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Genetic analysis of high yield and yield stability characteristics of new wheat variety Xinong 877 MENG Xiang-Yu, DIAO Deng-Chao, LIU Ya-Rui, LI Yun-Li, SUN Yu-Chen, WU Wei, ZHAO Wen, WANG Yu, WU Jian-Hui, LI Chun-Lian, ZENG Qing-Dong, HAN De-Jun, ZHENG Wei-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1261-1276.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41064 Abstract （1817）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （893KB）（325）       Knowledge map    Save Xinong 877 is a newly developed wheat variety bred by Northwest A&F University, characterized by wide adaptability, high yield, and yield stability. This study aims to elucidate the genetic basis of Xinong 877’s high yield, adaptability, and comprehensive resistance, thereby providing theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for the breeding of new wheat varieties. Field experiments were conducted to analyze the grain filling characteristics and photosynthetic traits of Xinong 877, along with several high-yielding wheat varieties from the Huanghuai wheat region. A combined approach utilizing a 16K SNP background chip and a 0.1K SNP functional chip was employed to thoroughly dissect the genetic foundation of Xinong 877 and identify the genetic effects of key chromosomal regions. The results showed that, Xinong 877 exhibited superior grain filling characteristics, including an extended grain filling duration, optimal allocation across various grain filling stages, and a high grain filling rate. Additionally, its flag leaves possessed elevated chlorophyll content and enhanced photosynthetic capacity. In regional trials, the average thousand-grain weight was 48.60 g, and in field trials, it reached 50.05 g, both surpassing the control variety Zhoumai 36 and demonstrating good stability. These traits establish a foundation for realizing high yield potential. In multi-location regional trials, Xinong 877 achieved an average stability coefficient of 89.15, significantly higher than that of Zhoumai 36. Regarding genetic composition, Xinong 805a, as the female parent, contributed 80.23 percent of the genetic makeup to Xinong 877, the highest among the three parent lines. Additionally, Xinong 877 incorporated multiple superior genes/QTLs from its parents, including stripe rust resistance loci QYrqin.nwafu-6BS, QYrsn.nwafu-1BL, QYrxn.nwafu-1BL, Yr29, and Yr78; fusarium head blight resistance loci QFhb.caas-5AL and QFhb.hbaas-5AL; leaf rust resistance loci Lr13 and Lr68; as well as yield-related loci such as grain weight genes TaT6P and TaGS5-A1, and grain size gene QGl-4A. Xinong 877 exhibits significant yield potential and wide adaptability in field production. There are notable differences in the genetic contributions from the parent lines, with Xinong 805a providing the highest genetic contribution. The aggregation of multiple key genes/QTLs related to important traits in Xinong 877 offers valuable genetic resources and theoretical support for the development of high-yield, broadly adaptable wheat varieties in the Huanghuai wheat region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endosperm development of cereal crops and its role in seed dormancy and germination SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, CHENG Hong-Yan, WANG Cheng-Liang, YUAN Liang-Bing, ZUO Sheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1133-1155.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42055 Abstract （1252）   HTML （63）    PDF（pc） （5724KB）（1566）       Knowledge map    Save In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the simultaneous development of two closely adjacent tissue, embryo and endosperm. The function of endosperm is not only to provide nutrients and serve as a mechanical barrier for the embryo, but also to act as a growth regulator for the embryo during seed development, dormancy and germination, thereby controlling the vitality, dormancy, and germination of the seeds. But so far, the development of endosperm and its regulatory mechanism are not clear enough. In the present paper, the recent progress achieved in the endosperm development and its regulatory mechanism, as well as the regulation of these events on seed dormancy and germination, was reviewed, including morphogenesis, differentiation of aleurone layer and starch endosperm, programmed cell death of starch endosperm, accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm during endosperm development, as well as the regulation of cell cycle regulatory factors, phytohormones, and epigenetic on endosperm development, and the role of endosperm in embryo development, seed dormancy and germination. Finally, the scientific issues that need to be further researched in this field are proposed, attempting to provide reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development and its regulation, and thereby improving the yield and quality of cereal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and candidate genes prediction of flowering time and maturity date traits in soybean (Glycine max L.) WANG Qiong, ZOU Dan-Xia, CHEN Xing-Yun, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Hong-Mei, LIU Xiao-Qing, JIA Qian-Ru, WEI Li-Bin, CUI Xiao-Yan, CHEN Xin, WANG Xue-Jun, CHEN Hua-Tao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1558-1568.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44166 Abstract （1210）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （6989KB）（199）       Knowledge map    Save Soybean is a typical short-day crop that is highly sensitive to photoperiod, with its cultivation and yield constrained by field photoperiodic conditions. In this study, we analyzed the flowering time and pod maturity date in 264 diverse soybean accessions. We examined the relationships between flowering-related traits and key agronomic traits, including protein content (PC), oil content (OC), 100-seed weight (HSW), and plant height (PH). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 235 loci associated with flowering time and pod maturity date. Additionally, we predicted 14 candidate genes involved in the regulation of these traits, including 10 genes related to flowering time and 5 genes associated with pod maturity date. Notably, one gene exhibited pleiotropic effects on both traits. These findings provide valuable genomic insights into the regulatory pathways of flowering in soybean and offer a foundation for genetic improvement aimed at enhancing soybean adaptation across broader latitudinal regions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping of silique length and seeds per silique and transcriptome profiling of pod walls in Brassica napus L. WANG Xiao-Lin, LIU Zhong-Song, KANG Lei, YANG Liu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 888-899.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44156 Abstract （1067）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （3407KB）（312）       Knowledge map    Save Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major oilseed crop globally, and improving yield remains a primary objective in rapeseed breeding programs. Yield in rapeseed is determined by three main components: siliques per unit area, seeds per silique, and seed weight. Although silique length is not a direct yield component, it influences both seeds per silique and seed weight, and thus indirectly affects yield. In this study, two parental lines with contrasting silique lengths and seeds per silique, YA and Zhongshuang 11, along with their 211 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), were used as experimental materials. The RIL population was genotyped through genome resequencing and grown in two environments: autumn in Changsha and summer in Mingle. Silique length and seeds per silique were measured, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted. The results identified a major QTL for both silique length and seeds per silique on chromosome A09 in both environments. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of pod walls from the two parents, conducted 3-21 days after flowering, indicated that genes involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signaling transduction, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis play critical roles in pod wall development. Among the differentially expressed genes, BnaA09.CYP78A9, BnaC08.SCL13, and BnaA04.ARL, which are associated with auxin response and signaling transduction, were identified as candidate genes regulating silique length. These findings provide a foundation for fine mapping and exploring the regulatory mechanisms of genes controlling silique length in rapeseed, which could contribute to yield improvement in breeding programs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic mapping of mutant genes on flag leaf length and width in wheat YANG Si-Jie, DU Qi-Di, CHAI Shou-Xi, XIONG Hong-Chun, XIE Yong-Dun, ZHAO Lin-Shu, GU Jia-Yu, GUO Hui-Jun, LIU Lu-Xiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1548-1557.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41095 Abstract （1056）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （5258KB）（170）       Knowledge map    Save Leaf morphology is a key determinant of plant architecture, influencing photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and stress responses. In wheat, the flag leaf serves as a critical photosynthetic organ, directly impacting grain yield and quality. Identifying novel genes and alleles associated with flag leaf traits can facilitate high-yield wheat breeding. In this study, we used the wheat variety Jing 411 as the wild type and developed a stable mutant, je0261, which exhibited a significantly reduced flag leaf area. Compared to Jing 411, the mutant had a 38.9% shorter, 29.3% narrower, and 56.7% smaller flag leaf. Analysis of segregation ratios for flag leaf length and width in the F2 and F3 populations derived from Jing 411 × je0261 indicated that these traits were each controlled by a single recessive gene. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) combined with exome capture sequencing, we mapped the target genes to chromosome 7A. Seven KASP markers were developed within the target region, and the genes controlling flag leaf length and width were mapped to a 1.18 cM genetic interval, corresponding to an 8.08 Mb physical region in the Chinese Spring reference genome. The genetic distance between these two genes was 1.00 cM, suggesting that they are two distinct, novel genes regulating flag leaf length and width. The identification of this candidate interval enhances our understanding of the genetic basis of flag leaf area in wheat and provides valuable mutant gene resources for future wheat architecture improvement. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of OsERF104 transcription factor in rice PAN Ju-Zhong, WEI Ping, ZHU De-Ping, SHAO Sheng-Xue, CHEN Shan-Shan, WEI Ya-Qian, GAO Wei-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 900-913.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42040 Abstract （1000）   HTML （75）    PDF（pc） （13140KB）（563）       Knowledge map    Save Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF), a subfamily of the APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family, plays critical roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including plant growth and development, hormone signaling, and responses to abiotic stresses. Investigating the functions of the ERF family in rice (Oryza sativa L.) provides valuable genetic resources for rice breeding. In this study, the OsERF104 gene (LOC_Os08g36920) was cloned. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the full-length coding sequence of OsERF104 is 849 bp, encoding a protein of 283 amino acids. OsERF104 contains a conserved domain characteristic of the AP2/ERF family and shares the highest sequence similarity with the AtERF96 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to be involved in salt tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the OsERF104 protein is localized in the nucleus, indicating that it functions as a nuclear transcription factor. Cis-acting element analysis of the OsERF104 promoter identified elements associated with hormone responses, abiotic stress, and light responses. To examine the role of OsERF104 under abiotic stress, its expression pattern was analyzed using RT-qPCR. OsERF104 was expressed in various rice tissues, with the highest expression observed in the leaf sheath. Its expression was downregulated by ABA and GA but upregulated by JA, PEG, and NaCl treatments. Transcriptional activation assays showed that the full-length and C-terminal fragments of OsERF104 exhibit transcriptional activity, while the N-terminal fragment and the AP2 domain alone do not. Transgenic rice lines of overexpressing or knocking out OsERF104 were generated via genetic transformation. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that OsERF104-overexpressing rice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA and increased tolerance to salt stress during the seedling stage compared with the wild-type ZH11. In contrast, oserf104 mutant rice displayed the opposite phenotypes. In conclusion, OsERF104 positively regulates salt tolerance in rice. This study provides a strong foundation for further exploration of the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of OsERF104 in rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospects in genetic breeding for Fusarium crown rot resistance in wheat MA Jun, CHEN Feng, YIN Gui-Hong, HU Hai-Yan, WEI Xue-Ning, XIE Chao-Jie, KONG Ling-Rang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (10): 2559-2569.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51064 Abstract （922）   HTML （59）    PDF（pc） （3025KB）（487）       Knowledge map    Save Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by Fusarium species is a global soil-borne disease of wheat. In recent years, this disease has rapidly spread in China and has severely threatened local wheat production. Growing disease resistant variety is an effectively approach to manage the FCR damage. However, most of the wheat varieties released in China are susceptible to FCR. The number of resistance gene identified so far remains limited. This article mainly reviews the domestic and international research progresses in several key areas for genetic breeding of FCR-resistant varieties, including inoculation methods and disease assessment, resistant germplasm screening and genetic architecture underlying FCR resistance in wheat. We proposed that to address the major challenges in the related fields, it is necessary to establish a greenhouse-field dual inoculation system, expand the scale of resistant source screening, pyramid multiple types of resistance genes and conduct nationwide joint research. This article provides useful clues for accelerating the genetic breeding of FCR-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional dissection of sucrose synthase gene TaSUS2 regulating grain starch synthesis and quality in wheat WU Mei-Juan, ZHANG Yin-Hui, LI Yuan-Hao, LIU Hai-Xia, HUANG Yi-Lin, LI Tian, LIU Hong-Xia, ZHANG Xue-Yong, HAO Chen-Yang, GUO Jie, HOU Jian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1514-1525.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41076 Abstract （882）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （7436KB）（191）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat is one of the world’s most important cereal crops, and improving yield remains a key goal in wheat breeding. Grain weight is a major determinant of yield, and starch is the primary component of wheat grains. To investigate the function of TaSUS2, a key enzyme gene in the starch synthesis pathway, we amplified its full-length cDNA sequence from the wheat genome and performed gene editing in the cultivar Kenong 199 (KN199). This resulted in the generation of two homozygous diploid mutants (KO-1 and KO-2) and one homozygous triploid mutant (KO-3). Phenotypic analysis of the transgenic lines revealed that TaSUS2 mutant grains exhibited pronounced wrinkling and a significant reduction in grain weight compared to the wild type. Additionally, the total starch content, amylose content, absolute starch content, and the diameter of A-type starch granules in the endosperm were significantly reduced in TaSUS2 mutant grains. These findings confirm that TaSUS2 plays a crucial role in starch synthesis and grain weight determination. Transcriptome analysis indicated that multiple enzyme-encoding genes involved in starch biosynthesis were upregulated in TaSUS2-KO-3 grains at 21 days post-anthesis (DPA). Furthermore, genotyping of a natural population of 145 wheat accessions using the TaSUS2-2A-CAPS marker revealed that TaSUS2 was significantly associated with starch content, wet gluten content, protein content, and sedimentation value. Notably, the TaSUS2-2A-Hap-G haplotype was identified as a favorable allele for these quality traits. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the biological function of TaSUS2 and offers novel genetic resources for molecular breeding aimed at improving wheat yield and quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping and identification of a novel sharp eyespot resistance locus Qse.hnau-5AS and its candidate genes in wheat GAO Meng-Juan, ZHAO He-Ying, CHEN Jia-Hui, CHEN Xiao-Qian, NIU Meng-Kang, QIAN Qi-Run, CUI Lu-Fei, XING Jiang-Min, YIN Qing-Miao, GUO Wen, ZHANG Ning, SUN Cong-Wei, YANG Xia, PEI Dan, JIA Ao-Lin, CHEN Feng, YU Xiao-Dong, REN Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 2240-2250.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51008 Abstract （867）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （4465KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save Sharp eyespot, caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a destructive soil-borne disease that poses a serious threat to wheat production in China, significantly affecting yield stability and productivity. Breeding and deploying resistant varieties is one of the most economical, effective, and environmentally sustainable strategies for disease control. Identifying resistance genes is fundamental to the development of superior resistant varieties. In this study, 349 wheat varieties (or lines) from the Huang-huai region of China were collected and evaluated for sharp eyespot resistance in an artificial climate chamber at the Wheat Molecular Breeding Innovation Center, Henan Agricultural University. Genotyping was performed using the wheat 660K SNP array. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using a mixed linear model (MLM) approach, integrating phenotypic data to identify loci associated with resistance. A novel quantitative trait locus (QTL), designated Qse.hnau-5AS, was identified on the short arm of chromosome 5A. GWAS results revealed 15 significant SNPs clustered within a 960.6 kb genomic region. Haplotype analysis confirmed that this locus significantly enhances resistance to sharp eyespot. Within the Qse.hnau-5AS region, 13 high-confidence annotated genes were identified. Based on expression profiling and response to R. cerealis infection, two candidate genes were proposed: one encoding a Hedgehog-interacting-like protein (TaHIPL) and the other encoding a plasma membrane ATPase (TaHA). Functional validation using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that silencing of TaHIPL and TaHA resulted in significant downregulation of gene expression (confirmed by qRT-PCR) and a marked increase in disease index (DI) compared to control plants. These findings indicate that TaHIPL and TaHA positively regulate resistance to sharp eyespot in wheat. This study provides valuable genetic resources for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying sharp eyespot resistance and for advancing resistance breeding in wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and prospects of high-yield peanut cultivation in China WAN Shu-Bo, ZHANG Jia-Lei, GAO Hua-Xin, WANG Cai-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (7): 1703-1711.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55017 Abstract （846）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （518KB）（242）       Knowledge map    Save Continuously increasing peanut yield remains a key priority for peanut cultivation in China, given the national context of a large population and limited arable land. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, significant advancements have been made in the research and application of high-yield cultivation technologies for peanut, laying the foundation for a distinctive Chinese system of high-yield peanut cultivation and substantially improving national production levels. In this report, we review and summarize the historical development and practical experience of peanut high-yield cultivation in China, analyze its potential for further yield improvement, and discuss possible strategies to enhance both research innovation and overall production capacity. In the early 1970s, peanut yields surpassed 6000 kg hm-2 through the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, which had a notable impact on yield. By the late 1970s, yields reached 7500 kg hm-2 with the adoption of key practices such as chemical regulation, plastic film mulching, and balanced fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. During the 1990s, yields exceeded 9000 kg hm-2 through technologies aimed at controlling excessive vegetative growth and implementing quantified fertilization. In the early 2000s, the introduction of single-seed precision sowing further boosted yields to a peak of 11,250 kg hm-2. Most recently, in 2023, a national record yield of 12,982 kg hm-2 was achieved by implementing an integrated high-yield cultivation system, which focused on single-seed precision sowing and supported by whole-process controlled fertilization, the “three preventions and three promotions” group regulation strategy, and microbial synergistic technologies. Despite these achievements, it is estimated that there remains considerable potential for promoting actual peanut production, and the development of high-yielding varieties, full exploitation of soil productivity, and the construction of high-quality plant populations are expected to be the primary pathways for further yield improvement. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance at different growth stages of soybean and screening of salt-tolerant germplasm MENG Ran, LI Zhao-Jia, FENG Wei, CHEN Yue, LIU Lu-Ping, YANG Chun-Yan, LU Xue-Lin, WANG Xiu-Ping Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 1991-2008.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55013 Abstract （837）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （2879KB）（260）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress that severely hampers soybean growth and productivity. The evaluation and selection of salt-tolerant soybean germplasm are essential for identifying salt-alkali tolerance genes, breeding salt-tolerant cultivars, and improving the efficient use of saline-alkali soils. In this study, 50 soybean germplasm accessions were evaluated for salt tolerance at three developmental stages: germination (0.6% NaCl), seedling (1.5% NaCl), and the full growth period (0.9% NaCl). Salt tolerance was assessed using germination rate at the germination stage; at the seedling stage, ten physiological and morphological indicators were measured, including plant height, leaf area, SPAD value, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and malondialdehyde content. During the full growth stage, eight agronomic traits were evaluated, such as plant height, pod height, number of effective branches, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and seed weight per plant. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), membership function analysis, and cluster analysis. Stepwise regression was employed to construct predictive models for salt tolerance at the seedling and full-growth stages, identifying key evaluation indicators for each stage. Based on the salt injury index, 8 highly salt-tolerant, 10 salt-tolerant, and 6 highly salt-sensitive germplasms were identified at the germination stage. PCA combined with the membership function approach identified 12 salt-tolerant accessions at the seedling stage. Cluster analysis grouped the 50 accessions into five categories during the full growth stage: 3 highly salt-tolerant, 3 salt-tolerant, 20 moderately salt-tolerant, 19 salt-sensitive, and 5 highly salt-sensitive. The regression model for salt tolerance at the seedling stage was defined as: D = - 0.223 + 0.085X1 + 0.203X2 + 0.075X3 + 0.149X6 + 0.132X7 + 0.070X9 + 0.084X10 (R2 = 0.969, P < 0.01), identifying relative plant height, leaf area, SPAD value, root fresh and dry weights, SOD activity, and proline content as key indicators. For the full growth stage, the model was: D = - 0.153 + 0.143X1 + 0.443X6 + 0.171X7 (R2 = 0.962, P < 0.01), highlighting relative plant height, grain number per plant, and grain weight per plant as critical metrics. This study establishes a comprehensive and systematic framework for evaluating salt tolerance in soybean across different developmental stages and provides a solid technical foundation and valuable germplasm resources for future research on salt tolerance mechanisms and the development of salt-tolerant soybean varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of chemical regulators and other cultivation measures in lodging resistance and high-yield cultivation of wheat LI Hui-Min, XING Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Hai-Peng, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Guang-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 847-862.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41066 Abstract （804）   HTML （78）    PDF（pc） （3336KB）（593）       Knowledge map    Save Lodging has always been a key factor limiting the high and stable yield of wheat. Chemical anti-lodging regulator is an effective strategy to reduce lodging risk. Chemical anti-lodging regulators (CARs) spraying can control wheat growth, improve stem strength, and prevent lodging. However, the research and application of chemical control and lodging resistance in wheat high-yield cultivation have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this paper collected and sorted out the wheat CARs registered in China, summarized the characteristics, efficacy and effects of different CARs on wheat stem structure and composition, root system, canopy structure, crop productivity and quality, and summarized the suitable application period of different CARs in realizing the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and lodging resistance with the goal of high yield and anti-lodging. In addition, the management measures of wheat lodging resistance (tillage mode, suitable density, nutrient level and water management), evaluation methods of wheat lodging resistance and the influence of CARs on key indicators were summarized. The research direction of CARs in wheat anti-lodging high-yield cultivation was prospected, aiming at providing precise control measures and theoretical support for promoting wheat high-yield and stable yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of salt stress on photosynthetic performance and dry matter accumulation and distribution in leaves of different salt-tolerant maize varieties LI Xue-Ting, REN Hao, WANG Hong-Zhang, ZHANG Ji-Wang, ZHAO Bin, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Ying, YAO Hai-Yan, LIU Peng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1091-1101.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43032 Abstract （759）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （1095KB）（371）       Knowledge map    Save The effects of salt stress on photosynthetic performance, dry matter accumulation, and distribution characteristics in different salt-tolerant maize varieties were investigated to provide a theoretical basis for breeding salt-tolerant maize and optimizing high-yield, stress-resistant cultivation in mildly and moderately saline-alkali soils. The experiments were conducted from 2022 to 2023 using the salt-tolerant maize variety Wansheng 69 (WS69) and the salt-sensitive variety Denghai 605 (DH605), with non-saline conditions as the control (CK). Two salt concentrations—low (1.5‰, MS) and high (3.0‰, HS)—were used to assess the effects of soil salinity on the material production performance of these maize varieties. Salt stress significantly reduced the leaf area index, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), and leaf photosynthetic potential of summer maize. Under high salt stress, the average photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (E) of DH605 and WS69 leaves decreased by 22.11%, 19.99%, 11.63%, and 13.51%, 13.42%, 8.81%, respectively, compared to CK, while the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) increased by 19.83% and 10.79%. Salt stress also impeded dry matter accumulation in summer maize, significantly reducing plant biomass, the maximum growth rate (Wmax), and the maximum accumulation rate (Rmax), while increasing the number of days required to reach the maximum accumulation rate (Tmax). The proportion of dry matter accumulation after anthesis increased in salt-tolerant varieties but decreased in salt-sensitive varieties. Additionally, salt stress reduced the dry matter distribution to reproductive organs, leading to yield reduction. Under MS and HS treatments, the average yield of DH605 was 16.12% and 27.42% lower than CK, respectively, while the yield of WS69 decreased by 6.90% and 9.12%. After salt stress, salt-tolerant varieties maintained higher leaf area indices, SPAD values, and photosynthetic potential, with less reduction in photosynthetic performance, which helped sustain the accumulation of photosynthetic products. Overall, salt stress significantly decreased dry matter accumulation and distribution to reproductive organs after anthesis, reducing the harvest index and ultimately resulting in lower yields. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic materials on the soil bacterial and fungal community structure in maize fields JIANG Yu-Zhou, WANG Jia, ZHANG Hong-Yuan, FENG Wen-Hao, WANG Peng, LI Yu-Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1378-1388.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43036 Abstract （752）   HTML （25）    PDF（pc） （1991KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Save The neglect of organic material inputs in agricultural fields has significant impacts on the structure of soil microbial communities, reduces soil nutrient availability, and leads to low maize yields. This study investigated the effects of organic material amendments on soil bacterial and fungal communities, soil chemical properties, and maize yield. The aim was to explore changes in soil microbial community structure and analyze the relationship between microbial communities and soil chemical properties, providing a scientific basis for optimized fertilization practices, the maintenance of soil microbial ecosystems, and sustainable agricultural development. A two-year field experiment with continuous fertilization treatments was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization regimes on the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of maize fields. The treatments included as follows: (1) single chemical fertilizer application (control), (2) chemical fertilizer + straw rot, (3) chemical fertilizer + fulvic acid, and (4) chemical fertilizer + chicken manure. The results showed that combining chemical fertilizer with organic materials increased maize yield and enhanced soil nutrient availability. Continuous application of organic materials also influenced the alpha diversity of soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). For example, compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment, the chemical fertilizer + straw rot treatment increased the bacterial Shannon index, ACE index, and Chao1 index by 2.42%, 23.24%, and 23.19%, respectively. However, fungal alpha diversity showed a decreasing trend under the same treatment. At the taxonomic level, Vicinamibacterales and Sphingomonadales (from Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, respectively) were the dominant bacterial orders, while Sordariales (from Ascomycota) was the dominant fungal order. Soil microbial diversity was strongly correlated with soil nutrient content. In conclusion, the combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials can regulate soil microbial community structure, enhance microbial diversity, and improve soil health and productivity in dryland maize farming systems. In particular, fertilizer combined with straw rot has the best effect. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Maize SPAD estimation by combining multi-source unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing data and machine learning methods ZHOU Ke, CHEN Peng-Fei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1389-1399.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43050 Abstract （742）   HTML （12）    PDF（pc） （12774KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save Accurately identifying chlorophyll content is essential for precise fertilization management in maize. The SPAD (Soil and plant analyzer development) value of leaves serves as a reliable indicator of chlorophyll content. For SPAD prediction using remote sensing, most existing studies rely on single data sources combined with machine learning methods. To enhance SPAD prediction accuracy, this study explores the feasibility of integrating multi-source unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data with various machine learning methods, comparing the results to traditional approaches. A maize field experiment was conducted with different treatments, including organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, straw return, and varying planting densities. UAV multispectral and RGB images were acquired at the V4 and V9 growth stages, and SPAD values of maize leaves were measured subsequently. Using a multi-scale analysis approach, RGB images were fused with multispectral images to produce a dataset combining high spatial resolution with multispectral information. Additionally, an ensemble learning method (ELM) was developed by integrating multiple machine learning models, including the backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), support vector machine (SVM), generalized additive model (GAM), and random forest (RF). Different scenarios were designed by coupling various data sources and machine learning models. The dataset was divided into calibration and validation subsets. SPAD prediction models were developed by calibration dataset, and their performance was evaluated using the validation dataset. Comparative analysis identified the optimal model and data source. Results showed that multi-source data significantly improved SPAD prediction accuracy by combining the spectral information of multispectral images with the texture information of RGB images. Furthermore, the ensemble learning method outperformed single machine learning methods, achieving higher SPAD prediction accuracy. Among all scenarios, the SPAD prediction model using the ELM method and fused images exhibited the highest accuracy, with an a Rcal2 value of 0.83 and RMSEcal value of 1.93 during calibration, and an Rval2 value of 0.80 and RMSEval value of 2.07 during validation. In contrast, models based on other scenarios yielded Rcal2 values ranging from 0.64 to 0.88 and RMSEcal values ranging from 1.63 to 2.84 during calibration, and Rval2 values ranging from 0.60 to 0.78 and RMSEval values ranging from 2.18 to 3.01 during validation. This study demonstrates that the optimal strategy for SPAD prediction in maize involves using multi-source data and ensemble learning models. These findings provide technical support for further advancements in precision nitrogen management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association study of root traits in wheat seedlings and identification of a superior allele at TaSRL-3B CAI Jin-Shan, LI Chao-Nan, WANG Jing-Yi, LI Ning, LIU Yu-Ping, JING Rui-Lian, LI Long, SUN Dai-Zhen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 2020-2032.