钙在作物生长发育中的功能及应用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34145

Abstract

Abstract:

Calcium is one of the essential elements in crops. It is widely present in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and is of great significance for the growth and development of crops. Calcium is a difficult element to redistribute, and its absorption and transport are subject to transpiration. Therefore, crops often experience physiological calcium deficiency, which weakens their stress resistance and reduces both yield and quality. Calcium in crops has dual functions. It not only participates in the formation of cell walls and membranes but also plays a role in responding to various environmental stimuli and internal growth and development signals as an intracellular second messenger. The absorption and transportation of calcium in cells are essential for maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis and ensuring calcium signal transduction. In recent years, the function and application of calcium in crops have been extensively studied. In this study, we describe the distribution, absorption, transportation, and demand of calcium in crops, introduce the symptoms and causes of calcium deficiency in crops, review the nutritional structure functions of calcium, the second messenger function and the mechanism of calcium signal generation, transmission, and decoding, and summarize the role of calcium in crop growth and development, including its effects on yield, quality, and stress resistance. Meanwhile, the future research direction is proposed.

Key words: crop, calcium deficiency, calcium absorption, calcium transporter proteins, the second messenger, stress resistance

WANG Yu, GAO Geng-Dong, GE Meng-Meng, CHANG Ying, TAN Jing, GE Xian-Hong, WANG Jing, WANG Bo, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, FU Ting-Dong. Function and application of calcium in plant growth and development[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(4): 793-807.

Figures/Tables 2

Fig. 1

Role, distribution, and movement of calcium and calcium signaling in crop cells Ca2+ can bind phospholipids and membrane proteins to maintain cell membrane stability by binding to carboxyl residues, and can cross-link homogalacturonan to form an “egg box” structure to strengthen cell wall. Ca2+ is widely distributed in cell wall, membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. [Ca2+]cyt is strictly controlled and maintained at about 100 nmol L-1 at resting state. The concentration of Ca2+ in the nucleus and mitochondria is relatively close to [Ca2+]cyt. Ca2+ concentration in cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplast reaches the level of mmol L-1, which is much higher than cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, and is an important for Ca2+ storage site. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) sense extracellular stimulation and activate Ca2+ influx systems by phosphorylation. Ca2+ influx systems include cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs), glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs), mechanosensitive-like channels (MSLs), Mid1-complementary activity channels (MCAs), mechanosensitive piezoelectric channels (PIEZO), and hyperosmo-induced [Ca2+]cyt channels (OSCAs). Ca2+ flows from intercellular spaces into the cytoplasm through Ca2+ influx systems, producing calcium peaks that are then transferred extracellular by Ca2+-ATPase (ACAs/ECAs) and Ca2+/cationic exchangers (CAXs) against concentration gradients, resulting in transient or sustained calcium oscillations. At this time, receptors such as calmodulin/calmodulin-like (CaMs/CMLs) and calcineurin B proteins (CBLs) with EF-hands can bind Ca2+, identify, and decode the generated calcium peaks or calcium oscillations, and thus activating the catalytic or transcriptional activation activity of target proteins (CIPKs, CCaMKs, CAMTA, etc.). This in turn activates the downstream response in response to the stimulus. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) possess both EF-hands and catalytic domains, and can directly bind Ca2+ and activate kinase activity independently of other calcium receptors. The picture is restructured according to the references [4,14,23,52,62,65,70]."

