Table of Content

12 March 2025, Volume 51 Issue 3

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CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS

Functional analysis and prediction of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in the regulation of branch angle in Brassica napus L.

SUN Cheng-Ming, ZHOU Xiao-Ying, CHEN Feng, ZHANG Wei, WANG Xiao-Dong, PENG Qi, GUO Yue, GAO Jian-Qin, HU Mao-Long, FU San-Xiong, ZHANG Jie-Fu

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  559-567.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44118

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Branch angle is a key trait in plant architecture that influences planting density and the efficiency of mechanical harvesting in rapeseed. A moderately compact plant structure promotes higher planting density and reduces harvesting losses. In this study, we used two rapeseed accessions with significant differences in branch angle and performed strand-specific RNA-seq on young branches at the bolting stage. The analysis identified 6305 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two accessions, including homologs of branch angle-related genes such as FUL, SGR5, SGR6, SGR9, AXR1, ARG1, PIN1, and PIN5. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis highlighted pathways related to the synthesis and metabolism of tryptophan, auxin, and phosphatidylinositol, all of which are associated with gravity response. Based on the transcriptome data, we identified 4467 actively expressed long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the branches, including 3460 lincRNAs, 778 lncNATs, and 229 ilncRNAs. Of these, 50.3% contained transposon sequences, with Gypsy and Copia family LTR retrotransposons being the predominant insertion types. Moreover, 1713 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed between the two accessions. When comparing the locations of these lncRNAs with 50 known branch angle-associated loci, 37 differentially expressed lncRNAs were located within the confidence intervals of 26 associated loci. Expression correlation analysis, using a total of 103 branch transcriptome datasets (including those from this study and publicly available data), identified 17,782 lncRNA-gene targeting relationships, involving 1003 lncRNAs and 4592 genes. These target genes included homologs of known branch angle regulators such as LAZY1, SGR5, FUL1, and WRKY40. This study provides insights into the role of lncRNAs in regulating branch angles in rapeseed, laying a foundation for future research into the molecular mechanisms governing plant architecture.

Genome-wide association analysis and prediction of candidate genes for plant height and internode number in Chinese sorghum

XU Jian-Xia, DING Yan-Qing, CAO Ning, CHENG Bin, GAO Xu, LI Wen-Zhen, ZHANG Li-Yi

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  568-585.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44051

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An appropriate reduction in plant height is essential for improving nutrient utilization efficiency and lodging resistance, both of which significantly contribute to achieving high and stable yields. This study investigated 242 Chinese sorghum accessions to elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying plant height. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 2,015,850 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to analyze plant height, internode number, and internode length across seven environments. The results showed that the phenotypic variation coefficients for plant height, internode number, and internode length ranged from 13.47% to 30.06%, with absolute skewness and kurtosis values less than 1 under all conditions. Using two association models (Blink and FarmCPU), the GWAS identified 118 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) significantly associated with the three traits across 10 chromosomes. Specifically, 60, 37, and 32 QTNs were significantly associated with plant height, internode number, and internode length, respectively. Eight QTNs were co-located for both plant height and internode number, while three QTNs were co-located for internode length. Through sequence analysis and functional annotation of candidate genes, 14 genes related to plant height and internode number were identified within or near the confidence intervals of 12 QTNs. These genes were homologous to those involved in sugar metabolism, hormone synthesis and signaling, and cell division in rice and maize. Selective sweep analysis revealed strong selection pressure on the candidate gene Sobic.001G510400 on chromosome 1 in Chinese sorghum populations, resulting in the formation of Hap1, which is dominant in northern dwarf sorghum, and Hap2, which is dominant in southern tall sorghum. Significant expression differences of this gene were observed between the northern accession 871255 (Hap1) and the southern accession Hongyingzi (Hap2). These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of plant height in Chinese sorghum varieties.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of SHMT gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)

GUO Bing, QIN Jia-Fan, LI Na, SONG Meng-Yao, WANG Li-Ming, LI Jun-Xia, MA Xiao-Qian

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  586-5897.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44112

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Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) is involved in carbon metabolism and photorespiration, and is widely present in crops, playing a critical role in growth, development, and stress resistance. However, the SHMT genes in foxtail millet are largely unexplored. In this study, we identified the members of the SiSHMT gene family at the whole-genome level and systematically analyzed their gene structures, evolutionary relationships, chromosomal localizations, interspecies collinearity, cis-acting elements, expression patterns, and dominant haplotypes. Our results revealed five SiSHMT members in foxtail millet, with molecular weights ranging from 51.70 to 64.37 kD, and similar spatial structures. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups, with members distributed across different chromosomes. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the gene promoters indicated the presence of numerous photo-responsive elements, anaerobic response elements, hormone response elements, and other cis-acting elements. Interspecies collinearity analysis showed that SiSHMT3 and SiSHMT4 exhibited collinearity with their orthologous genes in monocot crops such as rice, wheat, sorghum, and maize, with SiSHMT3 displaying multiple collinear pairs with rice, wheat, and maize. The expression levels of SiSHMT family members varied across different developmental stages and tissues of foxtail millet. Notably, SiSHMT4 was highly expressed in developing panicles and was significantly induced by drought, salt, and ABA treatments. Haplotype analysis of SiSHMT4 revealed that Hap1 was the dominant haplotype, significantly outperforming other haplotypes in panicle length, width, and weight. These findings provide valuable gene resources for improving drought and salt tolerance in foxtail millet and lay a theoretical foundation for the breeding of high-yield, stress-resistant foxtail millet varieties in the future.

Effects of different alleles and natural variations of OsMKK4, a member of the rice MKKs family gene, on grains

LIU Jian-Guo, CHEN Dong-Dong, CHEN Yu-Yu, YI Qin-Qin, LI Qing, XU Zheng-Jin, QIAN Qian, SHEN Lan

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  598-608.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42028

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The MKK gene family in the MAPK signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in connecting processes related to rice growth, development, and defense signaling, regulating various biological processes. In this study, we identified MKK genes in rice through bioinformatics analysis and constructed a phylogenetic tree, revealing both the conservation and diversity within the MKK gene family. Using gene editing technology, we edited the OsMKK4 gene in the Nipponbare rice variety and successfully obtained six lines with different mutation types in this gene. Grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight in these mutant lines were significantly reduced compared to the wild type. Haplotype analysis revealed clear differentiation in OsMKK4 gene haplotypes between indica and japonica rice, primarily divided into the Glu¹⁴ japonica type and Leu¹⁴ indica type. On average, japonica rice containing Glu¹⁴ exhibited shorter grain length but higher grain width and 1000-grain weight. Furthermore, introducing the OsMKK4 gene with the Leu¹⁴ haplotype from Kasalath into Nipponbare resulted in significantly reduced grain length, grain width, and 1000-grain weight in the DHX (CSSL) compared to Nipponbare. However, compared to Kasalath, the grain width and 1000-grain weight of the substitution line increased significantly, particularly in grain width. This study highlights the

influence of key OsMKK4 gene haplotypes on rice grain traits, providing valuable genetic resources and strategies for more precise molecular breeding design.

Molecular characterization and evaluation of important traits of landrace wheat Laomangmai in Gansu province, China

ZHAN Zong-Bing, JIN Qi-Feng, LIU Di, LYU Ying-Chun, GUO Ying, ZHANG Xue-Ting, HU Meng-Xia, WANG Shang, YANG Fang-Ping

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  609-620.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41021

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This study aimed to clarify the heterogeneity of ten Laomangmai landrace wheat varieties from Gansu, which share the same name but originate from different regions. Agronomically important traits and disease resistance were evaluated in the field, and AFLP markers were used to create genetic fingerprints. Alleles at four vernalization loci, one photoperiod locus, four dwarfing loci, three multi-resistance loci, and key alleles related to gluten strength and pigment content were detected. The results were as follows: (1) The genetic similarity among the ten Laomangmai landraces was very low, indicating high heterogeneity. (2) In terms of yield-related traits, all materials carried recessive alleles at the vernalization loci Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-B3. Seven landraces, including six Laomangmai varieties and the check variety Juanmangheshangtou, had the dominant allele at Vrn-D1, resulting in significantly earlier heading after spring sowing, but no effect on heading date under autumn sowing conditions. Only one variety (code 5) contained the photoperiod-insensitive allele Ppd-D1a. Of the four dwarfing genes studied, five landraces carried the dwarfing allele at the Rht-24 locus, while the remaining landraces exhibited high allelic variation. The Rht-24 dwarfing allele did not significantly reduce plant height but was associated with a higher number of grains per spike compared to the tall genotypes. (3) All materials showed poor lodging resistance. Four Laomangmai landraces exhibited strong cold tolerance, including three winter and one spring growth habit varieties. Three Laomangmai landraces (codes 1, 4, and 10) were highly resistant to stripe rust, despite not carrying known stripe rust resistance genes. Additionally, three other landraces, including two Laomangmai varieties (codes 7 and 9) and the check variety, contained the pleiotropic resistance gene Yr18/Lr34/Sr57/Pm38. (4) The gluten strength of the studied landraces was weak. Only four varieties (codes 5, 6, 7, and 8) carried low PPO-activity alleles, while all materials carried alleles for high yellow pigment content and high peroxidase activity. (5) The varieties carrying the dominant allele at Vrn-D1 could be useful for spring wheat cultivation in central and western Gansu Province, the upstream Jialing River winter wheat region, and similar ecological areas. The five varieties carrying the dwarfing allele Rht-24b could be employed for breeding fusarium head blight resistance in Gansu Longnan, and the middle and lower Yangtze River valley. Landraces carrying Yr18/Lr34/Sr57/Pm38, with high resistance to stripe rust, hold potential for breeding disease-resistant varieties in Longnan, Tianshui, Longdong, and other stripe rust hot spots. Additionally, the four varieties with alleles for low polyphenol oxidase activity could be useful for improving pigment content in wheat breeding. This study clarified the genetic characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of important traits in the Laomangmai varieties from different regions in Gansu province, providing guidance for their application in wheat breeding programs.

Analysis of genes associated with expression characteristics and high resistance in response to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection in Brassica juncea

ZHANG Jin-Ze, ZHOU Qing-Guo, YANG Xu, WANG Qian, XIAO Li-Jing, JIN Hai-Run, OU-YANG Qing-Jing, YU Kun-Jiang, TIAN En-Tang

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  621-631.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44120

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a major disease affecting rapeseed, often causing significant yield losses after infection. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of 200 Brassica juncea lines to S. sclerotiorum and selected one highly resistant line (G21-243-1, HR) and one susceptible line (G21-149-2, LR) for transcriptome analysis. A total of 138.16 Gb of clean data was generated by simulating leaf responses at 12, 24, and 36 hours post-infection (hpi) with S. sclerotiorum. The analysis identified 1899 up-regulated genes and 1330 down-regulated genes, with 445 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) detected across two time points and 90 DEGs across all three time points. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional analyses revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to plant-pathogen interactions, plant hormone signaling, and the MAPK signaling pathway in plants. By integrating transcriptome and functional analysis results, we preliminarily identified 20 candidate genes associated with resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Six of these genes were randomly selected for validation via qRT-PCR analysis. The findings of this study provide a foundation for future research on S. sclerotiorum, including the characterization of gene expression, the identification of resistance genes, and the development of resistant rapeseed varieties.