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51020 Abstract （735）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （10968KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save The root system is the primary organ responsible for water and nutrient uptake in wheat, and its morphological characteristics are closely associated with yield and tolerance to abiotic stress. Therefore, identifying genetic loci and favorable alleles that control root morphology is of great importance for wheat improvement. In this study, 277 wheat accessions were evaluated using a gel-chamber-based observation method to characterize eight root morphological traits at the seedling stage, including total root length, root surface area, and root angle. Based on genotyping with the Wheat 660K SNP Array, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using three models (GLM, MLM, and FarmCPU), leading to the identification of 52 associated loci. Among them, six pleiotropic loci (Loci17, Loci20, Loci22, Loci38, Loci46, and Loci47) were located on chromosomes 3A, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, and 6B, respectively. Within Loci20, the candidate gene TaSRL-3B, associated with root morphology, was cloned. This gene has a full-length sequence of 1089 bp, lacks introns, and contains a conserved NAC domain between amino acids 78 and 235. A 20-bp insertion/deletion (InDel717) in the coding region of TaSRL-3B caused a frameshift mutation and showed strong linkage (R2 = 0.84) with the candidate SNP (AX-108758584) in Loci20. Accessions carrying the TaSRL-3BIn allele exhibited significantly greater maximum root length, total root length, and root surface area compared to those with the TaSRL-3BIn. A backcross introgression line population (BC3F5) was developed using Lumai 14 (LM14, carrying TaSRL-3BDel as the recurrent parent and Shaanhe 6 (SH6, carrying TaSRL-3BIn as the donor. A molecular marker based on InDel717 was used to identify five near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying TaSRL-3BIn from this population. Compared to LM14, these lines showed significant improvements in maximum root length, total root length, root surface area, and root volume, further confirming the role of TaSRL-3B in shaping seedling root morphology. Notably, the frequency of the long-root allele TaSRL-3BIn has declined in modern Chinese cultivars compared to landraces. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic regulation of wheat root traits and supports the genetic improvement of root systems for enhanced wheat performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of stripe rust resistance-associated traits and candidate gene identification in wheat ZHANG Fei-Fei, HE Wan-Long, JIAO Wen-Juan, BAI Bin, GENG Hong-Wei, CHENG Yu-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 2111-2127.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41069 Abstract （719）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （4052KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a serious threat to global wheat production. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of 480 published quantitative trait loci (QTL) and known resistance genes (Yr) associated with stripe rust resistance in wheat. These QTLs were projected onto a consensus genetic map, resulting in the identification of 90 meta-QTLs (MQTLs). Among these MQTLs, 16 were associated with disease severity (DS), 10 with infection type (IT), 7 with the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and 3 with other resistance-related traits. Additionally, 19 MQTLs were associated with both DS and IT, 20 with DS and AUDPC, and 15 with IT and AUDPC. The MQTLs were unevenly distributed across the 21 wheat chromosomes, with several forming clusters. These MQTLs explained phenotypic variances ranging from 2.00% to 63.01%, with confidence intervals spanning 0.01 to 24.60 cM. Thirteen MQTLs co-localized with known resistance genes, including Yr5, Yr7, Yr17, Yr18, Yr28, Yr29, Yr30, Yr44, Yr48, Yr52, Yr54, Yr67, and Yr82. Furthermore, candidate gene (CG) analysis identified 72 genes within the MQTL regions. Functional annotation and expression profiling revealed that many of these CGs encode proteins involved in sugar transport or contain resistance-related domains such as NBS-LRR, WRKY, and F-box. Expression analysis across different leaf tissues further supported their potential roles in defense responses. These findings provide valuable molecular markers and candidate genes for the pyramiding of resistance QTLs/genes, offering a promising strategy for developing stripe rust-resistant wheat cultivars and contributing to global food security. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and expression analysis of the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein AhSFH gene in peanuts responsive to Aspergillus flavus infection GUO Teng-Da, CUI Meng-Jie, CHEN Lin-Jie, HAN Suo-Yi, GUO Jing-Kun, WU Chen-Di, FU Liu-Yang, HUANG Bing-Yan, DONG Wen-Zhao, ZHANG Xin-You Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1489-1500.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44191 Abstract （697）   HTML （14）    PDF（pc） （16925KB）（65）       Knowledge map    Save Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are a class of proteins responsible for transporting phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine monomers across the inner membrane systems of eukaryotic cells. They play essential roles in plant growth and development, signal transduction, stress responses, and other vital biological processes. To date, the involvement of PITP genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) responses to Aspergillus flavus infection has not been reported. In this study, the PITP gene was cloned from the highly resistant peanut variety “J11” using RT-PCR, and its molecular characterization and functional prediction were analyzed through bioinformatics, RT-qPCR, and subcellular localization studies. The results showed that the gene’s coding region is 1836 bp in length, encoding an unstable hydrophilic protein with the molecular formula C3114H4938N880O943S35. The protein consists of 611 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 70.91 kD and an isoelectric point of 7.84. It lacks signal peptide and transmembrane domains but contains typical Sec14 and Nodulin domains. It belongs to the SFH subfamily of the plant PITP family and is closely related to soybean and ricinus SFH proteins. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the AhSFH protein is primarily localized in the cytoplasm. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that the AhSFH promoter contains large number of light-, hormone-, and stress-responsive elements. Transcriptome and RT-qPCR analyses showed that AhSFH expression increased sharply in resistant materials during the early stages of A. flavus infection (T2-T3), surpassing the expression levels observed in highly susceptible materials. Additionally, protein interaction prediction suggested that AhSFH is associated with several transferase-related family proteins. These findings indicate that the AhSFH gene in peanuts plays a crucial role in responding to A. flavus infection and may function as a positive regulator in enhancing peanut resistance to this pathogen. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and breeding application of resistance genetics to ear rot in maize Su Ai-Guo, Xiao Sen-Lin, Yi Hong-Mei, Duan Sai-Ru, Wang Shuai-Shuai, Zhang Ru-Yang, Xing Jin-Feng, Li Chun-Hui, Sun Xuan, Xu Rui-Bin, Xu Tian-Jun, Li Zhi-Yong, Zhang Yong, Wang Rong-Huan, Song Wei, Zhao Jiu-Ran Acta Agronomica Sinica    2026, 52 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53053 Abstract （684）   HTML （60）    PDF（pc） （3406KB）（600）       Knowledge map    Save Ear rot is a significant disease in maize production, with ramifications for both yield and quality. Furthermore, the toxin produced by the pathogen poses a threat to human and animal health. The most efficacious method of controlling ear rot is to breed and plant highly resistant varieties of maize. A significant number of researchers have conducted in-depth studies on the resistance candidate genes and molecular genetic mechanisms in response to dominant pathogens. QTL and significant associated SNP loci related to ear rot resistance have been reported on all 10 chromosomes of maize. However, due to the complexity of pathogen infection and the fact that resistance is quantitative trait locus-controlled trait influenced by multiple genes, there are few examples of such research being applied to disease-resistant breeding. The present paper introduces the main pathogens of corn ear rot, their geographical distribution, factors influencing disease incidence, and toxin hazards. The present paper constitutes a review of recent research progress in the identification of FER (fusarium ear rot, FER) and GER (gibberella ear rot, GER) resistance genes and their molecular genetic mechanisms. Moreover, it provides an outlook for disease-resistant breeding. Advances in multi-omics joint analysis and the application of new biological technologies are expected to promote the identification of major resistance genes and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms. Consequently, this may lead to the accelerated creation of resistance germplasm and breeding for resistance to ear rot in maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic diversity analysis of domestic albino tea germplasm resources based on the tea plant liquid phase functional chip MEI Piao, LIU Ding-Ding, YE Yuan-Yuan, ZHANG Chen-Yu, DING Shi-Qi, LI Ya-Qi, WANG Pei-Xin, MEI Ju-Fen, MA Chun-Lei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (9): 2358-2370.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.54043 Abstract （660）   HTML （0）    PDF（pc） （10060KB）（45）       Knowledge map    Save In this study, a self-developed high-density liquid-phase functional chip for tea plants was employed to genotype the major albino tea germplasms in China. Based on genetic similarity analyses, 61 core accessions were selected for genetic diversity assessment. Phylogenetic tree construction and population structure analysis revealed that these albino tea resources could be classified into three main groups, with their distribution closely associated with geographical origins and breeding histories. Principal Component Analysis further indicated that most albino tea accessions in China originate from Zhejiang province. Compared with the rich genetic resources of conventional tea germplasms in China, albino tea plants exhibit relatively limited genetic diversity, underscoring the need and potential for genetic improvement through breeding. Additionally, the quality components of 30 representative albino tea accessions were analyzed. Caffeine content ranged from 2.26% to 4.17%, with an average of 3.51%; total amino acid content varied from 1.85% to 7.54%, with a mean of 4.33%; and total catechin content ranged from 8.63% to 16.68%, averaging 13.28%. Compared to conventional green tea cultivars, most albino tea accessions exhibited higher amino acid levels and lower alkaloid and catechin contents, making them promising raw materials for the production of high-quality green tea. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the genetic structure and diversity of major albino tea germplasms in China and demonstrates the effectiveness of the liquid-phase functional chip in tea germplasm and cultivar identification. These findings lay a theoretical foundation for the innovative utilization and genetic improvement of albino tea resources. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of physiological characteristics of salt and alkali tolerance between rapeseed and wheat WANG Jia-Jie, WANG Zheng-Nan, BATOOL Maria, WANG Wang-Nian, WEN Jing, REN Chang-Zhong, HE Feng, WU You-You, XU Zheng-Hua, WANG Jing, KUAI Jie, WANG Bo, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, FU Ting-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1215-1229.