外源物质浸种对迟播油菜越冬期抗寒性及产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34134

Abstract

Abstract:

In double-cropping rice areas in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), ensuring the yield of late-seeded rapeseed is essential to reduce the winter fallow fields. Additionally, promoting the accumulation of dry matter before winter and improving cold resistance during the overwintering period are effective ways to increase the yield of late-seeded rapeseed. Soaking seeds with exogenous substances is an effective measure to improve the cold resistance during the overwintering period and promote the rapid growth before winter. In this experiment, the early maturing rapeseed variety Huayouza 137 was selected, while soaking-seed treatments of water (CK); 0.01 mmol L^-1, 0.05 mmol L^-1, 0.10 mmol L^-1 betaine (T1-1, T1-2, T1-3); 0.1 mmol L^-1, 0.5 mmol L^-1, 1.0 mmol L^-1 proline (T2-1, T2-2, T2-3); 0.03%, 0.15%, 0.30% hydrogen peroxide (T3-1, T3-2, T3-3); 0.001 mmol L^-1, 0.01 mmol L^-1, 0.05 mmol L^-1 malic acid (T4-1, T4-2, T4-3); 25 mg L^-1, 100 mg L^-1, 300 mg L^-1 nano zinc oxide (T5-1, T5-2, T5-3); 0.5 mmol L^-1, 1.0 mmol L^-1 polyamines (T6-1, T6-2) were conducted between 2021 and 2023 rapeseed growing season. We studied the effects of soaking seeds with different exogenous substances and their levels on the cold resistance in winter and yield of late-seeded rapeseed. The results showed that the different exogenous substances and their levels of soaking seeds affected the germination rate of late-seeded rapeseed, and part of them, such as T3-3, T4-2, and T5-3, significantly increased by 19.2%, 15.3%, and 17.3% versus CK. Soaking seeds with some exogenous substances significantly improved the cold resistance of late-seeded rapeseed in winter. On the one hand, the activities of peroxidase, catalase, and the content of glutathione were improved, and the contents of hydrogen peroxide, active oxygen and MDA reduced; on the other hand, the contents of soluble sugar, proline, malic acid, polyamine, and mannitol were increased; at the same time, the content of membrane cold response protein kinase was increased. The increase of leaf cold resistance was beneficial to the accumulation of leaf biomass and the increase of effective branches and pod number per plant, thus promoting yield. In addition, 9 positive and 3 negative cold resistance indicators were comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that the two-year average yield ranking and the comprehensive evaluation value ranking of cold resistance were basically the same over the two years. While the soaking-seed treatments with the best yield and cold resistance were T5-3, T5-2, T2-3, and T1-2. These results of this study provide theoretical and technical support for the cultivation of late-seeded rapeseed seedlings before winter and the improvement of cold resistance in the YRB, and provide a basis for the stress resistance and stable production of late-seeded rapeseed and the development and utilization of winter fallow fields.

Key words: rapeseed, late-seeded, cold resistance, exogenous substance, soaking seeds

WANG Xian-Ling, JIANG Yue, LEI Yi-Zhong, XIAO Sheng-Nan, SHE Hui-Jie, DUAN Sheng-Xing, HUANG Ming, KUAI Jie, WANG Bo, WANG Jing, ZHAO Jie, XU Zheng-Hua, ZHOU Guang-Sheng. Effects of seed soaking with exogenous substances on late-seeded rapeseed cold resistance of during overwintering period and yield[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(5): 1271-1286.

Figures/Tables 13

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Effects of soaking seeds with different exogenous substances on yield and yield components of late-seeded rapeseed"

年份 Year	外源物质 Exogenous substance	浓度 Concentration	单株角果数 Pod number per plant	每角粒数 Seed number per pod	千粒重1000-seed weight (g)	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	成株率Survival rate (%)	产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
2021- 2022	对照CK	CK	128.7 ef	17.40 bc	3.55 ab	7.95 bc	45.27 d	2347.1 gh
	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	125.1 ef	17.84 a	3.40 abc	7.61 bc	47.56 bcd	2112.9 i
		T1-2	145.8 cde	17.31 c	3.60 a	9.09 ab	46.95 bcd	2558.7 abc
		T1-3	146.3 cde	17.68 ab	3.44 abc	8.89 abc	47.33 bcd	2549.6 abc
	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	139.8 cdef	17.66 ab	3.51 abc	8.66 abc	47.18 bcd	2563.1 abc
		T2-2	178.7 a	17.48 abc	3.37 bc	10.53 a	49.68 abc	2571.5 abc
		T2-3	163.4 abc	17.42 bc	3.43 abc	9.75 ab	49.81 abc	2591.8 abc
	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	114.5 f	17.34 bc	3.45 abc	6.87 c	49.82 abc	1771.8 j
		T3-2	126.7 ef	17.69 ab	3.52 abc	7.89 bc	47.17 bcd	2321.5 h
		T3-3	134.1 def	17.46 abc	3.34 c	7.83 bc	47.58 bcd	2430.2 efg
	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	136.1 def	17.26 c	3.47 abc	8.13 bc	49.65 abc	2444.2 ef
		T4-2	141.5 cdef	17.38 bc	3.48 abc	8.57 abc	49.92 abc	2451.6 def
		T4-3	138.4 cdef	17.66 ab	3.51 abc	8.56 abc	44.65 d	2419.8 fg
	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	159.8 abcd	17.32 bc	3.48 abc	9.66 ab	45.74 cd	2536.1 bcd
		T5-2	163.8 abc	17.53 abc	3.34 c	9.60 ab	52.43 a	2603.6 ab
		T5-3	171.7 ab	17.45 abc	3.51 abc	10.52 a	50.00 ab	2635.1 a
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	148.8 bcde	17.39 bc	3.44 abc	8.90 abc	47.21 bcd	2451.3 def
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	135.1 def	17.67 ab	3.44 abc	8.20 bc	47.15 bcd	2510.4 cde
2022- 2023	对照CK	CK	126.0 de	17.19 b	3.54 ab	7.66 cde	47.09 ab	2280.0 e
	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	122.0 de	17.44 ab	3.37 bc	7.20 de	50.45 a	2050.5 f
		T1-2	139.4 cd	17.73 a	3.58 a	8.85 abcd	48.46 ab	2508.4 a
		T1-3	141.9 bcd	17.67 a	3.33 bc	8.37 bcde	45.45 ab	2449.9 abcd
	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	133.0 d	17.16 b	3.47 abc	7.90 cde	50.05 ab	2482.5 abc
		T2-2	174.2 a	17.52 ab	3.45 abc	10.54 a	46.19 ab	2488.5 ab
		T2-3	160.7 abc	17.62 ab	3.31 c	9.38 abc	48.96 ab	2532.2 a
2022- 2023	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	108.3 e	17.44 ab	3.50 ab	6.62 e	46.27 ab	1671.1 g
		T3-2	123.7 de	17.64 ab	3.50 ab	7.63 cde	46.81 ab	2261.2 e
		T3-3	129.4 de	17.74 a	3.30 c	7.56 cde	48.36 ab	2366.2 bcde
	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	129.5 de	17.39 ab	3.53 ab	7.97 cde	47.89 ab	2355.1 de
		T4-2	134.1 d	17.56 ab	3.53 ab	8.33 bcde	47.61 ab	2359.4 cde
		T4-3	134.7 d	17.57 ab	3.48 abc	8.21 bcde	49.18 ab	2339.2 de
	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	157.2 abc	17.37 ab	3.45 abc	9.44 abc	50.37 ab	2453.1 abcd
		T5-2	159.2 abc	17.48 ab	3.48 abc	9.70 abc	47.66 ab	2525.9 a
		T5-3	164.1 ab	17.55 ab	3.52 ab	10.14 ab	47.83 ab	2575.0 a
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	146.8 bcd	17.44 ab	3.44 abc	8.81 abcd	48.40 ab	2358.4 cde
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	129.6 de	17.36 ab	3.51 abc	7.89 cde	45.10 b	2454.8 abcd
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year			*	ns	ns	ns	ns	**
处理 Treatment			**	ns	ns	**	ns	**
年份×处理 Year×Treatment			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Table 2

Table 3

Effects of soaking seeds with different exogenous substances on key agronomic characters of late-seeded rapeseed at maturity"

年份 Year	外源物质 Exogenous substance	浓度 Concentration	株高 Plant height (cm)	有效分枝数Effective branch number	根颈粗 Root-crown diameter (mm)	地上部干重 Shoot biomass (g)	抗折力 Bending resistance (N)
2021-2022	对照CK	CK	164.1 ab	4.6 bcd	10.8 bcd	23.6 abc	79.2 g
	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	171.5 ab	4.5 bcd	11.4 abcd	22.6 bc	64.2 h
		T1-2	170.8 ab	5.9 a	10.0 d	29.7 abc	96.4 cd
		T1-3	168.6 ab	5.6 abc	11.9 abcd	29.7 abc	95.4 cd
2021-2022	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	174.6 a	5.6 ab	12.1 abc	30.0 abc	96.4 cd
		T2-2	164.2 ab	5.1 abcd	11.1 abcd	30.7 ab	91.8 de
		T2-3	170.4 ab	5.4 abcd	12.7 ab	31.1 ab	115.6 a
	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	166.8 ab	4.8 abcd	11.4 abcd	20.7 c	82.4 efg
		T3-2	172.3 ab	5.3 abcd	12.8 a	23.5 abc	91.6 de
		T3-3	157.8 b	5.2 abcd	11.1 abcd	24.7 abc	102.2 bc
	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	173.1 a	5.5 abc	12.5 ab	24.8 abc	81.4 fg
		T4-2	166.9 ab	4.9 abcd	12.2 abc	26.3 abc	94.4 cd
		T4-3	169.6 ab	4.7 bcd	10.5 cd	24.7 abc	92.6 cd
	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	170.5 ab	4.4 cd	11.1 abcd	29.1 abc	81.4 fg
		T5-2	170.3 ab	4.2 d	10.5 cd	32.4 a	94.4 cd
		T5-3	166.3 ab	4.3 d	11.2 abcd	32.5 a	92.6 cd
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	173.7 a	5.5 abc	12.2 abc	27.2 abc	107.0 ab
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	170.8 ab	4.8 abcd	11.1 abcd	27.6 abc	89.4 def
2022-2023	对照CK	CK	166.3 ab	4.8 bcd	10.4 abc	22.6 abc	69.2 g
	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	164.6 ab	4.4 d	10.3 bc	22.2 abc	54.2 h
		T1-2	172.0 ab	4.5 cd	11.0 abc	20.9 bc	86.4 bcd
		T1-3	171.4 ab	6.0 a	9.4 c	29.0 ab	85.4 cd
	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	169.1 ab	5.7 abc	11.2 abc	28.7 ab	86.4 bcd
		T2-2	175.0 a	5.7 ab	11.5 ab	28.6 ab	81.8 de
		T2-3	164.7 ab	5.2 abcd	10.6 abc	30.8 a	95.6 ab
	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	171.0 ab	5.5 abcd	12.3 a	29.5 ab	72.4 efg
		T3-2	166.9 ab	4.9 abcd	10.5 abc	19.4 c	81.6 de
		T3-3	172.5 ab	5.4 abcd	12.1 ab	22.5 abc	92.2 abc
	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	158.3 b	5.3 abcd	10.7 abc	23.9 abc	71.4 fg
		T4-2	173.7 ab	5.6 abc	11.8 ab	23.7 abc	84.4 cd
		T4-3	167.4 ab	4.9 abcd	11.6 ab	25.7 abc	82.6 cd
	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	170.2 ab	4.8 abcd	10.1 bc	23.7 abc	71.4 fg
		T5-2	170.9 ab	4.5 cd	10.3 bc	28.0 abc	84.4 cd
		T5-3	170.5 ab	4.3 d	10.2 bc	27.9 abc	82.6 cd
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	166.9 ab	4.3 d	10.6 abc	31.6 a	97.0 a
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	174.4 a	5.6 abc	11.7 ab	25.7 abc	79.4 def
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year			ns	ns	**	ns	**
处理 Treatment			ns	**	ns	**	**
年份×处理 Year×Treatment			**	ns	**	ns	ns

Table 3

Table 4

Effects of soaking seeds with different exogenous substances on key agronomic characters and leaf biomass of late-seeded rapeseed during wintering period"

年份 Year	外源物质 Exogenous substance	浓度 Concentration	株高 Plant Height (cm)	根长 Root length (cm)	根颈粗 Root-crown diameter (mm)	叶面积 Leaf area (cm²)	叶片生物量 Leaf biomass (g)
2021- 2022	对照CK	CK	22.4 b	12.2 abc	2.80 cde	436.6 de	1.24 gh
	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	21.8 bc	11.9 bc	2.71 de	423.6 e	1.13 h
		T1-2	21.0 bc	13.4 abc	3.43 abcd	487.9 bcde	1.63 cd
		T1-3	21.0 bc	12.8 abc	3.37 abcde	481.1 bcde	1.55 de
	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	20.1 bc	14.1 a	3.57 abc	498.3 bcd	1.71 bc
		T2-2	20.8 bc	12.8 abc	3.58 abc	506.9 bc	1.73 bc
		T2-3	21.6 bc	12.9 abc	3.63 abc	507.1 bc	1.82 ab
	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	21.4 bc	12.6 abc	2.57 e	326.0 f	0.77 i
		T3-2	21.7 bc	13.3 abc	2.80 cde	426.2 e	1.24 gh
		T3-3	22.0 bc	12.9 abc	2.99 bcde	448.7 cde	1.38 efg
	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	23.9 a	12.6 abc	3.07 abcde	460.6 cde	1.41 ef
		T4-2	20.2 bc	13.1 abc	3.14 abcde	470.7 cde	1.46 e
		T4-3	21.4 bc	11.9 bc	2.91 bcde	446.2 cde	1.27 fgh
	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	19.6 c	12.7 abc	3.27 abcde	476.0 bcde	1.49 e
		T5-2	20.6 bc	13.6 abc	3.69 ab	537.0 ab	1.89 a
		T5-3	21.1 bc	14.0 ab	3.84 a	571.7 a	1.93 a
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	20.7 bc	12.0 abc	3.10 abcde	470.1 cde	1.43 e
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	20.8 bc	11.4 c	3.23 abcde	473.3 bcde	1.48 e
2022- 2023	对照CK	CK	22.3 ab	12.4 bc	2.95 abc	435.7 cd	1.16 de
	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	21.3 abc	12.3 bc	2.84 bc	413.6 d	1.02 e
		T1-2	20.3 bcd	14.3 abc	3.49 abc	481.2 bcd	1.46 bc
		T1-3	20.8 bcd	13.2 abc	3.50 abc	473.0 bcd	1.49 bc
	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	19.5 cd	14.9 a	3.68 abc	488.9 bc	1.63 ab
		T2-2	20.1 bcd	13.5 abc	3.78 ab	501.6 bc	1.61 ab
		T2-3	21.2 abcd	13.2 abc	3.73 ab	493.5 bc	1.72 a
	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	21.0 bcd	13.1 abc	2.73 c	318.5 e	0.69 f
		T3-2	21.4 abc	13.5 abc	2.89 bc	416.8 d	1.16 de
		T3-3	21.5 abc	13.3 abc	3.17 abc	439.9 cd	1.21 de
	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	23.1 a	12.8 abc	3.16 abc	446.5 cd	1.29 cd
		T4-2	20.0 bcd	13.6 abc	3.22 abc	454.9 bcd	1.34 cd
		T4-3	20.9 bcd	12.5 bc	3.08 abc	438.0 cd	1.15 de
	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	18.9 d	13.2 abc	3.33 abc	471.3 bcd	1.38 cd
		T5-2	20.3 bcd	14.0 abc	3.79 ab	521.2 ab	1.75 a
		T5-3	20.9 bcd	14.4 ab	3.93 a	559.9 a	1.77 a
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	20.2 bcd	12.3 bc	3.23 abc	459.1 bcd	1.32 cd
	多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	20.4 bcd	12.0 c	3.41 abc	464.8 bcd	1.32 cd
方差分析 ANOVA
年份 Year			**	**	*	ns	**
处理 Treatment			**	**	**	**	**
年份×处理 Year×Treatment			ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

Table 4

Fig. 3

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Table 8

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外源物质 Exogenous substance	浓度 Concentration	MDA (nmol g^-1)	H₂O₂ (μmol g^-1)	O₂∙^- (μg g^-1)	·OH (ng g^-1)	SOD (U)	POD (U)	CAT (U)	APX (U)
对照CK	CK	184.3 a	0.983 b	5.56 b	7.37 a	1730.1 g	2.64 def	589.3 d	0.86 e
甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	190.2 a	1.014 b	6.29 a	7.85 a	1727.4 g	2.48 f	569.8 d	1.17 cd
	T1-2	121.7 cde	0.682 cd	5.48 bc	5.08 cd	2463.3 cd	3.52 bc	968.2 b	1.10 d
	T1-3	128.6 cd	0.741 c	4.95 bcde	5.24 c	2319.4 cde	3.41 c	937.1 b	0.94 e
脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	116.6 cde	0.614 d	4.74 cde	4.69 cde	2485.1 cd	3.72 abc	969.1 b	0.91 e
	T2-2	115.8 cde	0.589 d	5.33 bc	4.69 cde	2585.5 c	3.80 ab	982.7 b	1.35 ab
	T2-3	115.3 cde	0.589 d	4.49 def	4.67 cde	2938.6 b	3.83 ab	1002.2 b	1.43 a
过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	192.8 a	1.123 a	4.43 ef	7.96 a	1091.9 h	1.59 g	561.1 d	0.85 e
	T3-2	185.4 a	1.002 b	3.94 f	7.40 a	1730.1 g	2.56 ef	589.3 d	0.98 e
	T3-3	177.9 a	0.968 b	5.18 bcd	7.16 a	1855.0 fg	2.84 def	681.6 cd	0.97 e
苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	157.3 b	0.937 b	3.97 f	6.37 b	1998.9 efg	2.93 de	740.8 c	1.26 bc
	T4-2	155.3 b	0.918 b	6.17 a	6.29 b	2069.6 defg	2.95 de	772.9 c	1.12 cd
	T4-3	183.3 a	0.969 b	4.60 def	7.25 a	1768.1 fg	2.69 def	613.5 d	0.95 e
氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	134.2 c	0.773 c	5.50 bc	5.27 c	2210.8 cdef	3.08 d	917.6 b	0.98 e
	T5-2	108.1 de	0.570 d	6.45 a	4.30 de	3047.2 ab	4.00 a	1013.8 b	1.15 cd
	T5-3	105.4 e	0.561 d	6.23 a	4.14 e	3313.4 a	4.11 a	1122.6 a	0.90 e
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	138.5 c	0.891 b	5.33 bc	6.19 b	2199.9 cdef	3.00 de	780.6 c	1.21 cd
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	135.2 c	0.781 c	4.77 cde	5.44 c	2191.8 cdef	3.00 de	891.4 b	1.15 cd

外源物质 Exogenous substance	浓度 Concentration	抗坏血酸 ASA (μmol g^-1)	类胡萝卜素 Carnosine (pmol g^-1)	谷胱甘肽 GSH (mg g^-1)
对照CK	CK	6.91 b	1.22 def	4.06 d
甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	5.76 c	1.19 ef	3.46 e
	T1-2	9.13 a	1.03 gh	4.88 bc
	T1-3	7.14 b	0.96 h	4.84 bc
脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	7.66 b	1.17 f	5.07 ab
	T2-2	5.57 c	1.53 ab	5.14 ab
	T2-3	9.42 a	1.29 cde	5.23 ab
过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	8.88 a	1.10 fg	3.28 e
	T3-2	8.73 a	1.12 fg	3.47 e
	T3-3	6.86 b	1.33 cd	4.34 cd
苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	5.90 c	1.37 c	4.37 cd
	T4-2	5.51 c	1.29 cde	4.44 cd
	T4-3	7.22 b	1.51 ab	4.11 d
氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	7.31 b	1.35 cd	4.83 bc
	T5-2	8.65 a	1.42 bc	5.48 a
	T5-3	5.84 c	1.30 cde	5.56 a
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	6.86 b	1.38 c	4.79 bc
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	9.77 a	1.56 a	4.81 bc

外源物质 Exogenous substance	浓度 Concentration	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar (mg g^-1)	脯氨酸 Proline (ng g^-1)	苹果酸 Malate (μg g^-1)	甜菜碱 Betaine (pg g^-1)	多胺 Polyamine (mg g^-1)	甘露醇 Mannitol (ng g^-1)
对照CK	CK	4.28 k	268.5 b	3.71 f	398.6 cd	5.69 ef	126.7 e
甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	4.11 l	211.7 c	3.40 f	475.9 ab	5.45 ef	125.0 e
	T1-2	5.15 ef	319.3 a	5.03 bcd	365.0 cde	9.24 ab	181.8 bcd
	T1-3	5.13 ef	308.8 a	4.82 cd	523.3 a	8.99 abc	177.6 bcd
脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	5.27 d	318.0 a	5.06 bcd	319.2 e	9.31 ab	184.4 bcd
	T2-2	5.23 de	321.8 a	5.17 bc	338.5 de	9.71 a	186.4 bc
	T2-3	5.39 c	318.7 a	5.42 bc	383.0 cde	9.32 ab	187.9 bc
过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	4.05 l	256.6 b	2.89 g	488.2 ab	5.01 f	70.4 f
	T3-2	4.27 k	303.8 a	3.48 f	492.7 ab	5.52 ef	125.5 e
	T3-3	4.42 j	264.7 b	3.78 f	483.7 ab	5.97 ef	159.2 cd
苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	4.55 i	215.0 c	3.81 f	354.4 de	6.10 ef	161.4 cd
	T4-2	4.72 h	253.0 b	4.06 ef	473.0 ab	7.91 d	162.9 cd
	T4-3	4.41 j	267.7 b	3.67 f	325.8 e	5.79 ef	153.6 d
氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	5.04 f	300.0 a	4.77 cd	388.4 cde	8.12 cd	177.1 bcd
	T5-2	5.60 b	330.9 a	5.59 ab	428.4 bc	10.02 a	201.8 ab
	T5-3	6.31 a	322.8 a	6.00 a	369.1 cde	10.04 a	215.5 a
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	4.84 g	323.3 a	4.15 ef	513.9 a	6.61 e	165.8 cd
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	5.04 f	264.7 b	4.45 de	512.7 a	8.45 bcd	168.7 cd

外源物质 Exogenous substance	评价对象 Evaluation object	正理想解距离D+ Positive ideal solution distance D+	负理想解距离D- Negative ideal solution distance D-	相对接近度C Relative proximity C	排序结果Sorting result	平均产量排序结果 Average yield Sorting result
对照CK	CK	2.618	1.350	0.340	15	15
甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	T1-1	3.111	0.882	0.221	17	17
	T1-2	0.908	2.890	0.761	6	4
	T1-3	1.079	2.705	0.715	7	7
脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	T2-1	0.733	3.068	0.807	5	6
	T2-2	0.642	3.168	0.832	4	5
	T2-3	0.581	3.219	0.847	3	3
过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	T3-1	3.659	0.377	0.093	18	18
	T3-2	2.765	1.349	0.328	16	16
	T3-3	2.340	1.624	0.410	13	13
苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	T4-1	2.236	1.741	0.438	12	12
	T4-2	1.904	1.942	0.505	11	10
	T4-3	2.505	1.493	0.373	14	14
氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	T5-1	1.258	2.527	0.668	8	8
	T5-2	0.335	3.496	0.913	2	2
	T5-3	0.068	3.724	0.982	1	1
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-1	1.737	2.192	0.558	10	11
多胺 Polyamine (T6)	T6-2	1.445	2.365	0.621	9	9

Effects of seed soaking with exogenous substances on late-seeded rapeseed cold resistance of during overwintering period and yield

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浓度 Concentration	对照 Contrast (CK)	甜菜碱 Betaine (T1)	脯氨酸 Proline (T2)	过氧化氢 Hydrogen peroxide (T3)	苹果酸 Malic acid (T4)	氧化纳米锌 Nano zinc oxide (T5)	多胺 Polyamine (T6)
浓度-1 Concentration-1	—	0.01 mmol L^-1	0.1 mmol L^-1	0.03%	0.001 mmol L^-1	25 mg L^-1	0.5 mmol L^-1
浓度-2 Concentration-2	—	0.05 mmol L^-1	0.5 mmol L^-1	0.15%	0.01 mmol L^-1	100 mg L^-1	1.0 mmol L^-1
浓度-3 Concentration-3	—	0.10 mmol L^-1	1.0 mmol L^-1	0.30%	0.05 mmol L^-1	300 mg L^-1	—

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