Identification of TaSnRK gene family and expression analysis under localized root zone drought in wheat

ZHANG Heng, FENG Ya-Lan, TIAN Wen-Zhong, GUO Bin-Bin, ZHANG Jun, MA Chao

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  632-649.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41033

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Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) plays a critical regulatory role in response to abiotic stress. To systematically analyze the physicochemical properties, chromosome distribution, gene structure, phylogenetic relationships, and expression characteristics of the TaSnRK gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under local root zone drought stress, this study employed bioinformatics approaches to identify the full complement of TaSnRK genes in the wheat genome. Their expression patterns under local root zone drought stress were analyzed using a wheat expression database and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The analysis identified 139 members of the SnRK gene family in wheat, which were categorized into three subfamilies: 15 members in SnRK1, 31 in SnRK2, and 93 in SnRK3. Protein sequence lengths ranged from 154 to 836 amino acids. Conserved motif analysis revealed that all members of the three subfamilies shared Motif2 and Motif4. Additionally, all SnRK1 members contained Motif14 and Motif15, which were absent in SnRK2 and SnRK3 subfamilies. In contrast, all SnRK3 members contained Motif10, which was not found in SnRK1 and SnRK2 subfamilies. Intraspecific collinearity analysis indicated that the TaSnRK genes had a total of 217 duplication events, showing high homology and strong conservation during evolution. The K_a/K_s ratio suggested that only four pairs of TaSnRK genes were under positive selection pressure. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed that most of the cis-elements in the TaSnRK genes were associated with growth and development, as well as various stress-responsive elements. Gene expression pattern analysis showed that only 20 TaSnRK genes exhibited relatively high expression levels in grains, whereas 85, 90, 92, and 80 genes were highly expressed in panicles, leaves, buds, and roots, respectively. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that TaSnRK expression was higher in drought-resistant wheat varieties, with SnRK2 and SnRK3 subfamily members playing key roles in sensing and transmitting drought stress signals. Protein-protein interaction analysis identified 267 interaction events between 35 TaSnRK proteins and 23 related functional proteins. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for further understanding the role of TaSnRK genes in regulating wheat growth, development, and drought stress responses.

Functional analysis of the sweetpotato histidine kinase protein IbHK5 in response to drought and salt stresses

HUO Ru-Xue, GE Xiang-Han, SHI Jia, LI Xue-Rui, DAI Sheng-Jie, LIU Zhen-Ning, LI Zong-Yun

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  650-666.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44082

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Histidine kinase is a key component of the two-component system in plants, playing a crucial role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to various stresses. In this study, IbHK5, a histidine kinase homologous to Arabidopsis AHK5, was identified in sweetpotato. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the IbHK5 protein is localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. To investigate its biological function in response to drought and salt stress, IbHK5was ectopically expressed in Arabidopsis and overexpressed in sweetpotato using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated in vivo root transformation system. The results showed that overexpression of IbHK5 in Arabidopsis enhanced both drought and salt tolerance. The transgenic plants exhibited higher activities of POD, SOD, and CAT enzymes, lower levels of H₂O₂ and MDA, and increased expression of stress-related genes, including AtPOD, AtSOD, AtCAT, and AtGPX. Similarly, overexpression of IbHK5 in sweetpotato enhanced drought and salt tolerance, with transgenic hairy roots showing elevated POD, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities as well as reduced H₂O₂ and MDA content. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated that IbHK5 interacts with Arabidopsis proteins AHP1, AHP2, AHP3, and AHP5, indicating its involvement in signal transduction pathways. These results suggest that IbHK5 is a positive regulator of drought and salt stress tolerance. This study provides insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying drought and salt stress responses in sweetpotato and offers a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement and breeding of drought- and salt-tolerant sweetpotato varieties.

Auxin response reporter gene transformation of Brassica napus and dynamic signal analysis of GUS in different tissues

ZHANG Qin, DAI Cheng, MA Chao-Zhi

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  667-675.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44132

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To investigate the dynamic distribution of auxin in various tissues of Brassica napus, a growth hormone-responsive expression vector with DR5::GUS as the reporter gene was constructed and transformed into B. napus. Transgenic lines stably expressing the GUS gene were obtained. GUS staining revealed that during the seedling stage, strong GUS signals were observed in the cotyledons and hypocotyl, while weaker signals were detected in the true leaves and roots, indicating higher auxin accumulation in the cotyledons. The DR5 promoter was also induced by the auxin analog NAA. At the bud stage, strong GUS signals were found in the anthers and sepals, with weaker signals in the stigma, suggesting that auxin may play a significant role in anther development. In seeds and siliques at various developmental stages after pollination, auxin levels exhibited an increase followed by a decrease, implying a role for auxin in seed development. In conclusion, this study visualized auxin distribution in B. napus using the DR5::GUS auxin reporter system, providing a valuable method for further elucidating the role of auxin in the growth and development of B. napus.

Response of osalr3 mutant to exogenous organic acids and plant growth regulators under aluminum stress

SU Chang, MAN Fu-Yuan, WANG Jing-Bo, FENG Jing, JIANG Si-Xu, ZHAO Ming-Hui

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  676-686.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42031

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Soil acidification and aluminum (Al) toxicity have become significant challenges affecting rice growth and yield. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate Al-tolerance-related genes and elucidate their molecular mechanisms. In a previous Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), the gene OsAlR3, associated with Al tolerance, was identified. OsAlR3 was shown to regulate Al tolerance in rice through phenotypic and physiological mechanisms. While organic acids and plant growth regulators are known to be involved in Al resistance, the specific role of OsAlR3 in these processes remains unclear. This study examined the responses of wild-type (WT) and osalr3 knockout mutants to exogenous organic acids (citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA), and malic acid (MA)) and plant growth regulators (brassinolide (BR) and auxin (IAA)). Compared to WT, the osalr3 mutant exhibited significantly reduced total root length, inter-root pH, and organic acid content, while above-ground and below-ground Al³⁺ content, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O₂^?), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly increased under Al stress. The osalr3 mutant showed heightened sensitivity to Al stress compared to WT.

Exogenous application of organic acids and BR increased total root length, CA, OA, and MA content, and decreased above-ground and below-ground Al³⁺ content, MDA, O₂^?, H₂O₂ content, and SOD activity, thereby reducing the Al toxicity in osalr3 mutants. In contrast, although auxin application increased total root length and reduced above-ground Al³⁺ content in the mutant, it significantly increased below-ground Al³⁺ content, along with MDA, O₂^?, and H₂O₂ levels, which were markedly different from those of WT. In summary, exogenous application of organic acids (CA, OA, and MA) and BR positively influenced OsAlR3 function, while IAA application negatively regulated OsAlR3 function under Al stress.

Development and characterization of novel peanut genetic stocks with high oleic acid and enhanced resistance both to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production

JIN Gao-Rui, WU Xiao-Li, DENG Li, CHEN Yu-Ning, YU Bo-Lun, GUO Jian-Bin, DING Ying-Bin, LIU Nian, LUO Huai-Yong, CHEN Wei-Gang, HUANG Li, ZHOU Xiao-Jing, HUAI Dong-Xin, TAN Jia-Zhuang, JIANG Hui-Fang, REN Li, LEI Yong, LIAO Bo-Shou

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  687-895.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44087

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High oleate peanut is a key focus for both varietal improvement and industry development worldwide due to its extended shelf life and potential health benefits. However, peanuts are highly susceptible to Aspergillus infection, leading to aflatoxin contamination, making it critical to enhance aflatoxin resistance in the development of the high oleate peanut industry to ensure food safety. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed by crossing the high oleic acid peanut genotype Kainong H03-3 with the high-yielding variety Zhonghua 16. The RILs were evaluated for oleic acid content and other traits, including their response to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin formation. Notably, Kainong H03-3 exhibited resistance to both fungal infection and toxin production. Additionally, four lines resistant to fungal infection and three lines resistant to toxin formation were identified among the 53 high oleate lines segregated from the RILs. Of these, two high oleate lines, QT0790 and QT0918, demonstrated resistance to both fungal infection and aflatoxin production. Further analysis revealed that the aflatoxin resistance in QT0790 and QT0918 was not only superior to that of both parental genotypes, but also exceeded that of the well-known fungal infection-resistant genotype J11 and the toxin production-resistant variety Zhonghua 6. This suggests the presence of complementary effects among certain minor-effect genes/loci for both fungal infection and toxin production resistance, which could be valuable for improving or integrating resistance traits. Both QT0790 and QT0918 maintained stable oleic acid contents above 80% in samples harvested from five diverse ecological locations. The genetic effects observed in this study for minor genes/loci associated with aflatoxin resistance, along with the identification of resistant high oleate lines, provide valuable insights for further research into the underlying genetic mechanisms and for the development of peanut varieties with both high oleic acid content and enhanced resistance to aflatoxin contamination.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Effects of straw returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer on yield and grain quality of spring maize

LI Xiang-Yu, JI Xin-Jie, WANG Xue-Lian, LONG An-Ran, WANG Zheng-Yu, YANG Zi-Hui, GONG Xiang-Wei, JIANG Ying, QI Hua

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  696-712.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43031

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To elucidate the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on spring maize grain yield and quality under different straw returning methods, this study analyzed the pasting and thermal characteristics of maize starch and explored the optimal N fertilizer rate under varying straw returning practices. The goal was to provide a scientific basis for improving cultivation practices to enhance maize quality. This research utilized a long-term field experiment initiated in 2015 at the Shenyang Agricultural University Experimental Base in Cainiu town, Tieling county, Liaoning province. The study addressed issues of unstable spring maize yields and the challenge of balancing yield and quality in Northeast China. From 2021 to 2022, the effects of two straw returning methods—rotary tillage with straw returning (RTS) and plow tillage with straw returning (PTS)—and five N application levels (0, 112, 187, 262, and 337 kg hm^-2) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to RTS, PTS increased grain yield by 6.09% and enhanced total starch content as well as amylose content and the amylose/amylopectin ratio, while effectively reducing fat content and promoting the pasting and retrogradation properties of maize starch. Additionally, PTS increased the enthalpy of pasting (?H) by 14.09%, which optimized the relative crystallinity and microstructure of starch. In comparison to tillage methods, N application had a more significant effect on crude protein, crude fat, and sugar content in maize grains, with the maximum values observed at an N rate of 262 kg hm^-2. Under N fertilizer treatment, the contents of crude protein, crude fat, sucrose, soluble sugar, amylose, and the amylose/amylopectin ratio increased by 17.99%-31.20%, 3.19%-14.91%, 32.88%-45.41%, 13.93%-23.73%, 6.80%-21.02%, and 10.26%-33.77%, respectively, compared to no N application. However, excessive N application (337 kg hm^-2) reduced maize starch and crude fat content, decreased total starch and amylopectin levels, and led to lower peak and final viscosities, as well as a decrease in breakdown value, which could negatively affect starch pasting characteristics during processing. N application increased the peak time and pasting temperature of maize starch by 1.42% and 6.79%, respectively, enhancing viscosity, taste, and cooking stability. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive association between total starch content and viscosity parameters (including peak, trough, and final viscosity), while crude protein content was negatively correlated with these indexes. Furthermore, the interaction between different tillage methods and N fertilizer rates significantly improved maize yield and enhanced sucrose content, starch enthalpy, and gelatinization characteristics, demonstrating that the synergistic effects of these factors can more effectively enhance maize grain quality. In conclusion, the combined application of 262 kg hm^-2 N fertilizer with plow tillage and straw returning (PTS) can significantly increase maize yield, promote starch accumulation in maize grains, and improve the thermal and pasting characteristics of maize, thereby achieving overall improvements in maize quality.

Response of potato tuber starch formation and yield to phosphorus fertilizer reduction in the semi-arid region of Northwest China

SU Ming, WU Jia-Rui, HONG Zi-Qiang, LI Fan-Guo, ZHOU Tian, WU Hong-Liang, KANG Jian-Hong

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  713-727.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44130

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To elucidate the effects of phosphorus reduction on potato starch synthesis and yield in semi-arid regions, a single-factor randomized block design was implemented in Haiyuan county, Ningxia, from 2018 to 2019. Using the local farmers’ customary phosphorus application rate of 240 kg hm^-2 (RP) as a control, four phosphorus reduction treatments were established: P25 (180 kg hm^-2, representing a 25% reduction), P50 (120 kg hm^-2, 50% reduction), P75 (60 kg hm^-2, 75% reduction), and CK (0 kg hm^-2, serving as an absolute control with no phosphate fertilizer applied). This study analyzed the relationships between starch accumulation, enzyme activities, and yield, aiming to provide technical support for sustainable potato cultivation. The results indicate that a moderate reduction in phosphorus can significantly enhance potato starch content, accelerate the rate of accumulation, and consequently increase overall yield. Compared to RP, P50 resulted in a 7.64% and 7.76% increase in amylopectin and total starch content, respectively. The accumulation amount at the maximum starch accumulation rate (W_max), the maximum starch accumulation rate (G_max), and the average starch accumulation rate (G_mean) increased by 8.92%, 29.90%, and 26.23%, respectively. The starch yield, total dry matter mass, and total yield under P50 increased by 53.39%, 50.92%, and 25.62%, respectively. Enzyme activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP), uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granular starch synthase (GBSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE) under P50 rose by 29.74%, 26.88%, 31.42%, 33.56%, and 18.72%, respectively. Principal component analysis ranked the treatments as P50 > P25 > RP > P75 > CK. In conclusion, reducing phosphorus application by 50% (to a rate of 120 kg hm^-2) significantly enhances the activity of key enzymes involved in tuber starch synthesis and increases levels of amylopectin, amylose, and total starch content. This treatment also optimizes starch accumulation characteristics, leading to higher starch yield, total dry matter accumulation, and total yield. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the optimal economic range for phosphorus fertilization in potatoes within the semi-arid region of Ningxia is 120-137 kg hm^-2, promoting sustainable, high-yield cultivation.

Comprehensive evaluation of 70 japonica glutinous rice varieties (lines) based on growth period, yield, and quality

XIONG Qiang-Qiang, SUN Chang-Hui, GU Wen-Fei, LU Yan-Yao, ZHOU Nian-Bing, GUO Bao-Wei, LIU Guo-Dong, WEI Hai-Yan, ZHU Jin-Yan, ZHANG Hong-Cheng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  728-743.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42026

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This study evaluated 70 glutinous rice varieties (lines) to identify high-quality, high-yield varieties suitable for cultivation in the Yangzhong region, based on comprehensive assessments of growth period, yield, and rice quality. The experiment was conducted in Yangzhong city, Jiangsu province, from 2021 to 2023, using a randomized block design with three replicates. The results showed the following: (1) The growth periods of the 70 glutinous rice varieties ranged from 137 to 159 days in 2021 and from 139 to 158 days in 2023. Based on the growth period, the varieties were classified into three categories: 17 early-maturing late-japonica types, 18 mid-maturing mid-japonica types, and 35 late-maturing mid-japonica types. (2) In 2021, yields ranged from 5.19 to 9.50 t hm^-2, and in 2023, yields ranged from 5.57 to 9.64 t hm^-2. Principal component analysis indicated that the number of grains per panicle and panicle number were the primary factors influencing yield traits. (3) In 2021, the brown rice rate ranged from 80.45% to 87.35%, and the milled rice rate from 59.86% to 75.87%. Twenty varieties met the first-class quality standard, while 16 met the second-class quality standard. In 2023, the brown rice rate ranged from 81.60% to 88.50%, and the milled rice rate from 65.07% to 75.59%. Fifteen varieties met the first-class quality standard, and 18 met the second-class quality standard. In 2021, protein content varied from 7.00% to 10.77%, and total starch content from 69.42% to 92.73%. In 2023, protein content ranged from 7.00% to 10.79%, and total starch content from 68.00% to 92.68%. Molecular marker analysis revealed that 35 rice varieties carried the badh2 gene. Based on the comprehensive analysis of growth period, yield, and quality, four high-yield and high-quality glutinous rice varieties (lines) suitable for cultivation in Yangzhong were selected: Yangruannuo 2, Sunuo 7132, Yangjingnuo 2, and Yandao 93207.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Effects of waterlogging at different growth stages on the stress-resistance physiological characteristics and yield formation of sweet potato

YANG Xin-Yue, XIAO Ren-Hao, ZHANG Lin-Xi, TANG Ming-Jun, SUN Guang-Yan, DU Kang, LYU Chang-Wen, TANG Dao-Bin, WANG Ji-Chun

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  744-754.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44116

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Waterlogging stress is a major factor contributing to yield losses in sweet potato; however, limited research has been conducted on the impacts of waterlogging at different developmental stages on sweet potato growth and yield. To address this gap, a controlled waterlogging experiment was carried out in 2022 and 2023 using the cultivar Yuhongxin 98 as the test material. Treatments included a normal watering control (CK), waterlogging stress during the storage root initiation stage (T1), waterlogging stress during the storage root bulking stage (T2), and waterlogging stress during both the storage root initiation and bulking stages (T3). The effects of waterlogging stress at different growth stages on physiological characteristics and yield were analyzed. The results showed that waterlogging stress reduced the root-to-shoot ratio and leaf relative water content, while significantly increasing the levels of proline and soluble sugars. Activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly enhanced under waterlogging stress, indicating that waterlogging altered assimilate distribution between aboveground and belowground parts. This promoted aboveground growth but inhibited storage root development, ultimately leading to significant yield reductions of 22.67%, 40.05%, and 66.93% in 2022, and 31.20%, 40.80%, and 64.60% in 2023 under T1, T2, and T3 treatments, respectively, compared to the control. The greatest yield loss occurred when waterlogging coincided with both the storage root initiation and bulking stages (T3). Notably, waterlogging during the storage root bulking stage (T2) caused greater sensitivity to stress and a reduced ability to recover growth after rewatering compared to waterlogging during the storage root initiation stage (T1). These findings highlight the critical importance of water management during the storage root bulking stage to mitigate the adverse effects of waterlogging on sweet potato yield.

TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY

Effects of no-tillage with plastic film and the amount of irrigation water on yield and photosynthetic characteristics of maize in oasis irrigation area of Northwest China

WANG Yan, BAI Chun-Sheng, LI Bo, FAN Hong, HE Wei, YANG Li-Li, CAO Yue, ZHAO Cai

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  755-770.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43033

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This study investigates the effects of different tillage practices and the amounts of irrigation water on maize yield and photosynthetic characteristics, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for water-saving management in maize cultivation using plastic film mulching in oasis irrigation areas. The research is based on a long-term field experiment conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University, starting in 2014. A split-plot experimental design was employed, with two tillage practices in the main plots: no-tillage with plastic film (NT) and conventional tillage with plastic film (CT). The sub-plots were assigned three amounts of irrigation water: low (I1, 4500 m³ hm^-2), medium (I2, 4950 m³ hm^-2) and high (I3, 5400 m³ hm^-2). Grain yield, leaf photosynthetic parameters, and key photosynthetic enzyme activities in maize were measured in 2022 and 2023. The results showed that grain yield under NT was significantly higher than CT by 7.9%. Although maize yield decreased with reduced the amounts of irrigation water, the NTI2 treatment yielded similarly to NTI3 and was 8.0% higher than CTI2. From the silking to dough stage, the leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content (SPAD), and net photosynthetic rate (P_n) in NT increased by 6.7%-9.5%, 5.8%-7.0%, and 5.6%-9.9%, respectively, compared to CT. While LAI, SPAD, and P_n were significantly lower in the I1 treatment compared to I3, there were no significant differences between I2 and I3. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between NTI2 and NTI3 for these parameters, but they were 9.1%-10.5%, 7.5%-9.5%, and 7.1%-12.4% higher, respectively, than CTI2. The activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) in NT were 5.4%-8.0% and 5.6%-8.8% higher, respectively, than in CT from the silking to filling stages. Among the amounts of irrigation water, PEPC and Rubisco activities were significantly lower in I1 than in I3, but no significant differences were found between I2 and I3. The highest PEPC activity was observed in NTI2, which was 5.8%-8.8% higher than CTI2, while Rubisco activity in NTI2 was 6.3%-11.6% higher than in CTI2. A structural equation model (SEM) indicated that under the medium amount of irrigation water, no-tillage with plastic film significantly improved maize photosynthetic performance during the middle and late growth stages compared to conventional tillage. This improvement led to an increase in the number of ears per unit area and 1000-grain weight, ultimately enhancing grain yield. Therefore, no-tillage with plastic film combined with the medium amount of irrigation water (4950 m³ hm^-2) is recommended as an effective water-saving management practice for plastic film mulching in oasis irrigation areas of northwest China.

Effects of nitrogen reduction on maize yield and N₂O emission under green manure returning in Hexi oasis irrigation area

LIU Ya-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, YU Ai-Zhong, WANG Yu-Long, SHANG Yong-Pan, YANG Xue-Hui, YIN Bo, ZHANG Dong-Ling, WANG Feng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  771-784.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43034

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This study investigated the response of maize yield and N₂O emission characteristics to nitrogen reduction under green manure incorporation in an oasis irrigation area. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for developing a nitrogen application system that ensures stable yields while reducing emissions in this region. A field experiment was conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experimental Station of Gansu Agricultural University. Treatments included the traditional nitrogen application rate (N100) combined with green manure, and nitrogen application rates reduced by 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% (N90, N80, N70, and N60, respectively) under the same green manure conditions. The results showed no significant differences in maize yield among N100, N90, and N80, but their yields were significantly higher than those of N70 and N60. The global warming potential (GWP) of N₂O emissions decreased with the reduction in nitrogen application rates. Notably, the N₂O emission intensity (GHGI) was lowest under N80, which was 14.3% lower than that under N100. During the maize growth period, the peak N₂O emission flux occurred after fertilization, with peak values increasing as nitrogen application rates increased. Compared to N100, cumulative N₂O emissions under N90, N80, N70, and N60 were significantly reduced. However, cumulative emissions under N90 and N80 were 18.0% and 9.4% higher than those under N70, and 28.6% and 19.3% higher than those under N60, respectively (P < 0.05). The average concentrations of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N in the 0-110 cm soil layer decreased as nitrogen application rates were reduced during the maize growth period. Compared to N100, average NH₄⁺-N concentrations under N90, N80, N70, and N60 decreased by 6.4%, 9.9%, 15.3%, and 21.3%, respectively, with significant differences. Similarly, average NO₃^--N concentrations decreased by 5.6%, 11.5%, 9.2%, and 24.5%, respectively, with significant differences. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between nitrogen application rates, soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N concentrations, and N₂O emissions. Nitrogen application rates influenced farmland N₂O emissions by regulating soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N concentrations, making them the primary factors driving N₂O emissions. Therefore, a 20% reduction in nitrogen application under green manure incorporation is recommended as a suitable nitrogen management strategy to achieve stable yields and emission reductions in arid oasis irrigation regions.

Effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid on rice yield, quality, and nutrient uptake

YANG Cui-Hua, LI Shi-Hao, YI Xu-Xu, ZHENG Fei-Xiong, DU Xue-Zhu, SHENG Feng

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  785-796.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42022

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This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) on rice yield, quality, and nutrient absorption, providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for cultivating rice with high yield, superior quality, and efficient nutrient utilization. The field experiment was conducted in Huaqiao town, Wuxue county, Hubei province, from 2022 to 2023, using a randomized block design. The study included three rice varieties (Heixiandao (B), Gangteyou 8024 (R), and Huanghuazhan (H)) and two γ-PGA treatments (no application of γ-PGA fermentation solution (P0) and 25 kg hm^-2 γ-PGA fermentation solution (P1)). Dry matter mass, nitrogen accumulation, phosphorus accumulation, yield, appearance quality, grain protein content, and amylose content were analyzed. The results showed that γ-PGA application had a significant effect on rice yield in 2022, with P1 treatments increasing yield by 3.2%-10.8% compared to P0 treatments. However, there was no significant effect on yield in 2023. The dry matter mass of varieties B and R treated with γ-PGA was significantly higher than those without γ-PGA. Compared to BP0, the BP1 treatment significantly increased dry matter mass by 7.5%-8.5% at the full heading stage and by 5.9%-7.2% at the mature stage. Similarly, compared to RP0, the RP1 treatment significantly increased dry matter mass by 8.5%-8.8% at the full heading stage and by 3.3%-3.5% at the mature stage. γ-PGA application had no significant effect on the dry matter mass of variety H. Furthermore, γ-PGA significantly increased nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation. Compared to P0, the P1 treatments increased nitrogen accumulation by 12.5%-19.0% and phosphorus accumulation by 13.4%-20.3% at the full heading stage, and increased nitrogen accumulation by 7.2%-16.5% and phosphorus accumulation by 9.2%-29.0% at the mature stage. γ-PGA application also significantly enhanced amylose and protein content while reducing chalkiness degree and gel consistency, though it had no significant effects on grain length, grain width, or alkali spreading value. In conclusion, the application of γ-PGA significantly improved dry matter mass, nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation, and rice quality.

Identification and comprehensive evaluation of drought resistance in high oleic acid Jihua peanut varieties

JIN Xin-Xin, SONG Ya-Hui, SU Qiao, YANG Yong-Qing, LI Yu-Rong, WANG Jin

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  797-811.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44097

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Drought is one of the primary limiting factors in the production of high oleic acid peanuts. Identifying drought resistance and screening for drought resistance indices in high oleic acid peanut varieties are crucial for breeding drought-resistant cultivars and advancing research on drought resistance mechanisms. In this study, 26 high oleic acid peanut varieties of the Jihua series were evaluated for drought tolerance under controlled drought conditions during 2022-2023. At maturity, each variety’s nine agronomic indicators, five economic indicators, and quality indicators were determined under both normal irrigation and drought stress treatments. To identify and assess drought resistance, we employed correlation analysis, principal component analysis, membership function analysis, grey relational analysis, stepwise regression analysis, cluster analysis, comprehensive drought resistance evaluation values (D-values), comprehensive drought resistance coefficients (CDC), and weighted drought resistance coefficients (WDC). The results showed that agronomic and economic indicators under drought treatment were reduced by 9.73%-49.19% compared to those under irrigation, while quality traits decreased by 0.78%-9.84%. Significant correlations were observed among the individual drought resistance coefficients (DC) of each index. Eight principal components were able to represent 89.81% of the original information related to drought resistance in high oleic acid peanuts. The drought resistance of high oleic acid peanuts was consistent across D-values, CDC-values, and WDC-values, with D-values showing strong positive correlations with CDC-values and WDC-values (correlation coefficients of 0.885 and 0.913, respectively). Based on D-values, the high oleic acid peanut varieties were categorized into three groups: nine drought-resistant varieties, ten moderately drought-resistant varieties, and seven drought-sensitive varieties. Among the varieties, Jihua 1353 and Jihua 712 exhibited exceptional drought resistance. Key indicators such as yield, main stem height, pod number per plant, and full pod rate can serve as primary criteria for identifying drought resistance in high oleic acid peanut varieties at maturity. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for breeding, understanding the mechanisms of, and cultivating drought-resistant high oleic acid peanuts.

RESEARCH NOTES

Evaluation of cold tolerance of japonica rice varieties at germination stage and construction of identification system

HOU Tian-Yu, DU Xiao-Jing, ZHAO Zhi-Qiang, REYIM Anwar, YIDAYETULA Abula, BUHALIQIEMU Abulizi, YUAN Jie, ZHANG Yan-Hong, WANG Feng-Bin

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  812-822.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.42027

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To identify key indicators of cold tolerance during the germination stage of japonica rice and to explore cold-tolerant germplasm resources, 98 japonica rice germplasm lines were evaluated under controlled conditions in an artificial climate chamber. The relative values of morphological traits were used as indicators of cold tolerance. Principal component analysis revealed that germination rate, germination index, and shoot length could serve as reliable indicators for identifying cold-tolerant japonica rice varieties at the germination stage. Based on membership function analysis, the comprehensive evaluation D values for the different japonica rice varieties ranged from 0.290 to 0.798. The 98 varieties were classified into four cold tolerance groups: 16 cold-tolerant varieties in Category I, 35 varieties in Category II, and 47 varieties of intermediate tolerance. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the relative index values and the D values. Comprehensive evaluation identified the top 10 cold-tolerant varieties, with X13 (Xindao 42), X47 (TY 2), and X50 (Xincejing 1) classified as Class I. The cold-tolerant germplasm identified in this study can serve as valuable material for the breeding of cold-tolerant rice varieties and for research on the underlying mechanisms of cold tolerance. Additionally, these findings provide a theoretical reference for the study of cold tolerance in rice germplasm resources.

Physiological mechanisms of 6-BA regulation to enhance drought tolerance in ramie

GUAN Sheng, LIAO Ao, WANG Li-Qi, LI Qian, LU Jian-Ning, RONG Jing, CUI Guo-Xian, YANG Rui-Fang, SHE Wei

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  823-834.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44115

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In this experiment, Xiang Ramie 7 was used to investigate the physiological mechanisms by which 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) enhances drought tolerance in ramie. The results indicated that the accumulation of proline (PRO), soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein (SP) in ramie leaves increased with the duration of treatment across different concentrations of 6-BA. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) exhibited an initial rise followed by a decline, peaking at 24 days of drought stress. In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and leaf relative conductivity gradually decreased compared to W0, while relative water content continuously declined. A comprehensive analysis of the physiological and biochemical indices revealed that the drought tolerance of ramie treated with different concentrations of 6-BA followed the order: W2 (100 mg L^-1) > W3 (150 mg L^-1) > W1 (50 mg L^-1) > W4 (200 mg L^-1). Therefore, it was concluded that the optimal mitigation effect under drought stress was achieved with 100 mg L^-1 of 6-BA treatment.

Evaluation of salt tolerance and screening of salt-tolerant germplasm of Sorghum sudanese during seed germination period

JIANG You, MA Xue-Rong, ZHANG Bo, LI Chen-Jian

Acta Agronomica Sinica. 2025, 51(3):  835-844.  doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44099

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Saline-alkali soil is widely distributed across China, and breeding salt-tolerant forage grass germplasm is crucial for the development and utilization of such soils. In this experiment, 94 genetic resources of Sorghum sudanense were subjected to salt stress in a controlled indoor environment. During the germination phase, various parameters such as seed viability, growth rate, root elongation, and shoot development were carefully assessed. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were conducted on the relative values of each indicator, and the membership function method was applied for a comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance in Sorghum sudanense. The results revealed significant variation in the measured indicators under salt stress. After principal component analysis, the 11 indicators were reduced to three composite indicators, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 85.807%. Cluster analysis grouped the 94 germplasm resources into five major clusters. Among these, highly salt-tolerant germplasm included NX035, GS0218, SCH03-128, GS0227, GS479, GS477, 283, and GS1289, while highly sensitive germplasm included 00276 and B478. A stepwise regression model, D=0.402RGI+0.397RRDW+0.261RGR- 0.01 (R²=0.949, P < 0.01) was constructed, indicating that the relative germination index, relative root dry weight, and relative germination rate can serve as key indicators for evaluating salt tolerance in Sorghum sudanense during the germination stage under 200 mmol L^-1 NaCl salt stress. These findings provide a valuable material base for future breeding of Sorghum sudanense with enhanced salt tolerance.