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Genetic analysis of high yield and yield stability characteristics of new wheat variety Xinong 877 MENG Xiang-Yu, DIAO Deng-Chao, LIU Ya-Rui, LI Yun-Li, SUN Yu-Chen, WU Wei, ZHAO Wen, WANG Yu, WU Jian-Hui, LI Chun-Lian, ZENG Qing-Dong, HAN De-Jun, ZHENG Wei-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1261-1276.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41064 Abstract （2707）   HTML （34）    PDF（pc） （893KB）（657）       Knowledge map    Save Xinong 877 is a newly developed wheat variety bred by Northwest A&F University, characterized by wide adaptability, high yield, and yield stability. This study aims to elucidate the genetic basis of Xinong 877’s high yield, adaptability, and comprehensive resistance, thereby providing theoretical foundations and methodological guidance for the breeding of new wheat varieties. Field experiments were conducted to analyze the grain filling characteristics and photosynthetic traits of Xinong 877, along with several high-yielding wheat varieties from the Huanghuai wheat region. A combined approach utilizing a 16K SNP background chip and a 0.1K SNP functional chip was employed to thoroughly dissect the genetic foundation of Xinong 877 and identify the genetic effects of key chromosomal regions. The results showed that, Xinong 877 exhibited superior grain filling characteristics, including an extended grain filling duration, optimal allocation across various grain filling stages, and a high grain filling rate. Additionally, its flag leaves possessed elevated chlorophyll content and enhanced photosynthetic capacity. In regional trials, the average thousand-grain weight was 48.60 g, and in field trials, it reached 50.05 g, both surpassing the control variety Zhoumai 36 and demonstrating good stability. These traits establish a foundation for realizing high yield potential. In multi-location regional trials, Xinong 877 achieved an average stability coefficient of 89.15, significantly higher than that of Zhoumai 36. Regarding genetic composition, Xinong 805a, as the female parent, contributed 80.23 percent of the genetic makeup to Xinong 877, the highest among the three parent lines. Additionally, Xinong 877 incorporated multiple superior genes/QTLs from its parents, including stripe rust resistance loci QYrqin.nwafu-6BS, QYrsn.nwafu-1BL, QYrxn.nwafu-1BL, Yr29, and Yr78; fusarium head blight resistance loci QFhb.caas-5AL and QFhb.hbaas-5AL; leaf rust resistance loci Lr13 and Lr68; as well as yield-related loci such as grain weight genes TaT6P and TaGS5-A1, and grain size gene QGl-4A. Xinong 877 exhibits significant yield potential and wide adaptability in field production. There are notable differences in the genetic contributions from the parent lines, with Xinong 805a providing the highest genetic contribution. The aggregation of multiple key genes/QTLs related to important traits in Xinong 877 offers valuable genetic resources and theoretical support for the development of high-yield, broadly adaptable wheat varieties in the Huanghuai wheat region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endosperm development of cereal crops and its role in seed dormancy and germination SONG Song-Quan, TANG Cui-Fang, CHENG Hong-Yan, WANG Cheng-Liang, YUAN Liang-Bing, ZUO Sheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1133-1155.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42055 Abstract （1830）   HTML （70）    PDF（pc） （5724KB）（1723）       Knowledge map    Save In angiosperms, double fertilization triggers the simultaneous development of two closely adjacent tissue, embryo and endosperm. The function of endosperm is not only to provide nutrients and serve as a mechanical barrier for the embryo, but also to act as a growth regulator for the embryo during seed development, dormancy and germination, thereby controlling the vitality, dormancy, and germination of the seeds. But so far, the development of endosperm and its regulatory mechanism are not clear enough. In the present paper, the recent progress achieved in the endosperm development and its regulatory mechanism, as well as the regulation of these events on seed dormancy and germination, was reviewed, including morphogenesis, differentiation of aleurone layer and starch endosperm, programmed cell death of starch endosperm, accumulation of storage proteins in endosperm during endosperm development, as well as the regulation of cell cycle regulatory factors, phytohormones, and epigenetic on endosperm development, and the role of endosperm in embryo development, seed dormancy and germination. Finally, the scientific issues that need to be further researched in this field are proposed, attempting to provide reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of endosperm development and its regulation, and thereby improving the yield and quality of cereal crops. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping of silique length and seeds per silique and transcriptome profiling of pod walls in Brassica napus L. WANG Xiao-Lin, LIU Zhong-Song, KANG Lei, YANG Liu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 888-899.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44156 Abstract （1672）   HTML （31）    PDF（pc） （3407KB）（388）       Knowledge map    Save Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a major oilseed crop globally, and improving yield remains a primary objective in rapeseed breeding programs. Yield in rapeseed is determined by three main components: siliques per unit area, seeds per silique, and seed weight. Although silique length is not a direct yield component, it influences both seeds per silique and seed weight, and thus indirectly affects yield. In this study, two parental lines with contrasting silique lengths and seeds per silique, YA and Zhongshuang 11, along with their 211 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), were used as experimental materials. The RIL population was genotyped through genome resequencing and grown in two environments: autumn in Changsha and summer in Mingle. Silique length and seeds per silique were measured, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted. The results identified a major QTL for both silique length and seeds per silique on chromosome A09 in both environments. Comparative RNA-seq analysis of pod walls from the two parents, conducted 3-21 days after flowering, indicated that genes involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signaling transduction, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis play critical roles in pod wall development. Among the differentially expressed genes, BnaA09.CYP78A9, BnaC08.SCL13, and BnaA04.ARL, which are associated with auxin response and signaling transduction, were identified as candidate genes regulating silique length. These findings provide a foundation for fine mapping and exploring the regulatory mechanisms of genes controlling silique length in rapeseed, which could contribute to yield improvement in breeding programs. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and candidate genes prediction of flowering time and maturity date traits in soybean (Glycine max L.) WANG Qiong, ZOU Dan-Xia, CHEN Xing-Yun, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Hong-Mei, LIU Xiao-Qing, JIA Qian-Ru, WEI Li-Bin, CUI Xiao-Yan, CHEN Xin, WANG Xue-Jun, CHEN Hua-Tao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1558-1568.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44166 Abstract （1648）   HTML （24）    PDF（pc） （6989KB）（303）       Knowledge map    Save Soybean is a typical short-day crop that is highly sensitive to photoperiod, with its cultivation and yield constrained by field photoperiodic conditions. In this study, we analyzed the flowering time and pod maturity date in 264 diverse soybean accessions. We examined the relationships between flowering-related traits and key agronomic traits, including protein content (PC), oil content (OC), 100-seed weight (HSW), and plant height (PH). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 235 loci associated with flowering time and pod maturity date. Additionally, we predicted 14 candidate genes involved in the regulation of these traits, including 10 genes related to flowering time and 5 genes associated with pod maturity date. Notably, one gene exhibited pleiotropic effects on both traits. These findings provide valuable genomic insights into the regulatory pathways of flowering in soybean and offer a foundation for genetic improvement aimed at enhancing soybean adaptation across broader latitudinal regions. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the molecular mechanisms of its synthesis KANG Guo-Zhang, WANG Yong-Hua, GUO Tian-Cai Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2665-2673.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.41020 Abstract （1609）   HTML （67）    PDF（pc） （681KB）（744）       Knowledge map    Save Starch is the most important component of wheat grain, determining grain weight and significantly influencing the quality of noodles and steamed buns, the primary cooking pasta products in China. Therefore, it is crucial to deeply explore the physicochemical properties of wheat starch and the molecular mechanisms underlying its synthesis. In common wheat, amylose and amylopectin constitute 17%-34% and 66%-83% of the total starch content, respectively. These two components exist in two particle shapes: A-type ( > 9.8 μm) and B-type ( < 9.8 μm). Their physicochemical properties (content, amylose/amylopectin ratio, swelling, gelatinization, etc.) significantly affect the processing quality of cooked pasta products such as noodles and steamed buns. The wheat genome contains 26 genes that encode subunits or isoenzymes of starch synthesis enzymes, with their expression levels being heavily regulated at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. This review examines the physicochemical properties of wheat starch, the relationships between these properties and the processing quality of noodles and steamed buns, the functional genes involved in starch synthesis, and their regulatory factors at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational levels. Finally, future research directions for wheat starch are discussed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family and screening of genes regulating flavonoid synthesis in mung bean GUO Fei-Xiang, LI Chun-Xia, ZHOU Shuang, GUO Bin-Bin, ZHANG Jun, MA Chao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 117-133.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44077 Abstract （1585）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （14409KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save The R2R3-MYB transcription factor family plays a crucial regulatory role in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, stress responses, and the growth and development of plants. This study employed bioinformatics analysis to identify the R2R3-MYB transcription factors across the entire genome of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), and to predict their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic evolution, chromosome localization, cis-acting elements of the promoter, and gene structure. The expression patterns of mung bean under different tissues, exogenous hormones, and stress conditions were analyzed using transcriptome data and Quantitative Real-time PCR (RT-PCR). R2R3-MYB members potentially involved in regulating the biosynthesis of mung bean flavonoids were screened through correlation analysis and protein interaction networks. The results demonstrated that a total of 168 R2R3-MYB members were identified in mung bean, 145 of which were distributed across 11 chromosomes, while the chromosome information for 23 members remains unknown. Most of these members contain three exons encoding proteins ranging from 99 to 1645 amino acids and are all hydrophilic. The phylogenetic analysis divided the R2R3-MYB gene family in mung beans into 30 subgroups (V1-V30), revealing structural differences among members of different subgroups. Collinearity analysis within the mung bean genome indicated that all segmental duplication events underwent purifying selection. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of the R2R3-MYB genes in mung beans revealed a large number of hormone-responsive and stress-responsive elements, as well as a small number of flavonoid synthesis-responsive elements. Gene expression analysis showed that members with higher expression levels in leaves, petioles, hypocotyls, and seed coats accounted for 15.5%, 16.1%, 16.1%, and 10.7% of the total, respectively. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the relative expression levels of almost all R2R3-MYB family members significantly decreased under low-temperature stress, with different members had diverse response patterns to stress. Protein interaction and correlation analysis suggested that the genes VrMYB6, VrMYB77, and VrMYB93 may be involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in mung beans. The results of this study lay the foundation for further in-depth research on the function of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family in mung beans. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance at different growth stages of soybean and screening of salt-tolerant germplasm MENG Ran, LI Zhao-Jia, FENG Wei, CHEN Yue, LIU Lu-Ping, YANG Chun-Yan, LU Xue-Lin, WANG Xiu-Ping Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 1991-2008.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55013 Abstract （1572）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （2879KB）（416）       Knowledge map    Save Soil salinization is a major abiotic stress that severely hampers soybean growth and productivity. The evaluation and selection of salt-tolerant soybean germplasm are essential for identifying salt-alkali tolerance genes, breeding salt-tolerant cultivars, and improving the efficient use of saline-alkali soils. In this study, 50 soybean germplasm accessions were evaluated for salt tolerance at three developmental stages: germination (0.6% NaCl), seedling (1.5% NaCl), and the full growth period (0.9% NaCl). Salt tolerance was assessed using germination rate at the germination stage; at the seedling stage, ten physiological and morphological indicators were measured, including plant height, leaf area, SPAD value, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, and malondialdehyde content. During the full growth stage, eight agronomic traits were evaluated, such as plant height, pod height, number of effective branches, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and seed weight per plant. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), membership function analysis, and cluster analysis. Stepwise regression was employed to construct predictive models for salt tolerance at the seedling and full-growth stages, identifying key evaluation indicators for each stage. Based on the salt injury index, 8 highly salt-tolerant, 10 salt-tolerant, and 6 highly salt-sensitive germplasms were identified at the germination stage. PCA combined with the membership function approach identified 12 salt-tolerant accessions at the seedling stage. Cluster analysis grouped the 50 accessions into five categories during the full growth stage: 3 highly salt-tolerant, 3 salt-tolerant, 20 moderately salt-tolerant, 19 salt-sensitive, and 5 highly salt-sensitive. The regression model for salt tolerance at the seedling stage was defined as: D = - 0.223 + 0.085X1 + 0.203X2 + 0.075X3 + 0.149X6 + 0.132X7 + 0.070X9 + 0.084X10 (R2 = 0.969, P < 0.01), identifying relative plant height, leaf area, SPAD value, root fresh and dry weights, SOD activity, and proline content as key indicators. For the full growth stage, the model was: D = - 0.153 + 0.143X1 + 0.443X6 + 0.171X7 (R2 = 0.962, P < 0.01), highlighting relative plant height, grain number per plant, and grain weight per plant as critical metrics. This study establishes a comprehensive and systematic framework for evaluating salt tolerance in soybean across different developmental stages and provides a solid technical foundation and valuable germplasm resources for future research on salt tolerance mechanisms and the development of salt-tolerant soybean varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic mapping of mutant genes on flag leaf length and width in wheat YANG Si-Jie, DU Qi-Di, CHAI Shou-Xi, XIONG Hong-Chun, XIE Yong-Dun, ZHAO Lin-Shu, GU Jia-Yu, GUO Hui-Jun, LIU Lu-Xiang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1548-1557.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41095 Abstract （1546）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （5258KB）（249）       Knowledge map    Save Leaf morphology is a key determinant of plant architecture, influencing photosynthetic efficiency, yield, and stress responses. In wheat, the flag leaf serves as a critical photosynthetic organ, directly impacting grain yield and quality. Identifying novel genes and alleles associated with flag leaf traits can facilitate high-yield wheat breeding. In this study, we used the wheat variety Jing 411 as the wild type and developed a stable mutant, je0261, which exhibited a significantly reduced flag leaf area. Compared to Jing 411, the mutant had a 38.9% shorter, 29.3% narrower, and 56.7% smaller flag leaf. Analysis of segregation ratios for flag leaf length and width in the F2 and F3 populations derived from Jing 411 × je0261 indicated that these traits were each controlled by a single recessive gene. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) combined with exome capture sequencing, we mapped the target genes to chromosome 7A. Seven KASP markers were developed within the target region, and the genes controlling flag leaf length and width were mapped to a 1.18 cM genetic interval, corresponding to an 8.08 Mb physical region in the Chinese Spring reference genome. The genetic distance between these two genes was 1.00 cM, suggesting that they are two distinct, novel genes regulating flag leaf length and width. The identification of this candidate interval enhances our understanding of the genetic basis of flag leaf area in wheat and provides valuable mutant gene resources for future wheat architecture improvement. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phylogenetic and functional analysis of the BnaSLY1 genes in Brassica napus L. LI Jia-Xin, HUANG Ying-Ying, WU Lu-Mei, ZHAO Lun, YI Bin, MA Chao-Zhi, TU Jin-Xing, SHEN Jin-Xiong, FU Ting-Dong, WEN Jing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 44-57.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44079 Abstract （1545）   HTML （43）    PDF（pc） （20877KB）（624）       Knowledge map    Save Gibberellins regulate plant epidermal cell growth, stem and leaf expansion, and plant architecture. In Arabidopsis, SLY1 encodes an F-box protein that modulates plant growth by targeting the negative regulator of GA signaling, the DELLA protein, for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. However, the function of BnaSLY1 in Brassica napus has not been previously revealed. In this study, we characterized the expression patterns and performed a phylogenetic analysis of BnaSLY1. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we generated mutants with different copy numbers of BnaSLY1. By integrating RNA-Seq analysis, we investigated the biological functions of BnaSLY1 and its impact on the growth and development of Brassica napus. Our results showed that there are two copies of SLY1 in Brassica napus, with similar expression patterns and constitutive expression. The protein is localized in the nucleus and is highly conserved among different varieties of rapeseed and cruciferous plants. Phenotypic analysis of mutants revealed that, compared to the control, single mutants bnaa01sly1 and bnaa06sly1 exhibited delayed flowering and significantly reduced plant height, while the double mutant bnasly1 showed a dark green leaf phenotype, increased leaf thickness, further delayed flowering, and further reduced plant height. RNA-Seq analysis between Westar and bnasly1 showed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the auxin signaling pathway and wax biosynthesis pathway, with several flowering time-related genes showing significant expression changes. This study demonstrates that BnaSLY1 not only influences plant height and flowering time but also affects epidermal wax synthesis, thereby laying a theoretical foundation for exploring the crucial role of the GA signaling pathway in the growth and development of Brasscia napus. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress and prospects in genetic breeding for Fusarium crown rot resistance in wheat MA Jun, CHEN Feng, YIN Gui-Hong, HU Hai-Yan, WEI Xue-Ning, XIE Chao-Jie, KONG Ling-Rang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (10): 2559-2569.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51064 Abstract （1528）   HTML （82）    PDF（pc） （3025KB）（678）       Knowledge map    Save Fusarium crown rot (FCR) caused by Fusarium species is a global soil-borne disease of wheat. In recent years, this disease has rapidly spread in China and has severely threatened local wheat production. Growing disease resistant variety is an effectively approach to manage the FCR damage. However, most of the wheat varieties released in China are susceptible to FCR. The number of resistance gene identified so far remains limited. This article mainly reviews the domestic and international research progresses in several key areas for genetic breeding of FCR-resistant varieties, including inoculation methods and disease assessment, resistant germplasm screening and genetic architecture underlying FCR resistance in wheat. We proposed that to address the major challenges in the related fields, it is necessary to establish a greenhouse-field dual inoculation system, expand the scale of resistant source screening, pyramid multiple types of resistance genes and conduct nationwide joint research. This article provides useful clues for accelerating the genetic breeding of FCR-resistant varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genotype-independent transformation technique development and application in maize YANG Ya-Wen, ZHU Dong-Jie, PAN Hong, ZHANG Yun-Tao, XIA Meng-Yin, HAN Bao-Zhu, JIN Min-Liang, LI Meng-Jiao, DONG Lu-Peng, YANG Ning, ZHOU Ying, XU Jie-Ting, YAN Jian-Bing Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (11): 2674-2683.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43014 Abstract （1506）   HTML （68）    PDF（pc） （7901KB）（887）       Knowledge map    Save The genetic transformation of maize inbred lines via Agrobacterium tumefaciens is highly genotype-dependent. The morphogenetic genes Baby boom (Bbm) and Wuschel2 (Wus2) significantly enhance transformation efficiency and expand the range of amenable inbred lines. However, achieving transgenic seedlings remain challenging for many maize inbred lines, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we found that mixing the target vector with Bbm and Wus2 in a 10:1 ratio facilitates the generation of somatic embryos in most inbred lines. Transient transfection efficiency and the timing of selection are critical factors influencing the formation of somatic embryos and subsequent seedling development. By optimizing infection conditions and delaying selection, we established an efficient and rapid genetic transformation system that is not restricted by genotype. Using this system, we conducted genetic transformation on 131 inbred lines, resulting in successful transgenic plants in 104 of these lines. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and functional analysis of OsERF104 transcription factor in rice PAN Ju-Zhong, WEI Ping, ZHU De-Ping, SHAO Sheng-Xue, CHEN Shan-Shan, WEI Ya-Qian, GAO Wei-Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 900-913.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42040 Abstract （1496）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （13140KB）（672）       Knowledge map    Save Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF), a subfamily of the APETALA2/Ethylene Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) family, plays critical roles in regulating diverse biological processes, including plant growth and development, hormone signaling, and responses to abiotic stresses. Investigating the functions of the ERF family in rice (Oryza sativa L.) provides valuable genetic resources for rice breeding. In this study, the OsERF104 gene (LOC_Os08g36920) was cloned. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the full-length coding sequence of OsERF104 is 849 bp, encoding a protein of 283 amino acids. OsERF104 contains a conserved domain characteristic of the AP2/ERF family and shares the highest sequence similarity with the AtERF96 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to be involved in salt tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis confirmed that the OsERF104 protein is localized in the nucleus, indicating that it functions as a nuclear transcription factor. Cis-acting element analysis of the OsERF104 promoter identified elements associated with hormone responses, abiotic stress, and light responses. To examine the role of OsERF104 under abiotic stress, its expression pattern was analyzed using RT-qPCR. OsERF104 was expressed in various rice tissues, with the highest expression observed in the leaf sheath. Its expression was downregulated by ABA and GA but upregulated by JA, PEG, and NaCl treatments. Transcriptional activation assays showed that the full-length and C-terminal fragments of OsERF104 exhibit transcriptional activity, while the N-terminal fragment and the AP2 domain alone do not. Transgenic rice lines of overexpressing or knocking out OsERF104 were generated via genetic transformation. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that OsERF104-overexpressing rice exhibited enhanced sensitivity to ABA and increased tolerance to salt stress during the seedling stage compared with the wild-type ZH11. In contrast, oserf104 mutant rice displayed the opposite phenotypes. In conclusion, OsERF104 positively regulates salt tolerance in rice. This study provides a strong foundation for further exploration of the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of OsERF104 in rice. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances and prospects of high-yield peanut cultivation in China WAN Shu-Bo, ZHANG Jia-Lei, GAO Hua-Xin, WANG Cai-Bin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (7): 1703-1711.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55017 Abstract （1430）   HTML （46）    PDF（pc） （518KB）（350）       Knowledge map    Save Continuously increasing peanut yield remains a key priority for peanut cultivation in China, given the national context of a large population and limited arable land. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, significant advancements have been made in the research and application of high-yield cultivation technologies for peanut, laying the foundation for a distinctive Chinese system of high-yield peanut cultivation and substantially improving national production levels. In this report, we review and summarize the historical development and practical experience of peanut high-yield cultivation in China, analyze its potential for further yield improvement, and discuss possible strategies to enhance both research innovation and overall production capacity. In the early 1970s, peanut yields surpassed 6000 kg hm-2 through the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, which had a notable impact on yield. By the late 1970s, yields reached 7500 kg hm-2 with the adoption of key practices such as chemical regulation, plastic film mulching, and balanced fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. During the 1990s, yields exceeded 9000 kg hm-2 through technologies aimed at controlling excessive vegetative growth and implementing quantified fertilization. In the early 2000s, the introduction of single-seed precision sowing further boosted yields to a peak of 11,250 kg hm-2. Most recently, in 2023, a national record yield of 12,982 kg hm-2 was achieved by implementing an integrated high-yield cultivation system, which focused on single-seed precision sowing and supported by whole-process controlled fertilization, the “three preventions and three promotions” group regulation strategy, and microbial synergistic technologies. Despite these achievements, it is estimated that there remains considerable potential for promoting actual peanut production, and the development of high-yielding varieties, full exploitation of soil productivity, and the construction of high-quality plant populations are expected to be the primary pathways for further yield improvement. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of agronomic and physiological indicators of rice yield and grain quality under nitrogen fertilization management QIN Jin-Hua, HONG Wei-Yuan, FENG Xiang-Qian, LI Zi-Qiu, ZHOU Zi-Yu, WANG Ai-Dong, LI Rui-Jie, WANG Dan-Ying, ZHANG Yun-Bo, CHEN Song Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 485-502.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42024 Abstract （1337）   HTML （40）    PDF（pc） （7181KB）（506）       Knowledge map    Save Achieving a synergistic improvement in both rice yield and quality remains a major challenge in rice production. A thorough analysis and clear identification of key population traits that influence the coordinated enhancement of yield and quality are crucial for guiding rice variety improvement and optimizing cultivation techniques. In this study, two rice varieties, Xiushui 134 (XS134) and Huanghuazhan (HHZ), were used to evaluate different nitrogen management strategies, including conventional fixed nitrogen applications (N0, N1, N2, N3) and dynamic nitrogen applications based on SPAD thresholds (RTNM, S34, S37, S40). Key agronomic and physiological indicators were collected at critical growth stages, along with yield and grain quality data. Multi-objective regression models were employed to analyze how key agronomic and physiological traits influence rice yield and grain quality. The results showed as follows: (1) A trade-off generally exists between rice yield and grain quality index (GQI); as nitrogen application increased, yield improved, but GQI tended to decrease, especially under fixed nitrogen application. However, compared to N2, the RTNM treatment reduced nitrogen application by 32.01% to 58.02%, while maintaining stable yields and improving GQI by 3.10% to 38.34% (with the exception of XS134 in 2022). This suggests that dynamic nitrogen management can alleviate the yield-quality trade-off, promoting yield-quality synergy. (2) Correlation analysis indicated that 28 out of 50 static agronomic traits were significantly correlated with both yield and GQI (56.00%). The three “yield-quality” regression models demonstrated varying degrees of predictive accuracy for rice yield (R2: 0.74-0.83; RMSE: 0.40-0.49) and GQI (R2: 0.81-0.90; RMSE: 0.63-0.88). Feature importance analysis highlighted that population biomass during the tillering stage positively influenced both yield and quality (0.09-6.37). Conversely, plant height, leaf area index, and leaf weight exhibited trade-offs in predicting yield and quality, suggesting that careful evaluation and optimization of these “mutually exclusive” indicators are necessary, particularly when ensuring sufficient population biomass. Furthermore, the population net assimilation rate (NAR) during ear development showed a positive impact on both yield and GQI (0.06-1.00), indicating that the photosynthetic efficiency per unit leaf during this stage may be a key trait for achieving coordinated improvements in yield and quality. In summary, compared to conventional fixed nitrogen application, a dynamic nitrogen management strategy based on SPAD thresholds can achieve a certain level of synergy between rice yield and quality. Population biomass during the tillering stage and NAR during the ear development stage may serve as important reference indicators for achieving this synergy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mapping and identification of a novel sharp eyespot resistance locus Qse.hnau-5AS and its candidate genes in wheat GAO Meng-Juan, ZHAO He-Ying, CHEN Jia-Hui, CHEN Xiao-Qian, NIU Meng-Kang, QIAN Qi-Run, CUI Lu-Fei, XING Jiang-Min, YIN Qing-Miao, GUO Wen, ZHANG Ning, SUN Cong-Wei, YANG Xia, PEI Dan, JIA Ao-Lin, CHEN Feng, YU Xiao-Dong, REN Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 2240-2250.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51008 Abstract （1327）   HTML （23）    PDF（pc） （4465KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Save Sharp eyespot, caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a destructive soil-borne disease that poses a serious threat to wheat production in China, significantly affecting yield stability and productivity. Breeding and deploying resistant varieties is one of the most economical, effective, and environmentally sustainable strategies for disease control. Identifying resistance genes is fundamental to the development of superior resistant varieties. In this study, 349 wheat varieties (or lines) from the Huang-huai region of China were collected and evaluated for sharp eyespot resistance in an artificial climate chamber at the Wheat Molecular Breeding Innovation Center, Henan Agricultural University. Genotyping was performed using the wheat 660K SNP array. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using a mixed linear model (MLM) approach, integrating phenotypic data to identify loci associated with resistance. A novel quantitative trait locus (QTL), designated Qse.hnau-5AS, was identified on the short arm of chromosome 5A. GWAS results revealed 15 significant SNPs clustered within a 960.6 kb genomic region. Haplotype analysis confirmed that this locus significantly enhances resistance to sharp eyespot. Within the Qse.hnau-5AS region, 13 high-confidence annotated genes were identified. Based on expression profiling and response to R. cerealis infection, two candidate genes were proposed: one encoding a Hedgehog-interacting-like protein (TaHIPL) and the other encoding a plasma membrane ATPase (TaHA). Functional validation using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that silencing of TaHIPL and TaHA resulted in significant downregulation of gene expression (confirmed by qRT-PCR) and a marked increase in disease index (DI) compared to control plants. These findings indicate that TaHIPL and TaHA positively regulate resistance to sharp eyespot in wheat. This study provides valuable genetic resources for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying sharp eyespot resistance and for advancing resistance breeding in wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Estimation of canopy nitrogen concentration in maize based on UAV multi- spectral data and spatial nitrogen heterogeneity HAO Qi, CHEN Tian-Lu, WANG Fu-Gui, WANG Zhen, BAI Lan-Fang, WANG Yong-Qiang, WANG Zhi-Gang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 189-206.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43015 Abstract （1321）   HTML （28）    PDF（pc） （9939KB）（1237）       Knowledge map    Save Remote sensing diagnosis of crop canopy nitrogen nutrition is crucial for guiding precise nitrogen application and improving crop nitrogen efficiency and yield. To address the issue of maize canopy depth significantly affecting the accuracy of UAV-based nitrogen concentration estimation, this study analyzed the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. This analysis was based on multi-spectral data and measured nitrogen concentration data from UAV across fields with different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in 2022 and 2023. Using the random forest algorithm, we identified the effective leaf layer for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration. We further constructed an estimation model for effective leaf nitrogen concentration by combining the random forest algorithm with multi-spectral vegetation indices, and then converted the effective leaf nitrogen concentration to the canopy scale to estimate the overall canopy nitrogen concentration. The results were as follows: (1) The nitrogen concentration of the maize canopy at the 9-leaf extension and large trumpet stages was highest in the upper leaves, followed by the middle and lower leaves. At the silk-spinning and milk-ripening stages, the nitrogen concentration was highest in the middle leaves, followed by the upper and lower leaves. (2) The effective leaf layers for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration at each growth stage were the lower layer, middle layer, middle layer, and middle layer, respectively. The random forest regression model demonstrated higher accuracy in estimating canopy nitrogen concentration compared to the support vector regression model. (3) Using the random forest algorithm, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimating canopy nitrogen concentration based on effective leaf nitrogen concentration were 0.10%, 4.41%, and 0.07%, respectively. In contrast, the average RMSE, NRMSE, and MAE for estimation based on direct vegetation indices were 0.19%, 9.00%, and 0.15%, respectively. In conclusion, the study identified the spatial differentiation of maize canopy nitrogen concentration. Considering effective leaf nitrogen concentration based on random forest and vegetation index estimation significantly improved the accuracy of canopy nitrogen concentration estimation. The canopy nitrogen concentration estimation framework, which accounts for the spatial heterogeneity of canopy nitrogen concentration, established in this study can provide theoretical support for real-time nitrogen nutrition diagnosis of maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive evaluation of 70 japonica glutinous rice varieties (lines) based on growth period, yield, and quality XIONG Qiang-Qiang, SUN Chang-Hui, GU Wen-Fei, LU Yan-Yao, ZHOU Nian-Bing, GUO Bao-Wei, LIU Guo-Dong, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHU Jin-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 728-743.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42026 Abstract （1308）   HTML （20）    PDF（pc） （1112KB）（526）       Knowledge map    Save This study evaluated 70 glutinous rice varieties (lines) to identify high-quality, high-yield varieties suitable for cultivation in the Yangzhong region, based on comprehensive assessments of growth period, yield, and rice quality. The experiment was conducted in Yangzhong city, Jiangsu province, from 2021 to 2023, using a randomized block design with three replicates. The results showed the following: (1) The growth periods of the 70 glutinous rice varieties ranged from 137 to 159 days in 2021 and from 139 to 158 days in 2023. Based on the growth period, the varieties were classified into three categories: 17 early-maturing late-japonica types, 18 mid-maturing mid-japonica types, and 35 late-maturing mid-japonica types. (2) In 2021, yields ranged from 5.19 to 9.50 t hm-2, and in 2023, yields ranged from 5.57 to 9.64 t hm-2. Principal component analysis indicated that the number of grains per panicle and panicle number were the primary factors influencing yield traits. (3) In 2021, the brown rice rate ranged from 80.45% to 87.35%, and the milled rice rate from 59.86% to 75.87%. Twenty varieties met the first-class quality standard, while 16 met the second-class quality standard. In 2023, the brown rice rate ranged from 81.60% to 88.50%, and the milled rice rate from 65.07% to 75.59%. Fifteen varieties met the first-class quality standard, and 18 met the second-class quality standard. In 2021, protein content varied from 7.00% to 10.77%, and total starch content from 69.42% to 92.73%. In 2023, protein content ranged from 7.00% to 10.79%, and total starch content from 68.00% to 92.68%. Molecular marker analysis revealed that 35 rice varieties carried the badh2 gene. Based on the comprehensive analysis of growth period, yield, and quality, four high-yield and high-quality glutinous rice varieties (lines) suitable for cultivation in Yangzhong were selected: Yangruannuo 2, Sunuo 7132, Yangjingnuo 2, and Yandao 93207. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding objectives and strategies for maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region CHEN Yong-Qiang, WANG Ya-Fei, XIE Hui-Ling, ZHANG Zhan-Hui, HEI Hong-Chao, PENG Qiang, YANG Xue-Li, HE Ge-Ming, TANG Ji-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2917-2924.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.43026 Abstract （1298）   HTML （201）    PDF（pc） （554KB）（1289）       Knowledge map    Save The Huang-Huai-Hai region, the second largest maize-producing area in China, is situated in a transitional zone between the subtropical and north temperate climates. This region is characterized by a unique double cropping system of winter wheat-summer maize, which presents specific challenges for maize cultivation. The distinct ecological conditions and cropping system necessitate maize varieties with enhanced comprehensive resistance and adaptability. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current production status and the primary issues facing maize cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. It identifies key breeding objectives, including “high yield, suitability for mechanized harvesting, early maturity, tolerance to high planting density, resilience to environmental stresses, and resistance to major diseases and pests.” Based on these objectives, the paper proposes several breeding strategies: “reducing heterosis to increase planting density, improving kernel bulk density and single-ear seed yield, incorporating multiple resistance genes to enhance disease resistance, strengthening lodging resistance by increasing the number of brace roots, and promoting earlier anther dehiscence and pollen release to avoid high temperatures.” Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of identifying and utilizing superior genes, advancing the development of new core germplasm resources, and establishing modern molecular breeding systems, such as genome editing and genome-wide selection. It also advocates for the creation of an innovative collaboration model among research institutes, universities, and seed enterprises to accelerate germplasm innovation, improve maize breeding efficiency, and enhance the breeding and promotion of the entire industry chain. The ultimate goal is to develop superior new maize varieties that will effectively support agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in phytohormone regulation of square and boll shedding in cotton XIE Zhang-Shu, XIE Xue-Fang, TU Xiao-Ju, LIU Ai-Yu, DONG He-Zhong, ZHOU Zhong-Hua Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 1-29.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44122 Abstract （1291）   HTML （87）    PDF（pc） （4249KB）（9269）       Knowledge map    Save Cotton square and boll shedding is a common phenomenon, which can occur as an active adaptive response to adverse environmental stress or as a passive loss due to genetic characteristics, environmental conditions, cultivation practices, and various biotic and abiotic stresses. Square and boll shedding directly impacts cotton yield. However, most existing studies, both domestic and international, primarily focus on preliminary findings from the 1950s and 1960s concerning the influence of ethylene and abscisic acid on cotton shedding. Based on insights from other plant species, it appears that square and boll shedding is closely related to a decline in growth-promoting hormones—such as auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin—and an increase in growth-inhibiting hormones like ethylene and abscisic acid. These hormones not only regulate metabolic processes within the plant but also coordinate signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in the shedding process. In this paper, we review the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the formation and functioning of abscission zones, as well as the hormonal responses and regulatory mechanisms involved in the shedding of cotton squares and bolls, and in the shedding of other plant (reproductive) organs in recent years. Our findings reveal a lack of comprehensive research on cotton square and boll shedding, with most studies focusing on the limited effects of a few hormones on cotton reproductive growth, while failing to investigate the deeper mechanisms that lead to shedding. Therefore, future research should prioritize exploring the genetic basis of cotton square and boll shedding, identifying new gene resources for breeding varieties resistant to shedding, and enhancing our understanding of the relationship between shedding and hormone regulation in cotton as a model plant. This will provide a theoretical foundation and technical support for improving cotton yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Functional dissection of sucrose synthase gene TaSUS2 regulating grain starch synthesis and quality in wheat WU Mei-Juan, ZHANG Yin-Hui, LI Yuan-Hao, LIU Hai-Xia, HUANG Yi-Lin, LI Tian, LIU Hong-Xia, ZHANG Xue-Yong, HAO Chen-Yang, GUO Jie, HOU Jian Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1514-1525.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41076 Abstract （1287）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （7436KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat is one of the world’s most important cereal crops, and improving yield remains a key goal in wheat breeding. Grain weight is a major determinant of yield, and starch is the primary component of wheat grains. To investigate the function of TaSUS2, a key enzyme gene in the starch synthesis pathway, we amplified its full-length cDNA sequence from the wheat genome and performed gene editing in the cultivar Kenong 199 (KN199). This resulted in the generation of two homozygous diploid mutants (KO-1 and KO-2) and one homozygous triploid mutant (KO-3). Phenotypic analysis of the transgenic lines revealed that TaSUS2 mutant grains exhibited pronounced wrinkling and a significant reduction in grain weight compared to the wild type. Additionally, the total starch content, amylose content, absolute starch content, and the diameter of A-type starch granules in the endosperm were significantly reduced in TaSUS2 mutant grains. These findings confirm that TaSUS2 plays a crucial role in starch synthesis and grain weight determination. Transcriptome analysis indicated that multiple enzyme-encoding genes involved in starch biosynthesis were upregulated in TaSUS2-KO-3 grains at 21 days post-anthesis (DPA). Furthermore, genotyping of a natural population of 145 wheat accessions using the TaSUS2-2A-CAPS marker revealed that TaSUS2 was significantly associated with starch content, wet gluten content, protein content, and sedimentation value. Notably, the TaSUS2-2A-Hap-G haplotype was identified as a favorable allele for these quality traits. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the biological function of TaSUS2 and offers novel genetic resources for molecular breeding aimed at improving wheat yield and quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association study of root traits in wheat seedlings and identification of a superior allele at TaSRL-3B CAI Jin-Shan, LI Chao-Nan, WANG Jing-Yi, LI Ning, LIU Yu-Ping, JING Rui-Lian, LI Long, SUN Dai-Zhen Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 2020-2032.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51020 Abstract （1283）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （10968KB）（185）       Knowledge map    Save The root system is the primary organ responsible for water and nutrient uptake in wheat, and its morphological characteristics are closely associated with yield and tolerance to abiotic stress. Therefore, identifying genetic loci and favorable alleles that control root morphology is of great importance for wheat improvement. In this study, 277 wheat accessions were evaluated using a gel-chamber-based observation method to characterize eight root morphological traits at the seedling stage, including total root length, root surface area, and root angle. Based on genotyping with the Wheat 660K SNP Array, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using three models (GLM, MLM, and FarmCPU), leading to the identification of 52 associated loci. Among them, six pleiotropic loci (Loci17, Loci20, Loci22, Loci38, Loci46, and Loci47) were located on chromosomes 3A, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, and 6B, respectively. Within Loci20, the candidate gene TaSRL-3B, associated with root morphology, was cloned. This gene has a full-length sequence of 1089 bp, lacks introns, and contains a conserved NAC domain between amino acids 78 and 235. A 20-bp insertion/deletion (InDel717) in the coding region of TaSRL-3B caused a frameshift mutation and showed strong linkage (R2 = 0.84) with the candidate SNP (AX-108758584) in Loci20. Accessions carrying the TaSRL-3BIn allele exhibited significantly greater maximum root length, total root length, and root surface area compared to those with the TaSRL-3BIn. A backcross introgression line population (BC3F5) was developed using Lumai 14 (LM14, carrying TaSRL-3BDel as the recurrent parent and Shaanhe 6 (SH6, carrying TaSRL-3BIn as the donor. A molecular marker based on InDel717 was used to identify five near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying TaSRL-3BIn from this population. Compared to LM14, these lines showed significant improvements in maximum root length, total root length, root surface area, and root volume, further confirming the role of TaSRL-3B in shaping seedling root morphology. Notably, the frequency of the long-root allele TaSRL-3BIn has declined in modern Chinese cultivars compared to landraces. This study provides valuable insights into the genetic regulation of wheat root traits and supports the genetic improvement of root systems for enhanced wheat performance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Maize SPAD estimation by combining multi-source unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing data and machine learning methods ZHOU Ke, CHEN Peng-Fei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1389-1399.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43050 Abstract （1256）   HTML （18）    PDF（pc） （12774KB）（255）       Knowledge map    Save Accurately identifying chlorophyll content is essential for precise fertilization management in maize. The SPAD (Soil and plant analyzer development) value of leaves serves as a reliable indicator of chlorophyll content. For SPAD prediction using remote sensing, most existing studies rely on single data sources combined with machine learning methods. To enhance SPAD prediction accuracy, this study explores the feasibility of integrating multi-source unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data with various machine learning methods, comparing the results to traditional approaches. A maize field experiment was conducted with different treatments, including organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, straw return, and varying planting densities. UAV multispectral and RGB images were acquired at the V4 and V9 growth stages, and SPAD values of maize leaves were measured subsequently. Using a multi-scale analysis approach, RGB images were fused with multispectral images to produce a dataset combining high spatial resolution with multispectral information. Additionally, an ensemble learning method (ELM) was developed by integrating multiple machine learning models, including the backpropagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN), support vector machine (SVM), generalized additive model (GAM), and random forest (RF). Different scenarios were designed by coupling various data sources and machine learning models. The dataset was divided into calibration and validation subsets. SPAD prediction models were developed by calibration dataset, and their performance was evaluated using the validation dataset. Comparative analysis identified the optimal model and data source. Results showed that multi-source data significantly improved SPAD prediction accuracy by combining the spectral information of multispectral images with the texture information of RGB images. Furthermore, the ensemble learning method outperformed single machine learning methods, achieving higher SPAD prediction accuracy. Among all scenarios, the SPAD prediction model using the ELM method and fused images exhibited the highest accuracy, with an a Rcal2 value of 0.83 and RMSEcal value of 1.93 during calibration, and an Rval2 value of 0.80 and RMSEval value of 2.07 during validation. In contrast, models based on other scenarios yielded Rcal2 values ranging from 0.64 to 0.88 and RMSEcal values ranging from 1.63 to 2.84 during calibration, and Rval2 values ranging from 0.60 to 0.78 and RMSEval values ranging from 2.18 to 3.01 during validation. This study demonstrates that the optimal strategy for SPAD prediction in maize involves using multi-source data and ensemble learning models. These findings provide technical support for further advancements in precision nitrogen management. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of TaSnRK gene family and expression analysis under localized root zone drought in wheat ZHANG Heng, FENG Ya-Lan, TIAN Wen-Zhong, GUO Bin-Bin, ZHANG Jun, MA Chao Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 632-649.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41033 Abstract （1244）   HTML （57）    PDF（pc） （14878KB）（638）       Knowledge map    Save Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) plays a critical regulatory role in response to abiotic stress. To systematically analyze the physicochemical properties, chromosome distribution, gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, and expression characteristics of the TaSnRK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under local root zone drought stress, this study employed bioinformatics approaches to identify the full complement of TaSnRK genes in the wheat genome. Their expression patterns under local root zone drought stress were analyzed using a wheat expression database and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The analysis identified 139 members of the SnRK gene family in wheat, which were categorized into three subfamilies: 15 members in SnRK1, 31 in SnRK2, and 93 in SnRK3. Protein sequence lengths ranged from 154 to 836 amino acids. Conserved motif analysis revealed that all members of the three subfamilies shared Motif2 and Motif4. Additionally, all SnRK1 members contained Motif14 and Motif15, which were absent in SnRK2 and SnRK3 subfamilies. In contrast, all SnRK3 members contained Motif10, which was not found in SnRK1 and SnRK2 subfamilies. Intraspecific collinearity analysis indicated that the TaSnRK genes had a total of 217 duplication events, showing high homology and strong conservation during evolution. The Ka/Ks ratio suggested that only four pairs of TaSnRK genes were under positive selection pressure. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that most of the cis-elements in the TaSnRK genes were associated with growth and development, as well as various stress-responsive elements. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that only 20 TaSnRK genes exhibited relatively high expression levels in grains, whereas 85, 90, 92, and 80 genes were highly expressed in panicles, leaves, buds, and roots, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that TaSnRK expression was higher in drought-resistant wheat varieties, with SnRK2 and SnRK3 subfamily members playing key roles in sensing and transmitting drought stress signals. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified 267 interaction events between 35 TaSnRK proteins and 23 related functional proteins. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the role of TaSnRK genes in regulating wheat growth, development, and drought stress responses. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci for grain number per spike showing pleiotropic effect on thousand grain weight in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) YONG Rui, HU Wen-Jing, WU Di, WANG Zun-Jie, LI Dong-Sheng, ZHAO Die, YOU Jun-Chao, XIAO Yong-Gui, WANG Chun-Ping Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 312-323.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41045 Abstract （1218）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （940KB）（468）       Knowledge map    Save Grain number per spike (GNS) is a key quantitative trait closely associated with wheat yield. To further investigate the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with GNS in wheat, 151 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Yangmai 4 (YM4) and Yanzhan 1 (YZ1) were used to construct a wheat hexaploid genetic linkage map. GNS was evaluated across four environments over three years. Three QTLs for GNS were identified on chromosomes 4A, 5A, and 5B. Among these, QGns.yaas-4A and QGns.yaas-5B were detected in two environments, with the favorable effect contributed by YM4. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by QGns.yaas-4A and QGns.yaas-5B ranged from 11.50% to 13.27% and from 5.59% to 10.99%, respectively, with physical intervals of 703.41-710.25 Mb and 77.62-365.60 Mb. QGns.yaas-5A was detected in all four environments, with the favorable effect contributed by YZ1. The PVE for QGns.yaas-5A ranged from 8.99% to 11.13%, with a physical interval of 495.34-512.39 Mb. The YZ1 allele at QGns.yaas-5A and the YM4 allele at QGns.yaas-5B significantly increased thousand-grain weight by 3.39% (P < 0.05) and 4.45% (P < 0.01), respectively. Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers for QGns.yaas-4A, QGns.yaas-5A, and QGns.yaas-5B were developed and validated in a natural population. Pyramiding the three favorable alleles showed a significant additive effect, increasing GNS by 13.75%. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for molecular marker-assisted breeding to improve GNS in wheat. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of chemical regulators and other cultivation measures in lodging resistance and high-yield cultivation of wheat LI Hui-Min, XING Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Hai-Peng, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng, LI Guang-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (4): 847-862.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41066 Abstract （1211）   HTML （83）    PDF（pc） （3336KB）（726）       Knowledge map    Save Lodging has always been a key factor limiting the high and stable yield of wheat. Chemical anti-lodging regulator is an effective strategy to reduce lodging risk. Chemical anti-lodging regulators (CARs) spraying can control wheat growth, improve stem strength, and prevent lodging. However, the research and application of chemical control and lodging resistance in wheat high-yield cultivation have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this paper collected and sorted out the wheat CARs registered in China, summarized the characteristics, efficacy and effects of different CARs on wheat stem structure and composition, root system, canopy structure, crop productivity and quality, and summarized the suitable application period of different CARs in realizing the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and lodging resistance with the goal of high yield and anti-lodging. In addition, the management measures of wheat lodging resistance (tillage mode, suitable density, nutrient level and water management), evaluation methods of wheat lodging resistance and the influence of CARs on key indicators were summarized. The research direction of CARs in wheat anti-lodging high-yield cultivation was prospected, aiming at providing precise control measures and theoretical support for promoting wheat high-yield and stable yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of climate change on crop diseases and insect pests Li Xin-Yi, Chen Xin-Tong, Zhao Chuang, Wang Qian, Cong Jia-Hui, Lin Ruo-Wei, Qiu Yu-Xin, Yang Xiao-Guang Acta Agronomica Sinica    2026, 52 (2): 331-348.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53041 Abstract （1184）   HTML （42）    PDF（pc） （2352KB）（579）       Knowledge map    Save Global climate change is systematically exacerbating the damage caused by crop pests and diseases through increased temperatures, altered precipitation regimes, and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, posing severe challenges to national food security. This paper reviews the current status and characteristics of crop pest and disease occurrences in China, along with the mechanistic influences of climate change on their dynamics. It reveals the core processes, including accelerated pest development and northward expansion due to rising temperatures, bidirectional regulation of pests and diseases by altered precipitation patterns, and the indirect impact of elevated CO2 concentrations on pest and disease dynamics by changing the physiology of host plants. Furthermore, interactions among multiple factors (such as combined heat and humidity) are shown to amplify risks substantially. While a preliminary integrated framework has been established—encompassing stress-resistant crop breeding, development of green pesticides, smart monitoring and early warning systems, and adaptive agronomic practices—significant knowledge gaps remain. These include insufficient understanding of molecular response mechanisms, limited quantification of dynamic processes, and fragmented modeling of regional disaster patterns. Moving forward, it is imperative to advance research on the multi-dimensional coupling mechanisms within the “climate-crop-pest” system, integrate multi-modal data and artificial intelligence technologies, and develop a proactive, data-driven prevention and control system for enhanced resilience. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and transcriptional activity analysis of U6 promoter in jute ( Corchorus capsularis) HUANG Meng-Xin, ZHUANG Ling-Ling, CHENG Pei-Pei, LI Qin, XU Jian-Tang, TAO Ai-Fen, FANG Ping-Ping, QI Jian-Min, ZHANG Li-Wu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1156-1165.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44161 Abstract （1182）   HTML （39）    PDF（pc） （7262KB）（319）       Knowledge map    Save The U6 promoter is a critical element for driving the transcription of single guide RNA (sgRNA) in the CRISPR/Cas9 system, with endogenous U6 promoters often exhibiting higher efficiency than exogenous ones. However, no studies to date have focused on endogenous U6 promoters in jute (Corchorus L.). In this study, two candidate U6 promoters, CcU6.1 and CcU6.3, were cloned from the genome of the jute cultivar “Meifeng 4” using conserved sequences from the Arabidopsis thaliana U6-26 sgRNA promoter (AtU6-26). Fusion expression vectors carrying GUS reporter genes driven by the CcU6.1 and CcU6.3 promoters were constructed, and the transcriptional activities of these promoters were evaluated through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and jute hairy roots. Promoter activity was determined based on GUS histochemical staining. Homology analysis revealed that both CcU6.1 and CcU6.3 promoters contained two essential elements for U6 promoter activity: the USE and TATA boxes. GUS staining demonstrated that both jute U6 promoters exhibited transcriptional activity, although the CcU6.1 promoter showed weaker activity compared to the CcU6.3 promoter in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and jute hairy roots. Quantitative PCR further confirmed these findings. Since excessively long U6 promoters may reduce transcriptional efficiency, a comparative cis-regulatory element analysis of the CcU6.3 promoter and the AtU6-26 promoter were conducted. This analysis suggested that a truncated version of the CcU6.3 promoter, spanning from the transcriptional start site to the -550 bp region, could enhance transcriptional activity. This study is the first to identify and characterize the CcU6.3 promoter, which exhibits relatively high transcriptional activity in jute. The CcU6.3 promoter holds significant potential as a strong and efficient promoter for constructing CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing systems in Corchorus species. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on waterlogging tolerance mechanism and genetic improvement in rapeseed XIE Ling-Li, LI Yong-Ling, XU Ben-Bo, ZHANG Xue-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (2): 287-300.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44121 Abstract （1177）   HTML （56）    PDF（pc） （1970KB）（737）       Knowledge map    Save Waterlogging is one of the important abiotic stresses during agricultural production, mainly inhibiting plant growth by low oxygen stress, ion toxicity, et al. Rapeseed is very sensitive to waterlogging stress, and waterlogging stress during any growth period can delay growth and development, and further affects rapeseeds yield and quality. Rapeseed mainly responds and adapts to waterlogging stress through excessive ROS clearance, energy metabolism transformating, and endogenous hormones regulating. In order to accelerate the genetic improvement of waterlogging tolerance in rapeseed, this article reviews the changes in demand for waterlogging tolerance improvement in rapeseed, the effect of waterlogging stress on the growth, development, yield and quality of rapeseed, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rapeseed response to waterlogging stress, and the main technical approaches for waterlogging tolerance improvement. It will lay the foundation for in-depth research on waterlogging tolerance mechanisms and provide theoretical guidance for cultivating new waterlogging tolerance varieties in rapeseed. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of row spacing configuration and density regulation on dry matter production and yield in cotton XIN Ming-Hua, MI Ya-Di, WANG Guo-Ping, LI Xiao-Fei, LI Ya-Bing, DONG He-Lin, HAN Ying-Chun, FENG Lu Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 221-232.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.34189 Abstract （1174）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （1748KB）（854）       Knowledge map    Save Row spacing configuration and plant density are critical factors influencing cotton yield and fiber quality. In Xinjiang, cotton is primarily planted using a wide-narrow row spacing system, though equal row spacing is also used. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of these two methods. To clarify this, a two-year field experiment was conducted using the cotton variety Zhongmian 88. A split-plot design was employed, with row spacing configurations (equal row spacing and wide-narrow row spacing) as the main plot and planting densities 12×104 plants hm-2 (D1), 16×104 plants hm-2 (D2), and 18×104 plants hm-2 (D3) as the sub-plots. The study aimed to compare the effects of row spacing configuration and plant density on cotton population growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution, as well as yield and fiber quality. The results showed that the growth rate of leaf area index (LAI), the peak LAI, and the proportion of reproductive organ biomass at the boll opening stage were higher in both equal rows spacing and wide-narrow row spacing at intermediate density (16×104 plants hm-2) compared to the other treatment combinations, with no significant differences between the two configurations. Additionally, no significant differences were found among treatments for cotton growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and boll growth rate (BGR). Over the two years, seed cotton yields were similar for equal row spacing and wide-narrow row spacing at medium density, with no significant differences in fiber quality. A comprehensive analysis over both years concluded that under medium density, both row spacing configurations can achieve optimal yield and fiber quality. This study provides a scientific basis for selecting row spacing configurations and planting densities for cotton cultivation in Xinjiang. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and breeding application of resistance genetics to ear rot in maize Su Ai-Guo, Xiao Sen-Lin, Yi Hong-Mei, Duan Sai-Ru, Wang Shuai-Shuai, Zhang Ru-Yang, Xing Jin-Feng, Li Chun-Hui, Sun Xuan, Xu Rui-Bin, Xu Tian-Jun, Li Zhi-Yong, Zhang Yong, Wang Rong-Huan, Song Wei, Zhao Jiu-Ran Acta Agronomica Sinica    2026, 52 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.53053 Abstract （1172）   HTML （79）    PDF（pc） （3406KB）（798）       Knowledge map    Save Ear rot is a significant disease in maize production, with ramifications for both yield and quality. Furthermore, the toxin produced by the pathogen poses a threat to human and animal health. The most efficacious method of controlling ear rot is to breed and plant highly resistant varieties of maize. A significant number of researchers have conducted in-depth studies on the resistance candidate genes and molecular genetic mechanisms in response to dominant pathogens. QTL and significant associated SNP loci related to ear rot resistance have been reported on all 10 chromosomes of maize. However, due to the complexity of pathogen infection and the fact that resistance is quantitative trait locus-controlled trait influenced by multiple genes, there are few examples of such research being applied to disease-resistant breeding. The present paper introduces the main pathogens of corn ear rot, their geographical distribution, factors influencing disease incidence, and toxin hazards. The present paper constitutes a review of recent research progress in the identification of FER (fusarium ear rot, FER) and GER (gibberella ear rot, GER) resistance genes and their molecular genetic mechanisms. Moreover, it provides an outlook for disease-resistant breeding. Advances in multi-omics joint analysis and the application of new biological technologies are expected to promote the identification of major resistance genes and the elucidation of molecular mechanisms. Consequently, this may lead to the accelerated creation of resistance germplasm and breeding for resistance to ear rot in maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Metabolome and transcriptome analysis of flavonoids in peanut testa JIN Xin-Xin, SU Qiao, SONG Ya-Hui, YANG Yong-Qing, LI Yu-Rong, WANG Jin Acta Agronomica Sinica    2024, 50 (12): 2950-2961.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44057 Abstract （1167）   HTML （44）    PDF（pc） （7493KB）（571）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid components and anthocyanin biosynthesis in the color formation of peanut testa, we conducted a study using five peanut cultivars with different testa colors: pink, red, white, black, and speckled (red and white). The key metabolites and genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified using flavonoid metabolomics and transcriptomics. Our results revealed the identification of 329 flavonoid metabolites in peanut testa, with flavonols being the most abundant in both relative content and variety. We detected 19 types of anthocyanidins, including cyanidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. Most anthocyanidins were modified with glucoside, morbuside, rutin, galactoside, and other glycosides. Notably, the anthocyanin content in black testa was 22.60-66.72 times higher than that in other testa colors, with cyanidin-3-O-sambutin being the most prevalent in black testa. Different metabolites were significantly enriched in anthocyanin biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and isoflavone biosynthesis pathways in colored testa compared to white testa. The high expression levels of structural genes in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways promoted anthocyanin accumulation in colored testa. Anthocyanin reductase (ANR) and glycosyltransferase (UGT) emerged as candidate genes involved in testa pigmentation, with the competition and activity of UGT and ANR against substrate anthocyanin determining the color pattern of peanut testa. These findings elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid substances in peanut testa color, providing valuable references for the breeding of special peanut varieties and the utilization of their nutritional value based on color differences. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-wide association analysis and prediction of candidate genes for plant height and internode number in Chinese sorghum XU Jian-Xia, DING Yan-Qing, CAO Ning, CHENG Bin, GAO Xu, LI Wen-Zhen, ZHANG Li-Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (3): 568-585.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44051 Abstract （1164）   HTML （49）    PDF（pc） （1308KB）（537）       Knowledge map    Save An appropriate reduction in plant height is essential for improving nutrient utilization efficiency and lodging resistance, both of which significantly contribute to achieving high and stable yields. This study investigated 242 Chinese sorghum accessions to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying plant height. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 2,015,850 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze plant height, internode number, and internode length across seven environments. The results showed that the phenotypic variation coefficients for plant height, internode number, and internode length ranged from 13.47% to 30.06%, with absolute skewness and kurtosis values less than 1 under all conditions. Using two association models (Blink and FarmCPU), the GWAS identified 118 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with the three traits across 10 chromosomes. Specifically, 60, 37, and 32 QTNs were significantly associated with plant height, internode number, and internode length, respectively. Eight QTNs were co-located for both plant height and internode number, while three QTNs were co-located for internode length. Through sequence analysis and functional annotation of candidate genes, 14 genes related to plant height and internode number were identified within or near the confidence intervals of 12 QTNs. These genes were homologous to those involved in sugar metabolism, hormone synthesis and signaling, and cell division in rice and maize. Selective sweep analysis revealed strong selection pressure on the candidate gene Sobic.001G510400 on chromosome 1 in Chinese sorghum populations, resulting in the formation of Hap1, which is dominant in northern dwarf sorghum, and Hap2, which is dominant in southern tall sorghum. Significant expression differences of this gene were observed between the northern accession 871255 (Hap1) and the southern accession Hongyingzi (Hap2). These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of plant height in Chinese sorghum varieties. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of planting density on photosynthetic production and yield formation of soybean varieties from different eras DING Shu-Qi, CHENG Tong, WANG Bi-Kun, YU De-Bin, RAO De-Min, MENG Fan-Gang, ZHAO Yin-Kai, WANG Xiao-Hui, ZHANG Wei Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 161-173.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44065 Abstract （1152）   HTML （26）    PDF（pc） （1131KB）（555）       Knowledge map    Save Planting density is an effective way to harness the production potential of elite soybean varieties, yet the response differences to planting density among soybean varieties over a breeding time span of up to 100 years remain unclear. To clarify the effects of planting density on the photosynthetic production and yield formation of soybean varieties released in different eras, this study used 50 soybean varieties released from the 1930s to the 2020s. The response differences in leaf area index (LAI), leaf area index growth rate (LGR), leaf area duration (LAD), dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate (CGR), lower leaf senescence, and yield were explored under different planting densities (normal density of 200,000 plants hm-2 and high density of 300,000 plants hm-2) for soybean varieties from different eras (1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, 1970s-1980s, 1990s-2000s, and 2010s-2020s). The results showed that with the advancement of breeding eras, both the photosynthetic production capacity and yield of soybeans gradually increased. Compared with old varieties (1930s-1940s, 1950s-1960s, and 1970s-1980s), new varieties (1990s-2000s and 2010s-2020s) showed better growth status at high density. The increase in LAI of new varieties at high density was more substantial, with increases of 17.79% and 23.06% at the R4 stage, and the decrease in LAI from the R4 to R6 stage was slower, resulting in a more significant increase in LAD. At the R6 stage, the dry matter accumulation of new varieties at high density increased by 25.28% and 28.96%, respectively, and their CGR also significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 21.66% and 25.38%, respectively. Moreover, the new varieties showed strong senescence resistance at high density, with smaller decreases in the amount of upward displacement of yellow leaf nodes and leaf SPAD values of the lower leaves. In terms of yield, new varieties experienced greater increases in the number of seeds and pods per unit area at high density, with a smaller decrease in 100-seed weight, resulting in a significant (P < 0.05) yield increases of 4.49% and 5.04%, respectively. In conclusion, at the beginning of the growth period, new varieties showed a strong ability to increase the ‘source’ under high density, with high and stable leaf source values, greater light energy interception, and substantial dry matter accumulation, promoting the rapid development of the seed ‘sink’. During the later growth period, the slower decrease in LAI, robust photosynthetic capacity of the population and thorough seed filling significantly increased the number of seeds and pods per unit area, thereby compensating for the slight decrease in 100-seed weight and achieving a significant increase in soybean yield. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-analysis of stripe rust resistance-associated traits and candidate gene identification in wheat ZHANG Fei-Fei, HE Wan-Long, JIAO Wen-Juan, BAI Bin, GENG Hong-Wei, CHENG Yu-Kun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (8): 2111-2127.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41069 Abstract （1152）   HTML （16）    PDF（pc） （4052KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Save Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), poses a serious threat to global wheat production. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of 480 published quantitative trait loci (QTL) and known resistance genes (Yr) associated with stripe rust resistance in wheat. These QTLs were projected onto a consensus genetic map, resulting in the identification of 90 meta-QTLs (MQTLs). Among these MQTLs, 16 were associated with disease severity (DS), 10 with infection type (IT), 7 with the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and 3 with other resistance-related traits. Additionally, 19 MQTLs were associated with both DS and IT, 20 with DS and AUDPC, and 15 with IT and AUDPC. The MQTLs were unevenly distributed across the 21 wheat chromosomes, with several forming clusters. These MQTLs explained phenotypic variances ranging from 2.00% to 63.01%, with confidence intervals spanning 0.01 to 24.60 cM. Thirteen MQTLs co-localized with known resistance genes, including Yr5, Yr7, Yr17, Yr18, Yr28, Yr29, Yr30, Yr44, Yr48, Yr52, Yr54, Yr67, and Yr82. Furthermore, candidate gene (CG) analysis identified 72 genes within the MQTL regions. Functional annotation and expression profiling revealed that many of these CGs encode proteins involved in sugar transport or contain resistance-related domains such as NBS-LRR, WRKY, and F-box. Expression analysis across different leaf tissues further supported their potential roles in defense responses. These findings provide valuable molecular markers and candidate genes for the pyramiding of resistance QTLs/genes, offering a promising strategy for developing stripe rust-resistant wheat cultivars and contributing to global food security. Table and Figures | Reference | Supplementary Material | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and expression analysis of the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein AhSFH gene in peanuts responsive to Aspergillus flavus infection GUO Teng-Da, CUI Meng-Jie, CHEN Lin-Jie, HAN Suo-Yi, GUO Jing-Kun, WU Chen-Di, FU Liu-Yang, HUANG Bing-Yan, DONG Wen-Zhao, ZHANG Xin-You Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (6): 1489-1500.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44191 Abstract （1147）   HTML （17）    PDF（pc） （16925KB）（133）       Knowledge map    Save Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are a class of proteins responsible for transporting phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine monomers across the inner membrane systems of eukaryotic cells. They play essential roles in plant growth and development, signal transduction, stress responses, and other vital biological processes. To date, the involvement of PITP genes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) responses to Aspergillus flavus infection has not been reported. In this study, the PITP gene was cloned from the highly resistant peanut variety “J11” using RT-PCR, and its molecular characterization and functional prediction were analyzed through bioinformatics, RT-qPCR, and subcellular localization studies. The results showed that the gene’s coding region is 1836 bp in length, encoding an unstable hydrophilic protein with the molecular formula C3114H4938N880O943S35. The protein consists of 611 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 70.91 kD and an isoelectric point of 7.84. It lacks signal peptide and transmembrane domains but contains typical Sec14 and Nodulin domains. It belongs to the SFH subfamily of the plant PITP family and is closely related to soybean and ricinus SFH proteins. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the AhSFH protein is primarily localized in the cytoplasm. Promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed that the AhSFH promoter contains large number of light-, hormone-, and stress-responsive elements. Transcriptome and RT-qPCR analyses showed that AhSFH expression increased sharply in resistant materials during the early stages of A. flavus infection (T2-T3), surpassing the expression levels observed in highly susceptible materials. Additionally, protein interaction prediction suggested that AhSFH is associated with several transferase-related family proteins. These findings indicate that the AhSFH gene in peanuts plays a crucial role in responding to A. flavus infection and may function as a positive regulator in enhancing peanut resistance to this pathogen. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic materials on the soil bacterial and fungal community structure in maize fields JIANG Yu-Zhou, WANG Jia, ZHANG Hong-Yuan, FENG Wen-Hao, WANG Peng, LI Yu-Yi Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1378-1388.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43036 Abstract （1137）   HTML （29）    PDF（pc） （1991KB）（219）       Knowledge map    Save The neglect of organic material inputs in agricultural fields has significant impacts on the structure of soil microbial communities, reduces soil nutrient availability, and leads to low maize yields. This study investigated the effects of organic material amendments on soil bacterial and fungal communities, soil chemical properties, and maize yield. The aim was to explore changes in soil microbial community structure and analyze the relationship between microbial communities and soil chemical properties, providing a scientific basis for optimized fertilization practices, the maintenance of soil microbial ecosystems, and sustainable agricultural development. A two-year field experiment with continuous fertilization treatments was conducted to evaluate the effects of different fertilization regimes on the bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of maize fields. The treatments included as follows: (1) single chemical fertilizer application (control), (2) chemical fertilizer + straw rot, (3) chemical fertilizer + fulvic acid, and (4) chemical fertilizer + chicken manure. The results showed that combining chemical fertilizer with organic materials increased maize yield and enhanced soil nutrient availability. Continuous application of organic materials also influenced the alpha diversity of soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). For example, compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment, the chemical fertilizer + straw rot treatment increased the bacterial Shannon index, ACE index, and Chao1 index by 2.42%, 23.24%, and 23.19%, respectively. However, fungal alpha diversity showed a decreasing trend under the same treatment. At the taxonomic level, Vicinamibacterales and Sphingomonadales (from Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria, respectively) were the dominant bacterial orders, while Sordariales (from Ascomycota) was the dominant fungal order. Soil microbial diversity was strongly correlated with soil nutrient content. In conclusion, the combined application of chemical fertilizers and organic materials can regulate soil microbial community structure, enhance microbial diversity, and improve soil health and productivity in dryland maize farming systems. In particular, fertilizer combined with straw rot has the best effect. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of physiological characteristics of salt and alkali tolerance between rapeseed and wheat WANG Jia-Jie, WANG Zheng-Nan, BATOOL Maria, WANG Wang-Nian, WEN Jing, REN Chang-Zhong, HE Feng, WU You-You, XU Zheng-Hua, WANG Jing, KUAI Jie, WANG Bo, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, FU Ting-Dong Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (5): 1215-1229.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44129 Abstract （1131）   HTML （32）    PDF（pc） （1082KB）（272）       Knowledge map    Save Utilizing the crops which can produce economic benefits to improve the saline-alkali land is an important mean to expand potential resource of farming land in China. Different plants respond differently to saline-alkali stress and have different mechanisms of saline-alkali stress resistance. Identifying the physiological characteristics responding to salt and alkali stress of rapeseed and wheat, can provide theoretical foundations for using rapeseed and wheat as forage and enlarging the application potential of rapeseed and wheat in the improvement and utilization of saline-alkali land. In this study, saline-alkali soils from Jilin province were used for pot experiments; normal soils in Wuhan were used as CK and saline-alkali soils from Jilin with the final salt concentration of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively, which were prepared in proportion to normal soils from Wuhan. One saline-alkali tolerant and one sensitive variety of rapeseed and wheat were selected, respectively, as research materials. We systematically compared the different salt-alkali tolerance mechanisms of rapeseed and wheat at the germination stage by measuring and analyzing growth indicators, osmotic regulation, ion balance, antioxidant enzymes, H2O2, $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ and other indicators. The results showed that: (1) Under saline-alkali stress, in petiole, Na+ content was highest among petiole, leaf, stem and root, up to 88.40 mg g-1. However, in wheat, Na+ concentration in root was the highest, up to 33.45 mg g-1. Na+ accumulation in all parts of rapeseed was higher than that of wheat, and under the same treatment, especially, the Na+ accumulation in leaves was 2-8 times higher than that of wheat. (2) The decrease of K+ and the ratio of K+/Na+ of salt-tolerant rapeseed and wheat were higher than those of salt-sensitive varieties, while the rate of increase of Na+ concentration was lower than that of salt-sensitive varieties. The inhibition effect of Na+ depressing K+ uptake in the aboveground part of rapeseed is significant higher than those in the root, while it is opposite in wheat. (3) Under saline-alkali stress, the sugar content, antioxidant enzyme activity and $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ scavenging ability in saline-alkali tolerant rapeseed and wheat were higher than those in the sensitive varieties. The content of H2O2 and $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ increased by the increasing of salt concentration in the soil, while the tolerant variety showed a smaller increase than the sensitive one. The saline-alkali-tolerant rapeseed variety respond faster to the saline-alkali stress at the seedling stage, and the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in leaves and petioles can respond rapidly and increase gradually. While in the leaves of salt-tolerant wheat, the SOD and POD variety were the main antioxidant enzymes at the tillering stage, but POD and CAT in the leaves at the jointing stage were the main antioxidant enzymes, and with the advancement of the growth stage, the soluble sugar of the leaves and the scavenging ability of $\mathrm{O}^{\bar{.}}_{2}$ were significantly reduced. Rapeseed mainly distributed Na+ into petioles and stems through “sodium storage”, but wheat mainly reduced Na+ absorption through “sodium rejection” and accumulated more Na+ in the root system. And varieties with strong saline-alkali tolerance had better ability to maintain sodium and potassium ion homeostasis. Furthermore, the salt-alkali tolerance of rapeseed increased gradually with the advancement of growth period, while the salt-alkali tolerance of wheat decreased gradually with the advancement of growth period. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening of drought and salt tolerant germplasm during wheat seedling stage and comprehensive evaluation of drought and salt tolerance HU Run-Hui, WANG Jun-Cheng, SI Er-Jing, ZHANG Hong, LI Xing-Mao, MA Xiao-Le, MENG Ya-Xiong, WANG Hua-Jun, LIU Qing, YAO Li-Rong, LI Bao-Chun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (9): 2371-2386.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.51022 Abstract （1130）   HTML （27）    PDF（pc） （2526KB）（406）       Knowledge map    Save A drought and salt stress evaluation system was established to screen for drought- and salt-tolerant wheat germplasm. Eight wheat genotypes (varieties/lines) were used as experimental materials, and hydroponic culture was employed at the seedling stage. Plants were subjected to drought stress (20% PEG-6000), salt stress (200 mmol L-1 NaCl), and combined stress (20% PEG-6000+200 mmol L-1 NaCl). A total of 19 traits, including biomass, root-related parameters, and physiological indices, were measured under each stress condition. Drought and salt tolerance indices were calculated for each trait, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis using the comprehensive membership function method to evaluate the stress tolerance of the different wheat varieties. Compared with the control, leaf relative water content decreased to varying degrees under all three stress treatments. In contrast, protective enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA content), and proline accumulation showed overall increases. Soluble protein content declined across the different wheat varieties. Root morphological indicators such as average root volume, root surface area, and total root length generally increased under stress. The coefficient of variation among traits reached up to 116.86% across treatments. PCA was performed on the drought and salt tolerance indices of the 19 traits, and the comprehensive evaluation index (D value) was calculated using the membership function method. Multiple regression analysis identified chlorophyll content (SPAD), soluble protein content (SP), root surface area, average root volume, total root length, and root-to-crown ratio as key indicators for evaluating drought and salt tolerance in wheat lines. Systematic cluster analysis further revealed that Xinong 535, Longyu 11, Lan 19, Lantian 10, and Longzimai 1 exhibited strong drought resistance; Longjian 114 and Xikemai 510 showed strong salt tolerance; and Xinong 535 and Longyu 11 performed best under combined drought and salt stress. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of nitrogen reduction and organic fertilizer substitution on dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, and yield of dryland winter wheat ZHANG Jun, HU Chuan, ZHOU Qi-Hui, REN Kai-Ming, DONG Shi-Yan, LIU Ao-Han, WU Jin-Zhi, HUANG Ming, LI You-Jun Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 207-220.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41025 Abstract （1124）   HTML （35）    PDF（pc） （971KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save The effects of reducing chemical nitrogen and organic fertilizer substitution on dryland winter wheat yield formation and economic benefit were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for the implementation of chemical fertilizer reduction and organic fertilizer substitution. A field experiment with four treatments: no nitrogen application (NN), farmer nitrogen application (FN), 20% reduction of N fertilizer based on FN (RN), and organic fertilizer substituting 20% nitrogen of RN (OSN)—was conducted at Mengjin and Luoning, Henan province, typical dryland wheat production system at the intersection of the Loess Plateau and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, from 2019 to 2023. The effects of different treatments on dry matter accumulation, translocation, distribution, applied nitrogen dry matter productivity, yield and its components, and economic benefit were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) Compared with FN, RN reduced dry matter accumulation of wheat at jointing, anthesis, and maturity stages, as well as pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and dry matter distribution in the stem, spike axis+glume, and grain at maturity, but had no significant effect on grain yield. (2) Compared with FN and RN, OSN increased applied nitrogen dry matter productivity at each growth stage, significantly enhancing dry matter accumulation at jointing, anthesis, and maturity stages. OSN also increased pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain. This led to increased dry matter distribution in all aboveground organs at maturity, resulting in a significant grain yield increase of 15.03% and 17.12%, and an economic benefit increase of 3.84% and 4.23%, respectively. (3) Grain yield was significantly positively correlated with pre-anthesis dry matter translocation, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and the contribution rate of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to grain, and significantly negatively correlated with the contribution rate of pre-anthesis dry matter translocation to grain. In this research, based on nitrogen application amounts of 172 kg hm-2 (summer fallow-winter wheat) and 192 kg hm-2 (summer maize-winter wheat) during the wheat season under rain-fed conditions, the OSN treatment improved applied nitrogen dry matter productivity and increased dry matter accumulation at each growth stage. The synergistic increase in pre-anthesis dry matter translocation and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation allowed OSN to achieve the highest yield, making it an optimal fertilizer management practice for high-efficiency and sustainable production of rain-fed dryland winter wheat with a yield level of 5000 kg hm-2. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of manure replacement of chemical fertilizer nitrogen on yield, nitrogen accumulation, and quality of foxtail millet WANG Yuan, XU Jia-Yin, DONG Er-Wei, WANG Jin-Song, LIU Qiu-Xia, HUANG Xiao-Lei, JIAO Xiao-Yan Acta Agronomica Sinica    2025, 51 (1): 149-160.   DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44085 Abstract （1112）   HTML （30）    PDF（pc） （1109KB）（565）       Knowledge map    Save The partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with manure is increasingly recognized as a promising strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different manure substitution ratios on grain yield and its components, plant nitrogen accumulation, grain appearance quality, carotenoid content, and pasting properties. A two-year field experiment (2020-2021) was conducted with six treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), 25% substitution of chemical nitrogen with manure (25% M), 50% substitution (50% M), 75% substitution (75% M), and 100% substitution (100% M). Results indicated that plant nitrogen accumulation was highest with 25% M and decreased as the proportion of manure substitution increased, which subsequently affected grain yield and quality. In 2020, 25% M increased plant nitrogen accumulation by 9.6% compared to NPK. In 2021, 25% M produced the highest values for plant nitrogen accumulation, aboveground biomass, grain yield, and grain number per ear, with increases of 6.1%, 12.0%, 15.4%, and 12.0%, respectively, compared to NPK. Grain appearance quality, pasting properties, and carotenoid content were significantly influenced by the 50% M treatment. Compared to NPK, 50% M increased the a* parameter (indicating red or green coloration) by 6%, CCI (indicating orange coloration) by 6%, and final viscosity by 7.8%. Additionally, amylopectin, total starch, lutein, zeaxanthin, and yellow pigment contents increased by 7.4%, 4.3%, 20.68%, 17.4%, and 2.8%, respectively, under 50% M compared to NPK. However, 100% M significantly reduced plant nitrogen accumulation, biomass, grain number per ear, and grain yield relative to NPK, and had no positive effects on lutein and zeaxanthin contents. Pearson correlation analyses revealed that plant nitrogen accumulation was negatively related to grain weight, amylose content, and setback viscosity in 2020 and 2021. A negative correlation was also observed between plant nitrogen accumulation and total starch content, protein content, peak viscosity, and yellow pigment content in 2021, while a positive correlation was found between plant nitrogen accumulation and trough viscosity. In conclusion, under a total nitrogen application rate of 120 kg hm-2, substituting 25%-50% of chemical nitrogen with manure enhanced plant nitrogen accumulation, which in turn improved yield, grain appearance quality, pasting properties, and carotenoid content in foxtail millet grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics