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Characterization of spike morphological traits at optimal sampling stage and screening of high-culturability genotypes in wheat anther culture

LU Xiang-Qian1,FU Yu-Jie1,ZHAO Jun-Heng1,ZHENG Nan-Nan1,SUN Nan-Nan1,ZHANG Guo-Ping1,2,YE Ling-Zhen1,2,*   

  1. 1 Center for Biological Design and Breeding, Zhongyuan Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China; 2 Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2025-03-03 Revised:2025-06-01 Accepted:2025-06-01 Published:2025-06-10
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by Ningbo Science and Technology Plan Project (2023S154) and Zhejiang Science and Technology Major Program on Agricultural New Variety Breeding (2021C02064-3).

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Abstract:

Haploid breeding based on anther culture is an important method for the efficient selection of wheat varieties. However, the efficiency of anther culture varies significantly among different wheat genotypes, which limits its broader application in wheat breeding. To date, a few wheat lines with high anther culture efficiency—such as Shi4185, H307, and Zhoumai16—have been identified. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of sufficient high-performing materials to support large-scale application of this technique. In this study, we systematically evaluated anther culture-related traits in 94 wheat varieties grown under greenhouse conditions. The optimal anther sampling stage for these varieties was determined to occur when the distance between the tip of the developing spike and the leaf auricle ranged from ?5 cm to 2 cm, with the highest sampling frequency observed at ?2 cm. Notably, spike morphological characteristics associated with the optimal sampling period differed between plants grown under greenhouse and field conditions. Among the 94 greenhouse-grown varieties, the callus induction rate, green shoot differentiation rate, albino shoot differentiation rate, and green plantlet production rate during anther culture ranged from 0–15%, 0–100%, 0–60%, and 0–22.95%, respectively. The callus induction rate showed highly significant positive correlations with the green shoot differentiation rate, albino shoot differentiation rate, and green plantlet production rate. Moreover, the callus induction rate exhibited consistent performance across both greenhouse and field conditions. Of the 94 varieties tested, 14 exhibited green plantlet production rates exceeding 1%, and 6 varieties met the criteria for high anther culture efficiency while also demonstrating excellent agronomic traits. These varieties represent valuable germplasm resources for haploid breeding in wheat. This study provides practical techniques and genetic materials to support the advancement of wheat haploid breeding programs.

Key words: wheat, double haploid, anther culture, high anther culture ability, breeding application

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