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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (5): 1287-1299.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32030

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Evaluation of annual yield gap and yield limiting facters in rice-rapeseed cropping system: an example from Wuxue city, Hubei province, China

CAO Xin-Yuan(), DU Ming-Li, WANG Yu-Cheng, CHEN Xin-Hua, CHEN Jia-Xin, LING Xiao-Xia, HUANG Jian-Liang, PENG Shao-Bing, DENG Nan-Yan*()   

  1. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement / MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-08-01 Accepted:2024-01-12 Online:2024-05-12 Published:2024-01-26
  • Contact: E-mail: nydeng@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901424);Seed Industry Modernization of “Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates” Program of Hubei Province(Research and Development of Modernized Rice Breeding Technology and Translation of Certified Seed Selection)

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Abstract:

To ensure national food and edible oil security, it is important to identify the yield gap and yield-limiting factors of rice-rapeseed cropping system at farmer level. In this study, Wuxue city, Hubei province, a typical rice-rapeseed cropping system production area in China was selected for the research. The annual system yield gap was evaluated by a mixed approach of crop modeling and field investigation. Comparisons were conducted among smallholders in terms of soil conditions and management practices by the methods of one-way ANOVA and conditional inference tree. The objective of this study is to identify the crucial yield-limiting factors for smallholders, to explore practical strategies to further increase system yield, and to provide innovative insight into how to adapt specific strategies to close the yield gap based on local conditions. The results showed as follows: (1) The potential yields of rice and rapeseed seasons in Wuxue were 11.79 t hm-2 and 4.43 t hm-2, respectively, and the maximum annual system potential energy was 284 GJ hm-2 based on the equivalent energy of rice and rapeseed. The actual yields for rice and rapeseed seasons were 8.11 t hm-2 and 1.82 t hm-2, respectively, and the average annual actual system energy was 165 GJ hm-2. The average annual relative yield gap (the ratio of yield gap to potential yield) was 42%, and rapeseed (59%) had a greater space for yield increase than rice (31%) within the system. Compared with the average yields of Hubei province and Yangtze River Valley (YRV), the annual potential yield in Wuxue was similar, while the annual actual yield was 13% and 5% lower, respectively, resulting in a relatively large system yield gap in Wuxue. Specifically, approximately 83% and 61% of smallholders in Wuxue had larger relative yield gaps than the average levels in Hubei and the YRV, respectively. (2) Smallholders with relative low system yields presented the following characteristics: sandy-loam soil and low plowing depths, severe weed and pest damage, all fertilizers were applied as basal fertilizer in rice season, low annual fertilization input in rice season and high input in rapeseed season, and high rapeseed mechanical harvesting damage. (3) Most (89%) of smallholders in Wuxue planted the conventional rice Huanghuazhan, which has reached approximately 90% of its potential yield. In addition, rapeseed yield varied among different varieties. In conclusion, the rice-rapeseed system in Wuxue still had a large space for increasing production. The technical measures to reduce the yield gap of the local rice-rapeseed system including: appropriate deep plowing to increase soil production capacity, choosing suitable rapeseed high-yielding varieties in the rapeseed season. For rice season promoting hybrid rice varieties with high potential yield and good quality, increasing planting density, and strengthening weed control at sowing stage in rice season, and emphasizing topdressing in which only basal fertilizer is applied in rice season. Moreover, for the whole seoson fertilizer management it is important for local smallholders to reduce the amount in rapeseed season and increase the amount in rice season.

Key words: yield gap, field investigation, rice-rapeseed cropping system, crop modeling, management practices

Table S1

Definition of major calibrated model parameters in ORYZA and CROPGRO-Canola models"

模型
Model		 参数
Parameter		 定义
Definition
ORYZA DVRJ 幼苗期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in juvenile phase (℃ d-1)
DVRI 光合敏感期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in photoperiod-sensitive phase (℃ d-1)
DVRP 穗分化期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in panicle development (℃ d-1)
DVRR 生殖生长期生长发育速率(℃ d-1) Development rate in reproductive phase (℃ d-1)
CROPGRO-
Canlo		 EM-FL 萌发到始花的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days between plant emergence and flower appearance (℃ d)
FL-SH 始花到第一个荚形成的光热时间(℃ d) Photothermal days between first flower and first pod (℃ d)
FL-SD 始花到第一个籽粒形成的光热时间(℃ d) Photothermal days between first flower and first seed (℃ d)
SD-PM 第一个籽粒形成到生理成熟的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days between first seed and physiological maturity (℃ d)
FL-LF 始花到叶片面积停止扩大的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days first flower and end of leaf expansion (℃ d)
LFMAX 30℃、350 vpm CO2和高光照条件下的叶片最大光合速率(mg CO2 m-2 s-1)
Maximum leaf photosynthesis rate at 30℃, 350 vpm CO2, and high light (mg CO2 m-2 s-1)
SLAVR 标准生长条件下的特定品种比叶面积(cm2 g-1)
Specific leaf area of cultivar under standard growth conditions (cm2 g-1)
SIZIF 最大全叶面积(三片叶)(cm2) Maximum size of full leaf (cm2)
XFRT 每日光合产物分配给种子+荚的最大比例
Maximum fraction of daily growth that is partitioned to seed and shell
WTPSD 最大粒重(g) Maximum weight per seed (g)
SFDUR 标准生长条件下籽粒灌浆持续的光热时间(℃ d)
Seed filling duration for pod cohort at standard growth conditions (℃ d)
SDPDV 标准生长条件下每个荚的籽粒数(pod-1) Average seed per pod under standard growing conditions (pod-1)
PODUR 最佳生长条件下达到籽粒完成灌浆的光热时间(℃ d)
Photothermal days required to reach the final pod load under optimal (℃ d)
THRSH 成熟期时籽粒占籽粒+荚重量的最大比例 The maximum ratio of (seed/(seed+shell)) at maturity
FRSTMF 最后一片叶子伸展后分配给茎的养分比例
The increased partitioning weight which is allocated to stem when the maximum V-stage occurs
FRLFF 最后一片叶子伸展后分配给叶的养分比例
The increased partitioning weight which is allocated to leaf when the maximum V-stage occurs
FREEZ1 叶片生长的最低温度(℃) Temperature thresholds for leaf growth due to freezing (℃)
FREEZ2 叶片存活的最低温度(℃) Temperature thresholds for leaf survival due to freezing (℃)
YLEAF 在各XLEAF时期营养分配给叶的比例 Daily dry matter partitioning to leaf in each XLEAF
YSTEM 在各XLEAF时期营养分配给茎的比例 Daily dry matter partitioning to stem in each XLEAF

Table S2

Calibrated parameters in ORYZA model"

参数
Parameter		 隆两优华占
Longliangyouhuazhan		 黄华占
Huanghuazhan
DVRJ 0.000,569,905 0.000,765,9
DVRI 0.000,757,60 0.000,807,6
DVRP 0.000,680,80 0.000,769,8
DVRR 0.001,442,43 0.001,684,2

Table S3

Calibrated parameters in DSSAT-CROPGRO-Canola model"

参数
Parameter		 华油杂62
Huayouza 62		 参数
Parameter		 华油杂62
Huayouza 62
CSDL 23.73 SIZLF 97.01
PPSEN -0.019 WTPSD 0.008
EM-FL 42.83 SFDUR 27.61
FL-SH 6.85 SDPDV 25.41
FL-SD 10.82 PODUR 5.17
SD-PM 31.44 THRSH 53.93
FL-LF 2.062 FRLFF 0.22
LFMAX 2.000 FRSTMF 0.70
SLAVR 256.3

Fig. S1

Model calibration and validation results Comparison of calibrated model with actual data on the aspects of biomass (a), growth period (d), and yield (c). Comparison of validated model with actual data on the aspects of biomass (d), growth period (e), and yield (f). The R2 (coefficient of determination) closer to 1 and lower RMSE (root mean square error) and nRMSE (normalized RMSE) values indicate better model performance. LLYHZ: Longliangyouhuazhan; HHZ: Huanghuazhan; HYZ62: Huayouza 62."

Fig. 1

Potential yield and growth period of rice, rapeseed, and the cropping system under different planting dates (a, e): LLYHZ, hybrid rice variety Longliangyouhuazhan; HHZ, conventional rice variety Huanghuazhan. (b, f): Yp, potential yield; Yw, water-limited potential yield. (c, d, g, h): system1, LLYHZ-HYZ62; system2, HHZ-HYZ62. The error bar is the standard deviation of the average yield in 2011-2022."

Fig. 2

Spatial distribution of survey sites for rice-rapeseed cropping system in Wuxue city, Hubei province The map is from Hubei Provincial Platform for Common GeoSpatial Information Servies (website: https://hubei.tianditu.gov.cn/ standardMap), approval number: E S (2023) No. 009."

Fig. 3

Potential yield, actual yield, and relative yield gaps of rice-rapeseed cropping system in Wuxue city (a): potential yield (Yp) and actual yield (Ya) of rice varieties of Longliangyouhuazhan (LLYHZ) and Huanghuazhan (HHZ). (b): Yp and Ya of rapeseed variety of Huayouza 62 (HYZ62). (c): Yp and Ya of system 1 (LLYHZ-HYZ62) and 2 (HHZ-HYZ62). (d): the relative yield gap (the ratio of yield gap to Yp) of rice, rapeseed, and the system. The red diamond and the yellow triangle indicate the average level in Hubei and Yangtze River Valley, respectively [6]. The upper and lower boundary is 95% and 5% quantile, respectively; the upper and lower border of the box is 75% and 25% quantile, respectively; and the solid and dashed line is the median and mean values, respectively."

Fig. 4

Comparison of rice, rapeseed, and the cropping system yield under different soil conditions and management practices In rice variety: Hybrid, hybrid rice variety; Others, other conventional variety; HHZ, conventional rice variety Huanghuazhan. In rapeseed variety: Other, other rapeseed variety; YG2009, Yangguang 2009; ZY28, Zheyou 28; H919, Hua 919; ZS11, Zhongshuang 11. The input rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are shown as N, P2O5, and K2O (kg hm-2), respectively. Different letters indicate significant difference at P < 0.05, the error bar is the standard error of averages of each column."

Fig. 5

Conditional inference trees of rice, rapeseed, and rice-rapeseed cropping system Nitrogen, phosphate, and potassic fertilizer input rates were shown as N, P2O5, and K2O (kg hm-2), respectively. The P-value in each node is calculated based on permutation test for split and recurse the variable, n is the number of samples in each node."

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