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    Research progress on physiological ecology and genetic basis of rice plant architecture
    XU Na, XU Quan, XU Zheng-Jin, CHEN Wen-Fu
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1735-1746.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22050
    Abstract593)   HTML90)    PDF(pc) (5416KB)(892)       Save

    Rice is one of the most important crops in China and even the world. Plant type is an important agronomic trait of rice, which is closely related to yield, quality, and stress resistance. Plant type improvement has played an important role in rice breeding in the past, and will have a profound impact on rice breeding in the future. On the base of related achievements of Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, this paper comprehensively reviewed the research progress of rice plant type from the aspects of the concept of plant type, physiological ecology, and genetic basis of plant type breeding, and also discussed the existing problems and development direction of rice plant type. With the application of the latest research results of modern molecular biology, analyze the relationship between various organs and their optimal combination among population and individual, define the physiological ecology basis and the molecular regulatory network, and apply to plant type breeding practice, which is expected to achieve a higher level of “ideal plant type breeding” of rice.

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    Research progress of seed dormancy and germination regulation
    SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, LEI Hua-Ping, JIANG Xiao-Cheng, WANG Wei-Qing, CHENG Hong-Yan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (1): 1-15.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34012
    Abstract566)   HTML108)    PDF(pc) (3074KB)(642)       Save

    Dormancy enables plant seeds to time germination until environmental conditions become favorable for seedling survival and growth. The dormancy characteristics of seeds are of important ecological adaptive significance and notable agricultural value. Phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) are the key factors for seed dormancy and germination. Mature seeds in dormancy state contain high levels of ABA and low levels of GA. ABA induces and maintains seed dormancy, while GA antagonizes ABA and promotes seed germination. DELAY OF GERMINATION-1 (DOG1) is a major regulator of seed dormancy and had a synergistic effect with ABA to delay germination. DOG1 enhances ABA signal transduction by combining with PP2C ABA hypersensitive germination (AHG1/AHG3), and inhibits the action of AHG1 to increase ABA sensitivity and impose seed dormancy. Imprinted genes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms before and after fertilization, and are closely related to the establishment and release of seed dormancy. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in the regulation of seed dormancy. In the present paper, we reviewed the effects of phytohormones ABA and GA on seed dormancy and germination, the action mechanism regulating seed dormancy by DOG1, and the epigenetic regulation of seed dormancy and germination. In addition, we also propose some scientific issues that need to be further investigated in this field to provide some information for understanding the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy and germination, breeding in anti-preharvest sprouting in crop plants, and promoting the germination of dormant seeds.

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    Types and ratios of starch granules in grains and their roles in the formation and improvement of wheat quality properties
    GAO Xin, GUO Lei, SHAN Bao-Xue, XIAO Yan-Jun, LIU Xiu-Kun, LI Hao-Sheng, LIU Jian-Jun, ZHAO Zhen-Dong, CAO Xin-You
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1447-1454.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21065
    Abstract496)   HTML72)    PDF(pc) (257KB)(571)       Save

    Wheat flour is mainly composed of protein and starch. Gluten, especially the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit, is the key factor determining the dough quality which has been widely accepted by breeders. However, the contribution of starch composition and physicochemical properties to dough quality has not been paid enough attention. Wheat starch has a bimodal size distribution and it is composed of A-type starch granules (diameter more than 10 μm) and B-type starch granules (diameter no more than 10 μm) according to the particle size. There are differences in the physicochemical properties of different types of starch granules. Therefore, the particle size distribution of starch affects the physicochemical properties of the total wheat starch, the gluten network structure, and the gluten-starch interaction of gluten, and finally affects the dough rheological properties, and processing characteristics. In summary, from a view of starch particle distribution, this article reviewed the development and regulation mechanism, physicochemical properties of A- and B-type starch granules, and their contribution to quality and yield. Strategies for future wheat breeding were proposed, that is, the starch properties should be selected and improved. The germplasm with high B-type starch granules proportion and strong gluten-starch interaction should be screened for further utilization. The objective of this study is to provide a reference for breeding the new high-quality and strong-gluten wheat varieties.

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    Comprehensive evaluation of maize hybrids tested in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize regional trial based on GYT biplot analysis
    YUE Hai-Wang, HAN Xuan, WEI Jian-Wei, ZHENG Shu-Hong, XIE Jun-Liang, CHEN Shu-Ping, PENG Hai-Cheng, BU Jun-Zhou
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1231-1248.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23035
    Abstract474)   HTML11)    PDF(pc) (2278KB)(415)       Save

    The objective of this study is to scientifically and accurately conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the tested hybrids participating in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize regional trials, and provide theoretical and practical basis for the rational distribution of hybrids and regional planning. GYT biplot analysis was applied to the data of 22 hybrids during 2020?2021 in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize regional trials to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the tested hybrids based on grain yield, growth period, grain moisture content at harvest, plant height, ear height, lodging rate, ear length, ear diameter, barren tip length, grain weight per ear, and hundred grain weight. The analysis of variance results showed that the genotype and environment main effects of the evaluated agronomic traits reached significant level at P < 0.05. Genotype and environment interaction effect of other traits had significant level, except for ear diameter, bald tip length, and grain weight per ear, which had no significant difference. The square sum of environmental effect on grain yield, growth period, grain moisture content, ear diameter, bare tip length, 100-seed weight, and the square sum of genotype and environment interaction effect on lodging rate were worth the largest in the square sum of total variance. The results of the correlation analysis showed that grain yield was significantly at P < 0.001 and positively correlated with 100-seed weight, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, and growth period, but negatively correlated with bald tip length. According to the GYT superiority index, Hengyu 868, Handyu 1806, and Sudan 908 had the best yield-trait combinations. The comprehensive performances of hybrids Shandan 686, Dunyu 291, Hanyu 17-6601, and Hanyu 573 were poor, and the performance of the control hybrid Zhengdan 958 was intermediate. Compared with other tested hybrids, Hengyu 868 had the widest adaptability in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area, indicating outstanding regional yield advantages, and great potential for maize production in the region. Compared with the GT biplot, the GYT biplot showed that the first two principal components explained a higher proportion of variance, a better fit, and a higher reliability of the analysis results. Through GYT biplot analysis, maize hybrids with superior yield-trait combinations were identified, the GYT biplot analysis was a useful analytic tool for graphical evaluation based on multiple traits, and also set up a reference base for comprehensive evaluation of other crops.

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    Identification of rice blast resistance in xian and geng germplasms by genome- wide association study
    ZHOU Hai-Ping, ZHANG Fan, CHEN Kai, SHEN Cong-Cong, ZHU Shuang-Bing, QIU Xian-Jin, XU Jian-Long
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1170-1183.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22024
    Abstract465)   HTML37)    PDF(pc) (1155KB)(520)       Save

    Rice blast is one of the major fungal diseases that threaten rice production worldwide. To improve rice blast resistance, identifying blast resistant genes and introgressing them into elite rice varieties is an effective way. In this study, a panel of 212 xian accessions and 235 geng accessions collected worldwide were evaluated for resistance against five blast isolates at seedling stage. All of them showed large variations in resistance against five isolates, and 8 xian and 12 geng accessions were detected to present resistance to all five blast isolates. Using genome-wide association strategy, a total of 43 QTLs were identified for resistance to five isolates in mix population (xian subpopulation and geng subpopulation), including 9, 4, 14, 14, and 2 QTLs for GD00-193, GD08-T19, GD17-CQ16, HB1708, and HLJ13-856, respectively. Among them, 12 resistant QTLs were detected only in xian rice sub-population, 7 only detected in geng rice sub-population, and 1 simultaneously detected in both sub-populations, indicating that blast resistance was generally better in xian than in geng rice, and there was obvious differentiation in blast resistance between xian and geng rice. A total of 11 QTLs affected resistance to two or more trains or were simultaneously identified in two or more populations, and 23 candidate genes were identified by candidate interval association analysis and haplotype analysis. Different resistance candidate genes had different frequencies in xian and geng populations. The results provide germplasm resources and favorable genes information for molecular improvement of blast resistance in rice varieties and the breeding and utilization strategies of different resistance genes.

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    Research advance on annual water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in North China Plain
    ZHANG Jin-Xin, GE Jun-Zhu, MA Wei, DING Zai-Song, WANG Xin-Bing, LI Cong-Feng, ZHOU Bao-Yuan, ZHAO Ming
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 879-892.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21034
    Abstract452)   HTML45)    PDF(pc) (931KB)(647)       Save

    Improving water use efficiency without reducing the annual grain yield is the key to promoting the sustainable development of the winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in the North China Plain. Since the middle and late 20th century, many researches have explored ways to improve the annual water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize, including development of water-saving irrigation technology, optimizing of irrigation system, establishment of alternative water-saving cropping system, and breeding new variety of water-saving and drought resistant, which significantly improved the crop water use efficiency (WUE). Here, we summarized the research advance on efficient annual water utilization of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in North China Plain, and proposed a way regulating the annual water balance through using appropriate tillage or sowing/harvest date to improve water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. It could provide theory and technical support for the establishment of water-saving and high-yield cultivation cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize in the North China Plain.