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44129 Abstract （656）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （1082KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save Utilizing the crops which can produce economic benefits to improve the saline-alkali land is an important mean to expand potential resource of farming land in China. Different plants respond differently to saline-alkali stress and have different mechanisms of saline-alkali stress resistance. Identifying the physiological characteristics responding to salt and alkali stress of rapeseed and wheat, can provide theoretical foundations for using rapeseed and wheat as forage and enlarging the application potential of rapeseed and wheat in the improvement and utilization of saline-alkali land. In this study, saline-alkali soils from Jilin province were used for pot experiments; normal soils in Wuhan were used as CK and saline-alkali soils from Jilin with the final salt concentration of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, which were prepared in proportion to normal soils from Wuhan. One saline-alkali tolerant and one sensitive variety of rapeseed and wheat were selected, respectively, as research materials. We systematically compared the different salt-alkali tolerance mechanisms of rapeseed and wheat at the germination stage by measuring and analyzing growth indicators, osmotic regulation, ion balance, antioxidant enzymes, H2O2, $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ and other indicators. The results showed that: (1) Under saline-alkali stress, in petiole, Na+ content was highest among petiole, leaf, stem and root, up to 88.40 mg g-1. However, in wheat, Na+ concentration in root was the highest, up to 33.45 mg g-1. Na+ accumulation in all parts of rapeseed was higher than that of wheat, and under the same treatment, especially, the Na+ accumulation in leaves was 2-8 times higher than that of wheat. (2) The decrease of K+ and the ratio of K+/Na+ of salt-tolerant rapeseed and wheat were higher than those of salt-sensitive varieties, while the rate of increase of Na+ concentration was lower than that of salt-sensitive varieties. The inhibition effect of Na+ depressing K+ uptake in the aboveground part of rapeseed is significant higher than those in the root, while it is opposite in wheat. (3) Under saline-alkali stress, the sugar content, antioxidant enzyme activity and $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ scavenging ability in saline-alkali tolerant rapeseed and wheat were higher than those in the sensitive varieties. The content of H2O2 and $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ increased by the increasing of salt concentration in the soil, while the tolerant variety showed a smaller increase than the sensitive one. The saline-alkali-tolerant rapeseed variety respond faster to the saline-alkali stress at the seedling stage, and the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in leaves and petioles can respond rapidly and increase gradually. While in the leaves of salt-tolerant wheat, the SOD and POD variety were the main antioxidant enzymes at the tillering stage, but POD and CAT in the leaves at the jointing stage were the main antioxidant enzymes, and with the advancement of the growth stage, the soluble sugar of the leaves and the scavenging ability of $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ were significantly reduced. Rapeseed mainly distributed Na+ into petioles and stems through “sodium storage”, but wheat mainly reduced Na+ absorption through “sodium rejection” and accumulated more Na+ in the root system. And varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance had better ability to maintain sodium and potassium ion homeostasis. Furthermore, the salt-alkali tolerance of rapeseed increased gradually with the advancement of growth period, while the salt-alkali tolerance of wheat decreased gradually with the advancement of growth period. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of drought and salt tolerant germplasm during wheat seedling stage and comprehensive evaluation of drought and salt tolerance HU Run-Hui, WANG Jun-Cheng, SI Er-Jing, ZHANG Hong, LI Xing-Mao, MA Xiao-Le, MENG Ya-Xiong, WANG Hua-Jun, LIU Qing, YAO Li-Rong, LI Bao-Chun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (9): 2371-2386.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51022 Abstract （653）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （2526KB）（278）       Knowledge map    Save A drought and salt stress evaluation system was established to screen for drought- and salt-tolerant wheat germplasm. Eight wheat genotypes (varieties/lines) were used as experimental materials, and hydroponic culture was employed at the seedling stage. Plants were subjected to drought stress (20% PEG-6000), salt stress (200 mmol L-1 NaCl), and combined stress (20% PEG-6000+200 mmol L-1 NaCl). A total of 19 traits, including biomass, root-related parameters, and physiological indices, were measured under each stress condition. Drought and salt tolerance indices were calculated for each trait, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis using the comprehensive membership function method to evaluate the stress tolerance of the different wheat varieties. Compared with the control, leaf relative water content decreased to varying degrees under all three stress treatments. In contrast, protective enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA content), and proline accumulation showed overall increases. Soluble protein content declined across the different wheat varieties. Root morphological indicators such as average root volume, root surface area, and total root length generally increased under stress. The coefficient of variation among traits reached up to 116.86% across treatments. PCA was performed on the drought and salt tolerance indices of the 19 traits, and the comprehensive evaluation index (D value) was calculated using the membership function method. Multiple regression analysis identified chlorophyll content (SPAD), soluble protein content (SP), root surface area, average root volume, total root length, and root-to-crown ratio as key indicators for evaluating drought and salt tolerance in wheat lines. Systematic cluster analysis further revealed that Xinong 535, Longyu 11, Lan 19, Lantian 10, and Longzimai 1 exhibited strong drought resistance; Longjian 114 and Xikemai 510 showed strong salt tolerance; and Xinong 535 and Longyu 11 performed best under combined drought and salt stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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A mini-core collection of foxtail millet LIANG Hong-Kai, ZHAO Su-Meng, LU Qiong, ZHOU Peng, ZHI Hui, DIAO Xian-Min, HE Qiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1435-1444.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44204 Abstract （652）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （4322KB）（256）       Knowledge map    Save Germplasm resources form the foundation of crop genetic research, germplasm innovation, and variety improvement. However, as the number of available germplasm resources continues to grow, efficiently studying and utilizing them has become an increasingly urgent challenge. In this study, we analyzed genome data from 967 globally sourced foxtail millet germplasm accessions to construct a representative mini-core collection of 200 accessions, based on genetic diversity, genetic distance, and geographical distribution. This mini-core collection preserves the genetic diversity and population structure of the original germplasm while maintaining broad geographical representation and extensive phenotypic variation. Furthermore, genome-wide association analysis identified 10 QTLs associated with key agronomic traits, including PPLS1, a gene regulating leaf sheath color, and Ghd7.1, a gene linked to heading date. These findings highlight the practical value of the mini-core germplasm collection and provide a valuable genetic resource for the efficient utilization and further improvement of foxtail millet germplasm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and transcriptional activity analysis of U6 promoter in jute ( Corchorus capsularis) HUANG Meng-Xin, ZHUANG Ling-Ling, CHENG Pei-Pei, LI Qin, XU Jian-Tang, TAO Ai-Fen, FANG Ping-Ping, QI Jian-Min, ZHANG Li-Wu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1156-1165.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44161 Abstract （651）   HTML （37）    PDF（pc） （7262KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save The U6 promoter is a critical element for driving the transcription of single guide RNA (sgRNA) in the CRISPR/Cas9 system, with endogenous U6 promoters often exhibiting higher efficiency than exogenous ones. However, no studies to date have focused on endogenous U6 promoters in jute (Corchorus L.). In this study, two candidate U6 promoters, CcU6.1 and CcU6.3, were cloned from the genome of the jute cultivar “Meifeng 4” using conserved sequences from the Arabidopsis thaliana U6-26 sgRNA promoter (AtU6-26). Fusion expression vectors carrying GUS reporter genes driven by the CcU6.1 and CcU6.3 promoters were constructed, and the transcriptional activities of these promoters were evaluated through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and jute hairy roots. Promoter activity was determined based on GUS histochemical staining. Homology analysis revealed that both CcU6.1 and CcU6.3 promoters contained two essential elements for U6 promoter activity: the USE and TATA boxes. GUS staining demonstrated that both jute U6 promoters exhibited transcriptional activity, although the CcU6.1 promoter showed weaker activity compared to the CcU6.3 promoter in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and jute hairy roots. Quantitative PCR further confirmed these findings. Since excessively long U6 promoters may reduce transcriptional efficiency, a comparative cis-regulatory element analysis of the CcU6.3 promoter and the AtU6-26 promoter were conducted. This analysis suggested that a truncated version of the CcU6.3 promoter, spanning from the transcriptional start site to the -550 bp region, could enhance transcriptional activity. This study is the first to identify and characterize the CcU6.3 promoter, which exhibits relatively high transcriptional activity in jute. The CcU6.3 promoter holds significant potential as a strong and efficient promoter for constructing CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing systems in Corchorus species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of different legume configurations with maize on yield stability of intercropping systems WANG Yan-Ting, PANG Lei, ZHAO Jian-Hua, ZHENG Hao-Fei, MA Wen-Hao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (12): 3292-3303.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53036 Abstract （651）   HTML （9）    PDF（pc） （938KB）（118）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the effects of intercropping maize with different leguminous crops on yield and system stability, a four-year field experiment was conducted starting in 2017 at the Zhangye Water-Saving Agriculture Experiment Station, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The study employed a single-factor randomized block design, including three intercropping patterns—maize ‖ pea (M‖P), maize ‖ faba bean (M‖F), and maize ‖ soybean (M‖S)—alongside corresponding monocultures. Grain yield was measured, and indicators such as overyielding, relative interaction index, and crop yield stability were calculated. Results showed that all three maize ‖ legume systems improved the yield stability of the leguminous crops. Among them, M‖S exhibited the highest legume yield stability, while M‖F showed the greatest improvement in legume yield stability compared to monoculture, with an increase of 184.18%. The yield stability of M‖P and M‖S was higher than that of monoculture, but these increases were not statistically significant. Analysis of maize yield stability revealed that maize in M‖P had 62.21% lower stability compared to monoculture. In contrast, maize yield stability in M‖F and M‖S improved, although no significant differences were observed among the three intercropping systems. Yield analysis demonstrated significant intercropping advantages for both maize and legumes. Maize yield increased most in M‖S, while faba bean had the highest legume yield increase. On average, the weighted yield of maize and legumes increased by 16.71% compared to monoculture. Specifically, yields in M‖S, M‖P, and M‖F increased by 27.02%, 16.75%, and 6.80%, respectively. Compared to monoculture legumes, intercropping increased yields of faba bean and pea by 82.24% and 71.48%, respectively, while soybean yield decreased by 14.63%, showing an overall performance ranking of faba bean > pea > soybean. Overyielding of maize across intercropping systems followed the order M‖S > M‖P > M‖F, with increases of 32.92%, 13.47%, and 0.30%, respectively. Relative Interaction Index analysis showed that the RIIM (relative interaction index for maize) values for M‖P, M‖F, and M‖S were 0.05, -0.01, and 0.14, respectively, while the RIIL (relative interaction index for legumes) values were 0.25, 0.28, and -0.08. Maize had a competitive advantage over soybean in M‖S; faba bean was dominant in M‖F; and M‖P displayed mutual promotion between maize and pea. Additionally, temporal niche separation was positively correlated with both overyielding and RIIL in legumes, and negatively correlated with RIIM. System-wide overyielding was significantly positively correlated with RIIM, and the overyielding of both maize and legumes was strongly positively correlated with both RIIM and RIIL. Therefore, intercropping maize with soybean presents a diversified planting model that ensures high and stable yields in the central region of the Hexi Corridor. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular characteristics and functional analysis of HvMYB2 in response to drought stress in barley WANG Lin, CHEN Xiao-Yu, ZHANG Wen-Meng-Long, WANG Si-Qi, CHENG Bing-Yun, CHENG Jing-Qiu, PAN Rui, ZHANG Wen-Ying Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 873-887.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41068 Abstract （638）   HTML （48）    PDF（pc） （15124KB）（327）       Knowledge map    Save Drought is one of the most critical environmental stresses affecting global agricultural production, severely impairing crop growth and yield. Identifying drought-resistant genes in wild barley holds significant potential for the utilization of arid and semi-arid lands in northwest China. This study focused on the molecular characterization of the HvMYB2 gene and its functional role under drought stress. A 912 bp coding sequence (CDS) of HvMYB2 was amplified from the drought-tolerant wild barley EC_S1, encoding a protein of 303 amino acids. Conserved structure analysis revealed that HvMYB2 is an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor containing two HTH_MYB domains, and it was predicted to localize in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that HvMYB2 shares the highest homology (87.5%) with wheat PIMP1. Expression pattern analysis indicated that HvMYB2 is most highly expressed in the shoots at the seedling stage. Under drought stress, HvMYB2 expression was significantly upregulated in the drought-tolerant wild barley EC_S1. Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing HvMYB2 exhibited enhanced drought tolerance, characterized by higher relative water content, increased chlorophyll a and b levels, and reduced relative electrical conductivity. Additionally, these plants displayed lower stomatal conductance under drought conditions compared to wild-type plants. Conversely, silencing HvMYB2 in barley significantly reduced drought tolerance, resulting in greater water loss, increased cell damage, and higher stomatal conductance. These results suggest that HvMYB2 positively regulates drought tolerance in barley by modulating stomatal closure. Protein interaction predictions indicated that HvMYB2 may form a complex with the transcription factors HvMYB27 and HvMYB29 to regulate downstream gene expression. Promoter analysis of HvMYB2 revealed the presence of multiple drought-responsive and hormone-regulated elements. Notably, the insertion of a 181 bp specific fragment in the HvMYB2 promoter of wild barley significantly enhanced its transcription under drought conditions, potentially contributing to the strong drought tolerance observed in EC_S1. These findings provide new insights into the role of HvMYB2 in plant drought tolerance mechanisms and offer a valuable genetic resource for improving drought tolerance in barley. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic dissection and breeding application of rice yield-related QTL using single and dual segment substitution lines derived from CSSL-Z267 ZHANG Han, YU Jin-Jin, TAN Lin-Lu, ZHANG Jing-Quan, WANG Xiao-Dong, XIE Zhuang, XIE Ke-Ying, LING Ying-Hua, ZHAO Fang-Ming Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (12): 3157-3170.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.52020 Abstract （620）   HTML （10）    PDF（pc） （5291KB）（304）       Knowledge map    Save Rice yield-related traits, as typical quantitative traits, are controlled by multiple genes with minor effects. Mapping these genes using single segment substitution lines (SSSLs) not only provides an ideal system for dissecting their molecular mechanisms, but also lays a critical foundation for whole-genome design breeding by minimizing interference from genetic background. In this study, the chromosome segment substitution line Z267—carrying five donor segments in a Nipponbare genetic background—was used to construct a Nipponbare /Z267 F2 population, through which nine yield-related QTL were successfully identified. Further genetic dissection yielded five SSSLs and one dual segment substitution line (DSSL). The results showed that all five SSSLs (S1-S5) carried positive-effect QTL that significantly increased grain length and secondary branch number, while also harboring negative-effect QTL that reduced grain width. In the DSSL (D1), multiple QTL interactions were observed: combinations of panicle length loci (qPL6 with qPL1), primary branch number loci (qNPB6 with qNPB1), and secondary branch number loci (qNSB1 with qNSB6) exhibited positively transgressive inheritance effects. Meanwhile, combinations of grain width (qGW6 with qGW1) and 1000-grain weight (qGWT6 with qGWT1) loci displayed negatively transgressive inheritance. The genetic effects of grain length (qGL6 with qGL1) and plant height (qPH6 with qPH1) locus combinations were comparable to those of the single locus qGL1 and qPH6, respectively. Genetic effect analysis indicated that hybrid combinations of S1 and S5 could be effectively used to develop elite lines with taller plant architecture and slender grain morphology. Overall, this study systematically dissected the genetic effects of yield-related QTL, providing valuable theoretical insights and germplasm resources for elucidating molecular mechanisms and advancing whole-genome design breeding in rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Current status and countermeasures for crop seed industry development in Sichuan province, China TANG Yong-Yan, YIN Jun-Jie, HOU Qing-Qing, FENG Jun-Yan, LI Jun, YANG Wu-Yun, CHEN Xue-Wei, HU Pei-Song, WAN Jian-Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (11): 2845-2859.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53038 Abstract （611）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （1410KB）（439）       Knowledge map    Save Crop germplasm resources are fundamental to agricultural advancement. Their efficient development and utilization are strategic importance for advancing agricultural modernization and ensuring national food security. In recent years, Sichuan province has made significant progress in germplasm resource surveys, optimizing crop planting structure, increasing crop yield, and breeding new crop varieties. However, critical challenges still exist. These includes inadequate preservation and utilization of germplasm resources, the absence of a national-level seed industry innovation platform, limited scientific innovation capacity, and weak competitiveness among seed industry enterprises. As a national strategic hinterland and a major seed industry province, Sichuan holds an irreplaceable role in maintaining national food security, driving sustainable agricultural development, and pioneering agricultural science-technology innovation. To address these challenges, Sichuan must urgently strengthen policy system design, enhance the efficiency of germplasm resource utilization, advance scientific innovation of seed industry, and improve industry-academia-research collaborative innovation. These steps will foster a cluster of modern and competitive seed enterprises, accelerate Sichuan’s transition from a major seed province to an innovation-led powerhouse, ultimately strengthening national food security. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in yield and quality traits of nationally approved winter wheat varieties in China over last twenty years WU Liu-Ge, CHEN Jian, ZHANG Xin, DENG Ai-Xing, SONG Zhen-Wei, ZHENG Cheng-Yan, ZHANG Wei-Jian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (7): 1814-1826.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41093 Abstract （607）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1039KB）（317）       Knowledge map    Save This study examines changes in the yield and quality of nationally approved winter wheat varieties in China’s Northern and Southern winter wheat production areas over the past two decades, as well as the correlations between these traits. The objective is to clarify trends in yield and quality during variety replacement, providing a valuable reference for future wheat breeding and high-quality cultivation innovations. A total of 1187 nationally approved winter wheat varieties from 2000 to 2024 were analyzed and classified into four quality types: strong gluten wheat (SGW), medium strong gluten wheat (MSGW), middle gluten wheat (MGW), and weak gluten wheat (WGW). Their yield, yield components, and quality characteristics were evaluated. Since 2017, the number of approved winter wheat varieties has increased significantly in both production areas, with MGW being the dominant type. In the Northern winter wheat area, MGW varieties exhibited the highest yield, while in the Southern winter wheat area, MGW varieties outperformed WGW in yield. In the Northern region, as the approval year increased, growth duration significantly shortened, and yield improved over time, with MSGW varieties showing the largest yield increase (0.14 t hm-2 per year). However, protein and wet gluten content in MSGW varieties declined annually by 0.07% and 0.15%, respectively, while the stability time of SGW and MSGW varieties increased by 0.27 and 0.25 minutes per year, respectively. In the Southern region, MSGW and MGW varieties exhibited significant yield increases, with MGW varieties showing annual increases of 0.22% in wet gluten content and 0.07 minutes in stability time. Correlation analysis revealed that in the Northern region, the number of grains per spike had the highest correlation with yield in SGW and MGW varieties, while grain weight showed the strongest correlation with yield in MGW varieties. Additionally, protein content in SGW and MGW varieties was positively correlated with wet gluten content, stability time, and stretch area. In the Southern region, spike number was significantly positively correlated with yield in MSGW and MGW varieties, while in WGW varieties, the number of grains per spike was positively correlated with yield. In the Northern region, a balanced increase in yield components further enhanced both yield and quality, whereas in the Southern region, MSGW and MGW varieties improved yield through increased spike number, while WGW varieties maintained lower protein content by increasing grains per spike and optimizing cultivation management, thereby enhancing yield while ensuring processing adaptability. Looking ahead, under the challenges of climate change, achieving a coordinated improvement in both yield and quality remains a critical scientific issue that must be urgently addressed in China’s wheat breeding and high-quality cultivation innovations. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional study on the regulation of plant architecture by tomato type I MADS-box gene SlMADS79 GUO Xu-Hu, LI Ling-Zhi, LI Feng, MA Bo-Yan, JIA Xiao-Yu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 982-991.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44147 Abstract （597）   HTML （19）    PDF（pc） （14798KB）（186）       Knowledge map    Save MADS-box genes play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. While the functions of type II MADS-box genes have been extensively studied, there are relatively few reports on type I MADS-box genes in tomato. In this study, we cloned the type I MADS-box gene SlMADS79, which was found to be highly expressed in tomato roots, leaves, and lateral buds, suggesting its involvement in the regulation of vegetative organ growth. Using the classical tomato cultivar Ailsa Craig (AC++) as background material, we silenced the SlMADS79 gene through RNA interference (RNAi). Compared to the wild type, SlMADS79-silenced lines exhibited reduced apical dominance and decreased plant height. The length, width, perimeter, and area of the leaves were smaller than those of wild-type plants. Additionally, root traits—including total length, total surface area, total projected area, volume, number of forks, and number of tips—were significantly reduced. Anatomical studies revealed that while the cells in the longitudinal sections of SlMADS79-silenced stems were smaller, their average number significantly increased. At the hormonal level, the contents of IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), TZR (trans-zeatin riboside), and CS (castasterone) were decreased in the SlMADS79-silenced lines. At the molecular level, the auxin response gene IAA3 and gibberellin synthesis gene GA3ox1 were significantly downregulated in the SlMADS79-silenced lines, while the cell cycle gene CyCA3;1 was significantly upregulated. This study further analyzes the biological function of the SlMADS79 gene at morphological, anatomical, hormonal, and molecular levels, expands our understanding of the type I MADS-box gene family in tomato, and provides a solid theoretical foundation for further research on plant architecture regulation in tomato. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research advances on plant midday depression of photosynthesis GAO Yuan, LI Xia, WEI Shao-Bo, TIAN Xiao-Hai, ZHOU Wen-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (9): 2253-2265.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53033 Abstract （591）   HTML （38）    PDF（pc） （709KB）（210）       Knowledge map    Save The midday depression of plant photosynthesis refers to the phenomenon that plants experience a decline in photosynthetic efficiency around noon under natural conditions, followed by a subsequent recovery. This phenomenon was first identified over a century ago, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. It not only affects the plant photosynthetic productivity, but also plays an important role in the yield formation of field crops. Therefore, exploring the physiological and molecular mechanisms of photosynthetic midday depression is of great theoretical and practical importance for improving the crop photosynthetic efficiency and increasing yields. This review reviewed the discovery process of photosynthetic midday depression, the environmental factors affecting the formation of photosynthetic midday depression and the related physiological regulation mechanism. Additionally, we discussed and provided perspectives on the future research directions, aiming to offer insights and references for future studies in this field. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of drip fertigation with dense planting on yield and soil bacterial community of summer maize in Southwest China SONG Li, LIU Guang-Zhou, ZHANG Hua, LU Ting-Qi, QING Chun-Yan, YANG Yun-Shan, GUO Xiao-Xia, Hu Dan, LI Shao-Kun, HOU Peng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 992-1004.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43041 Abstract （589）   HTML （22）    PDF（pc） （1610KB）（238）       Knowledge map    Save Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in the carbon and nitrogen cycles, contributing significantly to the maintenance of soil ecosystem health. This study investigated the effects of drip fertigation combined with dense planting on summer maize yield and soil bacterial communities in Southwest China. Two treatments were established: traditional water and fertilizer management (F) and drip fertigation with dense planting (H). High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was employed to analyze the impact of these treatments on soil bacterial communities. The results revealed that the H treatment significantly increased maize yield and biomass by 30.92% and 56.03%, respectively, compared to the F treatment. Additionally, the H treatment markedly enhanced soil bacterial community diversity at different growth stages and altered bacterial community structure in 2022. At the taxonomic level, the H treatment increased the relative abundance of certain phyla, including Patescibacteria, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota, as well as specific genera such as Chujaibacter, Sphingomonas, Jatrophihabitans, and Flavisolibacter. In contrast, the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota in the F treatment was associated with yield, while the relative abundance of Sphingomonas in the H treatment was linked to biomass. Furthermore, at the maturity stage, the relative abundance of bacterial communities from three phyla (Myxococcota, Acidobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota) and two genera (Ellin6067 and Gemmatimonas) in the H treatment was correlated with both biomass and yield. Notably, no such correlations were observed in the F treatment. Functional predictions using PICRUSt2 demonstrated that the H treatment enhanced the metabolic capacity of soil bacteria, particularly in pathways related to amino acid metabolism, xenobiotics biodegradation, glycan biosynthesis, and other metabolic processes. In conclusion, compared to traditional water and fertilizer management, drip fertigation with dense planting not only improved soil bacterial community diversity and metabolic capacity but also increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla (Patescibacteria, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota) and genera (Chujaibacter, Sphingomonas, Jatrophihabitans, and Flavisolibacter). This treatment influenced yield directly or indirectly by reducing the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria (Gemmatimonadota) and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Sphingomonas). Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative analysis of metabolomics of colored hulless barley and colored wheat grains CHENG Hong-Na, QIN Dan-Dan, XU Fu-Chao, XU Qing, PENG Yan-Chun, SUN Long-Qing, XU Le, GUO Ying, YANG Xin-Quan, XU De-Ze, DONG Jing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 932-942.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41042 Abstract （588）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （22952KB）（245）       Knowledge map    Save Colored hulless barley and wheat are valuable and unique germplasm resources, with nutrient composition and content varying among grains of different colors. In this study, metabolomic analysis based on LC-MS was applied to grains from two colored hulless barley varieties and two wheat varieties at different days after pollination, including Ehei 720135 (EH720135), Guangzhou Blue Barley (GZL), Zhongke Zimai (ZKZM), and Nongda 4218 Zi (ND4218). A total of 936 metabolites were detected across the 23 samples, comprising 379 known substances and 557 unknowns. Cluster analysis and PCA revealed significant differences in the metabolite profiles of grains at different developmental stages. Most metabolites exhibited dynamic changes throughout grain development. In total, 687 metabolites showed differential abundances between the mature seeds of the four varieties, of which 206 were significantly different between the two hulless barley varieties and the two wheat varieties. Furthermore, 308 differential metabolites were identified between the two-colored wheat varieties, and 277 between the two colored hulless barley varieties. Further analysis revealed that metabolites related to flavonoids, such as catechins, flavonoid derivatives, and chrysoeriol, were significantly more abundant in mature hulless barley grains compared to colored wheat grains, suggesting that these may be specific functional components of hulless barley. This study not only enhances our understanding of the metabolic differences between hulless barley and wheat, but also provides a theoretical foundation for the development of functional foods using colored hulless barley and colored wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of high temperature and drought stresses on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat after anthesis LI Qiao, YE Yang-Chun, CHANG Xu-Hong, WANG De-Mei, WANG Yan-Jie, YANG Yu-Shuang, MA Rui-Qi, ZHAO Guang-Cai, CAI Rui-Guo, ZHANG Min, LIU Xi-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 1077-1090.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41035 Abstract （587）   HTML （21）    PDF（pc） （1291KB）（331）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effects of high temperature and drought stresses on wheat yield and their underlying physiological mechanisms. Two wheat varieties, Zhongmai 36 (ZM36) and Jimai 22 (JM22), were selected during the winter wheat growing season from 2022 to 2023. Three stress treatments—high temperature (HT), drought (DS), and combined high temperature and drought stress (DHS)—were applied after anthesis under field conditions in Beijing and Zhaoxian, Hebei province, along with a natural environment control (CK). The effects of the stress treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, leaf senescence, and grain yield were compared. Over the two-year period, the yield, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight of ZM36 in Beijing decreased by 18.0%-40.2%, 10.4%-16.3%, and 6.9%-22.7%, respectively, while for JM22, the reductions were 18.2%-32.8%, 3.1%-8.7%, and 4.0%-14.6%, respectively. In Zhaoxian, the yield, grain number per spike, and 1000-grain weight of ZM36 declined by 6.4%-27.8%, 8.2%-23.1%, and 2.9%-11.0%, respectively, while JM22 experienced decreases of 6.8%-35.3%, 8.0%-19.0%, and 0.6%-7.7%, respectively. The yield reductions followed the order: DHS > DS > HT. Additionally, the leaf area index (LAI) of both wheat varieties decreased by 14.4%-36.9%, the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of the flag leaf declined by 11.2%-24.6%, and the leaf stay-green duration (Chltotal) was shortened by 1.8-5.0 days. As a result, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the flag leaf decreased by 14.3%-39.6%, the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was reduced by 3.5%-10.5%, and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) increased by 9.3%-27.8%. The combined high temperature and drought stress after anthesis had a much greater impact on the photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves than individual drought or high temperature stress. Structural equation modeling revealed that leaf temperature (Tleaf) was negatively correlated with soil volumetric water content (SVC), SPAD, and Pn, while SVC was positively correlated with LAI, SPAD, Pn, and Fv/Fm. Furthermore, higher soil volumetric water content (30%-32% in the 0-20 cm soil layer) reduced canopy and leaf temperatures, delayed wheat leaf senescence, and improved photosynthetic efficiency. These findings provide a theoretical basis for strategies to achieve high and stable wheat yields under stress conditions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of QTL and identification of candidate genes for fiber quality in cotton GUO Dong-Cai, LYU Tao, CAI Yong-Sheng, MAI WU-LU-DA·AI He-Mai-Ti, CHEN Quan-Jia, QU Yan-Ying, ZHENG Kai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1445-1466.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44108 Abstract （583）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （3429KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton fiber quality is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. Identifying true quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes associated with fiber quality is critical for the genetic improvement of cotton. In this study, QTL meta-analysis was performed using BioMercator 4.2 software, with a high-density molecular marker genetic linkage map published by Blenda A et al. as the reference. A total of 379 original QTLs related to cotton fiber quality, derived from 21 independent QTL mapping studies, were integrated, mapped, and analyzed. This analysis identified 74 meta-QTLs (MQTLs) associated with cotton fiber quality traits, distributed across 26 chromosomes, with the minimum confidence interval of 0.5 cM. These MQTLs collectively encompassed 13,833 genes. Through RNA-seq analysis combined with GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, 32 candidate genes related to cotton fiber quality were identified. qRT-PCR validation revealed that these genes exhibited differential expression during various stages of fiber development, suggesting their potential roles in regulating fiber growth and quality. This study provides a theoretical basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding and gene cloning for cotton fiber quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis of peanut pod yield-related traits LIN Wei-Jin, GUO Ze-Jia, LIU Hao, LI Hai-Fen, WANG Run-Feng, HUANG Lu, YU Qian-Xia, CHEN Xiao-Ping, HONG Yan-Bin, LI Shao-Xiong, LU Qing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 969-981.