve yield and quality of summer corn. Effects of different shading degrees and different shading stages in field on photosynthetic characteristics of summer corn were studied. The field was shaded by the nets with 50% and 90% shading over the plants. The positions of the nets were raised with the growth of corn plant, and the distance between the nets and the top of corn plants remained in about 2.5m. So that only the illumination intensity condition was changed, while the aeration condition and relative humidity were not changed. Other environmental changes might be due to the change of illumination intensity. The results showed that there were significant effects of shading in field on photosynthetic characteristics of summer corn, so that grain yield of corn were decreased significantly. When shaded by 50% and 90%, grain yield of ND108 decreased by 16.9% and 24.5% respectively from seedling to jointing stage, by 34.1% and 55.3% respectively from jointing to flowering stage, and by 67.5% and 79.4% respectively from flowering to maturity stage. Correspondently, leaf area index of corn were decreased by 53.6% and 64.3%, 22.1% and 23.0%, 66.2% and 79.4% respectively, net photosynthesis rate of corn were decreased by 28.6% and 49%, 36.6% and 59.6%, 43.9% and 64.7% respectively in three shading stage. Both ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (PEPCase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activities of corn leaves were decreased significantly in different shading treatments. Effects of different shading stages on photosynthetic characteristics of corn were significantly higher than those of different shading degree.

      QTL Analysis for Flag Leaf Length in a Rice DH Population under Multi Environments
      CAO Gang-Qiang;GAO Yong-Ming;ZHU Jun
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  223-229. 
      Abstract ( 2290 )   PDF (426KB) ( 1084 )   Save
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      A double haploid rice population from IR64/Azucena was used to dissect the quantitative inheritance of flag leaf length. The QTL mapping method based on mixed linear model approaches was employed for detecting QTLs with additive and epistatic effects as well as their QE interaction effects in 4 years. The results revealed that altogether 18 QTLs for leaf length were detected on 11 chromosomes, and all of them were involved in epistasis. 3 QTLs were involved in epistasis but without detectable additive effects, such loci might play the role of modifying agents that tend to activate other loci or modify the action of other loci. The same locus could get involved in interactions with more than one other locus, as might indicat the possibility of multi-QTL associations in the formation of complex traits. QTL and epistasis could have both genetic main effects that expressed stably in every environment and QE interaction effects. Some QTLs had QE effects under multi-environments but without genetic main effect, as might suggest expression of this kind of QTLs could be modified by environmental factors easily. And also some QTLs had only genetic main effect, so would not easily be affected by environment. Epistasis had wider range of epistasis × environment effects than that of main effects, might indicate that some digenic interactions were more easily subjected to environmental influence. Compared with indirect mapping method with QE effects but without epistatic effects, more QTLs were detected in the present study, but no major QTL was found. The QE effects were treated as random effects, so the sum of QE effects would be zero in theory, and multi environments were suitable for estimating genetic main effects better.

      Light Energy Utilization Efficiency of High Oil Corn 115 at Grain Filling Stage
      ZHUANG Ke-Zhang;GUO Xin-Yu;WANG Ji-Hua;WANG Kong-Jun;WU Zheng-Feng;LIU Peng;DONG Shu-Ting;ZHANG Ji-Wang
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  230-235. 
      Abstract ( 2169 )   PDF (393KB) ( 1121 )   Save
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      High oil corn is a value-added corn type，which contains more oil and higher quality protein than normal corn. At present high oil corn has not been widely planted by farmers because its grain yield is lower than that of normal corn. The yield of high oil corn is restricted by lower net photosynthetic rate. A field experiment with a planting density of 30 000 plants ha-1 was carried out to reveal the reason of lower net photosynthetic rate of high oil corn. The technique of chlorophyll fluorescence was used to measure light energy utilization efficiency of high oil corn. Light energy utilization and dissipation of upper, middle and basal leaves of high oil corn 115 in grain filling stage was studied. Compared with ND108，net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomal conductance (Gs) of were significantly lower（P<0.05）; intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and water use efficiency of HOC115 (WUE) were slightly lower in ND108 (P>0.05). PSⅡ maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of HOC115 was lower significantly than that of ND108. PSⅡ activity (Fv/Fo) of HOC115 was slightly lower than that of ND108 (P>0.05). Apparent relative electron transportation rates of HOC115 were lower than that of ND108. Compared with ND108, the proportion of light energy used in heat dissipation by HOC115 was higher when light energy was constant. This result indicated that light energy utilization efficiency of HOC115 is lower than that of ND108. The largest light utilization efficiency difference between HOC115 and ND108 was observed in middle leaves. In conclusion, photosynthetic rate of HOC115 is lower mostly due to lower light energy utilization efficiency. In high oil corn breeding and cultivation, we should select high photosynthetic inbred lines and improve the growing conditions with suitable fertilizer and irrigation to enhance their light use efficiency.

      Biological Control of Plant Diseases and Plant Growth Promotion by Bacillus subtilis B931
      ZHANG Xia;TANG Wen-Hua;ZHANG Li-Qun
      Acta Agron Sin. 2007, 33(02):  236-241. 
      Abstract ( 2259 )   PDF (461KB) ( 1503 )   Save
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      Bacillus subtilis B931, a biological control bacterium isolated from wheat field, protects plants against many soil-borne diseases and promotes plant growth. A mutant library of B931 containing over 3 000 Tn917 mutants was constructed by transposon mutagenesis with plasmid pTV1::Tn917. Six mutants defective in antibiotic production (B931-A－) were selected by dual culture test with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici on PDA plates. Another six mutants which over-produced or less-produced phytohormones 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) or cytokinin (CTK), respectively, were selected by ELISA and HPLC methods. Greenhouse experiments showed that, compared with the wild type, the antibiotic-defective mutant was less effective in biological control of wheat take-all caused by G. graminis var. tritici and cotton damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani, indicating that