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    Construction of evaluation method for tolerance to high-temperature and screening of heat-tolerant germplasm resources of bud stage in soybean
    LI Jia-Jia, LONG Qun, ZHU Shang-Shang, SHAN Ya-Jing, WU Mei-Yan, LU Yun, ZHI Xian-Guan, LIAO Wei, CHEN Hao-Ran, ZHAO Zhen-Bang, MIAO Long, GAO Hui-Hui, LI Ying-Hui, WANG Xiao-Bo, QIU Li-Juan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (11): 2863-2875.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.34025
    Abstract436)   HTML52)    PDF(pc) (530KB)(795)       Save

    The frequent occurrence of extreme high temperature (HT) events causes continuous heat damage to soybean production, which seriously damages the yield components and quality traits. The seeds are sensitive to the changes of the external environment at germination stage. The rising temperature and the accompanying drought will affect the emergence of soybean seeds. The establishment of a set of scientific evaluation methods for HT tolerance at bud stage can provide a theoretical basis for the early identification of soybean, the breeding of HT tolerance germplasm, and the study of tolerance mechanism. In this study, 385 germplasm resources varieties were selected as the experimental materials, which creating a HT environment by artificial climate incubator and subjected to HT-stress for 3 d (40℃, 16 h light /8 h darkness) at bud stage of soybean. Compared with the control (25℃, 16 h light /8 h darkness), the hypocotyl length of soybean bud stage was significantly decreased 10.9% under HT stress (P < 0.05). The indices of fresh root weight, dry root weight, and root-shoot ratio increased by 13.10%, 22.20%, and 16.90%, respectively (P<0.01). The results showed that HT-stress significantly affected the surface and underground biomass distribution of bud stage in soybean. Meanwhile, the principal component analysis for the coefficient of HT-tolerance for each trait converted 11 indexes into two principal component factors. The comprehensive evaluation value (H-value) of soybean response to HT-stress was obtained by the standardized analysis of membership function, and cluster analysis was conducted for the tested varieties based on H-value. Ultimately, 385 germplasm resources were divided into 5 grades for the HT-tolerance at bud stage in soybean [namely: Grade I (tolerance), Grade II (strong tolerance), Grade III (medium), Grade IV (strong sensitive), and Grade V (sensitive type)] and four HT-resistant varieties based on the specific performance (H245, H070, H268, and H216) were initially selected combined with the actual heat resistance performance. After the stepwise regression analysis of each index, a predictive model for the comprehensive evaluation of HT tolerance (H-value) at bud stage of soybean was established: H = 0.191 + 0.017X1 - 0.007X2 + 0.013X7 + 0.027X8 - 0.009X10 (R2=0.9752). Five indexes main including hypocotyl length (X1), main root length (X2), hypocotyl dry weight (X7), root fresh weight (X8), and simplified vigor index (X10) were screened out as the evaluation indexes for HT tolerance at bud stage in soybean.

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    Advances in heat-stress responses at sexual reproduction stage in plants
    CHEN Sai-Hua, ZHONG Wei-Jie, XUE Ming
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (12): 3143-3153.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.32020
    Abstract435)   HTML88)    PDF(pc) (4257KB)(441)       Save

    The occurrence of extreme hot weather poses a threat to crop production. Heat stress suffered at reproductive stage in crops is always correlated with crop yield losses, and thus the underlying molecular mechanisms are of great significance in crop thermotolerance improvement. However, relevant studies are mainly focused on Arabidopsis and less is known in crops. From the perspective of plants, here, we reviewed the heat-stress responses at reproductive stage, including meiosis process, tapetum degradation, microspore development, pollen-tube germination, and fertilization, as well as seed development. Based on these advances, we proposed feasible strategies for thermotolerance improvement, which will pave a way for the breeding of heat-tolerant crop varieties.

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    Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SWEET genes from peanut genomes
    SUN Quan-Xi, YUAN Cui-Ling, MOU Yi-Fei, YAN Cai-Xia, ZHAO Xiao-Bo, WANG Juan, WANG Qi, SUN Hui, LI Chun-Juan, SHAN Shi-Hua
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 938-954.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24066
    Abstract410)   HTML46)    PDF(pc) (5306KB)(192)       Save

    SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) proteins are structurally conserved and energy independent sugar transporters, which play important roles in many physiological processes, such as plant growth development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. At present, there is no research study about SWEET gene in peanut yet. In this study, we explored SWEET gene in the whole genome of peanut for the first time and analyzed its molecular characteristics and expression pattern in detail. These results showed that there were 55, 25, and 28 SWEET genes in the genomes of cultivated peanut and two ancestral wild peanuts, respectively, which were randomly and unevenly distributed on each chromosome. Orthologous genes from wild peanut and cultivated peanut usually shared the similar chromosome location, which confirmed that cultivated peanut originated from two ancestral wild peanuts. There were also some orthologous gene lost, which might be attributed to gene deletion or expansion during genome replication and doubling process. Gene structure and cis-elements in the promoter region were different in the SWEET genes, suggesting the diversity of biological functions. Phylogenetic analysis divided Arachis SWEET proteins into four subfamilies Clade I-Clade IV. Genes in the same clade of the same subfamily exhibited the similar gene structure. Based on Clevenger et al. tissue expression analysis, we found that some genes were tissue preferentially expressed, which provided a reference for further understanding the functional location of SWEET genes. Moreover, we identified several drought or salt stress responsive genes, such as AhSWEET3a and AhSWEET4e by re-analysis transcriptome expression data under abiotic stress and RT-qPCR. Their functions were still needed to be further identified. These results provide a theoretical reference for further analysis of SWEET gene function in peanut.

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    A retrospective analysis of the historical evolution and developing trend of maize mega varieties in China from 1982 to 2020
    BAI Yan, GAO Ting-Ting, LU Shi, ZHENG Shu-Bo, LU Ming
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (8): 2064-2076.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23067
    Abstract405)   HTML34)    PDF(pc) (489KB)(589)       Save

    Seed is the chip of agriculture and the upgrading of excellent varieties has played an important role in improving the yield of corn in China. It is of great practical significance to study the historical contribution and developing trend of mega maize varieties in China in recent 40 years. Based on the dataset of planting area of individual maize varieties released by the National Extension and Service Center of Agricultural Technology from 1982 to 2020, 27 mega maize varieties such as Zhengdan 958 in recent 40 years with the total promotion of 321 million hectares accounting for 29.09% of the total corn planting area in China were screened..There were four utmost mega varieties (Zhengdan 958, Zhongdan 2, Danyu 13, and Xianyu 335) and six massive mega varieties (Jundan 20, Yedan 2, Nongda 108, Yedan 13, Sidan 19, and Yandan 14). The promotion period was 8-30 years, with an average of 17.63 years, the maximum promotion area in a single year was 699,700-4,569,500 hm2, with an average of 1,507,900 hm2. It was mainly distributed in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, and other production regions and the provinces (regions) with 13 varieties exceeding 666,700 hm2 per year were Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and Sichuan. The proportion of planting area of mega varieties to the total area increased rapidly from 1982 to 1989, remained stable from 1990 to 1997, decreased after 1998, and decreased to about 12% by 2020. Some varieties such as Yufeng 303 and Zhongkeyu 505 had the potential to develop into mega varieties. In the future, intelligent design breeding will efficiently cultivate a new generation of breakthrough varieties and accelerate the improvement of maize yield. According to the current maize production problems and future development trends, it is recommended to further improve the regional test of maize varieties in terms of distribution layout, test accuracy and variety approval standards of regional tests.

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    Identification and evaluation of salt-alkali tolerance and screening of salt-alkali tolerant germplasm of oat ( Avena sativa L.)
    ZHANG Jing, GAO Wen-Bo, YAN Lin, ZHANG Zong-Wen, ZHOU Hai-Tao, WU Bin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1551-1561.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21032
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    Affected by climate change and human production activities, the world’s salt-alkali land is expanding, and soil salinization has become an important factor limiting the development of agricultural production. Oat is a crop with the strong saline-alkali tolerance. To evaluate the salinity tolerance of oat germplasm resources in China, 485 accessions were stress treated with 125 mmol L-1 NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaHCO3 (1:1:1 molar concentration) solution at germination stage. Eight growth indexes, including germination potential, germination rate, root length, bud length, root fresh weight, bud fresh weight, root dry weight, and bud dry weight, were identified at the germination stage of oats. A comprehensive evaluation and screening of oat germplasm resources for salt-alkali tolerance was performed by the correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that salt-alkali inhibited all eight indexes identified, and a significant positive correlation was observed between the affiliation function values of the indexes under salt-alkali tolerance and with the comprehensive evaluation value. Eight evaluation indexes were converted into two comprehensive indexes by principal component analysis, with a cumulative variance contribution of 76.926%. The membership function analysis combined with cluster analysis screened a total of two oat accessions with high salt-alkaline tolerance (Oat 1606 and Heikowski 596) and classified 485 accessions into five classes, including two highly saline-alkaline tolerance, 49 salt-alkaline-tolerant accessions, 147 medium saline-alkaline tolerance accessions, 129 sensitive saline-alkaline accessions, and 158 high saline-alkaline sensitive accessions. The results of correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis, and the bud length was screened as the preferred indicator for the screening of salt-alkali tolerance in germinating oats, followed by root fresh weight, bud fresh weight, germination potential, and germination rate, which were also important indexes for the comprehensive evaluation and screening of salt-alkali tolerance in germinating oats.