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44158 Abstract （579）   HTML （15）    PDF（pc） （1855KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important economic and oilseed crop in China, with pod traits playing a critical role in determining yield. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the large-pod local variety “Dongguan Banman (DB)” and the small-pod variety “ZLA” was used to construct a high-density genetic map with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. This map was employed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with pod traits across four distinct cultivation environments. A total of 30 QTLs were mapped to chromosomes A01, A03, A05, A06, A07, A08, B02, B04, B06, and B10, with logarithm of odds (LOD) values ranging from 4.04 to 34.17 and contribution rates from 3.10% to 33.52%. Among these, 13 major QTLs were associated with pod length, width, thickness, and 100-pod weight, showing LOD values between 4.41 and 34.17 and contribution rates between 11.21% and 33.52%. Notably, qPLA07 was consistently detected across all four environments, while qPWA08.1, qPWB02, and qPTB06 were stable in three environments. Additionally, 14 epistatic QTLs were identified, with LOD values ranging from 5.07 to 6.67 and phenotypic variation explained (PVE) from 4.21% to 21.84%. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of genes within the QTL regions of qPWA08.1, qPWB02, and qPTB06 identified four candidate genes: Ahy_A08g039622, Ahy_B02g057642, Ahy_B06g085859, and Ahy_B06g085890, based on gene functional annotation and expression analysis across peanut tissues. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for identifying key genes regulating peanut pod yield and for developing molecular markers to facilitate breeding programs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide identification of PRX gene family and analysis of their expressions under drought stress in barley LU Wen-Jia, WANG Jun-Cheng, YAO Li-Rong, ZHANG Hong, SI Er-Jing, YANG Ke, MENG Ya-Xiong, LI Bao-Chun, MA Xiao-Le, WANG Hua-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1198-1214.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41053 Abstract （579）   HTML （44）    PDF（pc） （7098KB）（324）       Knowledge map    Save The Class III peroxidase (PRX) gene family plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), a typical C3 plant, has been relatively underexplored regarding the functional characterization of its HvPRX gene family. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of HvPRX genes using bioinformatics tools and investigated their expression patterns under drought stress induced by 20% PEG-6000 treatment. A total of 178 HvPRX gene family members were identified in the barley genome and were named HvPRX1-HvPRX178 based on their chromosomal positions. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the peroxidases of barley, rice, and Arabidopsis into five subfamilies, indicating evolutionary conservation. Gene structure and domain analyses revealed high conservation within the same subfamilies. Gene duplication analysis showed that 15 HvPRX genes (8%) underwent segmental duplication, while 34 HvPRX genes (67%) arose from tandem duplication, highlighting the critical role of tandem duplication events in HvPRX gene expansion. Interspecies collinearity analysis between barley and Arabidopsis identified four direct orthologous PRX gene pairs, suggesting that large-scale molecular evolution events occurred during the divergence from monocotyledons to dicotyledons. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that HvPRX gene expression patterns varied between barley roots and leaves. Promoter analysis revealed that 99 HvPRX genes contained cis-acting elements associated with drought stress responses. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis was used to validate the expression profiles of HvPRX genes under drought stress. The expression levels of HvPRX1, HvPRX18, HvPRX63, HvPRX160, and HvPRX167 were significantly upregulated three hours after treatment with 20% PEG-6000. These findings provide valuable insights into the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of HvPRX genes in barley’s drought resistance. This study also lays a foundation for breeding stress-tolerant crop varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis of stomatal-related traits in wheat leaves LI Lu-Qi, CHENG Yu-Kun, BAI Bin, LEI Bin, GENG Hong-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (9): 2266-2284.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51028 Abstract （558）   HTML （33）    PDF（pc） （11500KB）（208）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat stomata are microscopic pores that regulate photosynthesis and transpiration, playing a critical role in determining yield. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying stomatal traits and identifying candidate genes associated with these characteristics are essential for improving wheat productivity. In this study, 276 winter wheat varieties (lines) were evaluated under two irrigation treatments—normal irrigation and drought stress. Stomatal traits, including stomatal density, average stomatal area, and stomatal pore proportion, were measured at both the heading and filling stages. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using a 90K wheat SNP chip to analyze these traits. The results revealed significant phenotypic variation in stomatal traits across the two irrigation regimes and developmental stages, with coefficients of variation ranging from 0.06 to 0.28. GWAS identified 88 loci significantly associated with stomatal traits across 20 chromosomes, excluding chromosome 4D (P < 0.001). Among these, four stable genetic loci related to average stomatal area were identified on chromosomes 1B, 3A, and 6A, explaining 2.78% to 6.55% of the phenotypic variance. These loci were all detected during the filling stage under normal irrigation. Two loci associated with stomatal density were identified at both the heading and filling stages: Ex_c69429_328 on chromosome 6A under normal irrigation explained 2.31% to 3.06% of the variation, while BS00064423_51 on chromosome 4A under drought stress accounted for 4.40% to 6.09%. Additionally, eight loci with pleiotropic effects were identified on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, and 6D, explaining 1.25% to 7.31% of the phenotypic variation. Haplotype analysis was performed on loci with a contribution rate greater than 5.00% that were detected in at least two environments or associated with two or more traits. Notably, the wsnp-Ex_rep_c69627_68580121 locus (R2 = 6.47%), significantly associated with both average stomatal area and stomatal pore proportion, exhibited two haplotypes—Hap1 and Hap2. Among the 276 wheat lines, those carrying Hap1 (frequency: 81.20%) had a significantly smaller average stomatal area than those with Hap2 (frequency: 18.80%) (P < 0.05). Haplotype distribution varied across wheat-growing regions, with Hap1 most prevalent in the southwest winter wheat region, while Hap2 was more common in northern regions. A total of nine candidate genes associated with stomatal traits were identified based on loci detected in multiple environments and those with pleiotropic effects. These genes are likely involved in stomatal development, photosynthesis, and stress responses, offering promising targets for further research and genetic improvement of wheat stomatal traits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and PER-seq to elucidate regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression FANG Ying-Hao, ZHOU Bo, CHEN Ru-Mei, YANG Wen-Zhu, QIN Hui-Min Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 958-968.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43055 Abstract （556）   HTML （11）    PDF（pc） （972KB）（687）       Knowledge map    Save Maize is a crop with high water demand, and drought is a major factor limiting its productivity. Building on previous findings and related research, we identified that the ZmHDZ6 gene is strongly induced by drought, and transgenic plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6 exhibit enhanced drought resistance. To investigate the downstream regulatory mechanisms of the maize transcription factor ZmHDZ6, RNA-seq was performed on transgenic maize plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6, while PER-seq (protoplast transient expression-based RNA sequencing) was conducted using protoplasts from the B73 inbred line. An integrative analysis of these datasets revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by both methods showed consistent results in GO analysis, with their functions primarily associated with redox reactions. KEGG pathway analysis further demonstrated consistency in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, RNA-seq DEGs were additionally enriched in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism pathways, while PER-seq DEGs were enriched in ribosome biogenesis pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that ZmHDZ6 enhances drought resistance in maize by regulating genes involved in redox processes and benzoxazinoid metabolism. Furthermore, through an integrative analysis of DNA binding motifs of the HD-ZIP I family and the promoters of 129 common DEGs (Co-DEGs), combined with gene annotation and motif physical location information, we narrowed potential target genes down to 16, of which 8 are closely associated with stress responses in maize. This study provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression, offering valuable insights into the drought resistance mechanisms mediated by ZmHDZ6 and a reference for further functional studies. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identifying of excellent drought-tolerant gene resources based on drought- tolerant maize inbred line SL001 WEI Qi, HE Guan-Hua, ZHANG Deng-Feng, LI Yong-Xiang, LIU Xu-Yang, TANG Huai-Jun, LIU Cheng, WANG Tian-Yu, LI Yu, LU Yun-Cai, LI Chun-Hui Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (12): 3171-3183.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53024 Abstract （554）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （5883KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save Drought is one of the most severe abiotic stresses limiting the growth and development of maize. Identifying drought-resistant genes and applying them to the development of new drought-tolerant varieties is an effective strategy to address this challenge. In this study, the drought-sensitive inbred line B73 and the drought-tolerant inbred line SL001 were used to evaluate drought tolerance phenotypes. SL001 exhibited a lower degree of wilting and a significantly higher survival rate after rehydration compared to B73. In addition, under drought conditions, SL001 showed significantly higher relative water content and net photosynthetic rate than B73. Transcriptome analysis of B73 and SL001 under varying drought stress conditions identified a total of 11,240 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 4354 were specifically expressed under moderate and severe drought stress, but not under well-watered conditions. These DEGs were mainly enriched in plant hormone signaling and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Among them, two candidate drought-resistance genes, Zm00001eb439810 and Zm00001eb365420, were predicted and further validated by qRT-PCR. The results suggested that Zm00001eb439810 may positively regulate the maize drought stress response, whereas Zm00001eb365420 may act as a negative regulator. This study provides valuable genetic resources and potential targets for improving drought tolerance in maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics