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    Photosynthetic physiological characteristics of high yield super rice variety Nanjing 5718
    WEI Xiao-Dong, ZHANG Ya-Dong, SONG Xue-Mei, CHEN Tao, ZHU Zhen, ZHAO Qin-Yong, ZHAO Ling, LU Kai, LIANG Wen-Hua, HE Lei, HUANG Sheng-Dong, XIE Yin-Feng, WANG Cai-Lin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2879-2890.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12078
    Abstract890)   HTML26)    PDF(pc) (2398KB)(263)       Save

    Nanjing 5718 is a rice variety with good eating quality approved by Jiangsu province in 2019 and was confirmed as super rice by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural affairs in 2021. Studying its yield composition characteristics, photosynthetic characteristics, and physiological basis can be helpful to investigate photosynthetic traits of super rice variety, improve its photosynthetic performance through genetic improvement, and provide the theoretical basis for high-yield breeding and cultivation of japonica rice. In this study, the parents of Nanjing 5718 and Huaidao 5, a widely popularized rice variety with the same growth period type, as the control, dry weight of aboveground of plant, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rates, and photochemical characteristics of photosystem II (PSII), core antenna protein expression, photosynthetic enzyme activities, and chloroplast ultrastructure were investigated in Nanjing 5718 from full expansion of flag leaves at the beginning of booting to 35 days after flowering. The results showed the pigment contents of the leaves in Nanjing 5718 were higher, which were close to male parent Yanjing 608. The net photosynthetic rates, dry weight, and PSII electron transfer activities of flag leaves at the late growth stage were significantly higher in Nanjing 5718 than those in parents and Huaidao 5. The light energy conversion performance of PSII was superior. The core antenna protein CP43 and CP47 were more stable under strong light and high temperature, and their adjustment ability of Nanjing 5718 was better than that of parents and Huaidao 5. In addition, the activities of RuBP carboxylase in flag leaves were higher, the contents of photosynthetic products were higher, the chloroplast structure was more stable, the senescence characteristics appeared later, and the chloroplast decay rates were slower in Nanjing 5718, compared with parents and Huaidao 5. The results indicated that high photosynthetic performance of flag leaves was the basis for the formation of high yield characteristics of super rice Nanjing 5718 with large panicles. The great activity and function of photosystem proteins were main factors of improving leaf photosynthesis, and the stability of chloroplast structure could provide powerful support for high photosynthetic efficiency of leaves.

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    Research progress on the formation of large panicles in rice and its regulation
    LIU Li-Jun, ZHOU Shen-Qi, LIU Kun, ZHANG Wei-Yang, YANG Jian-Chang
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 585-596.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22035
    Abstract528)   HTML64)    PDF(pc) (796KB)(604)       Save

    The spikelet number per panicle is a key factor that constitutes the grain yield in rice. Modern high-yielding rice varieties mostly show high spikelet number per panicle. Increasing the spikelet number per panicle and promoting the formation of large panicles are important ways to improve rice yield. This paper reviewed the relationship between the formation of spikelet number per panicle and young panicle development in rice. Combined with the author’s related research, the mechanisms underlying genetic regulation in rice panicle size, the effects of nutritional status and nitrogen fertilizer management, water, temperature, light, and endogenous hormones on the formation of spikelet number per panicle in rice were reviewed. We put forward the future research focus on strengthening the formation of large panicles in rice from the aspects of root morphophysiology and young panicle development, water and nitrogen management, temperature and light conditions, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of interaction between plant hormones regulating spikelet degeneration. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the selection and cultivation of high-yielding rice varieties with large panicles.

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    Genome-wide association study of leaf angle traits and mining of elite alleles from the major loci in maize
    QIN Wen-Xuan, BAO Jian-Xi, WANG Yan-Bo, MA Ya-Jie, LONG Yan, LI Jin-Ping, DONG Zhen-Ying, WAN Xiang-Yuan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2691-2705.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.23019
    Abstract508)   HTML40)    PDF(pc) (7109KB)(382)       Save

    Leaf angle (LA) is one of the important components of the canopy structure in maize, which can directly affect the distribution of light and CO2 in the canopy and the light capture efficiency of the population, thus affecting the yield of maize. In order to analysis the genetic basis of maize LA traits, an association panel including 854 maize inbred lines was used to analyze the first (ULA1), second (ULA2), and third (ULA3) upper leaf angle of ears in five environments, and then 2795 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers distributed on 10 chromosomes of maize genome were used for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of LA traits based on FarmCPU (fixed and random model circulating probability unification) model. Eighty-one significant SNP associations were identified, among which 26, 27, and 28 significant SNPs associated with ULA1, ULA2, and ULA3, and phenotypic variation explained (PVE) for each SNP was 0.03%-9.68%, 0.06%-9.30%, and 0.01%-8.23%, respectively. We further identified 17 heigh-confidence SNPs repeatedly detected for specific trait, among which three loci were firstly reported in this study, 14 loci located within the intervals that had been previously mapped, and nine SNPs were associated with more than one LA trait. Seven SNPs with PVE > 5% were classified as major SNPs, and thus nine germplasms combining the seven elite alleles with small LAs were isolated. Through searching the candidate regions of the 17 high-confidence SNPs, a total of 131 candidate genes were predicated, and a key gene DRL1 known to regulate LA of maize that located 70 kb downstream of PZE-101039301 on chromosome 1 was also identified as one of candidate genes. In summary, the genetic loci and candidate genes identified by this study will be useful for revealing the genetic mechanism of maize LA traits, and provide clues for cloning LA correlated genes. The identified elite alleles and germplasm resources can be used to increase maize yield by molecular marker-assisted selection of LA traits.

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    Current situation, issues, and prospects of breeding and approval of new varieties of nutrition-oriented crops
    ZHU Da-Zhou, WU Ning, ZHANG Yong, SUN Jun-Mao, CHEN Meng-Shan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 1-11.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23018
    Abstract460)   HTML53)    PDF(pc) (305KB)(431)       Save

    With China’s economic and social development and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, the consumers’ diet preference has switched from purely pursuing food taste to more nutrition and health demand, resulting in an urgent need for a transformation and upgrading of the current dietary structure to match the new trend. Correspondingly, nutrition and health-oriented crop breeding is imperative. This review aims to elaborate the research progresses in nutrition-oriented crop breeding in the world with the evolving goals of crop breeding in China, to sort out the nutritional quality indicators dominating in crop breeding globally, and to analyze the problems in existing nutritional indicators involved in the approval of new crop varieties in China. In conclusions, nutritional indicators combined with the consumer nutritional demand are put forward to the current examination and verification system of existing and new crop varieties in China and thus to promote the rapid development of crop nutritional breeding and support the nutrition demand of consumers and the construction of “Healthy China” from the source.

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    Effects of cadmium stress on root growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) varieties with different cadmium-tolerant at seedling stage
    QU Meng-Xue, SONG Jie, SUN Jing, HU Dan-Dan, WANG Hong-Zhang, REN Hao, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, LIU Peng
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2945-2952.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13077
    Abstract421)   HTML15)    PDF(pc) (609KB)(152)       Save

    Cadmium pollution in soil is a serious threat to crop production, and it is of great significance for the breeding of new cadmium-tolerant maize varieties. To study the effects on the growth and development of maize roots at seeding stage, the maize varieties with different cadmium tolerance performance were selected as experimental materials. Using cadmium-tolerant variety Xinrui 57 (XR57) and cadmium-sensitive variety Liyuan 296 (LY296) as experimental materials, the differences of root morphology, root respiration, and physiological characteristics between two varieties were investigated by hydroponic culture with different cadmium concentrations (0 mg L-1 and 10 mg L-1). The results indicated that the root of the two types of maize varieties accumulated excessive cadmium, which seriously affected the root growth. The cadmium accumulation in the root of LY296 reached 1219.77 μg plant-1, which was 16.17% higher than that of XR57, indicating the root indexes significantly lower than control. The total root length, total root surface area, total root volume, root dry weight, and lateral root density of nodal root in cadmium stress were decreased by 43.92%, 40.84%, 39.34%, 33.33%, and 62.54%, respectively. After cadmium stress, the variations of cytoprotective enzymes of the two varieties were different. The activities of SOD decreased significantly, XR57 and LY296 decreased by 43.05% and 57.54%, respectively, while the activities of POD and CAT in XR57 both increased significantly, which were 1.26 and 1.58 times higher than control, respectively. The activities of POD and CAT in LY296 had a downward trend, resulting in a significant increase in H2O2 content and aggravating oxidative stress. The contents of soluble protein and proline were increased significantly in XR57 roots after cadmium treatment, but LY296 had no significant change. The root respiration rate of both varieties were inhibited by cadmium stress, and the suppression was more pronounced in XR57, which was conducive to reducing the decrease of root biomass. XR57 also further enhanced the antioxidant capacity by increasing the proportion of alternative oxidase respiratory pathway. In conclusion, the cadmium accumulation of root significantly inhibited the growth of maize root at seedling stage, but low cadmium accumulation of the cadmium-tolerant maize variety can regulate the change of root physiological characteristics and the change of root respiration chain transfer pathway to alleviate cadmium poisoning, and it can also breathe through lower consumption by metabolic cost, maintain plant growth and development, while the cadmium-sensitive maize variety had no these advantages.

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    Relationship between root architecture and root pulling force of summer maize
    ZHANG Jing, WANG Hong-Zhang, REN Hao, YIN Fu-Wei, WU Hong-Yan, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, DAI Ai-Bin, LIU Peng
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 188-199.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23004
    Abstract415)   HTML17)    PDF(pc) (1162KB)(273)       Save

    To screen out the summer maize varieties with high root-lodging resistance and provide theoretical basis for the breeding of root-toppling resistance maize varieties to achieve resistant to lodging and high and stable yields in summer maize, the relationship between root architecture and root-lodging resistance was studied. In this experiment, to analyze the relationship between root morphology and root lodging resistance, 104 summer maize varieties widely planted in Yellow-Huaihe-Haihe Rivers region were used as materials, and the root pulling force and root related characters of different maize varieties were measured at flowering stage, and were evaluated by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results showed that the root pulling force of 104 varieties conformed to normal distribution with a range of 862-1092 N. There was a significant positive correlation between root pulling force and root angle, root numbers, total root number, root length, root dry weight, and yields. Based on the comprehensive root traits of different maize varieties, the experimental varieties were group into six groups according to the root lodging resistance from strong to weak. Among them, the varieties with strong root resistance were as follows: Lianyan 155, Dika 517, Qiminyu 6, Jinhai 13, Laiyu 721, Fengle 365, Liangxing 579, Denghai 605, Denghai 518, and Dedan 179. This group of maize varieties had the characteristics of higher root dry weight, root number, total root number, root angle, root length, and grain yield.

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    Research progress on physiological ecology and genetic basis of rice plant architecture
    XU Na, XU Quan, XU Zheng-Jin, CHEN Wen-Fu
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (7): 1735-1746.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22050
    Abstract390)   HTML58)    PDF(pc) (5416KB)(715)       Save

    Rice is one of the most important crops in China and even the world. Plant type is an important agronomic trait of rice, which is closely related to yield, quality, and stress resistance. Plant type improvement has played an important role in rice breeding in the past, and will have a profound impact on rice breeding in the future. On the base of related achievements of Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University, this paper comprehensively reviewed the research progress of rice plant type from the aspects of the concept of plant type, physiological ecology, and genetic basis of plant type breeding, and also discussed the existing problems and development direction of rice plant type. With the application of the latest research results of modern molecular biology, analyze the relationship between various organs and their optimal combination among population and individual, define the physiological ecology basis and the molecular regulatory network, and apply to plant type breeding practice, which is expected to achieve a higher level of “ideal plant type breeding” of rice.

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    Construction and application of soybean CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex editing vector
    CHEN Xiang-Qian, JIANG Qi-Yan, SUN Xian-Jun, NIU Feng-Juan, ZHANG Hui-Yuan, HU Zheng, ZHANG Hui
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2706-2714.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14220
    Abstract388)   HTML24)    PDF(pc) (2091KB)(197)       Save

    Most members of one gene family have similar function in soybean. Construction of soybean multiplex editing vector to edit multiple genes or gene families have important application value in soybean gene editing and gene functions, especially for the soybean with low transformation efficiency. Here, we reported a CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex editing vector, pCambia3301- Cas9-GmU6n-gDNAn, that enabled the editing of multiple genes in soybean. In this vector, different sgRNAs were driven by different soybean U6 promoters, and multiple sgRNA expression cassettes were assembled into pCambia3301-Cas9 vector by isocaudamers. The result showed that this system could simultaneously produce multiple mutations in soybean hairy roots by targeting multiple GRF genes via single transformation events. This vector can improve the efficiency of gene editing in soybean, and provide a simple toolbox for studying functions of multiple genes and gene families in soybean for basic research and genetic improvement.

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    Evaluation on concentration and nutrition of micro-elements in wheat grains in major wheat production regions of China
    CHU Hong-Xin, MU Wen-Yan, DANG Hai-Yan, WANG Tao, SUN Rui-Qing, HOU Sai-Bin, HUANG Ting-Miao, HUANG Qian-Nan, SHI Mei, WANG Zhao-Hui
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2853-2865.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.11099
    Abstract387)   HTML20)    PDF(pc) (762KB)(294)       Save

    Wheat is a kind of staple food crop, and an important source for carbohydrates and microelement for human health. Therefore, it is of great significance to clarify the micronutrient concentration and nutritional status of wheat grain in the major wheat production regions in China, for the purpose of optimizing wheat micronutrient management and maintaining human health. Totally, 1112 wheat and soil samples were collected from 17 major wheat production provinces in China during 2016 to 2020. Microelement concentrations of the samples were determined and nutritional status was evaluated by comparison with the acceptable daily intake value (ADI) according to the human micronutrient intake standard of Chinese Nutrition Society and health risk assessment method of United States Environmental Protection Agency, as well as the dietary habit of Chinese residents. Results showed that the average grain iron (Fe) concentration of wheat in China was 43.8 mg kg-1 when 72.9% of the samples of Fe concentration was under the lower Fe limit of 50 mg kg-1, and all the samples were under the upper limit of 140 mg kg-1. The average grain manganese (Mn) concentration was 43.0 mg kg-1 when only 4.1% of samples were under the lower limit of 22 mg kg-1 and 23.7% of samples were above the upper limit of 50 mg kg-1. The average grain copper (Cu) concentration was 4.6 mg kg-1 when 7.6% of samples were under the lower limit of 3 mg kg-1 and no sample was above the upper limit of 10 mg kg-1. The average grain zinc (Zn) concentration was 31.4 mg kg-1 when 85.8% of samples were under the lower limit of 40 mg kg-1 and only 4.1% was above the upper limit of 50 mg kg-1. The average grain boron (B) concentration was 1.2 mg kg-1 when 29.2% of samples was under the lower limit of 0.8 mg kg-1 and no sample was above the upper limit of 10 mg kg-1. The average grain molybdenum (Mo) concentration was 0.5 mg kg-1 when 18.8% of samples were under the lower limit of 0.2 mg kg-1 and only 0.4% of samples was above the upper limit of 2 mg kg-1. There were regional variations in the contents of wheat grain micronutrient in major wheat production regions in China, among which the contents of Fe and Zn were generally low in most regions, and the contents of B and Mo were insufficient in some areas, while the content of Mn was high, and the content of Cu was basically in the recommended concentration ranges.

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    Genome-wide association analysis of plant height and ear height related traits in maize
    MA Ya-Jie, BAO Jian-Xi, GAO Yue-Xin, LI Ya-Nan, QIN Wen-Xuan, WANG Yan-Bo, LONG Yan, LI Jin-Ping, DONG Zhen-Ying, WAN Xiang-Yuan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 647-661.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23023
    Abstract382)   HTML24)    PDF(pc) (8823KB)(304)       Save

    Suitable plant height (PH) and ear height (EH) can improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization and lodging resistance, which is of great significance for stable and high yield in maize. In this study, an association panel including 854 maize inbred lines used to analyze the PH, EH, and the ratio of EH to PH (EH/PH) in four environments, and genome-wide association study (GWAS) was then conducted using 2795 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers distributed uniformly throughout maize genome. A total of 81 SNP loci (P < 0.0001) were identified by using FarmCPU model, among which 35 SNPs were significantly associated with PH, with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 0.020% to 6.225%; 31 SNPs were significantly associated with ear height, and PVE was from 0.026% to 3.060%; 24 SNPs were significantly associated with EH/PH, and the PVE ranged from 0.032% to 6.636%. 15 stable SNPs that were repeatedly detected in multiple environments for specific trait were further identified, among which six loci were reported for the first time in this study, and the remaining nine loci located in the previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or/and no more than 2 Mb with the known SNPs related with PH and EH traits. A total of 83 genes were annotated in the confidence intervals of the 15 stable SNPs, and the most likely candidate genes were further predicted according to the gene functional annotations and comparison with previous reports. The candidate genes were mainly involved in hormone synthesis and signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, cell division regulation and so on. Finally, six major SNP loci and one locus that affected PH, EH, and EH/PH simultaneously were identified. This study can provide genetic loci for molecular marker-assisted selection in maize breeding and provide valuable information for fine mapping and cloning of PH and EH related genes.

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    Research advance on annual water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in North China Plain
    ZHANG Jin-Xin, GE Jun-Zhu, MA Wei, DING Zai-Song, WANG Xin-Bing, LI Cong-Feng, ZHOU Bao-Yuan, ZHAO Ming
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 879-892.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21034
    Abstract379)   HTML41)    PDF(pc) (931KB)(435)       Save

    Improving water use efficiency without reducing the annual grain yield is the key to promoting the sustainable development of the winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in the North China Plain. Since the middle and late 20th century, many researches have explored ways to improve the annual water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize, including development of water-saving irrigation technology, optimizing of irrigation system, establishment of alternative water-saving cropping system, and breeding new variety of water-saving and drought resistant, which significantly improved the crop water use efficiency (WUE). Here, we summarized the research advance on efficient annual water utilization of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in North China Plain, and proposed a way regulating the annual water balance through using appropriate tillage or sowing/harvest date to improve water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. It could provide theory and technical support for the establishment of water-saving and high-yield cultivation cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize in the North China Plain.