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    Heat-inducible transcription factor ZmNF-YC13 regulates heat stress response genes to improve heat tolerance in maize
    MEI Xiu-Peng, ZHAO Zi-Kun, JIA Xin-Yao, BAI Yang, LI Mei, GAN Yu-Ling, YANG Qiu-Yue, CAI Yi-Lin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1747-1757.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23054
    Abstract373)   HTML59)    PDF(pc) (2878KB)(937)       Save

    Heat stress is an essential factor affecting maize growth and yield formation. The exploration and mechanism analysis of related tolerance genes is an important field for breeding maize heat stress tolerant varieties. However, there is few study in this aspect. In this study, we identified a nuclear factor ZmNF-YC13 associated with heat stress response, and its encoding gene expression was rapidly induced by high temperature and osmotic stress. The promoter of Arabidopsis thaliana heat stress-inducible expression gene AtHSP70 was used to drive ZmNF-YC13 and the heat-inducible expression maize material of ZmNF-YC13 (HSP21Pro:ZmNF-YC13-myc) was successfully screened. Phenotypic analysis after high temperature treatment demonstrated that leaf length, leaf width, shoot thickness, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root were significantly higher than wild type. The relative expression level showed that ZmNF-YC13 could enhance the inducible level of downstream heat stress response genes in response to heat stress. Luciferase reporter assay and ChIP-qPCR assay also revealed that ZmNF-YC13 could regulate the expression of heat stress transcription factor ZmHsfA2c. These results confirmed preliminarily that ZmNF-YC13 could improve the heat tolerance of maize by regulating downstream heat stress response genes, which could provide a theoretical basis for marker-assisted selection and germplasm identification using the polymorphism of this locus.

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    Effects of planting density on solar and heat resource utilization and yield of maize varieties at different growth stages
    WU Xi, WANG Jia-Rui, HAO Miao-Yi, ZHANG Hong-Jun, ZHANG Ren-He
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1065-1078.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23032
    Abstract367)   HTML22)    PDF(pc) (1113KB)(567)       Save

    The objective of this study is to explore the response of maize solar and heat utilization, material production, and yield formation to density at different maturity stages, in order to provide a theoretical basis for high yield and efficiency cultivation of spring maize in Northern Shaanxi irrigation area. In 2019 and 2020, the field experiments were conducted by using two maize hybrids [Dongdan 60 (middle-late-maturing) and Dafeng 30 (middle-early-maturing)] with four planting density treatments [45,000 (D1), 60,000 (D2), 75,000 (D3), and 90,000 (D4) plants hm-2]. Leaf area index, canopy solar distribution, material production and transport, solar and heat utilization, yield and its composition were measured. The results showed that, compared with the low density, Dafeng 30 and Dongdan 60 reached the highest yield of 18,787.5 kg hm-2 and 16,953.0 kg hm-2 under the density of 90,000 plants hm-2 and 75,000 plants hm-2 and increased by 37.7 % and 41.4 %, respectively. The grain moisture content of Dafeng 30 was 11.5 % lower than that of Dongdan 60 under high yield. With the increase of planting density, the leaf area index of the population and the interception rate of solar energy in the upper canopy increased significantly, while the solar interception rate of the middle canopy decreased significantly, and Dongdan 60 decreased more than Dafeng 30. There was no significant difference in the interception rate of the lower canopy. For the utilization of solar radiation, the pre-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 7.9% and 1.7% higher than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. The post-silking intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and radiation use efficiency of Dafeng 30 were 9.5% and 14.9% lower than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. The correlation between radiation use efficiency and planting density revealed that the increase of planting density was more obvious in improving the light radiation utilization efficiency of Dafeng 30. Under D4 density, the growth period of Dafeng 30 was shortened by 4.3 days on average compared with that of Dongdan 60, and the average effective accumulated temperature of Dafeng 30 was 25.3°C less than that of Dongdan 60, but the temperature use efficiency was 25.3% higher than that of Dongdan 60, and the accumulated temperature required to reach the maximum dry matter accumulation rate was less than that of Dongdan 60. The pre-anthesis dry matter accumulation and post-anthesis dry matter transport rate of Dongdan 60 and Dafeng 30 were 26.7%, 34.6%, and 43.7%, 55.8% higher than those of D1, respectively. The post-silking dry matter accumulation and post-silking dry matter transport rate of Dafeng 30 were 14.5% and 12.3% higher than those of Dongdan 60, respectively. In comclusion, the population structure of Dafeng 30 was reconstructed under the dense planting can improve solar energy interception in the middle canopy, increase growth rate of dry matter and advance dry matter to reach the maximum growth rate, promote dry matter accumulation and transportat, improve solar and heat resource utilization efficiency, and achieve high yield and efficiency of spring maize in this area. Meanwhile, the lower moisture content of grain was suitable for mechanical harvesting.

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    Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of G2-like transcription factors family genes in wheat
    JIA Yu-Ku, GAO Hong-Huan, FENG Jian-Chao, HAO Zi-Rui, WANG Chen-Yang, XIE Ying-Xin, GUO Tian-Cai, MA Dong-Yun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1410-1425.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21036
    Abstract360)   HTML14)    PDF(pc) (7556KB)(469)       Save

    Golden2-like (G2-like) transcription factor, a member of the GARP superfamily of MYB transcription factors, plays an important role in regulating chloroplast development. In this study, genome-wide identification of G2-like genes in wheat was carried out by bioinformatics methods, and their physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, cis-acting elements of promoters, and response patterns to abiotic stresses and hormones were analyzed. A total of 87 G2-like genes were identified from wheat, which distributed in evenly on 21 chromosomes in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were divided into 14 subfamilies, and fragment replication was the main reason for the expansion of this gene family. The prediction of protein secondary structure revealed that α helix and random curl were the main amino acid sequences of G2-like gene in wheat. Promoter cis-acting elements showed that there were seven cis-acting elements (P-box, SpI, LTR, ABRE, MBS, TGA-Element, and AE-box) in 2-kb region upstream of the promoter. Among them, Ta3AG2-Like19 contained the most cis-regulatory element binding sites with a total of 18 binding sites. The qRT-PCR revealed. that the relative expression levels of Ta3AG2-like19, Ta3AG2-Like20, Ta4AG2-Like29, and Ta6AG2-Like52 were significantly up-regulated under PEG and salt stresses, and induced by GA, IAA, and ABA hormones. These genes may mediate the response of wheat plant to various abiotic stresses.

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    Mapping soybean protein QTLs based on high-density genetic map
    LIU Ting-Xuan, GU Yong-Zhe, ZHANG Zhi-Hao, WANG Jun, SUN Jun-Ming, QIU Li-Juan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1532-1541.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24121
    Abstract351)   HTML26)    PDF(pc) (2804KB)(356)       Save

    Soybean is an important food crop and economic crop, and its grain protein is about 40%, which is one of the main sources of high-quality vegetable protein. Mining the quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control soybean high protein and molecular marker breeding are of great significance for the breeding of high protein soybean. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population consisting of 192 lines constructed by crossing Zhonghuang 35 (ZH35) and Zhonghuang 13 (ZH13) with significant differences in protein content was used as the experimental materials. A high-density genetic map containing 4879 bin markers was constructed with the total genetic distance of 3760.71 cM and the genetic distance between adjacent markers of 0.77 cM by resequencing the two parents and the RIL population. The RIL population and its parents were grown in Shunyi, Beijing and Puyang, Henan, respectively. A total of 15 protein content-related QTL loci were detected in the two environments, which were distributed on chromosomes 5, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19, and 20, respectively. The contribution rate was 4.36%-11.39%, among which, qPro-20-1 and qPro-20-3 were detected in Shunyi, Beijing and Puyang, Henan, respectively. The contribution rates of the two QTLs were 7.65% and 7.58%, respectively, and the overlapping regions included 33 genes. This study is helpful for fine mapping and map-based cloning of soybean protein content-related genes, and provides genetic resources for further breeding of high-protein soybean varieties.

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    Fine mapping of flower colour gene in pea ( Pisum sativum L.) based on BSA-seq technique
    YAN Xin, XIANG Chao, LIU Rong, LI Guan, LI Meng-Wei, LI Zheng-Li, ZONG Xu-Xiao, YANG Tao
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1006-1015.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24055
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    In recent years, BSA-seq technology has been widely used in the mining of new genes related to agronomic traits. With the development of the first reference genome of pea, it is imperative to combine BSA-seq method with genome-wide sequencing for gene mapping. In this study, we used purple flower parent G0004562, white flower parent G0002930, and F2 populations for preliminarily locate the target genes controlling flower color by BSA-seq technology, and a mapping region of 31.42 Mb was obtained. Then, the InDel molecular markers were designed to further narrow the mapping interval, and finally the target gene was located in the range of 0.99 Mb with 19 genes. Based on gene annotation, Psat6g060480.1 was considered as the candidate gene that controled the flower color. The results of this study verified the feasibility of gene mapping by BSA-seq technology in pea.

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    Identification of OsGMS2 and construction of seed production system for genic male sterile line in rice
    TANG Jie, LONG Tuan, WU Chun-Yu, LI Xin-Peng, ZENG Xiang, WU Yong-Zhong, HUANG Pei-Jin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (8): 2025-2038.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22051
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    Male sterility is the basis for application of crop heterosis. The common nuclear male sterile mutant osgms2 was isolated from a mutant library created by 60Co-γ-treated indica cultivar 93-11. The male of the mutant was completely aborted, the female was nomal, and other agronomic characters were consistent with those of the wild type. Genetic analyses indicated that the male sterility phenotype was stably controlled by a single recessive gene. The OsGMS2 gene was fine-mapped within the 86 kb physical interval between two molecular markers S3b and 4826 on the long arm of chromosome 4 with a mapping population of osgms2 and Minghui 63. Further sequencing found the gene LOC_Os04g48490, encoding a fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein, had a 9-bp deletion at position 118 to 126 from start codon of translation, resulting in three codons mutation. The osgms2 gene was a novel allele of OsFLA1. Subsequent gene knockout and genetic complementation experiments in Zhonghua 11 background confirmed the function of the gene. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses showed that the gene was expressed in all tissues, with the highest level at the flowering and immature seed stages. Alignment analyses revealed that the protein sequence was conserved in different species. By creating the OsGMS2-T maintainer, seed production of the common sterile line was achieved. The identification of the allelic mutant osgms2 provides the new materials for the study on rice nuclear male sterility and application of heterosis.

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    Identification and evaluation of wheat germplasm resources at seedling stage
    SUN Xian-Jun, JIANG Qi-Yan, HU Zheng, LI Hong-Bo, PANG Bin-Shuang, ZHANG Feng-Ting, ZHANG Sheng-Quan, ZHANG Hui
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1132-1139.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21021
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    Soil salinization is one of the important abiotic stresses which affects wheat growth. The screening and breeding salt-tolerant wheat is of great significance to the utilization of salinized land. 19 hybrid wheat resources and 2 conventional varieties were used as the experimental materials, seeds were grown in vermiculite, 6 treatments of NaCl solutions with 0, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6%, and 2.0% from sowing were set, and 11 indicators related to the growth were analyzed and determined. The multivariate statistical analysis method was used to evaluate the salt-tolerant of wheat germplasm resources at seedling stage. The results showed that the saline tolerance coefficient of most indicators were the highest interquartile range under 1.2% salinity among germplasm resources, thus the 1.2% salinity was considered as the optimum concentration for identification saline tolerance. 11 indicators could be simplified into 3 principal components by using principal component analysis. Through the analysis of principal component contribution rate and membership function, the 3 principal component values were further reduced to D-value of comprehensive evaluation index. According to the D-value, 21 wheat germplasm resources were divided into 5 salt-tolerant levels (high tolerance, salt tolerance, medium tolerance, sensitive and high sensitivity) by cluster analysis. The comprehensive evaluation D-values of 13 hybrid wheat varieties were higher than that of Jiemai 19 and Jimai 22 at seedling stage. Combined with stepwise regression analysis, the optimal regression equation of salt-tolerant coefficient and D-value of 11 indicators was obtained: D= -0.743 + 0.779×PLL + 0.372×TNL + 1.273×PH + 0.336×PLC + 0.279×RL + 0.558×RDW. Based on the above regression equation, PLL (penultimate leaf length), PH (plant height), PLC (penultimate leaf chlorophyll), RL (root length), and RDW (root dry weight), could be used as evaluation indicators for wheat germplasm resources identification under 1.2% continuous salt stress at seedling stage.

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    Advances in germplasm innovation and genetic improvement of food legumes resistant to bruchid
    YANG Xiao-Ming, CHENG Xu-Zhen, ZHU Zhen-Dong, LIU Chang-Yan, CHEN Xin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1153-1169.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24169
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    Food legumes play a key role in maintaining soil sustainability, developing agroecosystem diversification, and improving human nutrition. However, bruchid (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a notorious pest that can devastate the entire seed and cause severe loss in pulses storage. To explore the potential germplasm resources and breed legume varieties resistant to bruchids, a few elite germplasms and genes resistant to bruchids were identified and finely mapped. Lots of studies have been carried out and made some progress on resistance mechanisms, genetic analysis, genetic mapping, gene cloning, and molecular markers of bruchid resistance in pulses. In this paper, studies on pulses germplasm exploring and evaluating for resistance to bruchids, resistance inheritance, discovery and mapping of resistance genes, and the breeding of resistant cultivars were reviewed. Several important directions for future research have prospected. Here, the main objective is to supply useful information for exploring potential germplasm and promoting the genetic improvement of food legumes with resistance to bruchids in China.

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    Genetic basis analysis of high-yielding in Yannong wheat varieties
    WANG Hao, SUN Ni-Na, WANG Chu, XIAO Lu-Ning, XIAO Bei, LI Dong, LIU Jie, QIN Ran, WU Yong-Zhen, SUN Han, ZHAO Chun-Hua, LI Lin-Zhi, CUI Fa, LIU Wei
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1584-1600.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21033
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    The Yannong series wheat has the characteristics of high yield potential, disease resistance, and wide adaptability. Yannong 1212, a high-yield and multi-resistant variety approved in recent years, has repeatedly broken the national winter wheat yield record for many times. To date, the numerous varieties derived from Yannong series have been released. Lumai 14 has derived from at least 214 wheat authorized varieties and become an important backbone parent by 2020. This objective of the study is to characterize genetic basis of high yielding potential in Yannong series, identify the key chromosomal segments of high yield and wide adaptability, and provide theoretical reference for the genetic improvement of new wheat varieties. The genotype of 38 Yannong series wheat varieties, some of their derived varieties, and 244 authorized varieties (advanced lines) were scanned by wheat 55K SNP array, and the environmental phenotypes were identified. Phenotype evaluation of yield-related traits of the natural mapping population was conducted in multiple environments. The genetic effects of the common high-frequency co-selected genetic segment (HFCS) of Yannong series varieties were characterized in detail based on the genotypes of wheat 55K SNP array. In addition, the HFCS from Lumai 14 to its derived varieties were also specified. The genetic basis of high yield potential in Yannong 1212 and Lumai 14 were revealed at the whole genome-wide level. The genetic similarity coefficients among the 17 Yannong series authorized varieties ranged from 0.80 to 0.99. Based on genotyping data from the 55K SNP array in the 17 Yannong series authorized varieties, 975 HFCS were obtained, and their segments lengths ranged from 1.00 Mb to 75.18 Mb. Most HFCS were distributed on chromosomes 2D, 4D, 6D, and 7B, with the total length accounting for more than 40% of the corresponding chromosomes, respectively. The genetic contribution rate of Lumai 14 to its 23 derived varieties was approximately 71.45% on average at the genome level, with A, B, and D of 69.63%, 66.04%, and 79.82%, respectively. A total of 430 high-frequency transmission genetic segments (HFTGS) 14 were detected in Lumai derived progency and 265 blocks (61.6%) overlapped with the HFSC in the Yannong series. Lumai 14 was a backbone parents and Yannong 1212 was a novel authorized varieties with high yield potential and wide adaptability. To characterize their genetic basis of high yield and wide adaptability, single marker analysis based on the natural population was performed. The results showed that both Lumai 14 and Yannong 1212 had been enriched in excellent alleles for thousand kernel weight (TKW) and yield per plant (YPP). Approximately 92.3% and 84.4% of the significant loci in the HFTGS of Lumai 14 were shown to increase TKW and YPP, mainly distributing on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 2D, 4A, 5B, 6A, and 7A. Yannong series authorized wheat varieties had enriched in excellent alleles of yield-related genes and QTLs especially for TKW and YPP, which played a key role to their high and stable yielding potential.

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    Genome-wide identification and characterization of MAPK genes and their response to biotic stresses in foxtail millet
    LIU Jia, ZOU Xiao-Yue, MA Ji-Fang, WANG Yong-Fang, DONG Zhi-Ping, LI Zhi-Yong, BAI Hui
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1480-1495.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24113
    Abstract340)   HTML46)    PDF(pc) (6746KB)(594)       Save

    MAPK plays an important role in plant growth and development regulation, biotic and abiotic stress responses, and hormone signal transduction. In order to elucidate the biological function of the SiMPK genes in foxtail millet, we identified the SiMPK family members in the genome and analyzed the distribution, structure, evolution, and its expression characteristics in response to different stresses. In this study, the SiMPK gene family members were identified in the genome-wide level using the amino acid sequences of conserved domains and specific TXY motifs of MAPK proteins between foxtail millet and rice. The protein physicochemical property, phylogenetic evolution, chromosome distribution, gene structure, protein conserved motif, promoter cis-acting regulatory elements, and collinearity were analyzed. The relative expression patterns of SiMPK genes in the different tissue, under the biotic stresses of Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino and Ostrinia furnacalis and with different hormone treatments were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that a total of 15 SiMPK genes were identified, and the encoded proteins contained 220-611 amino acids, the relative molecular weight ranged from 25.77 kD to 69.63 kD, and the isoelectric point ranged from 5.46 to 9.34. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SiMPK genes were divided into four groups. Group A, B, and C contained TEY motifs, and group D contained TDY motifs. SiMPK genes were distributed on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9, and contained 3-11 exons. All SiMPK proteins contained motif 1 and motif 2. A number of cis-acting elements related to stress, hormones and plant growth and development were predicted in the promoter regions of the SiMPK genes. Most genes had obvious tissue expression specificity. Except for SiMPK21-2 and SiMPK6, the other members had obvious responses to 1 to 3 kinds of stresses, such as Uromyces setariae-italicae Yoshino infection, Ostrinia furnacalis feeding, and SA and MeJA treatments. The results laid a theoretical foundation for further research on the function of SiMPK genes in the biotic stresses of disease and pest in foxtail millet.

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    Expression pattern analysis and interaction protein screening of cassava MYB transcription factor MeMYB60
    XU Zi-Yin, YU Xiao-Ling, ZOU Liang-Ping, ZHAO Ping-Juan, LI Wen-Bin, GENG Meng-Ting, RUAN Meng-Bin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 955-965.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24089
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    Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors widely involve in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes in plants, and play important regulatory roles in response to abiotic stress in plant. Based on the expression pattern of MYB members in cassava cultivars, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, namely MeMYB60 was screened and cloned. Gene expression characteristics showed that MeMYB60 was specifically expressed in leaves of cassava, and negatively regulated by drought stress and low temperature. Moreover, this gene was also responded to ABA treatment in leaves of cassava. Promoter activity analysis showed that MeMYB60 could be expressed in guard cells, indicating that the expression of this transcription factor gene may be related to stomatal movement regulation in cassava. MeMYB60 protein was predominately located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. Its transcriptional activation domain was in the range of 194th-343rd amino acid residues at the C-terminal of the protein. The cDNA library of drought stressed cassava leaves was screened by using the 1st-194th amino acid residues at the N-terminal of MeMYB60 protein as bait. Subsequently, 18 proteins had been that may interact with MeMYB60. Yeast-two-hybrid analysis determined that MeCatlase1 and MeCataase2 are potential interactors of MeMYB60, respectively. These results lay a foundation for further functional study of MeMYB60 in cassava in response to abiotic stress and are helpful for the regulatory network investigation of MeMYB60.

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    Development, genetic deciphering, and breeding utilization of dwarf lines in foxtail millet
    DIAO Xian-Min, WANG Li-Wei, ZHI Hui, ZHANG Jun, LI Shun-Guo, CHENG Ru-Hong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (2): 265-279.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34131
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    Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important cereal crop in northern China’s arid and semiarid dry land agriculture, which has recently been proposed as a novel model for functional genomics. Breeding dwarf varieties is the development trend of foxtail millet industry. To date, more than 70 foxtail millet dwarf lines have been developed and reported worldwide. According to morphological characteristics, foxtail millet dwarf lines can be divided into two types: compact type with erect leaves and conventional type with droopy leaves. Gibberellins (GA) sensitivity assay indicated that four materials were not sensitive to GA and the others were sensitive. Genetic analyses detected that most of the dwarf phenotype lines were controlled by recessive genes, but the height phenotype of Ai 88 was controlled by multi-dwarf-gene. So far, 79 QTL related with plant height regulation were detected by natural population GWAS or linkage analysis. Among seven genes or QTL fine mapped in foxtail millet, the semi-dominant dwarfism gene SiD1 in 84113 was the only one cloned and functionally characterized. In the history of breeding dwarf foxtail millet variety, Ai 88 was a backbone line, which had been utilized to develop 139 cultivars with reducing plant height to meet the requirement of logging resistance and mechanized harvest. In this study, we reviewed systematically the research progress of dwarfing gene in foxtail millet, sorted out the dwarfing genes that had been located and cloned, discussed the problems in the research of dwarfing genetics and breeding, and prospected the future development in foxtail.

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    Construction of core collection of sweetpotato based on phenotypic traits and SSR markers
    CHEN Yi-Hang, TANG Chao-Chen, ZHANG Xiong-Jian, YAO Zhu-Fang, JIANG Bing-Zhi, WANG Zhang-Ying
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1249-1261.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24122
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    To better preserve, study, and utilize sweet potato collection resources, 1091 sweetpotato germplasms preserved in the National Sweetpotato Germplasm Nursery (Guangzhou) were used as the materials in this study. Euclidean distance and Nei’s distance were used for NJ cluster grouping, respectively, and random sampling was conducted within the group to construct the core collection. Mean, variance, Shannon’s diversity index, coefficient of variation, and other indicators were used to evaluate the representativeness of the core collection based on phenotypic traits data, and effective alleles, Nei’s genetic diversity index, Shannon’s diversity index, and other indicators were used to evaluate the representativeness of the core collection based on SSR markers data. The results showed that the constructed sweetpotato core collection contained 289 materials, accounting for 26.49% of the entire collection. At P < 0.05, there was no significant difference in the related indicators of phenotypic traits and SSR molecular markers between the core collection and the entire collection, and the phenotypic frequency distribution of the two germplasm was basically the same. The principal component analysis revealed that the core collection had similar genetic diversity and population structure to the entire collection. In conclusion, the established core collection of sweetpotato well represented the entire collection’s genetic variation and population structure, which could lay a good foundation for variety improvement, excellent genes mining, and germplasm innovation of sweetpotato.

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    Transcriptome sequencing analysis of different sweet potato varieties under salt stress
    ZHANG Xiao-Hong, PENG Qiong, YAN Zheng
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1432-1444.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24143
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    The objective of this study is to obtain the salt tolerant transcriptome sequence information of sweet potato, mine and identify the differentially expressed genes and their related metabolic pathways. Rongshu 819 (salt-tolerant variety) and Rongshu 910 (salt-sensitive variety) under salt treatment for 0, 3, and 6 days were conducted for the transcriptome by high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that a total of 157,252 Unigenes with an average length of 576 bp were obtained from the two varieties. The 83,264 Unigenes, accounting for 52.95% of the total Unigenes, were annotated in the 7 functional databases. NR annotation revealed that sweet potato Unigenes had the most homologous sequences in Ipomoea nil with a total of 43,620 accounting for 57.05%. The annotation of Unigenes in the KOG database is mainly concentrated in general functional prediction only (8752), signal transformation mechanisms (5067), and post translation modification, protein transformation, molecular chaperones (4471). The qRT-PCR indicated that, in Rongshu 819, the number of differentially expressed genes in 3 days and 6 days of salt treatment was 3752 and 807, respectively, which classified into 33 GO functional categories and 302 KEGG metabolic pathways. In Rongshu 910, the number of differentially expressed genes in 3 days and 6 days of salt treatment was 5554 and 7395, respectively, which classified into 50 GO functional categories and 329 KEGG metabolic pathways. The heat map was drawn based on the transcriptome data of partial differentially expressed genes. The result showed that 7 differentially expressed β-Glucosidase genes annotated into starch and sucrose metabolic pathway were up-regulated in salt-tolerant variety while down-regulated in salt-sensitive variety. Seven calmodulin-like genes annotated into Ca2+ signaling pathway were specifically expressed in two varieties, among which 2 were specifically up-regulated in salt-tolerant variety and 5 were specifically down-regulated in salt-sensitive variety. The expression heat map of differentially expressed transcription factors indicated that IbERF1 was only specifically expressed in salt-tolerant varieties, IbNAC3, IbNAC11, IbERF3, and IbERF4 were only specifically expressed in salt-sensitive varieties, while IbNAC29 was down-regulated in salt-tolerant varieties and up-regulated in salt-sensitive varieties. In conclusion, the number of Unigenes obtained from transcriptome of sweet potato under salt stress was large and the sequence information was rich. The differentially expressed genes and high abundance transcription factors may play an important role in sweet potato response to salt stress.

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    Transcription factor TaMYB5-3B is associated with plant height and 1000- grain weight in wheat
    ZHU Zhi, LI Long, LI Chao-Nan, MAO Xin-Guo, HAO Chen-Yang, ZHU Ting, WANG Jing-Yi, CHANG Jian-Zhong, JING Rui-Lian
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 906-916.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21029
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    MYB transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this study, we cloned TaMYB5-3B gene on chromosome 3B in wheat. The full-length genome sequence is 3005 bp, including 2112 bp promoter region and 893 bp coding region. TaMYB5-3B coding region consists of two exons and one intron, which encodes a R2R3-MYB protein. The polymorphism of TaMYB5-3B was analyzed by sequencing 32 wheat accessions with wide variations. A total of eight SNPs were detected at -2048, -1632, -1178, -1156, -504, -461, -433, and 61 bp, respectively. They were eight SNPs linked by G/A conversion, G/A conversion, G/A conversion, T/C conversion, C/T conversion, A deletion, T deletion and T/A inversion, respectively. A pair of molecular markers were developed based on the promoter region SNP-1632 to detect the genotypes of wheat natural population. The association analysis of genotype and phenotypic traits showed that TaMYB5-3B was significantly associated with plant height (PH), peduncle length (PLE), and 1000-grain weight (TGW). Two haplotypes (Hap-3B-1 and Hap-3B-2) were detected in the population, in which Hap-3B-2 was an excellent haplotype with short PH and high TGW. Hap-3B-2 had been positively selected in the breeding, and its frequency in modern cultivars gradually increased with the advance of breeding years in China. Therefore, TaMYB5-3B could be used to further understand the mechanism of wheat plant height and grain yield formation, and its molecular markers may contribute to ideal plant architecture and grain yield breeding of wheat.

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    Effects of drought stress before and after anthesis on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of summer maize after re-watering
    ZHANG Jun-Jie, CHEN Jin-Ping, TANG Yu-Lou, ZHANG Rui, CAO Hong-Zhang, WANG Li-Juan, MA Meng-Jin, WANG Hao, WANG Yong-Chao, GUO Jia-Meng, KRISHNA SV Jagadish, YANG Qing-Hua, SHAO Rui-Xin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1397-1409.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23003
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    Drought before and after anthesis is one of the important factors affecting the decrease of summer maize yield in Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region. From 2020 to 2021, a pool planting control experiment was carried out. To study the effect of regulated deficit irrigation before and after anthesis on photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation and distribution, and yield of summer maize after re-watering, four water gradients were set within 28 days before and after anthesis, including 100% Eapotranspiration (ETc) (CK), 70% ETC (Water deficit, WD1), 40% ETC (WD2), and 0 ETC (WD3) using Zhongkeyu 505 as the test materials. The result showed that the photosynthetic performance of summer maize leaves did not recover after re-watering under drought stress. The SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, population leaf area index, photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were lower than the control, and the dry matter accumulation of the plants was blocked, photosynthetic potential and net assimilation rate were lower than the control, and the dry matter accumulation of the plants was blocked, resulting in the decrease of grain storage capacity. Drought stress prolonged the anthesis-silking interval for 1-3 day (s), increased the seed abortion rate, and decreased the grain number per row and 100-seed weight after re-watering, especially the seed abortion rate in WD3 was significantly increased by 220.71% and 100.73% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. The yield of WD1, WD2, WD3 was decreased by 14.52%, 36.69%, 39.83% and 19.62%, 45.18%, 54.42% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In conclusion, after re-watering under water deficit before and after anthesis, the photosynthetic performance of maize was still inhibited, which further affected the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic assimilates, and ultimately leading to a significant decrease in storage capacity and yield.

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    Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of SGR gene family in Brassica napus L.
    TANG Yu-Feng, YAO Min, HE Xin, GUAN Mei, LIU Zhong-Song, GUAN Chun-Yun, QIAN Lun-Wen
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1829-1842.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24188
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    Chlorophyll is a kind of green pigment for plant photosynthesis, which has a direct effect on plant growth. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the members of SGR gene family in Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, Brassica oleracea, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Most of the 28 SGR genes contained four exons, encoding basic proteins. Chromosome mapping and syntenic analysis showed that there was no tandem duplication in the SGR gene family members of Brassica napus. SGR gene family members had a linear relationship, highly homologous in evolution, and very conserved in the evolutionary process. Moreover, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of chlorophyll content was performed using a Brassica 60K Illumina Infinium SNP array in 203 Brassica napus accessions. Two haplotype regions (Chr.A01: 6,193,165-6,317,757 bp and Chr.C01: 9,059,861-9,906,618 bp) carrying two SGR genes (BnaSGR1a-A01 and BnaSGR1-C01) were detected, which were significantly associated with chlorophyll content. Meanwhile, the regional association analysis of 50 resequenced rapeseed inbred lines revealed that a SNP located in exon 2 of BnaSGR1a-A01 significantly associated with chlorophyll content. Co-expression network analysis revealed that BnaSGR1a-A01 were directly linked with BnaSGR2-A03, and indirectly linked with BnaSGR1-C01, BnaSGR1-A08, BnaSGR2-C03, BnaSGR1-C07, BnaSGRL-C06, and BnaSGRL-A10, thus forming a molecular network involved in the potential regulation of chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the total chlorophyll content of T2 Arabidopsis transgenic plants overexpressing BnasSGR1a-A01 were significantly lower than wild type, indicating that BnaSGR1a-A01 regulated chlorophyll degradation. This study laid a foundation for the functional research and utilization of SGR gene in Brassica napus L.

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    Optimization of field configuration technology of strip intercropping of fresh corn and fresh soybean based on high yield and high efficiency
    SHU Ze-Bing, LUO Wan-Yu, PU Tian, CHEN Guo-Peng, LIANG Bing, YANG Wen-Yu, WANG Xiao-Chun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1140-1150.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23013
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    To clarify the high yield of strip intercropping of fresh corn and fresh soybean in Southwest China and to realize efficient field configuration technology for mechanization, two fresh corn varieties with large plant height differences were used as the materials, and two factor split zone design was adopted. The effects of two kinds of bandwidth (high-yield bandwidth 2 m and high-efficiency bandwidth suitable for mechanization 2.4 m) and maize planting density (37,500, 45,000, 52,500, and 60,000 plants hm-2) on population yield, commodity quality, and planting benefit in the strip intercropping system of fresh corn and soybean were comprehensively analyzed, and the optimal field configuration of high-yield and high-efficiency was determined. The results showed that the yield of fresh corn and fresh soybean were more affected by corn planting density and bandwidth, respectively. With the increase of bandwidth, the first-class ear rate of dwarf maize varieties decreased by 25.78%, the bald tip length increased by 9.55%, and the first-class ear rate of tall maize varieties decreased by 11.76% and the bald tip length increased by 17.54%. With the increase of maize density, the first-class ear rate, bald tip length of dwarf, and tall maize varieties decreased significantly under the two bandwidth, and the planting density of dwarf and tall maize increased from 52,500 plants hm-2 to 60,000 plants hm-2 in 2019. The first-class ear rate decreased by 46.16% and 27.78%, the bald tip length increased by 19.44% and 14.17%, and the first-class ear rate decreased by 25.01% and 23.60% under the 2.4 m bandwidth, and the bald tip length increased by 16.46% and 11.53%, respectively. The effects of bandwidth and density on the 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of fresh soybean reached a significant level. With the increase of bandwidth, the 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of strip intercropping soybean increased significantly. The 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of soybean intercropped with dwarf and high stalk maize varieties increased by 7.94% and 18.88%, 8.10% and 16.71%, respectively. With the increase of corn density, the 2-pod rate and 3-pod rate of soybean decreased significantly. In 2019, the corn density increased from 52,500 plants hm-2 to 60,000 plants hm-2. The 2-pod rate of soybean intercropped with high stalk corn decreased by 6.19%-9.09%, and the 3-pod rate decreased by 11.94%-14.39%. The comprehensive evaluation score of principal component and DTOPSIS method showed that under the high-yield and high-efficiency bandwidth, the corn density of 52,500 plants hm-2 and 45,000 plants hm-2 of strip intercropping fresh soybean of dwarf and tall maize varieties were close to the ideal value of maize density, the comprehensive characters performance was good. The planting benefits could reach 84,400 Yuan hm-2 and 100,900 Yuan hm-2, respectively.

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    Identification of ZmC2s gene family and functional analysis of ZmC2-15 under heat tolerance in maize
    HUANG Yu-Jie, ZHANG Xiao-Tian, CHEN Hui-Li, WANG Hong-Wei, DING Shuang-Cheng
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (9): 2331-2343.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23069
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    The objective of this study is to identify the members of maize ZmC2s gene family, to analyze the association between their genetic variations and heat tolerance, and to lay a foundation for clarifying its function and molecular mechanism in maize heat tolerance. Using the C2 protein domain PF00168, hmmsearch was applied to search for the members of the ZmC2s gene family from maize B73 genome. The protein isoelectric point, molecular weight, phylogenetic evolution, and gene family replication were analyzed. Using the method of candidate gene association analysis, the association between the natural variations of ZmC2s and the heat tolerance of maize seedlings was conducted, and the important heat-tolerant candidate genes of maize ZmC2s gene family were found. The relative gene expression level of the heat-tolerant candidate gene under stress was identified by Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The subcellular expression sites of heat-tolerant candidate gene were identified by transforming maize protoplasts. A total of 95 maize ZmC2s genes were identified from the reference genome B73 in maize. According to the order of their physical coordinates, 95 maize ZmC2s genes were named from ZmC2-1 to ZmC2-95, respectively. The length of the 95 proteins was 130-2141, the isoelectric point was 4.1-10.8, and the molecular weight was 14.1-230.1. The evolution tree of C2 gene in maize, rice, and sorghum genomes was constructed. We found that C2 genes can be divided into three major cluster branches, and each cluster branch can be subdivided into two small cluster branches. Analyzing the whole genome collinearity data of maize, rice, and sorghum, 59 ZmC2s genes were detected to have corresponding replication genes in rice and sorghum genomes. A candidate-gene based on the association analysis of ZmC2s showed that ZmC2-15/60/91 were important candidate genes for heat tolerance in maize (P ≤ 0.001, MLM), among which ZmC2-15 was the most significantly associated to heat tolerance at seedling stage (P ≤ 0.000,01, MLM), and the relative expression level of ZmC2-15 was up-regulated under various stress treatments. Subcellular localization indicated that ZmC2-15 was localized in the cytoplasm, nuclear membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum. The overexpression of ZmC2-15 improved plant heat tolerance. ZmC2-15 can be used as an important candidate gene for regulating heat tolerance in maize.

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    Multi-locus genome-wide association study and prediction for general combining ability of maize ear length
    MA Juan, ZHU Wei-Hong, LIU Jing-Bao, YU Ting, HUANG Lu, GUO Guo-Jun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1562-1572.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23042
    Abstract319)   HTML28)    PDF(pc) (1084KB)(384)       Save

    Ear length is an important agronomic trait, which is closely related with yield. General combining ability (GCA) is an important index to evaluate excellent inbred lines. Therefore, the dissection of genetic basis of ear length GCA and formulation of corresponding breeding strategies is of great significance to improve maize yield. In this study, 537 F1 hybrids as the experimental materials were obtained from 123 maize inbred lines and eight tester lines according to North Carolina II genetic mating design, and phenotyped under two environments. A total of 11,734 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified using the maize 5.5 K liquid breeding chip were used to conduct multi-locus genome-wide association study (MGWAS) and genomic prediction for ear length GCA in two environments and combined environment. A total of 11 SNPs significantly associated with ear length GCA were detected using seven MGWAS, and the variation of GCA effect explained by a single locus was 8.06%-28.23%. Five SNPs were co-located using different MGWAS. Locus 7_178103602 was repeatedly detected using mrMLM (multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model) in Zhoukou and combined environment, explaining 26.02%-28.23% of variation of ear length GCA, which was an environment-stable and major-effect SNP. 11 candidate genes were identified, among which auxin amido synthetase 9 and EID1-like F-box protein 2 may be key genes for GCA of ear length. The accuracy of five random effect models for predicting ear length GCA ranged from 0.53 to 0.69 in the three environments, and there were minor differences among these models. In Xinxiang and Zhoukou environments, GBLUP (genomic best linear unbiased prediction) and RKHS (reproducing kernel Hilbert space) incorporating different significant loci as fixed effects could improve the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding value for GCA of ear length, with a percentage increase of 2.34%-14.98%. In the combined environment, except that the accuracy was slightly reduced using one significant locus derived from FarmCPU (fixed and random model circulating probability unification) or BLINK (Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway) as fixed effects, the addition of significant loci derived from the other two MGWAS methods could improve the genomic prediction ability, with a percentage increase of 2.80%-6.84%. Therefore, the incorporation of significant loci from MGWAS into the prediction models as fixed effects is helpful to improve the accuracy of the genomic estimated breeding value for ear length GCA, which could be used to effectively predict and select GCA of maize parental ear length.

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    Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rate on rapeseed yield and quality ( Brassica napus L .)
    YAN Jin-Yao, SONG Yi, LU Zhi-Feng, REN Tao, LU Jian-Wei
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1668-1677.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24175
    Abstract315)   HTML27)    PDF(pc) (412KB)(431)       Save

    Rapeseed is an important oil crop and is sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. The soil phosphorus supply in the main rapeseed producing areas in China is poor, and phosphorus deficiency often leads to yield reduction of seed. To investigate the effects of phosphorus nutrient supply status on rapeseed yield and quality at the same time, a phosphorus fertilizer rate field experiment was conducted in two seasons of 2019-2021 in the middle reaches of Yangtze River with five treatments of 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P2O5 hm-2. The results showed that phosphorus application significantly increased the number of pods per plant, seed number, and 1000-seed weight, and thus increasing rapeseed yield. The average yield without phosphorus treatment was only 190 kg hm-2, and phosphorus application increased the yield by 8.5-12.5 times, and the maximum yields obtained according to yield effects corresponded to phosphorus applications of 51.8-65.0 kg P2O5 hm-2. The response of rapeseed phosphorus content, water content, oil content, protein, glucosinolate, oleic acid, linolenic acid, and stearic acid to phosphorus fertilizer rate reached highly significant levels, while erucic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid showed less response. The oil content of rapeseed tended to increase and then decrease with increasing phosphorus application (highest at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 135 kg P2O5 hm-2), protein content tended to increase slowly, and glucosinolate content decreased significantly. Excessive application of phosphorus fertilizer decreased the oleic acid content and increased the linolenic acid content of rapeseed. Path analysis showed that seed phosphorus content, oil content, and linolenic acid content had a greater direct positive effect on yield, water content, protein and linolenic acid had a greater indirect positive effect on yield through seed phosphorus content, and glucosinolate, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and stearic acid had a greater indirect negative effect on yield through seed phosphorus content. The combined results showed that the recommended phosphorus fertilizer rate for targeting rapeseed yield and edible oil quality was 45-90 kg P2O5 hm-2, and for pursuing forage cake meal protein yield, the recommended phosphorus fertilizer rate was 90-135 kg P2O5 hm-2.

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    Root morphology and physiological characteristics for high yield formation under side-deep fertilization in rice
    ZHANG Chen-Hui, ZHANG Yan, LI Guo-Hui, YANG Zi-Jun, ZHA Ying-Ying, ZHOU Chi-Yan, XU Ke, HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, GUO Bao-Wei
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1039-1051.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22023
    Abstract313)   HTML25)    PDF(pc) (414KB)(477)       Save

    The side-deep fertilization of rice is an asymmetric local fertilization for rhizosphere of seedlings that fertilizers are applied deep in paddy soil. It has the advantages of reducing fertilizer application and labor cost, increasing fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield. However, the effects of side-deep fertilization on root characteristics and its relationship with grain yield are unclear. This field experiment was conducted using rice verities of Fengjing 1606 and Nanjing 9108. Four nitrogen treatments, conventional fertilization with common urea (CF), conventional fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer (CFCR), side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of common urea (SDCU), and side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer (SDCR), were tested to explore the effects of different nitrogen treatments on root morphological traits, anatomical structure, physiological characteristics, and grain yield. The results showed as follows: (1) The grain yield of SDCR treatment was the highest, followed by CF and CFCR treatments, the yields of SDCU treatment was the lowest. (2) SDCR treatment significantly increased the total root length, the root tips, root surface area, and root volume at different growth stage. (3) SDCR treatment reduced the cortical cross-sectional area of rice roots, the cortical cell layers, and the root diameter, and increases the stele diameter at different growth stages, however, there was no significant effect on the aerenchyma area and cortical cell area. (4) Compared with CF treatment, SDCR treatment significantly improved rice root activity, root nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity increased and reached the peak at heading stage, and then decreased, SDCR treatment had the highest GOGAT and GS activities at different growth stages. Therefore, to improve rice yield, improve the fertilizer utilization efficiency, and achieve the purpose of nitrogen reduction and production increase, the side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer could improve root morphological traits, anatomical structure, and physiological characteristics, enhance the root ability to absorb nutrients and water, prevent premature senescence of plant.

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    Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveals the metabolic response pathways of sweetpotato under shade stress
    WANG Yan-Nan, CHEN Jin-Jin, BIAN Qian-Qian, HU Lin-Lin, ZHANG Li, YIN Yu-Meng, QIAO Shou-Chen, CAO Guo-Zheng, KANG Zhi-He, ZHAO Guo-Rui, YANG Guo-Hong, YANG Yu-Feng
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1785-1798.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24137
    Abstract311)   HTML22)    PDF(pc) (13640KB)(311)       Save

    Sweetpotato is a heliophile crop. However, it is usually shaded in the lower position in the interplanting cultivation mode. During the middle and late field growing period, it often faces rainy weather with little illumination, which affects the dry matter accumulation in tuberous roots. Thus, analyzing the metabolic response pathways of sweetpotato under shade stress will provide the theoretical basis for the varieties’ genetic improvement of shade tolerance. In this study, the sweetpotato variety Zhenghong 23 was exposed to shade stress with 50% light transmittance for 15 days. Results showed that chlorophyll b and the total chlorophyll contents of Zhenghong 23 under shade stress were significantly increased compared with those under natural light. The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), the potential activity (Fv/Fo), and the comprehensive index of photosynthetic performance (PIABS) of the chlorophyll photosystem PSII decreased significantly under shade stress. The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency decreased significantly, while SOD and POD enzyme activities increased significantly. In addition, shade stress increased significantly the vine length and specific leaf area of Zhenghong 23, but reduced significantly the fresh weight of roots. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of leaf tissues under shade stress and natural light conditions showed that the DEGs and DMs were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, sugar metabolism, sphinolipid metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis pathways. Most of the up-regulated DEGs enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were POD enzyme family genes, indicating that the shade stress triggered the ROS scavenging system in sweetpotato. Meanwhile, shade stress reduced sugar metabolism level of sweetpotato, decreased the soluble sugar content of leaves, inhibited both the synthesis and degradation of starch, and blocked the expansion of tuberous roots. In addition, the sphinolipid and arginine metabolism pathways may better adapt sweetptoato plants to shade stress through improving the stability of biomembranes and increase the synthetic substrates of polyamine anti-stress factors. These results provide new theoretical basis for understanding the metabolic response pathways of sweetpotato under shade stress.

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    Genetic diversity of wheat breeding parents revealed by 55K SNP-based microarray
    LU Mao-Ang, PENG Xiao-Ai, ZHANG Ling, WANG Jian-Lai, HE Xian-Fang, ZHU Yu-Lei
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1708-1714.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21047
    Abstract303)   HTML25)    PDF(pc) (1484KB)(568)       Save

    The objective of this study is to identify the genetic diversity among wheat parental materials from different provinces. To reveal the genetic diversity and population structure by using wheat 55K SNP chip, 150 wheat accessions from Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Sichuan, and Shandong provinces were analyzed. A total of 52,537 SNP loci were detected in the 150 wheat accessions. 39,422 high quality markers were obtained, of which 38,135 were polymorphic, accounting for 96.74%. The distribution of 38,135 polymorphic markers among the genomes showed the least in D subgenome (10,450), the most in B subgenome (15,290). The average polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.315, with a variation of 0.068-0.375. The averaged genetic distance of accessions differed based on the origin: Henan > Sichuan > Shandong > Jiangsu > Anhui. The results of cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and population structure analysis were highly consistent, and the clustering results were consistent with the pedigree, regional origin, and breeding group. The study revealed that the average polymorphism information content in each province was at a moderate PIC level, but the average genetic distance of the materials was close. This indicated that the high-quality germplasm resources should still be introduced to alleviate the material homogeneity, so as to increase the ability of wheat to cope with stress and reduce the vulnerability and risk in actual wheat production.

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    Research progress on genetic basis and QTL mapping of oil content in peanut seed
    ZHANG Yue, WANG Zhi-Hui, HUAI Dong-Xin, LIU Nian, JIANG Hui-Fang, LIAO Bo-Shou, LEI Yong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (3): 529-542.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34083
    Abstract302)   HTML105)    PDF(pc) (590KB)(277)       Save

    Peanut is an important oilseed crop in China, and oil content is an important quality trait and breeding target of peanut. One percentage point increase in peanut oil content is equivalent to an increase of two percentage points in yield, and oil processing profit can be increased by seven percentage points. This study outlined four predominant methods for phenotyping peanut oil content. The genetic characteristics of oil content in peanut were quantitative traits under polygenic control, that were affected by additive and dominant effects, and influenced by G×E interaction. There were 124 QTL reported for oil content, with 36 major effect loci by (phenotypic variation explained) more than 10%. Eight major effect QTL on A03, A05, and A08 can be consistently identified. A consistent genetic map of oil content in peanut was constructed, with a hotspot region on the 33.59-50.24 Mb of A08. In addition, the research progress of lipid synthesis and the regulatory mechanisms of associated genes was detailed. This review aspires to provide theoretical guidance for the genetic improvement of oil content and the breeding of high oil varieties of peanut.

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    BnABCI8 affects chloroplast development of Brassica napus
    CHEN Xiao-Han, WANG Li-Qin, WANG Hua-Dong, XIAO Qing, TAO Bao-Long, ZHAO Lun, WEN Jing, YI Bin, TU Jin-Xing, FU Ting-Dong, SHEN Jin-Xiong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 893-905.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24065
    Abstract301)   HTML63)    PDF(pc) (10158KB)(236)       Save

    Mature chloroplast is an important place for photosynthesis of higher plants and important organs that affects crop yield. BnABCI8 is a member of the ABC transporter I subfamily, and there are two functional copies of BnA09.ABCI8 and BnC09.ABCI8 in Brassica napus. Their amino acid sequences are very conserved in different species. The relative expression patterns showed that BnABCI8 was expressed in all tissues of Brassica napus, and the relative expression level in leaves and flowers was higher. Subcellular localization indicated that BnABCI8 was located in chloroplast. Phenotypic identification showed that the double mutation of BnA09.ABCI8 and BnC09.ABCI8 and the single mutation of BnA09.ABCI8 both resulted in yellow cotyledons and chlorotic true leaves, among which double mutant was more severe chlorosis. Transmission electron microscope demonstrated that the chloroplasts in the double mutants could not form normal thylakoid membranes. The knock-out of BnABCI8 resulted in the decrease of the relative expression level of related genes in the chlorophyll synthesis pathway, and significantly increased the iron content in mutant leaves. These results indicated that the mutation of BnABCI8 resulted in abnormal chloroplast structure, hindered the synthesis of chlorophyll, and significantly increased the iron content in the leaves. In addition, the accumulation of iron ion might lead to a series of reactions such as accumulation of reactive oxygen species, cell death and chlorophyll degradation, and eventually led to mutation of leaf color.

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    Multi-disease resistance evaluation of spring maize varieties for the national regional test in Northeast and North China during 2016-2020
    LUAN Yi, BAI Yan, LU Shi, LI Lei-Xin, WANG De-Qiang, GAO Ting-Ting, SHI Jie, YANG Hong-Ming, LU Ming
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 1122-1131.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23031
    Abstract300)   HTML6)    PDF(pc) (659KB)(366)       Save

    Diseases have been major biological adversity affecting maize production. Developing disease resistant varieties is the most economical, effective, and environment-friendly strategy for maize disease prevention. In this study, the disease identification data of 724 tested varieties in the national regional test (early-medium maturity, medium maturity, and late-medium maturity) were analyzed in Northeast and North China from 2016 to 2020, including northern corn leaf blight, head smut, fusarium stalk rot, gray leaf spot, and fusarium ear rot. The results revealed that medium resistance and susceptibility dominated the five disease resistance categories, accounting for 82.94%, 84.12%, and 72.46% in the early-medium maturity, medium maturity, and late-medium maturity groups, respectively. The varieties with early-medium maturity, medium maturity, and late-medium maturity groups with medium resistance (MR) or above accounted for 50.24%, 56.37%, and 69.33% of the total varieties, with high resistance (HR) accounting for 4.52%, 4.41%, and 7.84% of the total, respectively. Northern corn leaf blight and gray leaf spot antigens were few, and no high-resistance varieties existed. Fusarium stalk rot, head smut, fusarium ear rot, gray leaf spot, and northern corn leaf blight were ranked from high to low in terms of resistance (R) in early-medium maturity. The medium maturity group was fusarium ear rot, fusarium stalk rot, head smut, gray leaf spot, and northern corn leaf blight. The order of late-medium maturity group was fusarium ear rot, fusarium stalk rot, head smut, northern corn leaf blight, and gray leaf spot, respectively. Climate and environment had an impact on inter-annual identification results, and the overall performance in 2020 was worse. The varieties with the five kinds of diseases in the early-medium maturity, medium maturity, and late-medium maturity groups reaching the medium resistance (MR) or above at the same time accounted for 2.78%, 6.37%, and 15.67%, respectively. However, only one variety (Chengyu 88) passed the test, demonstrating that breeding high yielding, disease-resistant green maize variants was challenging. It was recommended that a disease-resistant green maize variety test group could be established, that disease-resistant green maize varieties be identified more successfully, and that green maize varieties be promoted more effectively and rapidly. This study clarifies the main disease resistance level of northeast and north spring maize test varieties in recent year, and provides a reference for future variety breeding, validation, and promotion, so as to support the green development of China’s maize seed industry.

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    Effects of combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and leaf senescence physiological characteristics in summer maize
    ZHANG Zhen-Bo, JIA Chun-Lan, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Peng, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1616-1629.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23045
    Abstract299)   HTML28)    PDF(pc) (769KB)(475)       Save

    Nitrogen and phosphorus, as the essential nutrients for maize growth and development, play an important effect on maize yield. In this experiment, to investigate the effect of combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus on leaf senescence physiological and yield formation in summer maize, 11 combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments in 2020 and 15 combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments in 2021 were applied using Denhai 111 (DH111) as the test materials. The results showed that the leaf area index (LAI), the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and the antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] of summer maize increased first and then decreased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased first and then increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate under the same phosphorus application conditions. Under N0-N2 conditions, with the increasing phosphorus application, LAI, SPAD value, and antioxidant enzyme activity had an increasing trend, MDA content showed a decreasing trend and yield showed an increasing trend, while with the increasing phosphorus application, LAI, SPAD value, and antioxidant enzyme activity showed an increasing trend and then a decreasing trend, MDA content showed a decreasing trend and then an increasing trend, and yield showed an increasing trend and then a decreasing trend in N3 and N4. In 2020, the N3 P1 treatment increased yields by 2.55% compared to the N2 P3 treatment. In 2021, the N3 P1 treatment increased yields by 7.36% and 3.31% compared to the N3 P0 and N2 P2 treatments, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, the reasonable combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus (180 kg N hm-2, 60 kg P hm-2) treatment can increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes at the later stage of fertility, reduce MDA content, maintain a high leaf area index and SPAD values, increase the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight, ultimately leading to higher maize yield.

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    Genotypes screening and comprehensive evaluation of sweetpotato tolerant to low potassium stress at seedling stage
    LIU Ming, FAN Wen-Jing, ZHAO Peng, JIN Rong, ZHANG Qiang-Qiang, ZHU Xiao-Ya, WANG Jing, LI Qiang
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 926-937.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24080
    Abstract298)   HTML26)    PDF(pc) (517KB)(375)       Save

    The purpose of this study was to establish a low potassium (K) tolerant evaluation system for sweetpotato at seedling stage and to screen sweetpotato materials with low-K-tolerant and low-K-sensitive. 214 sweetpotato varieties (lines) from domestic and abroad were cultured under low-K-stress (0 mmol L-1 K2O, LK) and normal K treatment (10 mmol L-1 K2O, CK) through a hydroponic experiment. 11 traits, such as biomass, K accumulation, K content, and K utilization efficiency were collected to calculate the low-K-stress tolerance index of each index. The low-K-tolerant ability of each sweetpotato material was comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), regression analysis, and cluster analysis. The results showed that the biomass and K uptake and utilization characteristics of different sweetpotato materials were different under two K levels. Under LK treatment, shoot biomass (SB), shoot biomass increase (SBI), root biomass increase (RBI), total biomass increase (PBI), K accumulation in shoot (KAS), K accumulation in root (KAR), K accumulation in plant (KAP), K concentration in shoot (KCS), and K concentration in root (KCR) decreased by more than 29% compared with CK, while root shoot ratio (RSR) and K physiological utilization efficiency (KUE) increased by 29.63% and 120.56%, respectively. Under LK treatment, the variation coefficients of SB, SBI, PBI, KAS, KAP, KCS, KCR, and KUE of different sweetpotato materials were higher than those of CK treatment. Principal component analysis was carried out on the low-K-stress tolerant index of 11 indexes. Three principal components (PC) were selected and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 82.86%. The low-K-tolerant index of 11 indicators was significantly correlated with the comprehensive evaluation value (Y) of low-K-tolerant. Selected SBI, RBI, PBI, KAS, KAR, KAP as screening evaluation indicators, 214 sweetpotato materials were divided into low-K-tolerant type, intermediate type and low-K-sensitive type according to cluster heat map analysis. The variance analysis showed that the low-K-tolerant varieties had higher low-K-stress tolerance index than other types of varieties, and the Y-value was also in the top, which verified the accuracy of the clustering results. Based on the results of this study, SBI, RBI, PBI, KAS, KAR, and KAP can be used as the first selection indexes for the screening of sweetpotato with different low-K-tolerance ability at seedling stage. Six genotypes with the strongest tolerance to low K at seedling stage were selected, which were Jizishu 18, Guangzishu 2, Longshu 710, Taizhong 6, Shenglibaihao, and Longshu 9.

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Co-sponsored:
the Crop Science Society of China
the Institute of Crop Science, CAAS
China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.
Published: Science Press
Editor-in-chief: Wan Jian-min
Associate Editors-in-Chief:
Chen Xiao-ya Yang Jian-chang Zhang Xian-long Wang Jian-kang Xu Ming-liang Liu Chun-ming Wang Dao-wen Sun Chuan-qing Ding Yan-feng Jin Wei-wei Chu Cheng-cai Cheng Wei-hong
Director of the editorial department:
Yan Chun-ling
CN 11-1809/S
ISSN 0496-3490
Post subscription code: 82-336

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  • Started in 2013
  • Covered by SCIE
  • Open access in ScienceDirect

Editor in chief: Wan Jian-min
CN 10-1112/S
ISSN 2095-5421, 2214-5141(online)
Online published:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-crop-journal
Submission: https://www.editorialmanager.com/cj/
E-mail: cropjournal@caas.cn
Tel: 8610-82108548

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