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

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Function and application of calcium in plant growth and development

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[3]	YANG Li-Da, REN Jun-Bo, PENG Xin-Yue, YANG Xue-Li, LUO Kai, CHEN Ping, YUAN Xiao-Ting, PU Tian, YONG Tai-Wen, YANG Wen-Yu. Crop growth characteristics and its effects on yield formation through nitrogen application and interspecific distance in soybean/maize strip relay intercropping [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(1): 251-264.
[4]	YUAN Xiao-Ting, WANG Tian, LUO Kai, LIU Shan-Shan, PENG Xin-Yue, YANG Li-Da, PU Tian, WANG Xiao-Chun, YANG Wen-Yu, YONG Tai-Wen. Effects of bandwidth and plant spacing on biomass accumulation and allocation and yield formation in strip intercropping soybean [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(1): 161-171.
[5]	YANG Xiao-Hui, WANG Bi-Sheng, SUN Xiao-Lu, HOU Jin-Jin, XU Meng-Jie, WANG Zhi-Jun, FANG Quan-Xiao. Modeling the response of winter wheat to deficit drip irrigation for optimizing irrigation schedule [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(8): 2196-2209.
[6]	CHEN Ting, JIAO Yan-Yang, ZHOU Xin-Ye, WU Lin-Kun, ZHANG Zhong-Yi, LIN Yu, LIN Sheng, LIN Wen-Xiong. Effects of different soil intensification treatments on growth and development of Radix pseudostellariae in continuous cropping system [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(8): 2225-2239.
[7]	TAO Yue-Yue, SHENG Xue-Wen, XU Jian, SHEN Yuan, WANG Hai-Hou, LU Chang-Ying, SHEN Ming-Xing. Characteristics of heat and solar resources allocation and utilization in rice- oilseed rape double cropping systems in the Yangtze River Delta [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(5): 1327-1338.
[8]	LIU Er-Hua, ZHOU Guang-Sheng, WU Bing-Yi, SONG Yan-Ling, HE Qi-Jin, LYU Xiao-Min, ZHOU Meng-Zi. Response of reproductive growth period length to climate warming and technological progress in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during 1981-2010 in single-cropping rice [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(5): 1305-1315.
[9]	WU Xiang-Qi, LIU Bo, ZHANG Wei, YANG Xue-Ni, GUO Zi-Yan, LIU Tie-Ning, ZHANG Xu-Dong, HAN Qing-Fang. Effects of wheat-pea intercropping on population photosynthetic characteristics and crops productivity [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1079-1089.
[10]	TANG Wen-Qiang, ZHANG Wen-Long, ZHU Xiao-Qiao, DONG Bi-Zheng, LI Yong-Cheng, YANG Nan, ZHANG Yao, WANG Yun-Yue, HAN Guang-Yu. Effects of diverse mixture intercropping on the structure and function of bacterial communities in rice rhizosphere [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1111-1121.
[11]	ZHANG Jin-Xin, GE Jun-Zhu, MA Wei, DING Zai-Song, WANG Xin-Bing, LI Cong-Feng, ZHOU Bao-Yuan, ZHAO Ming. Research advance on annual water use efficiency of winter wheat-summer maize cropping system in North China Plain [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 879-892.
[12]	SHU Ze-Bing, LUO Wan-Yu, PU Tian, CHEN Guo-Peng, LIANG Bing, YANG Wen-Yu, WANG Xiao-Chun. Optimization of field configuration technology of strip intercropping of fresh corn and fresh soybean based on high yield and high efficiency [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1140-1150.
[13]	LIU Shan-Shan, PANG Ting, YUAN Xiao-Ting, LUO Kai, CHEN Ping, FU Zhi-Dan, WANG Xiao-Chun, YANG Feng, YONG Tai-Wen, YANG Wen-Yu. Effects of row spacing on root nodule growth and nitrogen fixation potential of different nodulation characteristics soybeans in intercropping [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(3): 833-844.
[14]	XIAO Jian, WEI Xing-Xuan, YANG Shang-Dong, LU Wen, TAN Hong-Wei. Effects of intercropping with watermelons on cane yields, soil physicochemical properties and micro-ecology in rhizospheres of sugarcanes [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(2): 526-538.
[15]	HE Xu-Gang, MAMAT Sawut, XIA Zi-Yang, SHI Jun-Yin, HE Xiao-Ning, SHENG Yan-Fang, LI Rong-Peng. Spatio-temporal characteristics of water requirement of main crops in Xinjiang from 1960 to 2020 [J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(12): 3352-3363.