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    Types and ratios of starch granules in grains and their roles in the formation and improvement of wheat quality properties
    GAO Xin, GUO Lei, SHAN Bao-Xue, XIAO Yan-Jun, LIU Xiu-Kun, LI Hao-Sheng, LIU Jian-Jun, ZHAO Zhen-Dong, CAO Xin-You
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (6): 1447-1454.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21065
    Abstract378)   HTML64)    PDF(pc) (257KB)(376)       Save

    Wheat flour is mainly composed of protein and starch. Gluten, especially the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit, is the key factor determining the dough quality which has been widely accepted by breeders. However, the contribution of starch composition and physicochemical properties to dough quality has not been paid enough attention. Wheat starch has a bimodal size distribution and it is composed of A-type starch granules (diameter more than 10 μm) and B-type starch granules (diameter no more than 10 μm) according to the particle size. There are differences in the physicochemical properties of different types of starch granules. Therefore, the particle size distribution of starch affects the physicochemical properties of the total wheat starch, the gluten network structure, and the gluten-starch interaction of gluten, and finally affects the dough rheological properties, and processing characteristics. In summary, from a view of starch particle distribution, this article reviewed the development and regulation mechanism, physicochemical properties of A- and B-type starch granules, and their contribution to quality and yield. Strategies for future wheat breeding were proposed, that is, the starch properties should be selected and improved. The germplasm with high B-type starch granules proportion and strong gluten-starch interaction should be screened for further utilization. The objective of this study is to provide a reference for breeding the new high-quality and strong-gluten wheat varieties.

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    Application of dwarf-male-sterile wheat in breeding program for Fusarium head blight resistance in Southern Yellow-Huai Rivers Valley Winter Wheat Region
    ZHOU Yang, ZHANG Hong-Jun, WANG Chen-Yang, LI Hong-Jie, MAI Chun-Yan, YANG Li, LIU Hong-Wei, YU Li-Qiang, YU Guang-Jun, LIU Bing-Hua
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2683-2690.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.21017
    Abstract373)   HTML41)    PDF(pc) (314KB)(273)       Save

    The dwarf-male-sterile (DMS) wheat has been used as a convenient cross breeding tool. We have upgraded DMS wheat breeding system, which included as follows: (1) development of a series of DMS wheat parental near-isogenic lines by backcrossing the DMS wheat with elite wheat parental varieties; (2) establishment of a large-scale backcrossing population by crossing the DMS wheat parental near-isogenic lines to the cultivars (lines) with the traits of interests in the breeding program; (3) application of marker-assisted selection for the major target genes; (4) induction of DMS double-haploid (DH) lines using maize pollen pollination; and (5) approach of shuttle breeding for off-season traits evaluation. By applying this system, we successfully introduced the Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance gene Fhb1 into the genetic background of elite wheat varieties in Yellow-Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Region of China. A number of high-yielding and FHB resistance wheat lines were developed with 2-3 years in advance comparing with conventional breeding method. This method significantly increased the breeding efficiency and has a great potential for wheat breeding program.

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    Effects of shading postanthesis on flag leaf chlorophyll content, leaf microstructure and yield of different wheat varieties
    LI Xiu, LI Liu-Long, LI Mu-Rong, YIN Li-Jun, WANG Xiao-Yan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 286-294.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.11118
    Abstract373)   HTML24)    PDF(pc) (1967KB)(211)       Save

    Low light from flowering to maturity is one of the environmental stresses in wheat production. In this study, four commercial varieties, Zhengmai 9023, Xiangmai 55, Yangmai 158, and Fumai 1228 from Jianghan Plain, were used to investigate the influence of low light on wheat yield and the mechanisms of plants’ adaptation to low light. Shading (AS) treatments were started from flowering till maturity with normal light treatment as the control (CK). Traits monitored from flowering to maturity included chlorophyll contents, chlorophyll a/b and leaf microstructure in flag leaves, and low-light tolerance indicators of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, dry matter, and yield. Results showed that compared with controls, shading postanthesis resulted in increasing SPAD value of flag leaf, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents, decreased palisade tissue thickness of spongy tissue, tightness of leaf tissue structure, dry matter accumulation, and grain yield of all varieties. Varieties revealed different responses to low light treatment with the morphology and distribution of mesophyll cells of the flag leaf of Xiangmai 55 and Yangmai 158 being less affected than Zhengmai 9023 and Fumai 1228. Compared with Zhengmai 9023 and Fumai 1228, the SPAD value, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b contents, and superoxide dismutase activity of flag leaves of Xiangmai 55 and Yangmai 158 increased significantly, while the chlorophyll a/b decreased significantly. Shading treatment caused yield reductions were much less in Xiangmai 55 (29%) and Yangmai 158 (34%) than Zhengmai 9023 (38%) and Fumai 1228 (47%), indicating that Xiangmai 55 and Yangmai 158 were capable of maintaining high productivity resulted in a high level of adaptability to low-light environments. The ability to maintain a higher physiological activity of flag leaf was the major physiological mechnism for higher productivity of wheat under insufficient light conditions.

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    Identification of rice blast resistance in xian and geng germplasms by genome- wide association study
    ZHOU Hai-Ping, ZHANG Fan, CHEN Kai, SHEN Cong-Cong, ZHU Shuang-Bing, QIU Xian-Jin, XU Jian-Long
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1170-1183.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22024
    Abstract352)   HTML33)    PDF(pc) (1155KB)(289)       Save

    Rice blast is one of the major fungal diseases that threaten rice production worldwide. To improve rice blast resistance, identifying blast resistant genes and introgressing them into elite rice varieties is an effective way. In this study, a panel of 212 xian accessions and 235 geng accessions collected worldwide were evaluated for resistance against five blast isolates at seedling stage. All of them showed large variations in resistance against five isolates, and 8 xian and 12 geng accessions were detected to present resistance to all five blast isolates. Using genome-wide association strategy, a total of 43 QTLs were identified for resistance to five isolates in mix population (xian subpopulation and geng subpopulation), including 9, 4, 14, 14, and 2 QTLs for GD00-193, GD08-T19, GD17-CQ16, HB1708, and HLJ13-856, respectively. Among them, 12 resistant QTLs were detected only in xian rice sub-population, 7 only detected in geng rice sub-population, and 1 simultaneously detected in both sub-populations, indicating that blast resistance was generally better in xian than in geng rice, and there was obvious differentiation in blast resistance between xian and geng rice. A total of 11 QTLs affected resistance to two or more trains or were simultaneously identified in two or more populations, and 23 candidate genes were identified by candidate interval association analysis and haplotype analysis. Different resistance candidate genes had different frequencies in xian and geng populations. The results provide germplasm resources and favorable genes information for molecular improvement of blast resistance in rice varieties and the breeding and utilization strategies of different resistance genes.

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    QTL mapping and validation of chlorophyll content of flag leaves in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)
    YANG Bin, QIAO Ling, ZHAO Jia-Jia, WU Bang-Bang, WEN Hong-Wei, ZHANG Shu-Wei, ZHENG Xing-Wei, ZHENG Jun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 744-754.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21018
    Abstract349)   HTML20)    PDF(pc) (1946KB)(207)       Save

    Flag leaf is the main photosynthetic organ in wheat. The chlorophyll content is not only the major photosynthetic pigment in flag leaf but also an important phenotypic indicator in crop breeding. Therefore, the identification of major loci/genes related to chlorophyll content in the flag leaf play an important role in breeding wheat varieties with higher grain yields and stability. In this study, we constructed a double haploid (DH) population from a cross of two cultivars with significant difference in chlorophyll content, and the chlorophyll contents of DH lines were detected under five environments. A total of 20 QTLs associated with chlorophyll content were detected using Wheat 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, with contributions to phenotypic variation explained (PVE) from 4.10% to 27.16%. Three QTLs (Qchl.saw-2D.1, Qchl.saw-4D.2, and Qchl.saw-6A) were identified under multiple environmental conditions, in which Qchl.saw-2D.1 with the strongest genetic effect was different from previous studies and identified as a novel major QTL. Furthermore, Qchl.saw-2D.1 was validated by a tightly linked kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) marker in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population containing the co-parent Jinmai 919. Those lines with the favorable allele of Qchl.saw-2D.1 revealed significantly higher chlorophyll content than other lines under multiple environments. Moreover, a total of 12 candidate genes controlling chlorophyll content were identified in the three QTL regions. Based on gene annotation, three genes were involved in the binding process of metal iron, such as magnesium. Five genes were regulated the structural composition of chloroplasts, and four genes were engaged in the regulation of electron transfer activities during the photosynthetic process. In conclusion, this study will broaden the understanding of the genetic mechanism and provide a molecular basis for the marker-assisted breeding (MAS) of chlorophyll content in the flag leaf of wheat.

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    Effect of potassium application on vascular tissue structure and material transport properties in summer maize ( Zea mays L.)
    SONG Jie, REN Hao, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, LI Liang, WANG Shao-Xiang, HUANG Jin-Ling, LIU Peng
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2908-2919.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.23005
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    Field experiments were conducted at the Dongping Agricultural Science Institute, Tai’an city, Shandong province from 2020 to 2021, using Denghai 605 (DH605) as the experimental material. The objective of the study is to explore the effects of K application on vascular system structure and material transport properties in summer maize, five K2O application rates of 0 kg hm-2 (K0), 150 kg hm-2 (K1), 225 kg hm-2 (K2), 300 kg hm-2 (K3), and 375 kg hm-2 (K4) were set under uniform N and P fertilizer rates (N 225 kg hm-2 and P2O5 110 kg hm-2). The results showed that maize leaf thickness, leaf vein cross-sectional area, and xylem area increased and then decreased with the increase of K application rates, and reached the maximum at K3 treatment. K application significantly increased the cross-sectional area, the number and area of small and big vascular bundles at the basal stalk and ear-pedicel in maize. The ratio of stalk vascular area to cross-sectional area reached the highest value at K2 treatment, while the ratio of ear-pedicel vascular was significantly higher in K2 and K4 treatments than in other treatments. The number and area of vascular bundles of ear-axis revealed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with K fertilization, and the total area of vascular bundles was significantly higher in K2 and K3 treatments than in other treatments. K application significantly increased the bleeding intensity of stem and ear-pedicel, both of which were the highest under K2 treatment at filling stage. Correlation analysis revealed that the total area and number of vascular bundles of the stem, the total area and total number of vascular bundles of the ear-pedicel were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. The total area of vascular bundles of ear-axis were significantly and positively correlated with 1000-grain weight. In conclusion, K2 conditions promoted the development of the vascular systems in the leaves, stems, and ears of maize, increased the bleeding sap, and enhanced the fluidity of the “flow” system, thus improving grain yield in summer maize.

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    Genome-wide analysis of terpene synthase (TPS) gene family and its expression under biological stress in Saccharum spontaneum
    LIN Huan-Tai, ZHANG Tian-Jie, SHI Meng-Ting, GUO Yan-Fang, GAO San-Ji, WANG Jin-Da
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3029-3044.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14237
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    Terpenoids produced by the action of terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes play important roles in plant biotic and abiotic stress. Saccharum spontaneum, an important parent material of modern sugarcane cultivars, contains a large number of stress resistance genes. To investigate the characteristics and functions of the TPS gene family in S. spontaneum, 39 SsTPS genes were identified in S. spontaneum genome that encoded proteins with two conserved domains (PF01397 and PF03936) by using an HMMER search. The SsTPS proteins were divided into TPS-a, b, e/f, and g subfamilies. The SsTPS gene family had mainly expanded through segmental duplications, and a total of 12 SsTPS genes involved in segmental duplication events. In addition, qRT-PCR showed that the expression patterns of some SsTPS genes differed in S. spontaneum between Spodoptera frugiperda-stressed and Xanthomonas albilineans-infected plants, whereas the relative expression levels of seven SsTPS genes were strongly up-regulated. Notably, SsTPS15 were up-regulated in response to Spodoptera frugiperda-stressed but were down-regulated by X. albilineans infection, while SsTPS26, SsTPS37, and SsTPS39 had the opposite results. These results will be of great significance to further understanding the biological roles of terpene synthases and to develop resistant breeding in S. spontaneum.

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    Establishment of genotype-independent high-efficiency transformation system in maize
    XU Jie-Ting, LIU Xiang-Guo, JIN Min-Liang, PAN Hong, HAN Bao-Zhu, LI Meng-Jiao, YAN Shuo, HU Guo-Qing, YAN Jian-Bing
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 2987-2993.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13068
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    The reliance on receptor genotype of genetic transformation made it difficult for the transformation of commercial maize lines. Expression regulation of two important genes in plant stem cell development, Baby boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2), was revealed to significantly improve transformation efficiency. Several Chinese core maize inbred lines were used as receptor materials to test the transformation efficiency. Although the overexpression of Bbm and Wus2 could significantly improve the transformation efficiency, it had a negative impact on the growth and development of T0 plants. Here, a new assisted transformation technology was developed, in which a lethal gene element was added to the assist vector and the spatial expression of the two genes were regulated. The results revealed that the hybrid transformation of the assist vector and the target vector could not only successfully obtain high-quality transformation seedlings without Bbm and Wus2 assist vector in T0 generation, but also significantly improve the transformation efficiency with an average 19.5%. The application of this improved genotype-independent genetic transformation system promises maize precise improvement with higher efficiency.

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    Comprehensive evaluation of maize hybrids tested in Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize regional trial based on GYT biplot analysis
    YUE Hai-Wang, HAN Xuan, WEI Jian-Wei, ZHENG Shu-Hong, XIE Jun-Liang, CHEN Shu-Ping, PENG Hai-Cheng, BU Jun-Zhou
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1231-1248.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23035
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    The objective of this study is to scientifically and accurately conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the tested hybrids participating in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize regional trials, and provide theoretical and practical basis for the rational distribution of hybrids and regional planning. GYT biplot analysis was applied to the data of 22 hybrids during 2020?2021 in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize regional trials to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the tested hybrids based on grain yield, growth period, grain moisture content at harvest, plant height, ear height, lodging rate, ear length, ear diameter, barren tip length, grain weight per ear, and hundred grain weight. The analysis of variance results showed that the genotype and environment main effects of the evaluated agronomic traits reached significant level at P < 0.05. Genotype and environment interaction effect of other traits had significant level, except for ear diameter, bald tip length, and grain weight per ear, which had no significant difference. The square sum of environmental effect on grain yield, growth period, grain moisture content, ear diameter, bare tip length, 100-seed weight, and the square sum of genotype and environment interaction effect on lodging rate were worth the largest in the square sum of total variance. The results of the correlation analysis showed that grain yield was significantly at P < 0.001 and positively correlated with 100-seed weight, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, and growth period, but negatively correlated with bald tip length. According to the GYT superiority index, Hengyu 868, Handyu 1806, and Sudan 908 had the best yield-trait combinations. The comprehensive performances of hybrids Shandan 686, Dunyu 291, Hanyu 17-6601, and Hanyu 573 were poor, and the performance of the control hybrid Zhengdan 958 was intermediate. Compared with other tested hybrids, Hengyu 868 had the widest adaptability in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area, indicating outstanding regional yield advantages, and great potential for maize production in the region. Compared with the GT biplot, the GYT biplot showed that the first two principal components explained a higher proportion of variance, a better fit, and a higher reliability of the analysis results. Through GYT biplot analysis, maize hybrids with superior yield-trait combinations were identified, the GYT biplot analysis was a useful analytic tool for graphical evaluation based on multiple traits, and also set up a reference base for comprehensive evaluation of other crops.

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    Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of BBX gene family in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)
    MA Wen-Jing, LIU Zhen, LI Zhi-Tao, ZHU Jin-Yong, LI Hong-Yang, CHEN Li-Min, SHI Tian-Bin, ZHANG Jun-Lian, LIU Yu-Hui
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (11): 2797-2812.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14199
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    The B-box (BBX) gene family is a type of zinc finger protein transcription factor that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. In this study, 30 potato BBXs family members (StBBXs) were identified, and their physical and chemical properties, chromosomal location, gene structure, protein conserved domains, gene repetition events, expression patterns, and protein interaction network were analyzed. The results showed that 30 StBBXs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes. According to their gene structures and phylogenetic characteristics, 30 StBBXs were divided into 5 subclasses. Collinearity analysis indicated that there were 15 pairs BBX genes which were orthologous to potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Arabidopsis. We analyzed the relative expression profiles of StBBX genes in different tissues of double haploid (DM) potato, as well as under abiotic stresses and hormone treatments by RNA-seq downloaded from the PGSC (Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium) database. In addition, to explore the relative expression patterns of the StBBX genes in these tissues, we performed RNA-seq on the tuber skin and flesh of three potato varieties with different colors and analyzed their correlations with the expression of key genes for anthocyanin synthesis. Furthermore, the protein interaction network of StBBXs which differentially expressed in color tuber tissues was constructed using String database. These results provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the StBBX gene family, further function of StBBX genes in abiotic stress tolerance and anthocyanin biosynthesis in potato, and StBBX genes in potato might be related to abiotic stress responses and anthocyanin biosynthesis.

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    Effect of amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied on photosynthetic physiological characteristics of drip irrigated spring wheat leaves
    WANG Hai-Qi, WANG Rong-Rong, JIANG Gui-Ying, YIN Hao-Jie, YAN Shi-Jie, CHE Zi-Qiang
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 211-224.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.11100
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    The objective of this study is to clarify the regulatory effects of different N fertilizer applications on photosynthetic characteristics and assimilate accumulation in drip irrigated spring wheat leaves under the climatic conditions of northern Xinjiang. A split-zone experimental design was used to investigate the effects of N application on the photosynthetic enzyme activities, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation partitioning, and yield of wheat leaves at CK1 (300 kg hm-2), A1 (255 kg hm-2), B1 (210 kg hm-2), and CK2 (0 kg hm-2) levels, in order to investigate the effects of N application on the activities of key photosynthetic enzymes, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, dry matter accumulation distribution, yield, and NUE of wheat leaves. The results showed that the photosynthetic key enzyme activity, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, aboveground dry matter accumulation (SDM), reproductive organ dry matter accumulation (SPDM), and yield all had an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend with increasing N application. There were high RuBPC activity, PEPC enzyme activity, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), SDM, SPDM, yield and NUE in A1 treatment, which were 6.10%-30.45% higher than the rest of the treatments and 10.51%-64.95%, 7.05%-64.95%, 7.49%-26.66%, 11.61%-63.44%, 5.72%-49.85%, 1.68%-28.55%, 5.00%-46.01%, 18.95%-96.45%, 22.95%-177.44%, 4.15%-46.88%, 6.30%-25.42%, and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was reduced by 11.73%-20.95% compared to the rest of the treatments. Correlation analysis revealed that the yield, dry matter accumulation, NUE and Pn, Gs, Tr, ФPSII were highly significantly positively correlated and highly significantly negatively correlated with Ci. The reciprocal effects of N application and variety intercropping reached significant levels for RuBPC enzyme activity at anthesis stage, PEPC enzyme activity from anthesis to milking, Fv/Fm and ΦPSII at nodulation and anthesis. Therefore, the moderate N reduction (255 kg hm-2) under the drip irrigation pattern in Xinjiang improved the photosynthetic performance of wheat and facilitated the distribution and transport of photosynthetic products to reproductive organs on the basis of increased dry matter accumulation, which was beneficial to yield formation.

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    Identification of sheathed panicle mutant sui1-5 and screening of OsPSS1 interaction protein in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)
    YANG Ye, SUN Qi, XING Xin-Xin, ZHANG Hai-Tao, ZHAO Zhi-Chao, CHENG Zhi-Jun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 597-607.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22014
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    The sheathed panicle phenomenon is a disadvantageous trait in agricultural production, which is mainly due to the abnormal elongation of the uppermost internode, resulting in the panicle closed by flag leaf sheath. Although some mutants of sheathed panicle have been identified and reported in rice, the underling molecular mechanism of uppermost internode shortening is still poorly understood. OsPSS1/SUI1 is a phosphatidylserine synthase gene and the mutation of OsPSS1 leads to a severe shortening of the uppermost internode of mutant sui1-4. We discovered and identified a new allelic mutant sui1-5 of SUI1 and the degree of the uppermost internode shortening in sui1-5 was significantly reduced. Sequence analysis revealed a single nucleotide substitution of G to T at the seventh exon of SUI1 in sui1-5, resulting in an amino acid change from glycine to valine. To study the function of OsPSS1, we detected a protein GH9A3 interacting with SUI1 through a yeast screening library, which was verified by yeast two-hybrid, luciferase complementarity (LCI), and bimolecular fluorescence complementarity (BiFC). GH9A3 was a member of GH9 gene family, encoding an endo-β-1,4-glucanase which was speculated to be a key enzyme in cell wall cellulose synthesis. At seedling stage, the relative expression level of SUI1 was not synchronized with that of interaction protein-coding gene GH9A3, and the relative expression level of GH9A3 was up-regulated in sui1-5. But at heading and jointing stage, the relative expression level of SUI1 and GH9A3 decreased synchronously, and the relative expression level of other cellulose synthase CESAs family genes decreased obviously in sui1-5. These results lay a foundation for further study of the function of OsPSS1.

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    Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SWEET genes from peanut genomes
    SUN Quan-Xi, YUAN Cui-Ling, MOU Yi-Fei, YAN Cai-Xia, ZHAO Xiao-Bo, WANG Juan, WANG Qi, SUN Hui, LI Chun-Juan, SHAN Shi-Hua
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 938-954.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24066
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    SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) proteins are structurally conserved and energy independent sugar transporters, which play important roles in many physiological processes, such as plant growth development and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. At present, there is no research study about SWEET gene in peanut yet. In this study, we explored SWEET gene in the whole genome of peanut for the first time and analyzed its molecular characteristics and expression pattern in detail. These results showed that there were 55, 25, and 28 SWEET genes in the genomes of cultivated peanut and two ancestral wild peanuts, respectively, which were randomly and unevenly distributed on each chromosome. Orthologous genes from wild peanut and cultivated peanut usually shared the similar chromosome location, which confirmed that cultivated peanut originated from two ancestral wild peanuts. There were also some orthologous gene lost, which might be attributed to gene deletion or expansion during genome replication and doubling process. Gene structure and cis-elements in the promoter region were different in the SWEET genes, suggesting the diversity of biological functions. Phylogenetic analysis divided Arachis SWEET proteins into four subfamilies Clade I-Clade IV. Genes in the same clade of the same subfamily exhibited the similar gene structure. Based on Clevenger et al. tissue expression analysis, we found that some genes were tissue preferentially expressed, which provided a reference for further understanding the functional location of SWEET genes. Moreover, we identified several drought or salt stress responsive genes, such as AhSWEET3a and AhSWEET4e by re-analysis transcriptome expression data under abiotic stress and RT-qPCR. Their functions were still needed to be further identified. These results provide a theoretical reference for further analysis of SWEET gene function in peanut.

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    Effects of foliar spraying of urea post anthesis on nitrogen uptake and utilization and yield in winter wheat
    CHEN Jia-Jun, LIN Xiang, GU Shu-Bo, WANG Wei-Yan, ZHANG Bao-Jun, ZHU Jun-Ke, WANG Dong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 277-285.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.11116
    Abstract309)   HTML12)    PDF(pc) (715KB)(156)       Save

    Foliar spraying of nitrogen fertilizer can delay senescence and increase yield of wheat post anthesis, but few studies of its effect on nitrogen use efficiency of wheat is known. In this study, Jimai 229, a strong gluten winter wheat variety, was used as experimental material, and a two-factor random block design was used to set two periods of urea spraying on leaves, namely 7 d (S) and 21 d (T) post anthesis. Setting 4 urea solution concentrations (0, 2%, 6%, and 10%) was to explore the effects of foliar urea spraying post anthesis on nitrogen absorption and accumulation, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat. The results showed that grain yield of wheat increased first and then decreased with the increase of spraying urea solution concentration, and reached the highest at 2% concentration (5.1% higher than the control), mainly due to the increase of 1000-grain weight (3.3% higher than the control). Spraying 2% urea solution at different times post anthesis promoted the redistribution of pre-flowering storage nitrogen to grains, and increased the amount of post-flowering assimilation nitrogen to grains by 8.8% and 21.1%, respectively. Grain nitrogen accumulation per unit area and nitrogen harvest index increased by 10.9% and 7.9%, respectively, resulting in significantly increasing the grain nitrogen content, protein content, and nitrogen use efficiency. When 2% urea solution was applied foliar spraying, and the spraying time was delayed from 7 days post anthesis to 21 days post anthesis, the increase of grain nitrogen accumulation, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency was greater. In conclusion, spraying 2% urea solution on leaves post anthesis can promote the absorption of nitrogen and the redistribution of temporary storage nitrogen in vegetative organs to grains post anthesis, thus significantly improving grain protein content and yield, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency. Grain protein content and yield, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were increased more by spraying at the middle and late filling stages than at the early filling stage.

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    Development of functional markers and genotype screening for nitrogen use efficiency genes in rice
    TAO Ya-Jun, ZHU Jing-Yan, WANG Jun, FAN Fang-Jun, XU Yang, LI Wen-Qi, WANG Fang-Quan, CHEN Zhi-Hui, JIANG Yan-Jie, ZHU Jian-Ping, LI Xia, YANG Jie
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3045-3056.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12080
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    Nitrogen is an essential mineral element that affects plants biomass and yield formation, and its efficient and reasonable utilization is an important guarantee for sustainable agricultural. Breeding rice varieties containing high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) genes is an effective way to increase NUE and reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. In this study, five genes, OsNR2, OsNPF6.1, OsTCP19, OsLHT1, and OsGRF4, were selected from the aspects of nitrogen absorption, transportation, and assimilation. Based on the reported functional haplotype, co-segregated markers were designed. Using six pairs of allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) markers and one pair of InDel marker, 70 indica rice, 34 japonica rice, and 84 Taihu rice resources were identified. The results showed that OsNR2 was widely distributed in indica rice, while OsNPF6.1, OsTCP19, and OsGRF4 were less distributed. All 34 japonica rice and 84 Taihu rice resources only contained OsLHT1. We also successfully obtained two indica germplasms, which contained OsNR2, OsNPF6.1, and OsGRF4. The functional markers developed in this research and two materials provide technical support for breeding new rice varieties with high NUE through molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) methods.

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    High throughput identification of cotton gene via screening cotton cDNA library of virus induced gene silencing
    LIANG Xi-Tong, GAO Xian-Yuan, ZHOU Lin, MU Chun, DU Ming-Wei, LI Fang-Jun, TIAN Xiao-Li, LI Zhao-Hu
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 2967-2977.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.14210
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    To rapidly and efficiently explore functional genes in cotton, we have developed a functional genomic screen based on virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays to identify key players controlling cotton seedling growth and salt response with Gossypium hirsutum Xinshi 17 as plant materials and GhCLA1 as a visual marker gene. After 7-14 days of Agrobacterium- mediated transformation of cotton VIGS cDNA library, the phenotype of seedling growth and salt stress response were recorded. A total of eight genes related to seedling growth and four genes related to salt stress response were obtained. In hydroponic conditions, silencing of GhANT17, GhSTP14, GhUSPA, GhFES1, GhS15-4, and GhRBL8 significantly hindered shoot growth, while the silencing of GhOIDO promoted plant growth. GhRBCSC1-silenced plants had albino leaves. Under salt stress, silencing of GhATCYP1 and GhSAC52 improved salt tolerance. GhPSBW- and GhRBCSC2-silenced plants were more sensitive to salt stress compared with the control plants. Here, we established a technical system for high-throughput screening of functional genes in cotton, which provided a feasible tool for rapid mining and research of cotton functional genomic.

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    Response of maize transcriptional factor ZmbHLH91 to abiotic stress
    YUE Man-Fang, ZHANG Chun, ZHENG Deng-Yu, ZOU Hua-Wen, WU Zhong-Yi
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2022, 48 (12): 3004-3017.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13060
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    bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) is an important transcription factor family in plants and play an important role in regulating plant growth and development, adversity stress, and signal transduction. At present, most bHLH transcription factor function in animals is clear, but there are few studies reported in plants, especially in maize. In the early work, we carried out root phenotype identification and transcriptome sequencing analysis in the four key periods of maize growth and development. There was significantly differentially expressed in ZmbHLH91 during the adjacent periods of the sixth leaf stage (V6), the twelfth leaf stage (V12), and the tasseling stage (VT). The relative expression levels of ZmbHLH91 were higher in V6, V12, and VT, which were the active periods of root growth and development. We speculated that ZmbHLH91 may have important regulatory effect on the growth and development of maize root system. To study the function of ZmbHLH91 in root growth and response to stress, in this study, we cloned ZmbHLH91 (AC:NC_AQL05369) gene. This gene was 2112 bp in full-length with a unique conserved domain of the bHLH transcription factor family. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that ZmbHLH91 had a higher expression in roots, whereas, the expression in the third leaf young root was higher than that in the tasseling mature root. While under different adversity stress, ZmbHLH91 was up-regulated. There was no significant difference in root length between ZmbHLH91 transgenic Arabidopsis strains and wild type on a 1/2 MS medium without stress treatment, but the root length of ZmbHLH91 transgenic Arabidopsis lines was longer than that of wild type on the medium treated with gradient concentrations NaCl and mannitol, and the difference was significant. Compared to the wild type, transgenic Arabidopsis lines revealed better growth status, higher peroxidase (POD) activity, higher green leaf rate after drought, and higher salt treatment in the soil. It is speculated that the ZmbHLH91 gene may be involved in responding to high salt, drought, and osmotic stress. The ZmbHLH91 was also up-regulated under jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and other hormone treatments. On the medium treated with gradient concentration JA, the root length of ZmbHLH91 transgenic Arabidopsis lines was longer than that of wild type, and the difference was significant. ZmbHLH91 interacted with the ZmMYC2 proved by yeast two hybrid system, speculating that it may be involved in the JA signaling pathway. In conclusion, ZmbHLH91 may be involved in high salt, drought, and osmosis stress response and JA signal transduction pathways. This study provides an important reference for further analysis of the biological functions of ZmbHLH91 in maize.

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    Mapping of QTLs for heading date of rice with high-density bin genetic map
    ZHAO Ling, LIANG Wen-Hua, ZHAO Chun-Fang, WEI Xiao-Dong, ZHOU Li-Hui, YAO Shu, WANG Cai-Lin, ZHANG Ya-Dong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 119-128.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.12089
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    Identification of new loci and genes related to heading date is very important for the genetic mechanism research and molecular improvement in rice. A recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed by crossing the japonica rice TD70 and the indica rice Kasalath with obvious difference in heading date. A high-density genetic linkage map with 12,328 recombination Bin markers was constructed based on the re-sequencing data of parents and RILs. The RILs and two parents were planted at the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in Nanjing in 2018 and 2021. QTLs that controlled the heading date were analyzed by IciMappingv3.4 software with inclusive compound interval mapping method. 15 QTLs related to heading date of rice were detected, distributed on chromosome 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 in two years. The phenotype variation explained (PVE) and LOD value of single QTL ranged from 3.29%-14.73% and 2.58-10.68, respectively. Among them, seven QTLs were found to locate in the same interval or adjacent to previously QTLs, and four QTLs were detected in two years indicating their genetic stability. According to the annotation and sequences analysis of genes located in the region of repeatable QTLs, we found that seven annotated genes had non-synonymous mutations in the coding regions between TD70 and Kasalath. Based on the mutations in the coding regions, the haplotypes of seven genes were identified in RIL population. The heading date of RILs had significant difference between the RILs with different haplotype of four genes, indicating that they might be the candidate genes for heading date. These results could be useful for subsequent functional studies and molecular marker assisted breeding of heading date.

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    Identification of abiotic stress-related gene co-expression networks in maize by WGCNA
    DENG Zhao, JIANG Huan-Qi, CHENG Li-Sha, LIU Rui, HUANG Min, LI Man-Fei, DU He-Wei
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 672-686.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23017
    Abstract297)   HTML32)    PDF(pc) (2789KB)(341)       Save

    Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) is a classic systems biology analysis method, which can be used to identify coexpressed gene modules and explore the biological correlation between modules and target traits, and mine core genes in module networks. In this study, 58 transcriptome data of roots, stems, leaves, and other tissues under low temperature stress, high temperature stress, drought stress, and salt stress in maize (Zea mays L.) were collected, and the gene co-expression network of maize abiotic stress was identified by WGCNA method. After filtering the 12,552 low-expression genes from transcriptome data, the co-expression network was constructed using the remaining 27,204 high-expression genes, and 25 modules were obtained. According to the distribution of abiotic stress-related genes and different expression genes in the modules reported in maize, the mediumpurple4, ivory, coral2, darkseagreen4 modules most related to low temperature stress, high temperature stress, drought and salt stresses, and green modules responding to various stresses were screened out. Subsequently, GO enrichment of the genes in these five modules revealed that genes with functions related to abiotic stress were significantly enriched in these modules, such as stress response, peroxidase activity. Correlation analysis showed that 10 abiotic stress-related core genes were predicted, including Zm00001eb072870, Zm00001eb320970, Zm00001eb037640, Zm00001eb423300, and Zm00001eb265310. This study provides new ideas for the mining of abiotic stress-related genes and the research of abiotic stress regulatory networks in maize.

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    Genome-wide association study and candidate gene prediction of kernel starch content in maize
    WANG Rui-Pu, DONG Zhen-Ying, GAO Yue-Xin, BAO Jian-Xi, YIN Fang-Bing, LI Jin-Ping, LONG Yan, WAN Xiang-Yuan
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 140-152.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23020
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    Maize is an important food crop worldwide, and about 70% of its grain weight comes from starch. Starch is not only the main energy resource for human and other animals but also an important raw material for chemical industries. In this study, an association panel including 711 maize inbred lines was used for the examination of both wet-base starch content and dry-base starch content of maize kernel from two environments combined with 2799 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers spaning the whole genome of maize, genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out using FarmCPU model. 67 significant SNPs were identified, of which 23 highly reliable significant SNPs (HRS-SNPs) could be repeatedly associated in different environments. Three HRS-SNPs were reported for the first time by our study, and the remaining 20 HRS-SNPs were either located within the known quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or within 1 Mb of known SNPs associated with mazie kernel starch content. Through gene function annotation, gene ontology (GO) analysis and gene expression analysis, a total of 45 important candidate genes, involving starch biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, sugar metabolism, hormone metabolism, and other pathways were identified within 200 kb regions around the HRS-SNPs. And two genes Ae1 and Pin1 which had been reported to regulate the maize kernel starch content were also detected. Furthermore, elite alles of the nine major SNPs was identified by allelic variation effect analysis. Our study provides new genetic information for further disecting the genetic mechanism of maize kernel starch content and provides important gene resources for accelerating the breeding of new maize varieties with high yield and quality.

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    Effects of nitrogen application rate on starch synthesis in winter wheat under high temperature stress after anthesis
    GAO Chun-Hua, FENG Bo, LI Guo-Fang, LI Zong-Xin, LI Sheng-Dong, CAO Fang, CI Wen-Liang, ZHAO Hai-Jun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 821-832.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21016
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    The objective of this study is to investigate the response mechanism of nitrogen fertilizer to starch synthesis in wheat grains under high temperature stress after anthesis and to clarify the physiological mechanism and reasonable operation measures of nitrogen fertilizer to alleviate the damage of high temperature stress. The experiment was carried out in Jinan and Jiyang experimental station of Shandong Province on different nitrogen application rates (N1: 180 kg hm-2, N2: 240 kg hm-2, and N3: 300 kg hm-2), with heat resistant wheat variety JM44 and heat sensitive variety XM26 from 2018 to 2020, using an artificial greenhouse to warm up the air temperature for 7 days after anthesis as high temperature stress (H) and the field as control (CK). Grain filling rates, grain weight, sucrose, starch synthesis and related enzyme activities were analyzed. The results showed that the grain filling period was shortened, the maximum grain filling rate, amylopectin content, total starch contents, and the ratio of amylopectin to amylase were significantly reduced compared with the control caused by high temperature stress after anthesis. Compared with 180 kg hm-2 and 300 kg hm-2 treatments, the sucrose accumulation in flag leaves were found highest in 240 kg hm-2 treatment under high temperature stress. The contents of amylase, amylopectin, total starch, grain weight, the highest activity of sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) in grains were also the highest in 240 kg hm-2 treatment under high temperature stress. The results also showed that under high temperature stress with nitrogen application rate of 240 kg hm-2 the activity of sucrose synthase synthetic direction (SS-II), and the activity of sucrose synthase decomposition direction (SS-I), the soluble starch synthase (SSS), and the starch branching enzyme (SBE) of grains in JM44 were higher than those in XM26, resulting in more sucrose content in flag leaves, higher grain weight, and more starch content of grains in JM44. The study showed that to reduce the inhibition on starch synthesis, the nitrogen application rate of 240 kg hm-2 could maintain higher level of sucrose synthesis in flag leaves and sucrose decomposition capacity in grains after high temperature stress. These results indicate that the suitable nitrogen application and selection resistance cultivars were a coping measure to increase the starch content and alleviating the harmful effects of high temperature stress after anthesis in winter wheat.

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    Identification and expression analysis of CYP79 gene family, a key enzyme for cyanogenic glycoside synthesis in flax
    QI Yan-Ni, LI Wen-Juan, ZHAO Li-Rong, LI Wen, WANG Li-Min, XIE Ya-Ping, ZHAO Wei, DANG Zhao, ZHANG Jian-Ping
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 687-702.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24042
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    CYP79 is a key enzyme in the synthesis of cyanogenic glycoside. However, there is no systematical study of CYP79 genes in flax. In this study, we identified CYP79 gene family in 9 crops including flax, and focused on the sequence characteristics, duplication events, collinearity, evolution, cis-acting elements and expression patterns of LuCYP79 genes. The results revealed that a total of 9, 9, 3, 2, 5, 7, 6, 16, and 4 CYP79 family members were identified in flax, pale flax, poplar, cassava, sesame, sorghum, soybean, grape, and rice, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolution of CYP79 genes was species-specific. LuCYP79 were distributed unevenly on four chromosomes and had 1-3 exons. The promoter region of LuCYP79 contained lots of elements involved in response to hormone and stress. 8 full-length DNA sequences and 5 full-length cDNA sequences of flax LuCYP79 genes were cloned. LuCYP79 proteins contained 282-565 amino acid residues with molecular weight of 31.56-62.86 kD, and isoelectric point of 5.84-9.14. All LuCYP79 members were hydrophilic protein and located in endoplasmic reticulum. There were five pairs of LuCYP79 genes with duplication events, accounting for 77.8% of all genes, and all the duplication genes underwent strong purification selection. Both LuCYP79-1 and LuCYP79-9 had homologous genes in Arabidopsis and cassava. The relative expression levels showed that LuCYP79 family members were tissue-specific and had different expression patterns under different genetic backgrounds. There were significantly different in the relative expression of LuCYP79-1, LuCYP79-7, LuCYP79-8, and LuCYP79-9 in the four cultivars. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that LuCYP79-1/LuCYP79-7 in 50 days flaxseed was significantly positively correlated with the concentration of cyanogenic glycosides in mature flaxseed. LuCYP79-7/LuCYP79-8 and (LuCYP79-7+LuCYP79-9)/LuCYP79-8 in 20 days flaxseed were significantly positively correlated with the concentration of cyanogenic glycosides in mature flaxseed, respectively. It was preliminarily speculated that they might be the key genes in the synthesis of cyanogenic glycoside in flaxseed. These results have positive significance for further elucidating the function of CYP79 proteins in flax and provide theoretical references for breeding flax varieties with low cyanogenic glycoside.

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    Relative expression analysis of StMAPKK4 gene and screening and identification of its interacting proteins in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.)
    PU Xue, WANG Kai-Tong, ZHANG Ning, SI Huai-Jun
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 36-45.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24006
    Abstract284)   HTML22)    PDF(pc) (3873KB)(179)       Save

    MAPKKs, one of the main members of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, are located in the middle of the cascade pathway and play a key role in signal transduction. Studies have shown that potato StMAPKK4 gene responds to drought stress. To further explore the biological function of StMAPKK4 gene, bioinformatics analysis was conducted in the study. The results showed that StMAPKK4 was most closely related to Solanum commersonii. It contained the protein kinase domain (PF00069) of the protein kinase family, which located between 64 aa and 302 aa. StMAPKK4 contained multiple hormones (methyl jasmonate, ethylene, and abscisic acid) and stress-related response elements. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that StMAPKK4 gene expression was the highest in potato stem. The relative expression levels were up-regulated under drought and salt treatments. Subcellular localization indicated that StMAPKK4 was localized on the cell membrane. Furthermore, eight proteins interacting with StMAPKK4 were screened by yeast two-hybrid method, and their interaction was verified by rotation experiment. Blast comparison of the interacting proteins indicated that StMAPKK4 interacted with polyphenol oxidase, phycocyanin, aspartate aminotransferase, osmotin, phosphate transporter, and other proteins. It was preliminarily concluded that StMAPKK4 may be involved in the response mechanism of photosynthesis, a series of abiotic stresses such as low temperature, drought, and salt stresses in plants, and promote the uptake of phosphorus in roots.

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    Genome-wide identification of NAC transcription factors ATAF subfamily in Sacchrum spontaneum and functional analysis of its homologous gene ScNAC2 in sugarcane cultivar
    WANG Heng-Bo, ZHANG Chang, WU Ming-Xing, LI Xiang, JIANG Zhong-Li, LIN Rong-Xiao, GUO Jin-Long, QUE You-Xiong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 46-61.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24005
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    NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) is a family of transcription factors unique to terrestrial plants, including 18 subfamilies, of which ATAF subfamily members are mainly involved in the response processes of biotic and abiotic stresses, such as salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate acid (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), pathogenic bacteria, mechanical damage, low temperature, and sodium chloride (NaCl). The data were from the genomic database of Saccharum spontaneum and the cDNA library of a sugarcane cultivar ROC22. Firstly, the ATAF subfamily members in Saccharum were identified and analyzed for their protein multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, and promoter region cis-acting element prediction using comparative genomics methods and various bioinformatics methods. Secondly, one homologous gene of the ATAF subfamily SsNAC2, ScNAC2, was cloned from a prevalent sugarcane cultivar ROC22 in China. The qRT-PCR was used to detect the tissue-specific expression pattern and the relative expression levels of ScNAC2 gene under different exogenous stresses. Finally, the subcellular localization and the transactivation analysis of ScNAC2 protein were performed. The results showed that six members of the ATAF subfamily were identified with the open read reading frames between 889 bp and 1017 bp, relative molecular weights between 32.067 and 35.819 kD, the theoretical isoelectric points from 5.09 to 8.92, and the proteins of all members were predicted to localize on the nucleus. In addition, the Ka/Ks ratios of six gene pairs were all less than 1, indicating that purification selection played an important role during evolution. The amino acid sequence alignment indicated that all members of the ATAF subfamily contained the NAM conserved domains, consisting of I, II, III, IV, and V subdomains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the members from sugarcane, sorghum, maize, and rice, that belonged to Gramineae, were clustered together, indicating that they had a close evolutionary relationship. Forty members of the ATAF subfamily from Arabidopsis, rice, maize, and sorghum were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B), in which the subfamily members of maize had obvious gene expansion. Furthermore, the promoter regions of ATAF subfamily members all contained cis-acting elements that responded to stresses such as low temperature, drought, and hormones, and we thus speculated that they were involved in the response processes of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the full-length cDNA sequence of the ScNAC2 gene (GenBank accession number: OL982539) was cloned from the sugarcane cultivar ROC22, with an open reading frame of 891 bp and encoding 296 amino acid residues. The similarity of amino acid sequence between ScNAC2 and SsNAC2 proteins both from ATAF subfamily Group B was 97.99%. The qRT-PCR showed that the ScNAC2 gene was constitutively expressed in different tissues of sugarcane, and its expression level in sugarcane leaves and stem epidermis was higher than that in stem piths, buds, and roots. Besides, the relative expression level of ScNAC2 gene was significantly down-regulated under SA and MeJA stresses, however, it showed an expression pattern from low to high and varied to significant levels under the stress of ABA, 4℃, and NaCl. Subcellular localization revealed that the ScNAC2-GFP fusion protein was localized in the cell nucleus of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Furthermore, the transactivation experiment showed that ScNAC2 protein did not have the transcriptional self-activation activity. The above results established the foundation for identifying the biological functions of sugarcane NAC-ATAF subfamily members in response to biotic and abiotic stresses and provided potential genetic resources for sugarcane resistance molecular breeding.

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    Effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses and water and fertilizer integration on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat
    WANG Xue, GU Shu-Bo, LIN Xiang, WANG Wei-Yan, ZHANG Bao-Jun, ZHU Jun-Ke, WANG Dong
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 784-794.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21009
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    In order to explore the effects of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses and water and fertilizer integration on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat, different water and fertilizer management models were tested in winter wheat growing season from 2019 to 2021. Taking Shannong 29 as the experimental material and adopting the split zone design, two main areas of border irrigation (W1) and supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses (W2), and two sub areas of uniform nitrogen supply with water during jointing (T1) and local nitrogen supply with furrow and strip application (T2) were set. The results showed that compared with W1 treatment, the irrigation amount during the whole growth period of W2 treatment decreased by 53.3 mm and 45.9 mm, saving water by 35.5% and 30.6% in two years, respectively. Under the same irrigation mode, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen in 0-80 cm soil layer at flowering stage and 0-120 cm soil layer at maturity stage in T2 treatment was significantly higher than that in T1 treatment. In W1 mode, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen in 0-30 cm soil layer of T1 treatment at flowering and maturity stages was significantly higher than that in non-fertilization row of T2 treatment, the root length density and root surface area density in 0-100 cm soil layer at flowering and maturity stages were significantly higher than those in fertilization row and non-fertilization row of T2 treatment, the root activity, nitrogen assimilation, and nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to seeds in 0-20 cm soil layer after flowering. There were no significant differences in nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen use efficiency, water use efficiency, and grain yield between T2 treatment and T2 treatment. Under W2 mode, the soil nitrate nitrogen content of 0-60 cm soil layer in T1 treatment at flowering and maturity stages was significantly higher than that of non-fertilization row in T2 treatment. The root length density and root surface area density of 0-100 cm soil layer at flowering and maturity stages were significantly higher than that of fertilization row and non-fertilization row in T2 treatment. The root activity, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to seeds in 0-20 cm soil layer after flowering, nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen partial productivity, water use efficiency, and grain yield were significantly higher than those of T2 treatment. In conclusion, the above results showed that under the condition of traditional border irrigation, there was no significant difference in grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency between uniform nitrogen supply with water and topdressing at jointing stage and local nitrogen supply with furrow and strip application. Under the condition of micro spray supplementary irrigation and water saving, the uniform nitrogen supply with water and topdressing at jointing stage was significantly better than the local nitrogen supply of furrow and strip application. The integration of supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses and topdressing of fertilizer (supplemental irrigation with micro-sprinkling hoses + uniform topdressing nitrogen with irrigation water at jointing stage) optimized the spatial distribution of soil nitrate nitrogen, which could maintain a high nitrogen supply level in the middle and late growth stage of wheat, significantly improve the absorption area and intensity of roots, and increase the amount of nitrogen assimilation and nitrogen transport from vegetative organs to grains after flowering, thus grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency were improved simultaneously.

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    Different effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on oilseed rape yield and nutrient utilization between continuous upland and paddy-upland rotations
    FANG Ya-Ting, REN Tao, ZHANG Shun-Tao, ZHOU Xiang-Qi, ZHAO Jian, LIAO Shi-Peng, CONG Ri-Huan, LU Jian-Wei
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (3): 772-783.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24061
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    The application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers is an important measure to increase yield in agricultural production. Continuous upland and paddy-upland anniversary multiple cropping rotation is the main planting mode of winter oilseed rape in the Yangtze River basin in China. In order to explore the effects and differences of N, P, and K on the yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of rapeseed in different rotations, a field experiment was carried out in Shayang County, Hubei Province for 3 years from 2017 to 2020. Two rotation modes of upland-oilseed rape (maize-rape) and paddy-oilseed rape (rice-rape) were adopted, and four treatments of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined application (NPK), no nitrogen (-N), no phosphorus (-P), and no potassium (-K) applications on the basis of NPK were set in each rotation. The yield, yield components, and nutrient uptake of rapeseed were analyzed, the fertilizer use efficiency and soil indigenous nutrient supply were evaluated. The average results of the three-year trials showed that, compared with the NPK treatments, the -N, -P, and -K treatments in upland reduced rapeseed yields by 68.4%, 89.6%, and 7.0%, and by 71.0%, 84.7%, and 6.4% in paddy fields, respectively. Among the yield components, whether it was upland or paddy, fertilization had the greatest impact on the number of siliques, followed by the number of grains per silique, and had the least impact on the thousand-grain weight. Compared with NPK treatment, the number of siliques in upland and paddy fields was decreased by 61.6% and 52.0%, 82.0% and 67.8%, 16.2% and 19.7% due to N, P, and K deficiency, respectively. There were significant differences in the yield and nutrient absorption of rapeseed in upland and paddy field under different fertilization treatments. The yield of rapeseed in upland was about 27.2%, 15.2%, and 16.7% higher than that in paddy field in the -N, -K, and NPK treatments, while the yield of paddy rapeseed under -P treatment was 20.8% higher than that of upland. Nutrient accumulation trends were similar to the yield, except for -P treatment, the accumulation of N, P, and K in the upland oilseed rape under NPK treatment was 20.4%, 37.3%, and 4.2% higher than paddy oilseed rape, respectively. The soil indigenous N and K supply in upland was 15.0% and 20.9% higher than that in paddy field, while the supply of P in upland was 39.2% lower than that in paddy field. The recovery efficiency of N and P in upland were higher than that of paddy field, while K recovery efficiency was lower than that of paddy field. In summary, the combined application of nutrients could improve rapeseed yield and nutrient use efficiency. The significant differences in rapeseed yield and nutrient utilization among different crop rotations were affected by nutrient types. Compared with the upland, to supplement the nutrients deficiency in the soil and achieve high-yield and high-efficiency production of rapeseed, rapeseed in paddy fields needs to pay more attention to the application of N and K fertilizers, while rapeseed in upland needs to be appropriately increased in P fertilizers compared with paddy fields.

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    Advances in germplasm innovation and genetic improvement of food legumes resistant to bruchid
    YANG Xiao-Ming, CHENG Xu-Zhen, ZHU Zhen-Dong, LIU Chang-Yan, CHEN Xin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (5): 1153-1169.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24169
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    Food legumes play a key role in maintaining soil sustainability, developing agroecosystem diversification, and improving human nutrition. However, bruchid (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a notorious pest that can devastate the entire seed and cause severe loss in pulses storage. To explore the potential germplasm resources and breed legume varieties resistant to bruchids, a few elite germplasms and genes resistant to bruchids were identified and finely mapped. Lots of studies have been carried out and made some progress on resistance mechanisms, genetic analysis, genetic mapping, gene cloning, and molecular markers of bruchid resistance in pulses. In this paper, studies on pulses germplasm exploring and evaluating for resistance to bruchids, resistance inheritance, discovery and mapping of resistance genes, and the breeding of resistant cultivars were reviewed. Several important directions for future research have prospected. Here, the main objective is to supply useful information for exploring potential germplasm and promoting the genetic improvement of food legumes with resistance to bruchids in China.

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    Expression pattern analysis and interaction protein screening of cassava MYB transcription factor MeMYB60
    XU Zi-Yin, YU Xiao-Ling, ZOU Liang-Ping, ZHAO Ping-Juan, LI Wen-Bin, GENG Meng-Ting, RUAN Meng-Bin
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (4): 955-965.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24089
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    Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factors widely involve in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes in plants, and play important regulatory roles in response to abiotic stress in plant. Based on the expression pattern of MYB members in cassava cultivars, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, namely MeMYB60 was screened and cloned. Gene expression characteristics showed that MeMYB60 was specifically expressed in leaves of cassava, and negatively regulated by drought stress and low temperature. Moreover, this gene was also responded to ABA treatment in leaves of cassava. Promoter activity analysis showed that MeMYB60 could be expressed in guard cells, indicating that the expression of this transcription factor gene may be related to stomatal movement regulation in cassava. MeMYB60 protein was predominately located in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. Its transcriptional activation domain was in the range of 194th-343rd amino acid residues at the C-terminal of the protein. The cDNA library of drought stressed cassava leaves was screened by using the 1st-194th amino acid residues at the N-terminal of MeMYB60 protein as bait. Subsequently, 18 proteins had been that may interact with MeMYB60. Yeast-two-hybrid analysis determined that MeCatlase1 and MeCataase2 are potential interactors of MeMYB60, respectively. These results lay a foundation for further functional study of MeMYB60 in cassava in response to abiotic stress and are helpful for the regulatory network investigation of MeMYB60.

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    Physiological and transcriptional regulation mechanisms of nitrogen alleviating drought stress in peanut
    DING Hong, ZHANG Zhi-Meng, XU Yang, ZHANG Guan-Chu, GUO Qing, QIN Fei-Fei, DAI Liang-Xiang
    Acta Agronomica Sinica    2023, 49 (1): 225-238.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24020
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    Nitrogen application has an important effect on plant growth and development under drought stress. The aim of this study is to clarify the physiological and transcriptional regulation mechanism of nitrogen for improving drought resistance in peanut. The physiological indexes and root transcriptome of peanut under nitrogen application, drought stress and drought and nitrogen application simultaneously exist treatments were determined. The results showed that the drought and nitrogen application simultaneously exist treatment increased peanut biomass and the relative water content of leaves under drought stress. The content of total phenols and flavonoids in peanut roots were increased by nitrogen application under drought stress. Meanwhile, the activities of POD and CAT were increased, the content of MDA was decreased, which improved the drought resistance of peanut. Transcriptome analysis showed that the relative expression of 5396 genes changed due to nitrogen application. These genes were mainly involved in glutathione metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and carbon metabolism, as well as stress and defense responses. Under drought stress, the drought and nitrogen application simultaneously exist treatments, the differentially expressed genes of secondary metabolite biosynthesis, transportation and catabolism and carbohydrate transport and metabolism were enriched. Among the three pathways related to phenolic metabolites, 51 differential genes were up-regulated and 207 genes were down-regulated under the drought and nitrogen application simultaneously exist treatment. In conclusion, the application of nitrogen fertilizer could enhance the antioxidant capacity of peanut plants under drought stress through regulating secondary metabolites and carbohydrate metabolism, and thus improve the drought resistance of peanut.

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Co-sponsored:
the Crop Science Society of China
the Institute of Crop Science, CAAS
China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.
Published: Science Press
Editor-in-chief: Wan Jian-min
Associate Editors-in-Chief:
Chen Xiao-ya Yang Jian-chang Zhang Xian-long Wang Jian-kang Xu Ming-liang Liu Chun-ming Wang Dao-wen Sun Chuan-qing Ding Yan-feng Jin Wei-wei Chu Cheng-cai Cheng Wei-hong
Director of the editorial department:
Cheng Wei-hong
CN 11-1809/S
ISSN 0496-3490
Post subscription code: 82-336

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  • Started in 2013
  • Covered by SCIE
  • Open access in ScienceDirect

Editor in chief: Wan Jian-min
CN 10-1112/S
ISSN 2095-5421, 2214-5141(online)
Online published:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/the-crop-journal
Submission: https://www.editorialmanager.com/cj/
E-mail: cropjournal@caas.cn
Tel: 8610-82108548

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